1
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Chen M, Pei Z, Wang Y, Song F, Zhong J, Wang C, Ma Y. Small extracellular vesicles' enrichment from biological fluids using an acoustic trap. Analyst 2024; 149:3169-3177. [PMID: 38639189 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a form of extracellular vesicles, are lipid bilayered structures released by all cells. Large-scale studies on sEVs from clinical samples are necessary, but a major obstacle is the lack of rapid, reproducible, efficient, and low-cost methods to enrich sEVs. Acoustic microfluidics have the advantage of being label-free and biocompatible, which have been reported to successfully enrich sEVs. In this paper, we present a highly efficient acoustic microfluidic trap that can offer low and large volume compatible ways of enriching sEVs from biological fluids by flexible structure design. It uses the idea of pre-loading larger seed particles in the acoustic trap to enable sub-micron particle capturing. The microfluidic chip is actuated using a piezoelectric plate transducer attached to a silicon-glass bonding plate with circular cavities. Each cavity works as a resonant unit, excited at the frequency of both the half wave resonance in the main plane and inverted quarter wave resonance in the depth direction, which has the ability to strongly trap seed particles at the center, thereby improving the subsequent nanoparticle capture efficiency. Mean trapping efficiencies of 35.62% and 64.27% were obtained using 60 nm and 100 nm nanobeads, respectively. By the use of this technology, we have successfully enriched sEVs from cell culture conditioned media and blood plasma at a flow rate of 10 μL min-1. The isolated sEV subpopulations are characterized by NTA and TEM, and their protein cargo is determined by WB. This acoustic trapping chip provides a rapid and robust method to enrich sEVs from biofluids with high reproducibility and sufficient quantities. Therefore, it can serve as a new tool for biological and clinical research such as cancer diagnosis and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Chen
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Feifei Song
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Jinfeng Zhong
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Ce Wang
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
| | - Yuting Ma
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China.
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2
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Abdul-Rahman T, Roy P, Herrera-Calderón RE, Khidri FF, Omotesho QA, Rumide TS, Fatima M, Roy S, Wireko AA, Atallah O, Roy S, Amekpor F, Ghosh S, Agyigra IA, Horbas V, Teslyk T, Bumeister V, Papadakis M, Alexiou A. Extracellular vesicle-mediated drug delivery in breast cancer theranostics. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38780753 PMCID: PMC11116322 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be a significant global challenge due to drug resistance and severe side effects. The increasing prevalence is alarming, requiring new therapeutic approaches to address these challenges. At this point, Extracellular vesicles (EVs), specifically small endosome-released nanometer-sized EVs (SEVs) or exosomes, have been explored by literature as potential theranostics. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the therapeutic potential of exosomes in BC, focusing on their advantages in drug delivery and their ability to mitigate metastasis. Following the review, we identified exosomes' potential in combination therapies, serving as miRNA carriers and contributing to improved anti-tumor effects. This is evident in clinical trials investigating exosomes in BC, which have shown their ability to boost chemotherapy efficacy by delivering drugs like paclitaxel (PTX) and doxorubicin (DOX). However, the translation of EVs into BC therapy is hindered by various challenges. These challenges include the heterogeneity of EVs, the selection of the appropriate parent cell, the loading procedures, and determining the optimal administration routes. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of EVs, these obstacles must be addressed to realize their benefits in BC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Poulami Roy
- Department of Medicine, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Siliguri, India
| | - Ranferi Eduardo Herrera-Calderón
- Center for Research in Health Sciences (CICSA), Faculty of Medicine, Anahuac University North Campus, 52786, Huixquilucan, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Sakshi Roy
- School of Medicine, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | | | - Oday Atallah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Subham Roy
- Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Felix Amekpor
- Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Marios Papadakis
- Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, University of Witten-Herdecke, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.
- Department of Research and Development, Funogen, 11741, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Research and Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.
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3
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Javed A, Kong N, Mathesh M, Duan W, Yang W. Nanoarchitectonics-based electrochemical aptasensors for highly efficient exosome detection. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2345041. [PMID: 38742153 PMCID: PMC11089931 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2345041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to provide valuable insights into the pathophysiological microenvironment of the cells from which they originate. This characteristic implicates their potential use as diagnostic disease biomarkers clinically, including cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Aptasensors, which are electrochemical aptamers based biosensing devices, have emerged as a new class of powerful detection technology to conventional methods like ELISA and Western analysis, primarily because of their capability for high-performance bioanalysis. This review covers the current research landscape on the detection of exosomes utilizing nanoarchitectonics strategy for the development of electrochemical aptasensors. Strategies involving signal amplification and biofouling prevention are discussed, with an emphasis on nanoarchitectonics-based bio-interfaces, showcasing their potential to enhance sensitivity and selectivity through optimal conduction and mass transport properties. The ongoing challenges to broaden the clinical applications of these biosensors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Javed
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Na Kong
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Motilal Mathesh
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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4
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Ram Kumar RM, Logesh R, Joghee S. Breast cancer derived exosomes: Theragnostic perspectives and implications. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117875. [PMID: 38493944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most prevalent malignancy affecting women worldwide. Although conventional treatments such as chemotherapy, surgery, hormone therapy, radiation therapy, and biological therapy are commonly used, they often entail significant side effects. Therefore, there is a critical need to investigate more cost-effective and efficient treatment modalities in BC. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies, play a crucial role in modulating recipient cell behaviour and driving cancer progression. Among the EVs, exosomes provide valuable insights into cellular dynamics under both healthy and diseased conditions. In cancer, exosomes play a critical role in driving tumor progression and facilitating the development of drug resistance. BC-derived exosomes (BCex) dynamically influence BC progression by regulating cell proliferation, immunosuppression, angiogenesis, metastasis, and the development of treatment resistance. Additionally, BCex serve as promising diagnostic markers in BC which are detectable in bodily fluids such as urine and saliva. Targeted manipulation of BCex holds significant therapeutic potential. This review explores the therapeutic and diagnostic implications of exosomes in BC, underscoring their relevance to the disease. Furthermore, it discusses future directions for exosome-based research in BC, emphasizing the necessity for further exploration in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Mohan Ram Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rajan Logesh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suresh Joghee
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
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5
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Luo B, Que Z, Lu X, Qi D, Qiao Z, Yang Y, Qian F, Jiang Y, Li Y, Ke R, Shen X, Xiao H, Li H, Wu E, Tian J. Identification of exosome protein panels as predictive biomarkers for non-small cell lung cancer. Biol Proced Online 2023; 25:29. [PMID: 37953280 PMCID: PMC10641949 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-023-00223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, primarily due to its propensity for metastasis. Patients diagnosed with localized primary cancer have higher survival rates than those with metastasis. Thus, it is imperative to discover biomarkers for the early detection of NSCLC and the timely prediction of tumor metastasis to improve patient outcomes. METHODS Here, we utilized an integrated approach to isolate and characterize plasma exosomes from NSCLC patients as well as healthy individuals. We then conducted proteomics analysis and parallel reaction monitoring to identify and validate the top-ranked proteins of plasma exosomes. RESULTS Our study revealed that the proteome in exosomes from NSCLC patients with metastasis was distinctly different from that from healthy individuals. The former had larger diameters and lower concentrations of exosomes than the latter. Furthermore, among the 1220 identified exosomal proteins, we identified two distinct panels of biomarkers. The first panel of biomarkers (FGB, FGG, and VWF) showed potential for early NSCLC diagnosis and demonstrated a direct correlation with the survival duration of NSCLC patients. The second panel of biomarkers (CFHR5, C9, and MBL2) emerged as potential biomarkers for assessing NSCLC metastasis, of which CFHR5 alone was significantly associated with the overall survival of NSCLC patients. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the potential of plasma exosomal biomarkers for early NSCLC diagnosis and metastasis prediction. Notably, CFHR5 stands out as a promising prognostic indicator for NSCLC patients. The clinical utility of exosomal biomarkers offers the potential to enhance the management of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Luo
- Clinical Oncology Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zujun Que
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Clinical Oncology Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76508, USA
| | - Zhi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Clinical Oncology Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Fangfang Qian
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yan Li
- Clinical Oncology Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China
| | - Ronghu Ke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Shen
- Prism Genomic Medicine, Sugar Land, TX, 77478, USA
| | - Hua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Hegen Li
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, 76502, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, TX, 76508, USA.
- School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- Irma Lerma Rangel School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
- LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes and Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Jianhui Tian
- Clinical Oncology Center, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.
- Department of Oncology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Institute of Oncology, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, China.
