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Wei S, Xia X, Bi S, Hu S, Wu X, Hsu HY, Zou X, Huang K, Zhang DW, Sun Q, Bard AJ, Yu ET, Ji L. Metal-insulator-semiconductor photoelectrodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6860-6916. [PMID: 38833171 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00820g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting provides a scalable and integrated platform to harness renewable solar energy for green hydrogen production. The practical implementation of PEC systems hinges on addressing three critical challenges: enhancing energy conversion efficiency, ensuring long-term stability, and achieving economic viability. Metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) heterojunction photoelectrodes have gained significant attention over the last decade for their ability to efficiently segregate photogenerated carriers and mitigate corrosion-induced semiconductor degradation. This review discusses the structural composition and interfacial intricacies of MIS photoelectrodes tailored for PEC water splitting. The application of MIS heterostructures across various semiconductor light-absorbing layers, including traditional photovoltaic-grade semiconductors, metal oxides, and emerging materials, is presented first. Subsequently, this review elucidates the reaction mechanisms and respective merits of vacuum and non-vacuum deposition techniques in the fabrication of the insulator layers. In the context of the metal layers, this review extends beyond the conventional scope, not only by introducing metal-based cocatalysts, but also by exploring the latest advancements in molecular and single-atom catalysts integrated within MIS photoelectrodes. Furthermore, a systematic summary of carrier transfer mechanisms and interface design principles of MIS photoelectrodes is presented, which are pivotal for optimizing energy band alignment and enhancing solar-to-chemical conversion efficiency within the PEC system. Finally, this review explores innovative derivative configurations of MIS photoelectrodes, including back-illuminated MIS photoelectrodes, inverted MIS photoelectrodes, tandem MIS photoelectrodes, and monolithically integrated wireless MIS photoelectrodes. These novel architectures address the limitations of traditional MIS structures by effectively coupling different functional modules, minimizing optical and ohmic losses, and mitigating recombination losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shice Wei
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuewen Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Shuai Bi
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shen Hu
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xuefeng Wu
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Hsien-Yi Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xingli Zou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
| | - David W Zhang
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qinqqing Sun
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Allen J Bard
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78713, USA
| | - Edward T Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78758, USA.
| | - Li Ji
- School of Microelectronics & Jiashan Fudan Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Nai H, Hou J, Li J, Ma X, Yang Y, Qu K, Huang X, Li L. Accurate assembly of thiophene-bridged titanium-oxo clusters with photocatalytic amine oxidation activity. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7924-7931. [PMID: 38449818 PMCID: PMC10915587 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00117f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Designing and synthesizing well-defined crystalline catalysts for the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines to imines remains a great challenge. In this work, a crystalline dumbbell-shaped titanium oxo cluster, [Ti10O6(Thdc)(Dmg)2(iPrO)22] (Ti10, Thdc = 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid, Dmg = dimethylglyoxime, iPrOH = isopropanol), was constructed through a facile one-pot solvothermal strategy and treated as a catalyst for the photocatalytic oxidative coupling of amines. In this structure, Thdc serves as the horizontal bar, while the {Ti5Dmg} layers on each side act as the weight plates. The molecular structure, light absorption, and photoelectrochemical properties of Ti10 were systematically investigated. Remarkably, the inclusion of the Thdc ligand, with the assistance of the Dmg ligand, broadens the light absorption spectrum of Ti10, extending it into the visible range. Furthermore, the effective enhancement of charge transfer within the Ti10 was achieved with the successful incorporation of the Thdc ligand, as opposed to PTC-211, where terephthalic acid replaces the Thdc ligand, while maintaining consistency in other aspects of Ti10. Building on this foundation, Ti10 was employed as a heterogeneous molecular photocatalyst for the catalytic oxidative coupling reaction of benzylamine (BA), demonstrating very high conversion activity and selectivity. Our study illustrates that the inclusion of ligands derived from Thdc enhances the efficiency of charge transfer in functionalized photocatalysts, significantly influencing the performance of photocatalytic organic conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Nai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinle Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujia Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Konggang Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqiang Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Lianzhi Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
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Hou J, Huang N, Acharya D, Liu Y, Zhu J, Teng J, Wang Z, Qu K, Zhang X, Sun D. All-catecholate-stabilized black titanium-oxo clusters for efficient photothermal conversion. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2655-2664. [PMID: 38362423 PMCID: PMC10866351 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05617a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The controlled synthesis of titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) completely stabilized by organic dye ligands with high stability and superior light absorption remains a significant challenge. In this study, we report the syntheses of three atomically precise catechol (Cat)-functionalized TOCs, [Ti2(Cat)2(OEgO)2(OEgOH)2] (Ti2), [Ti8O5(Cat)9(iPrO)4(iPrOH)2] (Ti8), and [Ti16O8(OH)8(Cat)20]·H2O·PhMe (Ti16), using a solvent-induced strategy (HOEgOH = ethylene glycol; iPrOH = isopropanol; PhMe = toluene). Interestingly, the TiO core of Ti16 is almost entirely enveloped by catechol ligands, making it the first all-catechol-protected high-nuclearity TOC. In contrast, Ti2 and Ti8 have four weakly coordinated ethylene glycol ligands and six weakly coordinated iPrOH ligands, respectively, in addition to the catechol ligands. Ti16 is visually evident in its distinctively black appearance, which belongs to black TOCs (B-TOCs) and exhibits an ultralow optical band gap. Furthermore, Ti16 displays exceptional stability in various media/environments, including exposure to air, solvents, and both acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions due to its comprehensive protection by catechol ligands and rich intra-cluster supramolecular interactions. Ti16 has superior photoelectric response qualities and photothermal conversion capabilities compared to Ti2 and Ti8 due to its ultralow optical band gap and remarkable stability. This discovery not only represents a huge step forward in the creation of all-catecholate-protected B-TOCs with ultralow optical band gaps and outstanding stability, but it also gives key valuable mechanistic insights into their photothermal/electric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinle Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Nahui Huang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Dinesh Acharya
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaying Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Teng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
| | - Konggang Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianxi Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252000 People's Republic of China
| | - Di Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 People's Republic of China
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Ong XR, Chen AX, Li N, Yang YY, Luo HK. Nanocellulose: Recent Advances Toward Biomedical Applications. SMALL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/smsc.202200076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Ran Ong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Singapore
| | - Adrielle Xianwen Chen
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Ning Li