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6
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Altıntaş Ö, Saylan Y. Exploring the Versatility of Exosomes: A Review on Isolation, Characterization, Detection Methods, and Diverse Applications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16029-16048. [PMID: 37874907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial mediators of intercellular communication and can be classified based on their physical properties, biomolecular structure, and origin. Among EVs, exosomes have garnered significant attention due to their potential as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Exosomes are released via fusion of multivesicular bodies on plasma membranes and can be isolated from various biofluids using methods such as differential ultracentrifugation, immune affinity capture, ultrafiltration, and size exclusion chromatography. Herein, an overview of different techniques for exosome characterization and isolation, as well as the diverse applications of exosome detection, including their potential use in drug delivery and disease diagnosis, is provided. Additionally, we discuss the emerging field of exosome detection by sensors, which offers an up-and-coming avenue for point-of-care diagnostic tools development. Overall, this review aims to provide a exhaustive and up-to-date summary of the current state of exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Altıntaş
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Hacettepe University, Department of Chemistry, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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7
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Yin T, Xu L, Gil B, Merali N, Sokolikova MS, Gaboriau DCA, Liu DSK, Muhammad Mustafa AN, Alodan S, Chen M, Txoperena O, Arrastua M, Gomez JM, Ontoso N, Elicegui M, Torres E, Li D, Mattevi C, Frampton AE, Jiao LR, Ramadan S, Klein N. Graphene Sensor Arrays for Rapid and Accurate Detection of Pancreatic Cancer Exosomes in Patients' Blood Plasma Samples. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14619-14631. [PMID: 37470391 PMCID: PMC10416564 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) have the potential to enable the development of point-of-care diagnostic tools for early stage disease detection. However, issues with reproducibility and manufacturing yields of graphene sensors, but also with Debye screening and unwanted detection of nonspecific species, have prevented the wider clinical use of graphene technology. Here, we demonstrate that our wafer-scalable GFETs array platform enables meaningful clinical results. As a case study of high clinical relevance, we demonstrate an accurate and robust portable GFET array biosensor platform for the detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in patients' plasma through specific exosomes (GPC-1 expression) within 45 min. In order to facilitate reproducible detection in blood plasma, we optimized the analytical performance of GFET biosensors via the application of an internal control channel and the development of an optimized test protocol. Based on samples from 18 PDAC patients and 8 healthy controls, the GFET biosensor arrays could accurately discriminate between the two groups while being able to detect early cancer stages including stages 1 and 2. Furthermore, we confirmed the higher expression of GPC-1 and found that the concentration in PDAC plasma was on average more than 1 order of magnitude higher than in healthy samples. We found that these characteristics of GPC-1 cancerous exosomes are responsible for an increase in the number of target exosomes on the surface of graphene, leading to an improved signal response of the GFET biosensors. This GFET biosensor platform holds great promise for the development of an accurate tool for the rapid diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Yin
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Lizhou Xu
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- ZJU-Hangzhou
Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Bruno Gil
- Hamlyn
Centre, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Nabeel Merali
- Oncology
Section, Surrey Cancer Research Institute, Department of Clinical
and Experimental Medicine, FHMS, University
of Surrey, The Leggett Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
- HPB
Surgical Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, U.K.
- Minimal Access
Therapy Training Unit (MATTU), University
of Surrey, The Leggett
Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
| | | | - David C. A. Gaboriau
- Facility
for Imaging By Light Microscopy, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Daniel S. K. Liu
- Department
of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Hospital
Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K.
- HPB
Surgical Unit, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith
Hospital, London W12 0HS, U.K.
| | - Ahmad Nizamuddin Muhammad Mustafa
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- FTKEE,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Sarah Alodan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Michael Chen
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Oihana Txoperena
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - María Arrastua
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Gomez
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Nerea Ontoso
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Marta Elicegui
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Elias Torres
- Graphenea Semiconductor, Paseo Mikeletegi 83, San Sebastián ES 20009, Spain
| | - Danyang Li
- Research
Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Adam E. Frampton
- Oncology
Section, Surrey Cancer Research Institute, Department of Clinical
and Experimental Medicine, FHMS, University
of Surrey, The Leggett Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
- HPB
Surgical Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XX, U.K.
- Minimal Access
Therapy Training Unit (MATTU), University
of Surrey, The Leggett
Building, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford GU2 7WG, U.K.
- Department
of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Hospital
Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Long R. Jiao
- Department
of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College
London, Hammersmith Hospital
Campus, London W12 0NN, U.K.
| | - Sami Ramadan
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Norbert Klein
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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8
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Zhang H, Zheng X, Zhao T, Chen Y, Luo Y, Dong Y, Tang H, Jiang J. Real-Time Monitoring of Exosomes Secretion from Single Cell Using Dual-Nanopore Biosensors. ACS Sens 2023. [PMID: 37368982 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes secreted from cells carry rich information from their parent cells, representing a promising biomarker for investigation of diseases. We develop a dual-nanopore biosensor using DNA aptamers to specifically recognize CD63 protein on the exosome's surface, which enables label-free exosome detection based on ionic current change. The sensor allows for sensitive detection of exosomes with a detection limit of 3.4 × 106 particles/mL. The dual-nanopore biosensor was able to form an intrapipette electric circuit for ionic current measurement due to its unique structure, which is crucial to achieve detection of exosome secretion from a single cell. We utilized a microwell array chip to entrap a single cell into a confined microwell with small volume, enabling the accumulation of exosomes with high concentration. The dual-nanopore biosensor was positioned into the microwell with a single cell, and monitoring of exosome secretion from a single cell in different cell lines and under different stimulations has been achieved. Our design may provide a useful platform for developing nanopore biosensors for detecting cell secretions from a single living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshuai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease, Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421002, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Tao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yangcan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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9
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Yan S, Zheng H, Zhao J, Gao M, Zhang X. Quantification of GPC1(+) Exosomes Based on MALDI-TOF MS In Situ Signal Amplification for Pancreatic Cancer Discrimination and Evaluation. Anal Chem 2023. [PMID: 37368911 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) has a high mortality, with a fairly low five-year survival rate, because of its delayed diagnosis. Recently, liquid biopsy, especially based on exosomes, has attracted vast attention, thanks to its low invasiveness. Herein, we constructed a protocol for pancreatic cancer related Glypican 1 (GPC1) exosome quantification, based on in situ mass spectrometry signal amplification, by utilizing mass tag molecules on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Exosomes were extracted and purified by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), captured by TiO2 modified magnetic nanoparticles, and then targeted specifically by anti-GPC1 antibody modified on AuNPs. With matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), the signal of PC biomarker, GPC1, was converted to a mass tag signal and amplified. With addition of a certain amount of internal standard molecules modified on AuNPs, the relative intensity ratio of mass tag to internal standard was proportional to the concentration of GPC1(+) exosomes derived from pancreatic cancer cell lines, PANC-1, with good linearity (R2 = 0.9945) in a wide dynamic range from 7.1 × 10 to 7.1 × 106 particles/μL. This method was further applied to plasma samples from healthy control (HC) and pancreatic cancer patients with different tumor load, and exhibited a great potential in discriminating diagnosed PC patients from HC, and has the monitoring potential in PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohan Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Haoyang Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiandong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mingxia Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Lyu Y, Guo Y, Okeoma CM, Yan Z, Hu N, Li Z, Zhou S, Zhao X, Li J, Wang X. Engineered extracellular vesicles (EVs): Promising diagnostic/therapeutic tools for pediatric high-grade glioma. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114630. [PMID: 37094548 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) is a highly malignant brain tumor that mainly occurs in children with extremely low overall survival. Traditional therapeutic strategies, such as surgical resection and chemotherapy, are not feasible mostly due to the special location and highly diffused features. Radiotherapy turns out to be the standard treatment method but with limited benefits of overall survival. A broad search for novel and targeted therapies is in the progress of both preclinical investigations and clinical trials. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) emerged as a promising diagnostic and therapeutic candidate due to their distinct biocompatibility, excellent cargo-loading-delivery capacity, high biological barrier penetration efficiency, and ease of modification. The utilization of EVs in various diseases as biomarker diagnoses or therapeutic agents is revolutionizing modern medical research and practice. In this review, we will briefly talk about the research development of DIPG, and present a detailed description of EVs in medical applications, with a discussion on the application of engineered peptides on EVs. The possibility of applying EVs as a diagnostic tool and drug delivery system in DIPG is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lyu
- Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yupei Guo
- Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chioma M Okeoma
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595-1524, USA
| | - Zhaoyue Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Nan Hu
- Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zian Li
- Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Shaolong Zhou
- Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Junqi Li
- Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
| | - Xinjun Wang
- Henan Joint International Laboratory of Glioma Metabolism and Microenvironment Research, Henan Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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11