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - He-Kuan Luo
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island Singapore 627833 Singapore
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Regional Segregation of Chiral Alcohol on Polyoxotitanate Cluster. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang L, Fan X, Yi X, Lin X, Zhang J. Coordination-Delayed-Hydrolysis Method for the Synthesis and Structural Modulation of Titanium-Oxo Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:3150-3161. [PMID: 36223528 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusAtomically precise titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) are the structure and reactivity model compounds of technically important TiO2 materials, which could help build structure-property relationships and achieve property modulation at the molecular level. However, the traditional formation of TOCs has relied on the poorly controllable hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide in the solvent for a long time, limiting the development of TOC structural chemistry to a great extent. In addition, easily hydrolyzable alkoxy groups would be still coordinated on the surface of the TOCs generated by this method, making the clusters sensitive and unstable to the moisture. To achieve controllable preparation of TOCs, we believe it is crucial to attenuate the hydrolysis of titanium ions in the formation process of a cluster. To this end, we have recently applied an effective coordination-delayed-hydrolysis (CDH) strategy for TOC synthesis, which provides powerful tools for tuning their structures.In this Account, at the beginning, a brief introduction to the coordination-delayed-hydrolysis strategy is supplied, and its predominant features for constructing novel TOCs are highlighted. In subsequent sections, we discuss how the applied chelating organic/inorganic ligands (named hydrolysis delayed ligands) influence the hydrolysis process of Ti4+ ions to form a large family of TOCs with various nuclearities and core structures. Various hydrolysis delayed ligands have been explored, ranging from common O-donor ligands (carboxylate, phenol, or sulfate) to rarely used N-donor ligands (pyrazole) or bifunctional O/N-donor ones (quinoline, oxime, or alkanolamine). Breakthroughs in the symmetry, configuration, and cluster nuclei of TOCs have been accordingly achieved. Then, we show that this CDH method can be used to tune the surface structure of TOCs by modifying functional organic ligands. As a result, the physicochemical properties of TOCs, especially optical band gaps, can be optimized, and their stability under ambient conditions is significantly improved. In addition, we illustrate that the reversible bonds between hydrolysis delayed ligands and Ti ions further allows us to introduce active heterometal ions or clusters upon or inside the Ti-O cores to prepare heterometallic TOCs with unprecedented structures and properties. In particular, noble metal (Ag ions or clusters) has been incorporated into Ti-O clusters for the first time. As a summary, the coordination-delayed-hydrolysis strategy has realized the controllable hydrolysis of Ti4+ ions to some extent, breaking through the limitations of traditional synthesis methods and producing fruitful results in the field of titanium-oxo clusters. It is believed that this CDH method would also be effective for synthesizing oxo clusters of other easily hydrolyzed metal ions (Al3+, Sn4+, In3+, etc.) to afford significant contribution for the cluster community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002 Fuzhou, P. R. China
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Gao C, Wang D, Liu Y, Zhang G, Liu C, Said A, Niu H, Wang G, Tung CH, Wang Y. New picolinate-functionalized titanium-oxide clusters: syntheses, structures and photocatalytic H 2 evolution. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:15385-15392. [PMID: 36149342 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01882a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two nanosized titanium-oxide clusters (TOCs), Ti12(μ2-O)14(μ3-O)4PA16 (1; PA = 2-picolinate) and Ti12(μ2-O)18PA18 (2) were synthesized by using 2-picolinic acid and Ti(OiPr)4 in one-pot reactions. Their structures were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Although both have the same core composition of Ti12O18, 1 exhibited superior H2 evolution activity of up to 180 μmol h-1 g-1, which is nearly eight times faster than 2. Mechanism studies revealed that 1 could induce the assembly of 2.3 nm PtNPs into 10-30 nm supra-nanoparticle structures, which contributed to the increased H2 evolution rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Gao
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Dexin Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yanshu Liu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Guanyun Zhang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Caiyun Liu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Amir Said
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Huihui Niu
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Guo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Yifeng Wang
- Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Li N, Pan MY, Yang ZJ, Zhang MY, Zou GD, Fan Y. Synthesis of nickel-doped titanium-oxo clusters with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-022-00504-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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9
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Tian YQ, Han EM, Wan B, Yu WD, Chen MZ, Yan J, Yi XY, Liu C. Heterometallic Polyoxotitanium Clusters as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10151-10158. [PMID: 35748673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating heterometal into titanium-oxygen clusters (TOCs) is an effective way to improve its catalytic activity. Herein, we synthesize three novel heterometallic TOCs with the formula of [Ti6Cu2O7(Dmg)2(OAc)4(iPrO)6][H2Ti6Cu2O7(Dmg)2(OAc)4(iPrO)8] ({Ti6Cu2}), [Ti8Cu2O9(Dmg)2(OAc)2(iPrO)12] ({Ti8Cu2}), and [Ti10Co2O6(Dmg)2(Pdc)4(iPrO)18Cl3] ({Ti10Co2}, DmgH2 = dimethylglyoxime; PdcH2 = pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid) using dimethylglyoxime and different carboxylates as the synergistic ligands. By depositing the clusters {Ti6Cu2} and {Ti10Co2} on carbon cloth as electrodes, we investigated the electrocatalytic performance of TOCs for full water splitting for the first time. To reach a 10 mA cm-2 current density in an alkaline solution, the {Ti10Co2}@CC electrode needs an overpotential as low as 120 and 400 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. In addition, full water-splitting equipment with {Ti10Co2}@CC as a cathode and an anode need only 1.67 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Our work confirmed the potential of noble metal-free TOCs as bifunctional cluster-based electrocatalysts for water splitting, and their activities can be tuned by doping with different metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Er-Meng Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- College of Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Zhao Chen
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area; Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education; Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jun Yan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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Titanium(IV) Oxo-Complex with Acetylsalicylic Acid Ligand and Its Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Structure, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134408. [PMID: 35806533 PMCID: PMC9267303 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The titanium oxo complexes are widely studied, due to their potential applications in photocatalytic processes, environmental protection, and also in the biomedical field. The presented results concern the oxo complex synthesized in the reaction of titanium(IV) isobutoxide and acetylsalicylic acid (Hasp), in a 4:1 molar ratio. The structure of isolated crystals was solved using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. The analysis of these data proves that [Ti4O2(OiBu)10(asp)2]·H2O (1) complex is formed. Moreover, the molecular structure of (1) was characterized using vibrational spectroscopic techniques (IR and Raman), 13C NMR, and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized complex was determined with the use of composite foils produced by the dispersion of (1) micrograins, as the inorganic blocks, in a polycaprolactone (PCL) matrix (PCL + (1)). The introduction of (1) micrograins to the PCL matrix caused the absorption maximum shift up to 425–450 nm. The studied PCL + (1) composite samples reveal good activity toward photodecolorization of methylene blue after visible light irradiation.
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Scarpi-Luttenauer M, Mobian P, Barloy L. Synthesis, structure and functions of discrete titanium-based multinuclear architectures. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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12
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Chintakrinda K, Narayanam N, Chen GH, Wang F, Zhang J, Zhang L. Inorganic acid influenced formation of Ti 26 and Ti 44 oxysulfate clusters with toroidal and capsule structures. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:6162-6165. [PMID: 35383809 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00119e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We herein report the discovery of inorganic toroidal and capsule titanium oxysulfate clusters by ionothermal synthesis. The ratio between geometrically different anions (tetrahedral SO42-vs. pseudo-tetrahedral PO33-) shows an interesting influence on cluster structure formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Chintakrinda
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, P. R. China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Science, 100049, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nagaraju Narayanam
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, P. R. China.
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, P. R. China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 35002, P. R. China.
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Mao Y, Chen GH, Yi X, Kang Y, Zhang J, Zhang L. Preparation and Visible-Light Response of Salicylate-Stabilized Heterobimetallic Pb-Ti-Oxo Clusters Initiated via Auxiliary Quaternary Ammonium Salts and a Solvent Effect. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:5017-5024. [PMID: 35286073 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, with the assistance of quaternary ammonium salts we have successfully prepared a new family of salicylate-stabilized heterobimetallic Pb-Ti-oxo clusters, including H(TEA)[Pb2Ti6(μ2-O)2(μ3-O)2(OiPr)4(PA)2(Sal)6(NO3)2] (PTC-321; TEA = tetraethylammonium; HOiPr = isopropanol; H2PA = phenylphosphonic acid; H2Sal = salicylic acid), {PbTi3(μ2-O)(μ3-O)(OiPr)2(PA)(Sal)3(DMF)·CH3CN}n (PTC-322; DMF = dimethylformamide), {PbTi5(μ3-O)6(Sal)3(CH3COO)2(DMF)(OiPr)2}n (PTC-323), [Pb2Ti4(Sal)6(EtO)2(OiPr)6(HOiPr)2]·CH3NH2 (PTC-324; EtOH = CH3CH2OH), H[Pb4Ti9(μ2-O)2(μ3-O)(μ4-O)6(Sal)7(OiPr)13] (PTC-325), and Pb2Ti12(μ2-O)3(μ3-O)3(μ4-O)4(Sal)4(OEt)24 (PTC-326). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that the {Ti3Pb(Sal)3} unit acts as the building block to constitute the diverse assembly of PTC-321-PTC-323. Thereinto, the clusters in PTC-322 and PTC-323 are connected into infinite one-dimensional chains. Furthermore, the solvent effects have facilitated the heterobimetallic Pb-Ti-oxo clusters into various configurations in PTC-323-PTC-326. Solid-state ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy analysis indicates that the optical absorption bands of these compounds shift effectively toward the visible-light region, and they were also employed as electrode precursors to investigate their visible-light-driven photocurrent response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Mao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350007, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Yao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China
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14
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Fu MY, Wang HY, Zhai HL, Zhu QY, Dai J. A Convenient Procedure for Preparing BiOX-TiO 2 Photoelectrocatalytic Electrodes from a Titanium-Oxo Compound-Modified Carbon Fiber Cloth. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4024-4032. [PMID: 35179867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) has shown great advantages in sustainable organic synthesis and wastewater treatment because the PEC process can minimize electron-hole recombination, thereby improving the photocatalytic performance. Here, we report a convenient procedure for preparing immobilized BiOX-TiO2 photoelectrocatalytic electrodes from a titanium-oxo compound (TOC)-modified carbon fiber cloth (CFC). Crystalline TOCs composed of Ti12 cations and bismuth halide anions, [Ti12O14(OiPr)18][Bi3Br11(THF)2] (1) and [Ti12O14(OiPr)18][Bi4I14(THF)2] (2), were grown on CFC. Taking advantage of the easy hydrolysis of the titanium-oxo cation and bismuth halide anion, we could easily transform these CFC-immobilized crystals into BiOX-TiO2/CFC (X = Br or I) photocatalysts, which facilitates recycling of the catalysts. The photocatalytic dye degradation test showed that the efficiency did not decrease obviously after 10 photocatalytic cycles. Using BiOX-TiO2-modified CFC as electrodes, electrocatalysis (EC), photocatalysis (PC), and PEC were examined. PEC showed an attractive synergistic effect of EC and PC. These TOC-modified CFCs would be potential candidates for catalytic electrodes for sustainable wastewater purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hang-Ling Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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15
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Wu YX, Liu XR, Yu WD, Li LJ, Pan F, Liu W, Liu C. A Bimetallic Ag/Ti ‐Based Coordination Polymer as a Catalyst for Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction and Selective Sulfide Oxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wu
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Xue Ru Liu
- Northwest University College of Chemistry and Materials science CHINA
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Central South University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- Changchun University of Science and Technology School of Chemical and Eenviromental Engineering CHINA
| | - Fuxing Pan
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Lanzhou University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Chao Liu
- Central South University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 932 Lushan South Road 410083 Changsha CHINA
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16
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Wang C, Chen N, Wang S, Kong F. Assembly of Cyclic Ferrocene-Sensitized Titanium-Oxo Clusters with Excellent Photoelectrochemical Activity. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01007k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of crystalline titanium-oxo clusters has made great progress in recent years. However, the geometric assembly of titanium-oxo clusters is still very challenging. Herein, we report the assembly of...
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17
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Wang C, Wang S, Kong F, Chen N. Ferrocene-Sensitized Titanium-Oxo Clusters with Effective Visible Light Absorption and Excellent Photoelectrochemical Activity. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi01410b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized Ti-oxo clusters have attracted growing attention as analogous molecular mode compounds of dye-sensitized titanium dioxide solar cells. However, reports on the introduction of metal complexes as photosensitizers into Ti-oxo...