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Mei K, Yan T, Wang Y, Rao D, Peng Y, Wu W, Chen Y, Ren M, Yang J, Wu S, Zhang Q. Magneto-Nanomechanical Array Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Oncogenic Exosomes for Early Diagnosis of Cancers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205445. [PMID: 36464637 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are a class of nanoscale vesicles secreted by cells, which contain abundant information closely related to parental cells. The ultrasensitive detection of cancer-derived exosomes is highly significant for early non-invasive diagnosis of cancer. Here, an ultrasensitive nanomechanical sensor is reported, which uses a magnetic-driven microcantilever array to selectively detect oncogenic exosomes. A magnetic force, which can produce a far greater deflection of microcantilever than that produced by the intermolecular interaction force even with very low concentrations of target substances, is introduced. This method reduced the detection limit to less than 10 exosomes mL-1 . Direct detection of exosomes in the serum of patients with breast cancer and in healthy people showed a significant difference. This work improved the sensitivity by five orders of magnitude as compared to that of traditional nanomechanical sensing based on surface stress mode. This method can be applied parallelly for highly sensitive detection of other microorganisms (such as bacteria and viruses) by using different probe molecules, which can provide a supersensitive detection approach for cancer diagnosis, food safety, and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainan Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Tianhao Yan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Depeng Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Yongpei Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Wenjie Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Ye Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Min Ren
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Shangquan Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Qingchuan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Material, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
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12
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Lee Y, Ni J, Beretov J, Wasinger VC, Graham P, Li Y. Recent advances of small extracellular vesicle biomarkers in breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:33. [PMID: 36797736 PMCID: PMC9933347 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01741-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Current clinical tools for breast cancer (BC) diagnosis are insufficient but liquid biopsy of different bodily fluids has recently emerged as a minimally invasive strategy that provides a real-time snapshot of tumour biomarkers for early diagnosis, active surveillance of progression, and post-treatment recurrence. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membranous structures 50-1000 nm in diameter that are released by cells into biological fluids. EVs contain proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids which play pivotal roles in tumourigenesis and metastasis through cell-to-cell communication. Proteins and miRNAs from small EVs (sEV), which range in size from 50-150 nm, are being investigated as a potential source for novel BC biomarkers using mass spectrometry-based proteomics and next-generation sequencing. This review covers recent developments in sEV isolation and single sEV analysis technologies and summarises the sEV protein and miRNA biomarkers identified for BC diagnosis, prognosis, and chemoresistance. The limitations of current sEV biomarker research are discussed along with future perspective applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Lee
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.416398.10000 0004 0417 5393Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Jie Ni
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.416398.10000 0004 0417 5393Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Julia Beretov
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.416398.10000 0004 0417 5393Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia ,grid.416398.10000 0004 0417 5393Anatomical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Valerie C. Wasinger
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432School of Medical Science, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Peter Graham
- grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW 2052 Australia ,grid.416398.10000 0004 0417 5393Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217 Australia
| | - Yong Li
- St. George and Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia. .,Cancer Care Centre, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
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13
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Taylor ML, Giacalone AG, Amrhein KD, Wilson RE, Wang Y, Huang X. Nanomaterials for Molecular Detection and Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:524. [PMID: 36770486 PMCID: PMC9920192 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a novel resource of biomarkers for cancer and certain other diseases. Probing EVs in body fluids has become of major interest in the past decade in the development of a new-generation liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. However, sensitive and specific molecular detection and analysis are challenging, due to the small size of EVs, low amount of antigens on individual EVs, and the complex biofluid matrix. Nanomaterials have been widely used in the technological development of protein and nucleic acid-based EV detection and analysis, owing to the unique structure and functional properties of materials at the nanometer scale. In this review, we summarize various nanomaterial-based analytical technologies for molecular EV detection and analysis. We discuss these technologies based on the major types of nanomaterials, including plasmonic, fluorescent, magnetic, organic, carbon-based, and certain other nanostructures. For each type of nanomaterial, functional properties are briefly described, followed by the applications of the nanomaterials for EV biomarker detection, profiling, and analysis in terms of detection mechanisms.
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14
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Williams S, Jalal AR, Lewis MP, Davies OG. A survey to evaluate parameters governing the selection and application of extracellular vesicle isolation methods. J Tissue Eng 2023; 14:20417314231155114. [PMID: 36911574 PMCID: PMC9996742 DOI: 10.1177/20417314231155114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) continue to gain interest across the scientific community for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. As EV applications diversify, it is essential that researchers are aware of challenges, in particular the compatibility of EV isolation methods with downstream applications and their clinical translation. We report outcomes of the first cross-comparison study looking to determine parameters (EV source, starting volume, operator experience, application and implementation parameters such as cost and scalability) governing the selection of popular EV isolation methods across disciplines. Our findings highlighted an increased clinical focus, with 36% of respondents applying EVs in therapeutics and diagnostics. Data indicated preferential selection of ultracentrifugation for therapeutic applications, precipitation reagents in clinical settings and size exclusion chromatography for diagnostic applications utilising biofluids. Method selection was influenced by operator experience, with increased method diversity when EV research was not the respondents primary focus. Application and implementation criteria were indicated to be major influencers in method selection, with UC and SEC chosen for their abilities to process large and small volumes, respectively. Overall, we identified parameters influencing method selection across the breadth of EV science, providing a valuable overview of practical considerations for the effective translation of research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Williams
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Aveen R Jalal
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Owen G Davies
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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15
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Pallares-Rusiñol A, Bernuz M, Moura SL, Fernández-Senac C, Rossi R, Martí M, Pividori MI. Advances in exosome analysis. Adv Clin Chem 2022; 112:69-117. [PMID: 36642486 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is growing demand for novel biomarkers that detect early stage disease as well as monitor clinical management and therapeutic strategies. Exosome analysis could provide the next advance in attaining that goal. Exosomes are membrane encapsulated biologic nanometric-sized particles of endocytic origin which are released by all cell types. Unfortunately, exosomes are exceptionally challenging to characterize with current technologies. Exosomes are between 30 and 200nm in diameter, a size that makes them out of the sensitivity range to most cell-oriented sorting or analysis platforms, i.e., traditional flow cytometers. The most common methods for targeting exosomes to date typically involve purification followed by the characterization and the specific determination of their cargo. The whole procedure is time consuming, requiring thus skilled personnel as well as laboratory facilities and benchtop instrumentation. The most relevant methodology for exosome isolation, characterization and quantification is addressed in this chapter, including the most up-to-date approaches to explore the potential usefulness of exosomes as biomarkers in liquid biopsies and in advanced nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Pallares-Rusiñol
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mireia Bernuz
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silio Lima Moura
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Carolina Fernández-Senac
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosanna Rossi
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Mercè Martí
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Isabel Pividori
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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16
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Feng L, Guo L, Tanaka Y, Su L. Tumor-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Involved in Breast Cancer Progression and Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315236. [PMID: 36499561 PMCID: PMC9736664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most serious and terrifying threats to the health of women. Recent studies have demonstrated that interaction among cancer cells themselves and those with other cells, including immune cells, in a tumor microenvironment potentially and intrinsically regulate and determine cancer progression and metastasis. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), a type of lipid-bilayer particles derived from cells, with a size of less than 200 nm, are recognized as one form of important mediators in cell-to-cell communication. sEVs can transport a variety of bioactive substances, including proteins, RNAs, and lipids. Accumulating evidence has revealed that sEVs play a crucial role in cancer development and progression, with a significant impact on proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, sEVs systematically coordinate physiological and pathological processes, such as coagulation, vascular leakage, and stromal cell reprogramming, to bring about premetastatic niche formation and to determine metastatic organ tropism. There are a variety of oncogenic factors in tumor-derived sEVs that mediate cellular communication between local stromal cells and distal microenvironment, both of which are important in cancer progression and metastasis. Tumor-derived sEVs contain substances that are similar to parental tumor cells, and as such, sEVs could be biomarkers in cancer progression and potential therapeutic targets, particularly for predicting and preventing future metastatic development. Here, we review the mechanisms underlying the regulation by tumor-derived sEVs on cancer development and progression, including proliferation, metastasis, drug resistance, and immunosuppression, which coordinately shape the pro-metastatic microenvironment. In addition, we describe the application of sEVs to the development of cancer biomarkers and potential therapeutic modalities and discuss how they can be engineered and translated into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Feng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lijuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1, Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (L.S.); Tel.: +81-95-819-7063 (Y.T.); +86-27-8779-2024 (L.S.); Fax: +81-95-819-2189 (Y.T.); +86-27-8779-2072 (L.S.)
| | - Li Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Correspondence: (Y.T.); (L.S.); Tel.: +81-95-819-7063 (Y.T.); +86-27-8779-2024 (L.S.); Fax: +81-95-819-2189 (Y.T.); +86-27-8779-2072 (L.S.)