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18
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Ge CY, Hou JL, Zhou ZY, Zhu QY, Dai J. A Cyclic Titanium-Oxo Cluster with a Tetrathiafulvalene Connector as a Precursor for Highly Efficient Adsorbent of Cationic Dyes. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:486-495. [PMID: 34930003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) have been studied for applications in catalysis, energy storage and transfer, light emission, and so on; however, use of TOCs for the selective adsorption of dyes has not yet been reported. Herein, a TOC compound formulated as [Ti6O3(OiPr)14(TTFTC)]4 (1, TTFTC = tetrathiafulvalene-tetracarboxylate) was successfully prepared and crystallographically characterized. Compound 1 has a cyclic structure assembled by four Ti6 clusters and four rodlike TTFTC connectors. Red compound 1 self-condenses to form a black polymeric organic-inorganic hybrid material (denoted as B-1), which was characterized by various techniques. B-1 is an amorphous TiO material that is formed by the irregular condensation of 1 by the removal of alkoxyl groups. B-1 exhibits high dye adsorption efficiency toward cationic dyes with a qe value of 651.3 mg/g at 298 K for methylene blue (MB). Moreover, B-1 can be used to selectively remove MB not only from mixed cationic-anionic dye solutions but also from some mixed cationic dyes, which is related to their structures. Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies demonstrated that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Freundlich model show a good fit to the experimental data. The adsorption process involves an exothermic and entropy decreasing process. In addition, dye-adsorbed B-1 can be further used as a photocurrent-responsive material. The work opens up a new field for the application of TOCs in the selective adsorption and removal of dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yi Ge
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jin-Le Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, PR China
| | - Zi-Yao Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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19
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Wu YX, Liu XR, Chen G, Tian YQ, Yan J, Yi XY, Liu C. Cd-Doped Polyoxotitanium Nanoclusters with a Modifiable Organic Shell for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:19263-19269. [PMID: 34817992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Incorporating heterometal and chromogenic groups into the titanium oxo cluster (TOC) nanomaterials is one of the effective strategies for the development of new high-performance photoelectrically active materials. In this Article, we report the structures and photoelectrochemical (PEC) performances of a family of TOCs, including pure [Ti12O8(OEt)16L8] ({Me-Ti12}) and six Cd-doped clusters formulated as [H4Cd2Ti10O8(OEt)16(L)8(H2O)2] ({Cd2Ti10}; L = salicylic acid and their derivatives). The six Cd-doped clusters are isostructural, containing the same {Cd2Ti10O8} core, but are protected by salicylic ligands modified with different functional groups. The compositions, structures, and solution stability of these clusters have been studied in detail by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry measurements. The embedding of heterometallic Cd(II) and chemical modification of organic protective shells can effectively regulate the PEC water oxidation activity of those clusters, with {F-Cd2Ti10} having the highest turnover number of 518.55 and the highest turnover frequency of 172.85 h-1. Our work highlights the potential of using TOCs that do not contain noble metals as water oxidation catalysts, and their catalytic activity can be regulated by structural modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xin Wu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ru Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, P. R. China
| | - Guo Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Qi Tian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China
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20
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Synthesis of lanthanide-doped titanium-oxo clusters for efficient photocurrent responses. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.122586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Studies of high-nuclearity lanthanide-titanium oxo clusters: Structure and properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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22
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Fang WH, Müller R, Jethwa RB, Riesgo-González V, Li N, Pike SD, Bond AD, Luo HK, Zhang C, Wright DS. Titanium compounds containing naturally occurring dye molecules. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17202-17207. [PMID: 34783818 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A range of titanium compounds containing the naturally occurring dyes quinizarin (QH2) and alizarin (AH2) was synthesized and structurally characterized in the solid state. Among these is the first examples of a discrete metallocyclic arrangement formed exclusively using quinizarin ligands and the first examples of lanthanide containing titanium compounds of the alizarin family of ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China.,Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Rosa Müller
- Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Rajesh B Jethwa
- Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | | | - Ning Li
- Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK. .,Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, #07-01, Singapore 138669
| | - Sebastian D Pike
- Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Andrew D Bond
- Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - He-Kuan Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Husuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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23
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Chen X, Han Y, Fang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao C, Xia D, Dong X, Xiao C, Wu Y, You S, Li W. Ti-Oxo Clusters with Peripheral Alkyl Groups as Cathode Interlayers for Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39671-39677. [PMID: 34396767 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three independent Ti-oxo clusters (TOCs) that contain 6, 8, and 12 Ti atoms in the cores and alkyl groups on the surface were developed as cathode interlayers in bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). These TOCs have precise chemical structures with a single crystal, excellent solubility in methanol, and well-aligned work function. Smooth films can be facilely obtained by spin-casting their solution on top of the active layer. Therefore, they can be used as an interlayer in OSCs to provide a high power conversion efficiency (17.29%). Further studies reveal that these TOCs can not only reduce the work function of the silver electrode to provide better energy level alignment but also exhibit a significant n-doping effect with the non-fullerene acceptors to facilitate efficient electron extraction and transport. Our results demonstrate that TOCs as semiconductors have great potential application in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Chen
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yingzi Han
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Zhou Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chaowei Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Dongdong Xia
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaona Dong
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Chengyi Xiao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Shengyong You
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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24
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Wang HY, Fu MY, Zhai HL, Zhu QY, Dai J. Mono- and Bismetalphenanthroline-Substituted Ti 12 Clusters: Structural Variance and the Effect on Electronic State and Photocurrent Property. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12255-12262. [PMID: 34351141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Despite the numerous titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) which have been reported, the nature of small clusters (nuclearity < 10) as model compounds showed large deviation from that of nanoscale TiO materials. Therefore, theoretical and experimental studies for large TOCs merit more attention. We recently prepared and crystallographically characterized a series of large TOCs: Ti11O15(OiPr)16(Cophen) (1), Ti11O15(OiPr)16(Mnphen) (2), Ti10O14(OEt)16(Mnphen)2 (3), and Ti10O14(OEt)16(Mnphphen)2 (4) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, phphen = 4,7-biphenyl-phen). These compounds are derivatives of a Ti12 parent cluster by replacing one or two of the five-coordinated titanium atoms of the Ti12 cluster with a transition metal M, Co(II) and Mn(II), that is chelated by a phen group. The effects of mono- and bis-substituted Mphen on the charge and structure of the clusters are discussed. Theoretical evaluation of the frontier orbitals of the clusters is carried out on the basis of the precisely defined crystal structures. Different from the dye molecule to TiO core charge transfer for the dye-modified TOCs, charge transfer in these clusters is from TiO/TiOM to phen/Mphen. The effects of different metal ions and the number of substituted Mphen moieties on the photocurrent properties are evaluated. The results will be of interest to research on cluster chemistry, especially on the TOC chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Meng-Yuan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hang-Ling Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