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17
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Moutinho-Ribeiro P, Adem B, Batista I, Silva M, Silva S, Ruivo CF, Morais R, Peixoto A, Coelho R, Costa-Moreira P, Lopes S, Vilas-Boas F, Durães C, Lopes J, Barroca H, Carneiro F, Melo SA, Macedo G. Exosomal glypican-1 discriminates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma from chronic pancreatitis. Dig Liver Dis 2022; 54:871-877. [PMID: 34840127 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) diagnosis can be difficult in a chronic pancreatitis (CP) background, especially in its mass forming presentation. We aimed to assess the accuracy of glypican-1-positive circulating exosomes (GPC1+crExos) to distinguish PDAC from CP versus the state-of-the-art CA 19-9 biomarker. METHODS This was a unicentric prospective cohort. Endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration or biopsy and blood tests (GPC1+crExos and serum CA 19-9) were performed. RESULTS The cohort comprised 60 PDAC and 29 CP (7 of which mass forming - MF) patients. Median levels of GPC1+crExos were significantly higher in PDAC (99.7%) versus CP (28.4%; p<0.0001) with an AUROC of 0.96 with 98.3% sensitivity and 86.2% specificity for a cut-off of 45.0% (p<0.0001); this outperforms CA 19-9 AUROC of 0.82 with 78.3% sensitivity and 65.5% specificity at a cut-off of 37 U/mL (p<0.0001). The superiority of% GPC1+crExos over CA 19-99 in differentiating PDAC from CP was observed in both early (stage I) and advanced tumors (stages II-IV). CONCLUSION Levels of GPC1+crExos coupled to beads enable differential diagnosis between PDAC and CP including its mass-forming presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Moutinho-Ribeiro
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - B Adem
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Batista
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - M Silva
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Silva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, University of Aveiro
| | - C F Ruivo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Morais
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - A Peixoto
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Coelho
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P Costa-Moreira
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Lopes
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Vilas-Boas
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - C Durães
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - J Lopes
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - H Barroca
- Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Carneiro
- Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - S A Melo
- Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - G Macedo
- Serviço de Gastrenterologia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal; Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Abreu CM, Costa-Silva B, Reis RL, Kundu SC, Caballero D. Microfluidic platforms for extracellular vesicle isolation, analysis and therapy in cancer. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1093-1125. [PMID: 35253032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00006g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small lipidic particles packed with proteins, DNA, messenger RNA and microRNAs of their cell of origin that act as critical players in cell-cell communication. These vesicles have been identified as pivotal mediators in cancer progression and the formation of metastatic niches. Hence, their isolation and analysis from circulating biofluids is envisioned as the next big thing in the field of liquid biopsies for early non-invasive diagnosis and patient follow-up. Despite the promise, current benchtop isolation strategies are not compatible with point-of-care testing in a clinical setting. Microfluidic platforms are disruptive technologies capable of recovering, analyzing, and quantifying EVs within clinical samples with limited volume, in a high-throughput manner with elevated sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. Moreover, they can also be employed for the controlled production of synthetic EVs and effective drug loading to produce EV-based therapies. In this review, we explore the use of microfluidic platforms for the isolation, characterization, and quantification of EVs in cancer, and compare these platforms with the conventional methodologies. We also highlight the state-of-the-art in microfluidic approaches for EV-based cancer therapeutics. Finally, we analyze the currently active or recently completed clinical trials involving EVs for cancer diagnosis, treatment or therapy monitoring and examine the future of EV-based point-of-care testing platforms in the clinic and EV-based therapy production by the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina M Abreu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa-Silva
- Champalimaud Physiology and Cancer Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, Av. Brasília, 1400-038, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Subhas C Kundu
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - David Caballero
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark-Parque da Ciência e Tecnologia, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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19
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Saad MG, Beyenal H, Dong WJ. Exosomes as Powerful Engines in Cancer: Isolation, Characterization and Detection Techniques. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:518. [PMID: 34940275 PMCID: PMC8699402 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Ji Dong
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (M.G.S.); (H.B.)
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20
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Jiang C, Fu Y, Liu G, Shu B, Davis J, Tofaris GK. Multiplexed Profiling of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomarker Development. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2021; 14:3. [PMID: 34855021 PMCID: PMC8638654 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-021-00753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membranous particles that play a crucial role in molecular trafficking, intercellular transport and the egress of unwanted proteins. They have been implicated in many diseases including cancer and neurodegeneration. EVs are detected in all bodily fluids, and their protein and nucleic acid content offers a means of assessing the status of the cells from which they originated. As such, they provide opportunities in biomarker discovery for diagnosis, prognosis or the stratification of diseases as well as an objective monitoring of therapies. The simultaneous assaying of multiple EV-derived markers will be required for an impactful practical application, and multiplexing platforms have evolved with the potential to achieve this. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of the currently available multiplexing platforms for EV analysis, with a primary focus on miniaturized and integrated devices that offer potential step changes in analytical power, throughput and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Shu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jason Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - George K Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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21
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Wang Y, Wang W, Kong F, Zhang Q, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Yan B. Tango of dual nanoparticles: Interplays between exosomes and nanomedicine. Bioeng Transl Med 2021; 7:e10269. [PMID: 35600647 PMCID: PMC9115704 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles released from cells as a mechanism of intracellular communication. Containing information molecules of their parental cells and inclining to fuse with targeted cells, exosomes are valuable in disease diagnosis and drug delivery. The realization of their clinic applications still faces difficulties, such as lacking technologies for fast purification and functional reading. The advancement of nanotechnology in recent decades makes it promising to overcome these difficulties. In this article, we summarized recent progress in utilizing the physiochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance exosome purification and detection sensitivity or to derive novel technologies. We also discussed the valuable applications of exosomes in NPs‐based drug delivery. Till now most studies in these fields are still at the laboratory research stage. Translation of these bench works into clinic applications still has a long way to go.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
| | - Wenzhen Wang
- The Secondary Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine Shandong University Jinan China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering Shandong University Qingdao China
| | - Jiaqi Xiao
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science Jinan China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey Rutgers State University of New Jersey New Brunswick New Jersey USA
| | - Bing Yan
- Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay Area, Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education Guangzhou University Guangzhou China
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22
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Zhang J, Hou M, Chen G, Mao H, Chen W, Wang W, Chen J. An electrochemical biosensor based on DNA “nano-bridge” for amplified detection of exosomal microRNAs. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Shephard AP, Giles P, Mbengue M, Alraies A, Spary LK, Kynaston H, Gurney MJ, Falcón‐Pérez JM, Royo F, Tabi Z, Parthimos D, Errington RJ, Clayton A, Webber JP. Stroma-derived extracellular vesicle mRNA signatures inform histological nature of prostate cancer. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12150. [PMID: 34596356 PMCID: PMC8485336 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological assessment of prostate cancer is the key diagnostic test and can predict disease outcome. This is however an invasive procedure that carries associated risks, hence non-invasive assays to support the diagnostic pathway are much needed. A key feature of disease progression, and subsequent poor prognosis, is the presence of an altered stroma. Here we explored the utility of prostate stromal cell-derived vesicles as indicators of an altered tumour environment. We compared vesicles from six donor-matched pairs of adjacent-normal versus disease-associated primary stromal cultures. We identified 19 differentially expressed transcripts that discriminate disease from normal stromal extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs isolated from patient serum were investigated for these putative disease-discriminating mRNA. A set of transcripts including Caveolin-1 (CAV1), TMP2, THBS1, and CTGF were found to be successful in discriminating clinically insignificant (Gleason = 6) disease from clinically significant (Gleason > 8) prostate cancer. Furthermore, correlation between transcript expression and progression-free survival suggests that levels of these mRNA may predict disease outcome. Informed by a machine learning approach, combining measures of the five most informative EV-associated mRNAs with PSA was shown to significantly improve assay sensitivity and specificity. An in-silico model was produced, showcasing the superiority of this multi-modal liquid biopsy compared to needle biopsy for predicting disease progression. This proof of concept highlights the utility of serum EV analytics as a companion diagnostic test with prognostic utility, which may obviate the need for biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex P. Shephard
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Peter Giles
- Wales Gene ParkHenry Welcome BuildingCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Mariama Mbengue
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Amr Alraies
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Lisa K. Spary
- Wales Cancer BankUniversity Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Howard Kynaston
- Section of Surgery, Division of Cancer and Genetics, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Department of UrologyCardiff and Vale University Health Board, University Hospital of WalesCardiffUK
| | - Mark J. Gurney
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Juan M. Falcón‐Pérez
- Exosomes Lab. CICbioGUNE‐BRTAParque TecnologicoDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbaoSpain
| | - Félix Royo
- Exosomes Lab. CICbioGUNE‐BRTAParque TecnologicoDerioSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd)MadridSpain
| | - Zsuzsanna Tabi
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Dimitris Parthimos
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Rachel J. Errington
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Aled Clayton
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
| | - Jason P. Webber
- Tissue Microenvironment GroupDivision of Cancer and GeneticsSchool of MedicineCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- Institute of Life ScienceSwansea University Medical School, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUK
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24
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Zhou S, Yang Y, Wu Y, Liu S. Review: Multiplexed profiling of biomarkers in extracellular vesicles for cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1175:338633. [PMID: 34330441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale vesicles secreted by normal and pathological cells. The types and levels of surface proteins and internal nucleic acids in EVs are closely related to their original cells, tumor occurrence, and development. Thus, the sensitive and accurate detection of EV biomarkers is a reliable approach for noninvasive disease diagnosis and treatment response monitoring. However, the purification and molecular profiling of these EVs are technically challenging. Much effort has been dedicated to developing new methods for the detection of multiple EV biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in EV protein and nucleic acid biomarker analysis. Additionally, we systematically discuss the advantages of multiplexed EV biomarker detection for accurate cancer diagnosis, therapy monitoring, and cancer screening. This article aims to present an overview of all kinds of analytical technologies for assessing EVs and their applications in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Zhou
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yao Yang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Yafeng Wu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Songqin Liu
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Smart Carbon-Rich Materials and Device, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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25
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Sun Z, Yang J, Li H, Wang C, Fletcher C, Li J, Zhan Y, Du L, Wang F, Jiang Y. Progress in the research of nanomaterial-based exosome bioanalysis and exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120873. [PMID: 33989972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes and their internal components have been proven to play critical roles in cell-cell interactions and intrinsic cellular regulations, showing promising prospects in both biomedical and clinical fields. Although conventional methods have so far been utilized to great effect, accurate bioanalysis remains a major challenge. In recent years, the fast-paced development of nanomaterials with unique physiochemical properties has led to a boom in the potential bioapplications of such materials. In particular, the application of nanomaterials in exosome bioanalysis provides a great opportunity to overcome the current challenges and limitations of conventional methods. A timely review of the research progress in this field is thus of great significance to the continued development of new methods. This review outlines the properties and potential uses of exosomes, and discusses the conventional methods currently used for their analysis. We then focus on exploring the current state of the art regarding the use of nanomaterials for the isolation, detection and even the subsequent profiling of exosomes. The main methods are based on principles including fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, electrochemistry, and surface plasmon resonance. Additionally, research on exosome-based nanomaterials tumor therapy is also promising from a clinical perspective, so the research progress in this branch is also summarized. Finally, we look at ways in which the field might develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Sun
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Cameron Fletcher
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Yao Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China; Tumor Marker Detection Engineering Technology Research Center of Shandong Province, Jinan, China; Shandong Engineering & Technology Research Center for Tumor Marker Detection, Jinan, China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Clinical Laboratory, Jinan, China.
| | - Fenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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26
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Piombino C, Mastrolia I, Omarini C, Candini O, Dominici M, Piacentini F, Toss A. The Role of Exosomes in Breast Cancer Diagnosis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9030312. [PMID: 33803776 PMCID: PMC8003248 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9030312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of molecular re-characterization of metastatic disease with the purpose of monitoring tumor evolution has been acknowledged in numerous clinical guidelines for the management of advanced malignancies. In this context, an attractive alternative to overcome the limitations of repeated tissue sampling is represented by the analysis of peripheral blood samples as a 'liquid biopsy'. In recent years, liquid biopsies have been studied for the early diagnosis of cancer, the monitoring of tumor burden, tumor heterogeneity and the emergence of molecular resistance, along with the detection of minimal residual disease. Interestingly, liquid biopsy consents the analysis of circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, EVs play a crucial role in cell communication, carrying transmembrane and nonmembrane proteins, as well as metabolites, lipids and nucleic acids. Of all EVs, exosomes mirror the biological fingerprints of the parental cells from which they originate, and therefore, are considered one of the most promising predictors of early cancer diagnosis and treatment response. The present review discusses current knowledge on the possible applications of exosomes in breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, with a focus on patients at higher risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Piombino
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
| | - Ilenia Mastrolia
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.T.)
| | - Claudia Omarini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
| | | | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Rigenerand srl, Medolla, 41036 Modena, Italy;
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Piacentini
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy; (C.P.); (C.O.); (M.D.); (F.P.)
- Division of Oncology, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.M.); (A.T.)
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27
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Brunetti G, Padovani F, De Pastina A, Rotella C, Monahan A, Hoffman SL, Jongo SA, Abdulla S, Corradin G, Pluschke G, Daubenberger C, Hegner M. Nanotechnological immunoassay for rapid label-free analysis of candidate malaria vaccines. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2338-2349. [PMID: 33438712 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08083g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening epidemic disease with half of the world's population at risk. Although its incidence rate has fallen since 2010, this ratio dramatically stalled between 2014 and 2018. New fast and optimized tools in vaccine analysis and seroconversion testing are critically needed. We developed a clinical diagnostic device based on piezo-actuated nanoresonators that perform as quantitative in situ calibrated nano-bio sensors for specific detection of multiple target molecules in serum samples. The immunoassay successfully diagnoses humoral immune responses induced by malaria vaccine candidates and reveals the timeline and stage of the infection. We applied the newly developed strategy to a variety of different samples, from pure antibody/vaccine solutions, to blood samples from clinical trials on both naïve and pre-exposed malaria volunteers from sub-Saharan countries. Our nanomechanical assay provides a direct one-step label-free quantitative immunoassay that is on par with the gold-standard, multi-step enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We achieve a limit of detection of few pg ml-1, or sub-pM concentrations. The 6 μl sample volume allows more than 50 experiments from one finger prick. Furthermore, we simultaneously detected multiple analytes by differential functionalization of multiple sensors in parallel. The inherent differential read-out with in situ controls reduces false positive results. Due to the faster turnaround time, the minimal volume required and the automatized handling system, this technique has great potential for miniaturization and routine diagnostics in pandemic emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Brunetti
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Francesco Padovani
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. and Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München (HMGU), Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Annalisa De Pastina
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Chiara Rotella
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Amy Monahan
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Said A Jongo
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | - Salim Abdulla
- Bagamoyo Research and Training Centre, Ifakara Health Institute, Bagamoyo, Tanzania
| | | | - Gerd Pluschke
- Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, Molecular Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Daubenberger
- University of Basel, Switzerland and Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology Department, Clinical Immunology Unit, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Hegner
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN), School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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28
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Wang X, Yuan X, Fu K, Liu C, Bai L, Wang X, Tan X, Zhang Y. Colorimetric analysis of extracellular vesicle surface proteins based on controlled growth of Au aptasensors. Analyst 2021; 146:2019-2028. [PMID: 33528468 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02080j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein profiling of extracellular vesicles (EVs) provides important information in both clinical cancer diagnosis and relevant biological research studies. Although a variety of bioanalytical techniques have been investigated for EV characterization, limitations such as time-consuming operations, the requirement of large sample volume and demand for specialized instruments hinder their practical applications. Here, we report a simple and wash-free homogeneous colorimetric assay for sensitive detection of surface proteins on EVs. Au nanoparticles were modified with thiolated aptamers to fabricate aptasensors and incubated with EVs. Upon addition of a Au growth reagent, the solution color changed from light red to blue in the presence of target proteins and became deep red when the targets were absent. Expression of CD63, epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM), and mucin1 in EVs derived from two breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) were compared, showing results consistent with western blotting results. The colorimetric assay achieves a limit of detection (LOD) down to 0.7 ng μL-1 against MCF-7 EVs based on the assessment of EpCAM expression, suggesting its potential to be applied in clinical breast cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300071, China.
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29
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Extracellular Vesicles in Liquid Biopsies: Potential for Disease Diagnosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6611244. [PMID: 33506022 PMCID: PMC7814955 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is conducted through minimally invasive or noninvasive procedures, and the resulting material can be subjected to genomic, proteomic, and lipidomic analyses for early diagnosis of cancers and other diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), one kind of promising tool for liquid biopsy, are nanosized bilayer particles that are secreted by all kinds of cells and that carry cargoes such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, protecting them from enzymatic degradation in the extracellular environment. In this review, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the properties and applications of EVs, including their biogenesis, contents, sample collection, isolation, and applications in diagnostics based on liquid biopsy.