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25
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Schubert U. Titanium-Oxo Clusters with Bi- and Tridentate Organic Ligands: Gradual Evolution of the Structures from Small to Big. Chemistry 2021; 27:11239-11256. [PMID: 34018652 PMCID: PMC8457127 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Homometallic titanium oxo clusters are one of the most important groups of metal oxo clusters, with more than 300 examples characterized by X-ray structure analyses. Most of them are uncharged and are obtained by partial hydrolysis and condensation of titanium alkoxo derivatives. The cluster cores, ranging from 3 to >50 titanium atoms, are stabilized by organic ligands. Apart from residual OR groups, carboxylato and phosphonato ligands are most frequent. The article critically reviews and categorizes the known structures and works out basic construction principles by comparing the different cluster types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schubert
- Institute of Materials ChemistryTechnische Universität WienGetreidemarkt 91060WienAustria
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26
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Odd-membered cyclic hetero-polyoxotitanate nanoclusters with high stability and photocatalytic H2 evolution activity. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63648-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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27
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Li N, Zhao SQ, Ding XR, Hu XY, Zhang QK, Zou GD, Fan Y. 8-Hydroxyquinoline functionalized titanium-oxo clusters for visible-light-driven photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Fu MY, Wang HY, Zhai HL, Zhu QY, Dai J. Assembly of a Titanium-Oxo Cluster and a Bismuth Iodide Cluster, a Single-Source Precursor of a p-n-Type Photocatalyst. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:9589-9597. [PMID: 34139843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Titanium oxides and bismuth halides or oxyhalides have been known to be excellent semiconductors with both excellent photocatalytic and photoelectric properties. The design of supersalts assembled by titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs) and bismuth iodide clusters is a hopeful strategy for exploring the chemistry and application of new titanium-oxo clusters. We report herein a series of unusual ionic TOCs with Ti12 oxo cluster cations and bismuth iodide anions, [Ti12O15(OiPr)17]3[Bi3I12] (Bi3), [Ti12O14(OiPr)18][Bi4I14(THF)2] (Bi4), and [Ti12O14(OiPr)18][Ti11BiO14(OiPr)17][Bi6I22] (Bi6). Single-crystal X-ray analysis revealed that the type and charge of the Ti12 clusters varied with the charges of different bismuth iodide clusters. Taking advantage of the easy hydrolysis of the TOCs and BiI clusters in water, we used these supersalt crystals as single-source precursors to prepare a p-n-type BiOI-TiO photocatalyst. The heterojunction materials were carefully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, etc. The synergistic effect of the two components of BiOI and TiO on the photocatalytic degradation of RhB in water is demonstrated. This is a very convenient method for obtaining a p-n-type BiOI-TiO heterojuction photocatalyst by just placing the ground TOC crystals into water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yuan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hang-Ling Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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29
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The Composites of PCL and Tetranuclear Titanium(IV)-oxo Complexes as Materials Exhibiting the Photocatalytic and the Antimicrobial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137021. [PMID: 34209889 PMCID: PMC8268633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive misuse of antibiotics and antimicrobials has led to a spread of microorganisms resistant to most currently used agents. The resulting global threats has driven the search for new materials with optimal antimicrobial activity and their application in various areas of our lives. In our research, we focused on the formation of composite materials produced by the dispersion of titanium(IV)-oxo complexes (TOCs) in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) matrix, which exhibit optimal antimicrobial activity. TOCs, of the general formula [Ti4O2(OiBu)10(O2CR’)2] (R’ = PhNH2 (1), C13H9 (2)) were synthesized as a result of the direct reaction of titanium(IV) isobutoxide and 4-aminobenzoic acid or 9-fluorenecarboxylic acid. The microcrystalline powders of (1) and (2), whose structures were confirmed by infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy, were dispersed in PCL matrixes. In this way, the composites PCL + nTOCs (n = 5 and 20 wt.%) were produced. The structure and physicochemical properties were determined on the basis of Raman microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), and UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The degree of TOCs distribution in the polymer matrix was monitored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The addition of TOCs micro grains into the PCL matrix only slightly changed the thermal and mechanical properties of the composite compared to the pure PCL. Among the investigated PCL + TOCs systems, promising antibacterial properties were confirmed for samples of PCL + n(2) (n = 5, 20 wt.%) composites, which simultaneously revealed the best photocatalytic activity in the visible range.
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30
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Wang C, Wang SJ, Kong FG. Calixarene-Protected Titanium-Oxo Clusters and Their Photocurrent Responses and Photocatalytic Performances. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:5034-5041. [PMID: 33677968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three photosensitive tert-butylcalix[n]arene (TBC[n], n = 4, 6, 8)-protected titanium-oxo clusters (TOCs), formulated as [Ti4(μ3-O)2(TBC[4])2(OiPr)4(DEF)2]·DEF (1, TBC[4]-Ti4, DEF = N,N-diethylformamide), [Ti4(μ4-O)TBC[6](OCH3)9]·H2O (2, TBC[6]-Ti4), and [Ti4(μ3-O)2(OiPr)4TBC[8](DEF)2]·DEF (3, TBC[8]-Ti4), were successfully synthesized and characterized. Because of the generation of charge transfer from TBC[n] to the TiO core, the three TBC[n]-decorated TOCs show a broadened visible-light absorption and narrowed optical band gap based on the UV-visible spectra and density functional theory calculations. The corresponding photosensitive electrodes prepared using these three TOCs exhibit stable photocurrent responses. Furthermore, their photocatalytic performances for hydrogen evolution and methylene blue degradation were evaluated, and all of the materials display excellent photocatalytic activity and stability. The calixarene-Ti coordination is therefore an effective strategy to enlarge the visible-light absorption band of Ti-O materials and improve their photoelectric/photocatalytic performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Shou-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Fan-Gong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Science & Technology of Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), No. 3501 University Road, Jinan, 250353, China
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Han EM, Yu WD, Li LJ, Yi XY, Yan J, Liu C. Accurate assembly of ferrocene-functionalized {Ti22Fc4} clusters with photocatalytic amine oxidation activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2792-2795. [PMID: 33599676 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc00019e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of a ferrocene-functionalized {Ti22Fc4} cluster with a 'dimer-of-clusters' topology, which represents the largest Ti-oxo cluster (TOC) modified with organometallic groups ever reported. The exact assembly path of {Ti22Fc4} can be inferred from its two substructures, {Ti11Fc2} and {Ti5Fc}, which can also be synthesized independently through subtle changes in reaction conditions. Furthermore, we used these clusters as photocatalysts, and have studied, for the first time, the photocatalytic activity of TOCs in the oxidative coupling of amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Er-Meng Han
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- Hunan Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Science and Space Breeding, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Science, Changsha 410000, P. R. China
| | - Lei-Jiao Li
- Jilin Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Canter of Optical Materials and Chemistry, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan, P. R. China.