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30
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Dell'Olio F, Su J, Huser T, Sottile V, Cortés-Hernández LE, Alix-Panabières C. Photonic technologies for liquid biopsies: recent advances and open research challenges. LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 2021; 15:2000255. [PMID: 35360260 PMCID: PMC8966629 DOI: 10.1002/lpor.202000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of sophisticated techniques capable of detecting extremely low concentrations of circulating tumor biomarkers in accessible body fluids, such as blood or urine, could contribute to a paradigm shift in cancer diagnosis and treatment. By applying such techniques, clinicians can carry out liquid biopsies, providing information on tumor presence, evolution, and response to therapy. The implementation of biosensing platforms for liquid biopsies is particularly complex because this application domain demands high selectivity/specificity and challenging limit-of-detection (LoD) values. The interest in photonics as an enabling technology for liquid biopsies is growing owing to the well-known advantages of photonic biosensors over competing technologies in terms of compactness, immunity to external disturbance, and ultra-high spatial resolution. Some encouraging experimental results in the field of photonic devices and systems for liquid biopsy have already been achieved by using fluorescent labels and label-free techniques and by exploiting super-resolution microscopy, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and whispering gallery mode resonators. This paper critically reviews the current state-of-the-art, starting from the requirements imposed by the detection of the most common circulating biomarkers. Open research challenges are considered together with competing technologies, and the most promising paths of improvement are discussed for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dell'Olio
- Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125, Italy
| | - Judith Su
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Optical Sciences, and BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 85721, USA
| | - Thomas Huser
- Biomolecular Photonics, Department of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Germany
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | | | - Catherine Alix-Panabières
- Laboratory of Rare Human Circulating Cells (LCCRH), University Medical Center of Montpellier, 34093 CEDEX 5, France
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Shi X, Chen L, Chen S, Sun D. Electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma-related biomarkers. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01042e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in electrochemical aptasensors for the detection of HCC-related biomarkers, including cancer cells, proteins, cell-derived exosomes, and nucleic acids, is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhua Shi
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyi Chen
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Duanping Sun
- Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Construction and Application of New Drug Screening Model Systems, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Ordinary Universities of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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Wang Y, Zhang K, Huang X, Qiao L, Liu B. Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Mass Tag Immunoassay Enables the Quantitative Profiling of Biomarkers from Dozens of Exosomes. Anal Chem 2020; 93:709-714. [PMID: 33315384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Xuedong Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Liang Qiao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Recent advances in nanomaterial-based biosensors for the detection of exosomes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:83-102. [PMID: 33164151 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicle actively secreted by almost all eukaryotic cells. They are ideal candidates for reliable next-generation biomarkers in the early diagnosis and therapeutic response evaluation of cancer. Thus, the quantification of exosomes is crucial in facilitating clinical research and application. Compared with traditional materials, nanomaterials have better optical, magnetic, electrical, and catalytic properties due to their small size, high specific surface area, and variable structure. The incorporation of nanomaterials into sensing systems is an attractive approach towards improving sensitivity and can provide improved sensor selectivity and stability. In this paper, we summarize the progress in nanomaterial-based exosome detection methods, including electrochemical biosensors, photoelectrochemical biosensors, colorimetric biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, chemiluminescence biosensors, electrochemiluminescence biosensors, surface plasmon resonance biosensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biosensors. Moreover, future research directions and challenges in exosome detection methods are discussed. We hope that this article will offer an overview of nanomaterial-based exosome detection techniques and open new avenues in disease research.Graphical abstract.
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Akbarinejad A, Hisey CL, Brewster D, Ashraf J, Chang V, Sabet S, Nursalim Y, Lucarelli V, Blenkiron C, Chamley L, Barker D, Williams DE, Evans CW, Travas-Sejdic J. Novel Electrochemically Switchable, Flexible, Microporous Cloth that Selectively Captures, Releases, and Concentrates Intact Extracellular Vesicles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39005-39013. [PMID: 32805904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant and growing research interest in the isolation of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from large volumes of biological samples and their subsequent concentration into clean and small volumes of buffers, especially for applications in medical diagnostics. Materials that are easily incorporated into simple sampling devices and which allow the release of EVs without the need for auxiliary and hence contaminating reagents are particularly in demand. Herein, we report on the design and fabrication of a flexible, microporous, electrochemically switchable cloth that addresses the key challenges in diagnostic applications of EVs. We demonstrate the utility of our electrochemically switchable substrate for the fast, selective, nondestructive, and efficient capture and subsequent release of EVs. The substrate consists of an electrospun cloth, infused with a conducting polymer and decorated with gold particles. Utilizing gold-sulfur covalent bonding, the electrospun substrates may be functionalized with SH-terminated aptamer probes selective to EV surface proteins. We demonstrate that EVs derived from primary human dermal fibroblast (HDFa) and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines are selectively captured with low nonspecific adsorption using an aptamer specific to the CD63 protein expressed on the EV membranes. The specific aptamer-EV interactions enable easy removal of the nonspecifically bound material through washing steps. The conducting polymer component of the cloth provides a means for efficient (>92%) and fast (<5 min) electrochemical release of clean and intact captured EVs by cathodic cleavage of the Au-S bond. We demonstrate successful capture of diluted EVs from a large volume sample and their release into a small volume of clean phosphate-buffered saline buffer. The developed cloth can easily be incorporated into different designs for separation systems and would be adaptable to other biological entities including cells and other EVs. Furthermore, the capture/release capability holds great promise for liquid biopsies if used to targeted disease-specific markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Akbarinejad
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Colin L Hisey
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations (HEVI), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Diane Brewster
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jesna Ashraf
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Vanessa Chang
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations (HEVI), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Saman Sabet
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Yohanes Nursalim
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations (HEVI), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Valentina Lucarelli
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations (HEVI), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Larry Chamley
- Hub for Extracellular Vesicles Investigations (HEVI), Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David E Williams
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Clive W Evans
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Biointerface Centre, School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Choi JH, Lee JH, Choi JW. Applications of Bionano Sensor for Extracellular Vesicles Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3677. [PMID: 32825537 PMCID: PMC7503349 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their contents have been revealed to play crucial roles in the intrinsic intercellular communications and have received extensive attention as next-generation biomarkers for diagnosis of diseases such as cancers. However, due to the structural nature of the EVs, the precise isolation and characterization are extremely challenging. To this end, tremendous efforts have been made to develop bionano sensors for the precise and sensitive characterization of EVs from a complex biologic fluid. In this review, we will provide a detailed discussion of recently developed bionano sensors in which EVs analysis applications were achieved, typically in optical and electrochemical methods. We believe that the topics discussed in this review will be useful to provide a concise guideline in the development of bionano sensors for EVs monitoring in the future. The development of a novel strategy to monitor various bio/chemical materials from EVs will provide promising information to understand cellular activities in a more precise manner and accelerates research on both cancer and cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ha Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea;
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- School of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Yangsan 50612, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Korea;
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Li B, Liu C, Pan W, Shen J, Guo J, Luo T, Feng J, Situ B, An T, Zhang Y, Zheng L. Facile fluorescent aptasensor using aggregation-induced emission luminogens for exosomal proteins profiling towards liquid biopsy. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 168:112520. [PMID: 32866725 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface protein patterns of tumor-derived exosomes could be promising noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for liquid biopsy. However, a convenient and cost-effective platform for exosomal protein profiling is still lacking. Herein, a facile fluorescent aptasensor is developed to assess exosomal tumor-associated proteins, combining aptamers, aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), and graphene oxide (GO) as recognition elements, fluorescent dye, and the quencher, respectively. Specifically, numberous TPE-TAs could bind one aptamer and form aggregates rapidly, resulting in an amplified fluorescence signal. In the absence of tumor-derived exosomes, GO absorbs the TPE-TAs/aptamer complex, allowing fluorescence quenching. When the target exosomes are introduced, the aptamer preferentially binds with its target. Thus the TPE-TAs/aptamer complexes detach from GO surface, followed by the appearance of a "turn-on" fluorescent signal. Under the optimized conditions, the linear range of target exosomes is estimated to be 4.07 × 105 to 1.83 × 107 particles/μL (0.68-30.4 pM) with a detection limit of 3.43 × 105 particles/μL (0.57 pM). This strategy demonstrated great performance in differentiating prostate cancer from healthy individuals (AUC: 0.9790). Furthermore, by profiling three tumor-associated protein markers including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on exosomes in a breast tumor cohort, this sensing platform diagnoses breast tumors with high efficiency (AUC: 0.9845) and exhibits a high sensitivity of 97.37% for distinguishing malignant breast cancers, where the stage I cases were detected with 92.31% sensitivity. Therefore, this aptasensor provides a promising strategy to profile tumor-derived exosomal proteins for early diagnosis in liquid biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Weilun Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jingyun Guo
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Junjie Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Bo Situ
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Taixue An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China; Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Jiang J, Yu Y, Zhang H, Cai C. Electrochemical aptasensor for exosomal proteins profiling based on DNA nanotetrahedron coupled with enzymatic signal amplification. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1130:1-9. [PMID: 32892927 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular nanovesicles for transferring and delivering membrane and cytosolic molecules between cells. Detection and profiling of exosomal proteins can provide direct information on disease progression, which is important to the early diagnosis and monitoring of diseases. Herein, a well-designed electrochemical aptasensor was fabricated for the profiling of cancerous exosomal proteins based on DNA nanotetrahedron (NTH) coupled with Au nanoparticles (NPs) and enzymatic signal amplification. In this assay, the aptamer modified DNA NTHs were used as the recognition and capture unit, Au NPs-DNA conjugates coupled with horseradish peroxidase were used to realize signal amplification. This aptasensor achieves a detection limit down to 1.66 × 104 particles/mL for HepG2 liver cancer exosomes. In addition, the analysis of plasma-derived exosomes in HepG2 liver cancer bearing mice at different cancer stages was also achieved. More importantly, the aptasensor can be used to profile four kinds of exosomal proteins by using the corresponding aptamer. The proposed electrochemical aptasensor may be served as a potential platform for exosome detection and exosomal proteins profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juqian Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, PR China
| | - Yongqi Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, PR China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, PR China.
| | - Chenxin Cai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Power Batteries, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210097, PR China
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Li B, Pan W, Liu C, Guo J, Shen J, Feng J, Luo T, Situ B, Zhang Y, An T, Xu C, Zheng W, Zheng L. Homogenous Magneto-Fluorescent Nanosensor for Tumor-Derived Exosome Isolation and Analysis. ACS Sens 2020; 5:2052-2060. [PMID: 32594744 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c00513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes carrying unique surface proteins have shown great promise as novel biomarkers for liquid biopsies. However, point-of-care analysis for tumor-derived exosomes in the blood with low-cost and easy processing is still challenging. Herein, we develop an integrated approach, homogenous magneto-fluorescent exosome (hMFEX) nanosensor, for rapid and on-site tumor-derived exosomes analysis. Tumor-derived exosomes are captured immunomagnetically, which further initiates the aptamer-triggered assembly of DNA three-way junctions in homogenous solution containing aggregation-induced emission luminogens and graphene oxide, resulting in an amplified fluorescence signal. By integrating magnetic isolation and enhanced fluorescence measurement, the hMFEX nanosensor detects tumor-derived exosomes in the dynamic range spanning 5 orders of magnitude with high specificity, and the limit of detection is 6.56 × 104 particles/μL. Analyzing tumor-derived exosomes in limited volume plasma from breast cancer patients demonstrates the excellent clinical diagnostic efficacy of the hMFEX nanosensor. This study provides new insights into the point-of-care testing of tumor-derived exosomes for cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weilun Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jingyun Guo
- Breast Center, Department of General Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jianlei Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Junjie Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Bo Situ
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Taixue An
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunzuan Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Wancheng Zheng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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Peng H, Ji W, Zhao R, Yang J, Lu Z, Li Y, Zhang X. Exosome: a significant nano-scale drug delivery carrier. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:7591-7608. [PMID: 32697267 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, due to the limitations of the nature of therapeutic agents, many synthetic nano-delivery systems have emerged to enhance the efficacy of drugs. Extracellular vesicles are currently a class of natural nano-scale drug carriers released by cells. As a tiny vesicle with a lipid bilayer membrane that can be secreted by most cells in the body, exosomes carry and transmit important signal molecules, Therefore, they have been a research hotspot in biomedicine and biomaterials due to their size advantages and huge potential in drug therapy. Many people are optimistic about the clinical application prospects of exosomes and are actively exploring the broad functions of exosomes and developing exosome therapeutic agents to make positive contributions to human health. In this review, we provide basic knowledge and focus on summarizing the advantages of exosomes as drug carriers, methods of loading drugs, targeting strategies, in vivo and in vitro tracing methods, and some of the latest developments in exosomes as drug carriers. In particular, the review provides an outlook for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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Ohannesian N, Gunawardhana L, Misbah I, Rakhshandehroo M, Lin SH, Shih WC. Commercial and emerging technologies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis based on circulating tumor exosomes. JPHYS PHOTONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2515-7647/ab8699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles excreted by mammalian cells that circulate freely in the bloodstream of living organisms. Exosomes have a lipid bilayer that encloses genetic material used in intracellular communication (e.g. double-stranded DNA, micro-RNAs, and messenger RNA). Recent evidence suggests that dysregulation of this genetic content within exosomes has a major role in tumor progression in the surrounding microenvironment. Motivated by this discovery, we focused here on using exosomal biomarkers as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for cancer. In this review, we discuss recently discovered exosome-derived proteomic and genetic biomarkers used in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Although several genetic biomarkers have been validated for their diagnostic values, proteomic biomarkers are still being actively pursued. We discuss both commercial technologies and emerging technologies for exosome isolation and analysis. Emerging technologies can be classified into optical and non-optical methods. The working principle of each method is briefly discussed as well as advantages and limitations.
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Basu AK, Basu A, Bhattacharya S. Micro/Nano fabricated cantilever based biosensor platform: A review and recent progress. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 139:109558. [PMID: 32732024 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2020.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent trends in biosensing research have motivated scientists and research professionals to investigate the development of miniaturized bioanalytical devices to make them portable, label-free and smaller in size. The performance of the cantilever-based devices which is one of the very important domains of sensitive field level detection has improved significantly with the development of new micro/nanofabrication technologies and surface functionalization techniques. The cantilevers have scaled down to Nano from micro-level and have become exceptionally sensitive and also have some anomalous associated properties due to the scale. In this review we have discussed about fundamental principles of cantilever operation, detection methods, and previous, present and future approaches of study through cantilever-based sensing platform. Other than that, we have also discussed the past major bio-sensing efforts through micro/nano cantilevers and about recent progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviru Kumar Basu
- Design Programme, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India; Microsystems Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India; Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372 Singapore
| | - Adreeja Basu
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, New York, N.Y 11439, USA
| | - Shantanu Bhattacharya
- Design Programme, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India; Microsystems Fabrication Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, U.P. 208016, India.
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Xia Y, Chen T, Chen G, Weng Y, Zeng L, Liao Y, Chen W, Lan J, Zhang J, Chen J. A nature-inspired colorimetric and fluorescent dual-modal biosensor for exosomes detection. Talanta 2020; 214:120851. [PMID: 32278412 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As non-invasive biomarkers, exosomes are of great significance to diseases diagnosis. However, sensitive and accurate detection of exosomes still remains technical challenges. Herein, inspired by nature's "one-to-many" concept, we design a biosensor mimicking the cactus with numerous thorns to detect exosomes. The biosensor is composed of CD63 antibodies, resembling the roots of cactus, to capture exosomes, and the exosomes resemble the stems. Cholesterol-labeled DNA (DNA anchor) binding to streptavidin modified horseradish peroxidase (HRP) can insert into exosomes membrane, which seems the thorns. The readout signal is produced through HRP-catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) mediated oxidation of 1,4-phenylenediamine (PPD) to form 2,5-diamino-NN'-bis-(p-aminophenyl)-1,4-benzoquinone di-imine (PPDox). The PPDox can quench fluorescence of fluorescein through inner filter effect (IFE), which provides fluorescent signal for exosomes detection. Based on this principle, the obtained exosomes solution is qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by our biosensor, with the comparison to current standard methods by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. The linear range is from 1.0 × 104 to 5.0 × 105 particles μL-1 with the limit of detection 3.40 × 103 particles μL-1 and 3.12 × 103 particles μL-1 for colorimetric and fluorescent assays, respectively. Meanwhile, our biosensor exhibits good selectivity, and can eliminate the interference from proteins. This dual-modal biosensor shows favorable performance towards analytical application in clinic samples, pushing one step further towards practical clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaokun Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Guanyu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Yunping Weng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Lupeng Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Yijuan Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350002, PR China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Jianming Lan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350002, PR China.
| | - Jinghua Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, The School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, 350122, PR China.