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Wang C, Lu YJ, Rao MY, Chen N, Wang SJ, Kong FG. Co-crystal of Ti 4Ni 2 and Ti 8Ni 4 clusters with enhanced photochemical properties. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00369k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A heterometallic cluster with co-crystal arrangement, {Ti8Ni4+ Ti4Ni2}, which exhibits enhanced photocurrent response and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity, has been synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking
- Qilu University of Technology
- Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Yong Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking
- Qilu University of Technology
- Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Ming Yang Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking
- Qilu University of Technology
- Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking
- Qilu University of Technology
- Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Shou Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking
- Qilu University of Technology
- Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
| | - Fan Gong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking
- Qilu University of Technology
- Shandong Academy of Sciences
- Jinan
- China
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Fu H, Wu X, Fang WH, Zhang L, Wang F, Zhang J. Rational assembly of metal-oxo clusters into molecular materials via a “wheel mounting” mode. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00779c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Presented here is the self-assembly of metal-oxo clusters into molecular materials of different shapes and sizes via a “wheel mounting” mode, and molecular transformation was optical-driven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei-Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Mou WY, Xie B, Li XL, Lai C, Li T, Chen L, Feng JS, Bai XX, Wu Y, Wu WP, Zhang DL, Gu YT. Tartrate-stabilized titanium–oxo clusters containing sulfonate chromophore ligands: synthesis, crystal structures and photochemical properties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In tartrate-stabilized TOCs, aniline-sulfonate ligands can extend the absorption edge to the visible light region.
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36
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Oxo-Titanium(IV) Complex/Polymer Composites-Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity Test. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249663. [PMID: 33352922 PMCID: PMC7766362 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a large number of bacterial strains resistant to many drugs or disinfectants currently used contributed to the search of new, more effective antimicrobial agents. In the presented paper, we assessed the microbiocidal activity of tri- and tetranuclear oxo-titanium(IV) complexes (TOCs), which were dispersed in the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix. The TOCs were synthesized in reaction to Ti(OR)4 (R = iPr, iBu) and HO2CR' (R' = 4-PhNH2 and 4-PhOH) in a 4:1 molar ratio at room temperature and in Ar atmosphere. The structure of isolated oxo-complexes was confirmed by IR and Raman spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the produced composites (PMMA + TOCs) was estimated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and S. aureus ATCC 25923) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 8739 and E. coli ATCC 25922) bacteria and yeasts of Candida albicans ATCC 10231. All produced composites showed biocidal activity against the bacteria. Composites containing {Ti4O2} cores and the {Ti3O} core stabilized by the 4-hydroxybenzoic ligand showed also high activity against yeasts. The results of investigations carried out suggest that produced (PMMA + TOCs) composites, due to their microbiocidal activity, could find an application in the elimination of microbial contaminations in various fields of our lives.
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Yang XX, Yu WD, Yi XY, Li LJ, Liu C. Monocarboxylate-driven structural growth in Calix[n]arene-polyoxotitanate hybrid systems: utility in hydrogen production from water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14035-14038. [PMID: 33103687 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A carboxylate-driven assembly strategy has been developed for the first time to build calix[n]arene-based polyoxotitanate clusters with tuneable nuclearity and structures. Photocatalytic studies revealed that these clusters exhibit structural-dependent H2 evolution ability with a maximum rate up to 415.11 μmol h-1 g-1, which is almost the highest recorded in polyoxotitanate clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xue Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Power Sources, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China.
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Luo W, Shu XP, Liu PY, Yu SK, Zhu QY, Dai J. Lanthanide-titanium oxo-clusters, new precursors of multifunctional colloids for effective imaging and photodynamic therapy. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Schmidt A, Heinrich B, Kirscher G, Chaumont A, Henry M, Kyritsakas N, Haketa Y, Maeda H, Mobian P. Dipyrrolyldiketonato Titanium(IV) Complexes from Monomeric to Multinuclear Architectures: Synthesis, Stability, and Liquid-Crystal Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12802-12816. [PMID: 32845621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dipyrrolyldiketone ligands (dpkH) are used with Ti(OiPr)4 to afford monomeric titanium(IV) complexes displaying the general formula C2-[Ti(dpk)2(OiPr)2]. The dpkH ligands employed consist of two dipyrrolyldiketone compounds (2H and 3H) and three diphenyl-substituted analogues (4H-6H). The behavior of these octahedral [Ti(dpk)2(OiPr)2] species in solution was investigated by 1H NMR at variable temperatures. Dynamic phenomena were evidenced, and the activation parameters associated with these processes (ΔH⧧, ΔS⧧, and ΔG⧧) were retrieved. [Ti(dpk)2(OiPr)2] complexes are precursors for the formation of high-nuclearity aggregates whose structures depend on the substituents on the diketone backbone. The crystal structures of monomeric ([Ti(1)2(OiPr)2]; 1 is the 1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedionato ligand) and [Ti(2)2(OEt)2]), dimeric ([Ti2(1)4(μ2-O)2]), and tetrameric ([Ti4(4)8(μ2-O)4]) species have been established, and the origin of this structural diversity is discussed. The solid-state optical properties of several complexes were determined and interpreted with the help of DFT calculations. Finally, the dinuclear complex [Ti(6)2(μ2-O)2] was synthesized, where ligand 6 incorporates six long alkyl chains (C16H33). This complex shows rich mesomorphic properties, with an original room-temperature plastic crystal phase followed by a hexagonal columnar liquid-crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schmidt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Benoît Heinrich
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, F-67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Guillaume Kirscher
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulations Moléculaires, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Marc Henry
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathalie Kyritsakas
- Laboratoire de Tectonique Moléculaire, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu 525-8577, Japan
| | - Pierre Mobian
- Laboratoire de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Etat Solide, UMR 7140 UDS-CNRS, University of Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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40