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43
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Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has the potential to identify unknown cellular and molecular mechanisms in intercellular communication and in organ homeostasis and disease. Exosomes, with an average diameter of ~100 nanometers, are a subset of EVs. The biogenesis of exosomes involves their origin in endosomes, and subsequent interactions with other intracellular vesicles and organelles generate the final content of the exosomes. Their diverse constituents include nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, amino acids, and metabolites, which can reflect their cell of origin. In various diseases, exosomes offer a window into altered cellular or tissue states, and their detection in biological fluids potentially offers a multicomponent diagnostic readout. The efficient exchange of cellular components through exosomes can inform their applied use in designing exosome-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu Kalluri
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
- School of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Metastasis Research Center, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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44
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Luo L, Wang L, Zeng L, Wang Y, Weng Y, Liao Y, Chen T, Xia Y, Zhang J, Chen J. A ratiometric electrochemical DNA biosensor for detection of exosomal MicroRNA. Talanta 2020; 207:120298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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45
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Mertens J, Cuervo A, Carrascosa JL. Nanomechanical detection of Escherichia coli infection by bacteriophage T7 using cantilever sensors. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17689-17698. [PMID: 31538998 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05240b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Viruses that infect bacteria (bacteriophages) are a promising alternative treatment for bacterial diseases, especially in the case of antibiotic resistance. Due to a renewed interest in phage therapies, development of rapid and specific detection methods for bacteria/bacteriophage interaction are gaining attention for proper diagnosis and treatment. This paper describes a new method to detect the interaction between Escherichia coli and bacteriophage T7 in a sensitive and quantitative way, using the nanomechanical motion of bacteria adhered to a cantilever surface. Our approach combines both deflection and dynamic frequency-domain characterization. The device was able to determine the viability of a low amount of living bacteria attached to the cantilever, and was used to monitor T7 interaction with E. coli over a wide range of virus concentrations up to 109 PFU ml-1. The nanomechanical assay described here requires no protein labeling and can be performed in a single reaction without additional reagents. The system was able to detect the interaction between a few thousand particles through the fluctuation of mechanical energy over a broad range of frequencies. The presented data provides the basis for more detailed studies of the sequence of molecular events that contribute to the motion of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Mertens
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanoscience), Campus Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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46
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Dong X, Chi J, Zheng L, Ma B, Li Z, Wang S, Zhao C, Liu H. Efficient isolation and sensitive quantification of extracellular vesicles based on an integrated ExoID-Chip using photonic crystals. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2897-2904. [PMID: 31363724 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), involved in many diseases and pathophysiological processes, have emerged as potential biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. However, efficient isolation and detection of EVs still remain challenging. Here, we report an integrated chip for isolation of EVs with a double-filtration unit and ultrasensitive detection using photonic crystal (PC) nanostructure. Nanofiltration membranes were integrated into the device to isolate and enrich the EVs of 20-200 nm in size based on size-exclusion. Then, CD63 aptamers were used to combine the EVs on the nanofiltration membrane with a pore size of 20 nm, and excess aptamers passed through the membrane to bind with CD63 immobilized on the PC nanostructure. Benefitting from the fluorescence enhancement effect of the PC nanostructure in competition assays, the EVs could be quantified sensitively by analyzing the concentration of excess aptamers. Due to the high sensitivity, the limit of detection was as low as 8.9 × 103 EVs per mL with a low sample consumption of only 20 μL. Furthermore, serum samples from breast cancer patients and healthy donors could be successfully distinguished. Thus, this microfluidic chip provides an effective method for pre-screening of cancer in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Junjie Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Liuzheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Su Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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47
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Zhang Z, Tang C, Zhao L, Xu L, Zhou W, Dong Z, Yang Y, Xie Q, Fang X. Aptamer-based fluorescence polarization assay for separation-free exosome quantification. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:10106-10113. [PMID: 31089660 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01589b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes have emerged as promising cancer biomarkers and attracted increasing interest in non-invasive cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. However, the identification and quantification of exosomes in clinical samples such as blood remains challenging due to the difficulty in trade-off between recognition specificity and isolation efficiency. Here we have developed an aptamer-based fluorescence polarization assay for exosome quantification, which is a separation-free, amplification-free and sensitive approach enabling direct quantification of exosomes in human plasma. While the key specificity of this assay is based on the aptamer's inherent affinity to membrane proteins on exosomes, exosomes' inherent huge mass/volume acts as mass-based fluorescence polarization amplifier. Our assay allows quantitative analysis of exosomes in the range of 5 × 102 to 5 × 105 particles per μL with a detect limitation of 500 particles per μL for the cell line deprived exosomes. The total assay time is about 30 min with just one mix-and-read step to achieve high sensitivity. We have also demonstrated quantification of exosomes from lung cancer patients and healthy donors in clinical samples. This work describes a new and simple liquid biopsy assay to directly detect exosomes in the biological matrix, which facilitates cancer diagnosis and therapy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuanhao Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Echo Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Li Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Wei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zaizai Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Yang
- Echo Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Qiqi Xie
- Echo Biotech Co. Ltd, Beijing 102206, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecule Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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48
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Medeiros B, Allan AL. Molecular Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Metastasis to the Lung: Clinical and Experimental Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2272. [PMID: 31071959 PMCID: PMC6540248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, and >90% of breast cancer-related deaths are associated with metastasis. Breast cancer spreads preferentially to the lung, brain, bone and liver; termed organ tropism. Current treatment methods for metastatic breast cancer have been ineffective, compounded by the lack of early prognostic/predictive methods to determine which organs are most susceptible to developing metastases. A better understanding of the mechanisms that drive breast cancer metastasis is crucial for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Lung metastasis is of particular concern as it is associated with significant patient morbidity and a mortality rate of 60-70%. This review highlights the current understanding of breast cancer metastasis to the lung, including discussion of potential new treatment approaches for development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braeden Medeiros
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
| | - Alison L Allan
- London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology and Oncology, Western University, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada.
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49
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Wang Q, Zou L, Yang X, Liu X, Nie W, Zheng Y, Cheng Q, Wang K. Direct quantification of cancerous exosomes via surface plasmon resonance with dual gold nanoparticle-assisted signal amplification. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 135:129-136. [PMID: 31004923 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of cancerous exosomes is critical to early diseases diagnosis and prognosis. Herein, a sensitive aptasensor was demonstrated for exosomes detection by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) with dual gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-assisted signal amplification. Dual nanoparticle amplification was achieved by controlled hybridization attachment of AuNPs resulting from electronic coupling between the Au film and AuNPs, as well as coupling effects in plasmonic nanostructures. By blocking the Au film surface with 11-Mercapto-1 -undecanol (MCU), nonspecific adsorption of AuNPs onto the SPR chip surface was suppressed and regeneration of the SPR sensor was realized. This method was highly sensitive and we have achieved the limit of detection (LOD) down to 5 × 103 exosomes/mL, which showed a 104-fold improvement in LOD compared to commercial ELISA. Moreover, the SPR sensor had the capability to differentiate the exosomes secreted by MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A normal breast cells. Furthermore, the SPR sensor could effectively detect the exosomes in 30% fetal bovine serum. The work provides a sensitive and efficient quantification approach to detect cancerous exosomes and offers an avenue toward future diagnosis and comprehensive studies of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Liyuan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiaohai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Wenyan Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Quan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Kemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Bio-Nanotechnology and Molecular Engineering of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
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50
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Jin D, Yang F, Zhang Y, Liu L, Zhou Y, Wang F, Zhang GJ. ExoAPP: Exosome-Oriented, Aptamer Nanoprobe-Enabled Surface Proteins Profiling and Detection. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14402-14411. [PMID: 30350954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor exosomes that inherit molecular markers from their parent cells are emerging as cellular "surrogates" in cancer diagnostics. Molecular profiling and detection of exosomes offer a noninvasive access to the state of cancer progression, yet are still technically challenging. Here we report an exosome-oriented, aptamer nanoprobe-based profiling (ExoAPP) assay to phenotype surface proteins and quantify cancerous exosomes in a facile mix-and-detect format. Our ExoAPP interfaces graphene oxide (GO) with target-responsive aptamers to profile exosomal markers across five cell types by complementing with enzyme-assisted exosome recycling, revealing a heterogeneous pattern.This assay achieves a detection limit down to 1.6 × 105 particles/mL, lowered by several orders of magnitude over other homogeneous protocols. Such a sensitive ExoAPP assay allows for monitoring epithelial-mesenchymal transition through heterogeneous exosomes without involving cellular internalization that often occurs in GO-based cargo delivery. Using ExoAPP to analyze blood samples from prostate cancer patients, we find that target exosome can be identified by surface PSMA, suggesting their potential in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Jin
- School of Laboratory Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 1 Huangjia Lake West Road , Wuhan 430065 , China
| | - Fan Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 1 Huangjia Lake West Road , Wuhan 430065 , China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources and Chemistry of Chinese Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , Wuhan 430065 , China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Occurrence and Intervention of Rhumatic Diseases , Hubei University for Nationalities , Enshi 445000 , China
| | - Yulin Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 1 Huangjia Lake West Road , Wuhan 430065 , China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Laboratory Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 1 Huangjia Lake West Road , Wuhan 430065 , China
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- School of Laboratory Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 1 Huangjia Lake West Road , Wuhan 430065 , China
| | - Fubing Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- School of Laboratory Medicine , Hubei University of Chinese Medicine , 1 Huangjia Lake West Road , Wuhan 430065 , China
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