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Behm K, Fazekas E, Paterson MJ, Vilela F, McIntosh RD. Discrete Ti-O-Ti Complexes: Visible-Light-Activated, Homogeneous Alternative to TiO 2 Photosensitisers. Chemistry 2020; 26:9486-9494. [PMID: 32428304 PMCID: PMC7496837 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel bimetallic TiIV amine bis(phenolate) complexes was synthesised and fully characterised. X-ray crystallography studies revealed distorted octahedral geometries around the Ti centres with single or double oxo-bridges connecting the two metals. These robust, air- and moisture-stable complexes were employed as photosensitisers generating singlet oxygen following irradiation with visible light (420 nm) LED module in a commercial flow reactor. All five complexes showed high activity in the photo-oxygenation of α-terpinene and achieved complete conversion to ascaridole in four hours at ambient temperature. The excellent selectivity of these photosensitisers towards ascaridole (vs. transformation to p-cymene) was demonstrated with control experiments using a traditional TiO2 catalyst. Further comparative studies employing the free pro-ligands as well as a monometallic analogue highlighted the importance of the 'TiO2 -like' moiety in the polymetallic catalysts. Computational studies were used to determine the nature of the ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) states and singlet-triplet gaps for each complex, the calculated trends in the UV-vis absorption spectra across the series agreed well with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behm
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | - Eszter Fazekas
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
| | | | - Filipe Vilela
- Institute of Chemical SciencesHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburghEH14 4ASUK
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41
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Shu XP, Luo W, Wang HY, Fu MY, Zhu QY, Dai J. Eu-phen Bonded Titanium Oxo-Clusters, Precursors for a Facile Preparation of High Luminescent Materials and Films. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10422-10429. [PMID: 32683861 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of Eu complexes into various organic or inorganic matrixes is one of the acceptable strategies to obtain displaying materials having practical applications. In this work, we report a convenient approach to preparing high luminescent organic-inorganic hybrid materials and films from the europium-titanium oxo-clusters (EuTOCs) having photoactive antenna ligands. Three Eu2Ti4 oxo-clusters were synthesized and crystallographically characterized. They are the first reported lanthanide-TOCs coordinated with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) as photoactive ligands, Eu2Ti4O6(phen)2(pa)10 (1) (pa = propionate), Eu2Ti4O6(bpy)2(pa)10 (2), and Eu2Ti4O6(phen)2(MA)10 (3) (MA = methacrylate). Benefitting from the photoactive antenna ligands and the rigid cluster structures, these clusters showed bright red luminescence with quantum yield in the range of 60-80% and long lifetime up to 3.0 ms. Unlike those physically mixed polymeric materials, the MA coordinated compound 3 can be self-polymerized to form a brilliant luminescent film. The film coated slide was used to develop a fluorescence sensor for biomolecule ascorbic acid (AA). The low detection limit and reusable properties suggest great potential for such EuTOC films in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Ping Shu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China.,The Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Applications, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao-Yu Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Fu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
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42
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Mishra S, Daniele S. Molecular Engineering of Metal Alkoxides for Solution Phase Synthesis of High-Tech Metal Oxide Nanomaterials. Chemistry 2020; 26:9292-9303. [PMID: 32427371 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The 'bottom-up' synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials with precision at the atomic/molecular level offers many opportunities for the design and improvement of the nanomaterials for various applications. Molecular engineering during soft chemical processing for the synthesis of functional nanomaterials enables the desired chemical and physical properties of the precursors, such as solubility or volatility, clean decomposition, control of stoichiometry for multimetallic species to name a few, and leads to easy control of uniform particle size distribution, stoichiometry…. This Minireview illustrates some important aspects of the molecular engineering in light of some recent developments from the molecular synthesis of nanomaterials involving non-silicon metal alkoxide systems for high-tech applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Mishra
- CNRS, IRCELYON, UMR 5256, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 2 avenue Albert Einstein, 69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphane Daniele
- C2P2-UMR 5265, ESCPE-Lyon, BP 2077, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
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43
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Yang XX, Yu WD, Yi XY, Liu C. Accurate Regulating of Visible-Light Absorption in Polyoxotitanate-Calix[8]arene Systems by Ligand Modification. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7512-7519. [PMID: 32394703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With use of a macrocyclic polyphenol, tert-butylcalix[8]arene (TBC[8]), as ligands, a series of TBC[8]-stabilized {Ti4O2}clusters, containing penta- and hexacoordinated Ti centers, were synthesized. Such complexes are "core-shell" shaped containing a {Ti4O2} core arranged in a zigzag fashion. While outer walls of the clusters are decorated by deprotonated TBC[8], their upper and lower surfaces can be modified by various O- or N-donor ligands, and the ratio of the penta- and hexacoordinated Ti(IV) centers in the {Ti4O2} core can be precisely regulated from 4:0, to 3:1, to 2:2, to 1:3, and finally to 0:4. The combined coordination of different ligands in the axial direction shows significant influence on the adsorption of the TBC[8]-Ti4 system in the visible-light region, and their absorption edge can be precisely regulated from 600 to 700 nm. The above structural functionalization in the TBC[8]-Ti4 system also tunes their photocatalytic H2 production activities and oxidative desulfurization ability. Thus, for the first time, by confining the polyoxotitanium cluster in macrocyclic molecules, we provide an example of understanding the structure-property relationship of titanium-oxygen materials by ligand modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xue Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Dong Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yi Yi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, Hunan People's Republic of China
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44
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Li N, Pranantyo D, Kang ET, Wright DS, Luo HK. A Simple Drop-and-Dry Approach to Grass-Like Multifunctional Nanocoating on Flexible Cotton Fabrics Using In Situ-Generated Coating Solution Comprising Titanium-Oxo Clusters and Silver Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12093-12100. [PMID: 32057229 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanocoatings have been of central importance in various technological fields, yet their fabrication, especially on flexible substrates, still remains a persistent challenge to date. We herein demonstrate a mild single-step drop-and-dry approach to the in situ growth of hierarchical grass-like nanostructures on flexible cotton fabrics. A precursor solution comprising titanium-oxo clusters [Ti18MnO30(OEt)20(MnPhen)3] (Phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and AgNO3 is employed wherein Ag+ cations are in situ-reduced to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Drop-casting onto cotton fabrics under mild conditions induces the in situ growth of the heterogeneous grass-like assembly, and each constituent nanofibrous 'grass leaf' incorporates AgNPs both on the surface and embedded in the interior. The hierarchical morphology and heterogeneous composition of these grass-like nanostructures impart the coated cotton fabrics with enhanced antibacterial properties, robust hydrophobicity, and UV-blocking capability, which are features desired in textile materials but lacking in natural cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Dicky Pranantyo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260, Singapore
| | - En-Tang Kang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, 119260, Singapore
| | - Dominic S Wright
- Chemistry Department, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - He-Kuan Luo
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, 138634, Singapore
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45
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Kim B, Keum Y, Chen YP, Oh HS, Lee JY, Park J. Stimuli-Responsive Ti-Organic Gels and Aerogels Derived from Ti-Oxo Clusters: Hierarchical Porosity and Photocatalytic Activity. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:15936-15941. [PMID: 31743012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report titanium-organic gels (TOGs) as new Ti-oxo-based materials that exhibit stimuli-responsive sol-gel transformations and hierarchical porosity upon the removal of solvent molecules. Heating a solution of Ti-oxo clusters and pyromellitic acid as a tetratopic ligand produces TOGs that readily become sols by applying physical stimuli such as shaking or vortexing under ambient conditions. Porous titanium-organic aerogels (TOAs) were obtained by the CO2 supercritical point drying (CPD) of the TOGs, and their porous structures were characterized by N2 adsorption and desorption isotherm measurements. These TOAs, based on the Ti-oxo clusters, possess hierarchical micro-, meso-, and macropores. Furthermore, accompanying the prominent photochromic phenomena, reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+ was observed upon UV irradiation. The TOAs were successfully applied in the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of several dye molecules. This research introduces a versatile method for preparing stimuli-responsive and porous Ti-oxo-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkyeom Kim
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , 333 Techno Jungang-daero , Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988 , South Korea
| | - Yesub Keum
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , 333 Techno Jungang-daero , Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988 , South Korea
| | - Ying-Pin Chen
- Department of Protein Purification , Applied Viromics , 48521 Warm Springs Blvd , Fremont , California 94539 , United States
| | - Heong Sub Oh
- School of Mechanical and Control Engineering , Handong Global University , 558, Handong-ro, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37554 , South Korea
| | - Jae Young Lee
- School of Mechanical and Control Engineering , Handong Global University , 558, Handong-ro, Heunghae-eup, Buk-gu, Pohang , Gyeongbuk 37554 , South Korea
| | - Jinhee Park
- Department of Emerging Materials Science , Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST) , 333 Techno Jungang-daero , Dalseong-gun, Daegu 42988 , South Korea
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46
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Luo W, Zou DH, Yang S, Cui LN, Liu PY, Zhu QY, Dai J. Water-Soluble Lanthanide–Titanium–Oxo Cluster, a Precursor for Biocompatible Nanomaterial. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:14617-14625. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
- The Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials and Applications, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan-Hong Zou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin-Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
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47
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Trinuclear Oxo-Titanium Clusters: Synthesis, Structure, and Photocatalytic Activity. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12193195. [PMID: 31569497 PMCID: PMC6804155 DOI: 10.3390/ma12193195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The interest in titanium (IV) oxo-complexes is due to their potential application in photodegradation processes and environmental pollutants reduction. Titanium (IV) oxo-complexes (TOCs) of the general formula [Ti3O(OiPr)8(OOCR')2] (R' = -C13H9 (1), -p-PhCl (2), -m-PhNO2 (3), -C4H7 (4)) were synthesized and structurally characterized. The use of the different carboxylate ligands allowed modulating the optical band gaps of the produced microcrystals, which were measured via diffuse reflectance ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis-DRS) and calculated using the density functional theory (DFT) method. The dispersion of TOCs (1-3) in the poly (methyl methacrylate) matrix (PMMA) led to the formation of polymer/TOCs composites, which in the next stage of our works have been applied in the photocatalytic activity estimation of synthesized trinuclear Ti(IV) oxo-complexes. Studies of the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) induced by UV irradiation exhibit that the PMMA-TOCs composite containing (1) oxo-clusters is the most active, followed by the system containing the complex (3).
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48
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Fan X, Fu H, Gao MY, Zhang L, Zhang J. One-Pot and Postsynthetic Phenol-Thermal Synthesis toward Highly Stable Titanium-Oxo Clusters. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:13353-13359. [PMID: 31536335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic approach plays a crucial role for the exploration and optimization of functional materials. As the molecular models of titanium dioxide, polyoxo-titanium clusters have undergone rapid development over past decade. Unfortunately, many of them are unstable, especially in aqueous environments, greatly limiting their applications in catalysis and environmental fields. In this work, we report a novel phenol-thermal approach toward the construction of highly stable polyoxo-titanium clusters. In addition to the traditional one-pot procedure, the phenol-thermal synthesis can also be used as a postsynthetic pathway to modify the alcohol terminated titanium-oxo clusters. During the modification in phenol, Ti-O core structures consisting entirely of 6-coordinated TiIV centers can be retained. Nevertheless, isopropanol terminated 5-coordinated TiIV centers are not stable and reconstructed to 6-coordinated TiIV centers during the phenol-thermal modification to form new Ti-O clusters. Physical attribute studies confirm that the obtained phenolic clusters generally display much better stability and stronger visible light absorption than isopropanol stabilized clusters with identical or similar cores. Therefore, phenol can not only offer a suitable solution environment for the construction of new cluster structures but also provide robust protection for the cluster cores and also an efficient method to enhance their visible light responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Yan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry , Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou , Fujian 350002 , People's Republic of China
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49
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Cui L, Liu P, Yang L, Shu X, Zhu Q, Dai J. A Series of Ti
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Oxo Clusters Anchored with Arylamine Dyes: Effect of Dye Structures on Photocurrent Responses. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:3198-3204. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201900921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Na Cui
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Pei‐Yi Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Lei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xian‐Ping Shu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Qin‐Yu Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Jie Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow University Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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50
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Structures, Photoelectrochemical and Photocatalytic Properties of Phosphite-Stabilized Titanium-Oxo Clusters Functionalized with Ferrocenecarboxylate Ligands. J CLUST SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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