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Bogojevic O, Zhang Y, Wolff CD, Johnsen NK, Arevång C, Guo Z. A Chemo-Enzymatic Cascade Strategy for the Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine Incorporated with Structurally Diverse FAHFAs. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1035-1044. [PMID: 38156819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), a newly discovered class of human endogenous complex lipids showing great promise for treating diabetes and inflammatory diseases, exist naturally in extremely low concentrations. This work reports a chemo-enzymatic approach for the comprehensive synthesis of phospholipids containing FAHFAs via sequential steps: hydratase-catalyzed hydration of unsaturated fatty acids to generate structurally diverse hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs), followed by the selective esterification of these HFAs with fatty acids mediated by secondary alcohol-specific Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA), resulting in the formation of a series of diverse FAHFA analogs. The final synthesis is completed through carbodiimide-based coupling of FAHFAs with glycerophosphatidylcholine. Optimal reaction conditions are identified for each step, and the substrate affinity of CALA, responsible for the catalytic mechanisms during FAHFA production, is evaluated through molecular docking. Compared to multistep lab-tedious chemical synthesis, this route, relying on natural building blocks and natural biocatalysts, is significantly facile, scalable, and highly selective, affording high yields (74-98 mol %) in each step for the construction of higher FAHFA-PC series (10/12/13-FAHFAs). The developed strategy aims to increase the availability of naturally occurring FAHFA species and provide the tools for the construction of versatile and novel analogs of FAHFA conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bogojevic
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Christian Daugaard Wolff
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Niels Krabbe Johnsen
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | | | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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2
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Mountanea OG, Mantzourani C, Gkikas D, Politis PK, Kokotos G. Asymmetric Synthesis of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydroxy Fatty Acids (HFAs) and Study of Their Antiproliferative Activity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:110. [PMID: 38254710 PMCID: PMC10813182 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) constitute a class of lipids, distinguished by the presence of a hydroxyl on a long aliphatic chain. This study aims to expand our insights into HFA bioactivities, while also introducing new methods for asymmetrically synthesizing unsaturated and saturated HFAs. Simultaneously, a procedure previously established by us was adapted to generate new HFA regioisomers. An organocatalytic step was employed for the synthesis of chiral terminal epoxides, which either by alkynylation or by Grignard reagents resulted in unsaturated or saturated chiral secondary alcohols and, ultimately, HFAs. 7-(S)-Hydroxyoleic acid (7SHOA), 7-(S)-hydroxypalmitoleic acid (7SHPOA) and 7-(R)- and (S)-hydroxymargaric acids (7HMAs) were synthesized for the first time and, together with regioisomers of (R)- and (S)-hydroxypalmitic acids (HPAs) and hydroxystearic acids (HSAs), whose biological activity has not been tested so far, were studied for their antiproliferative activities. The unsaturation of the long chain, as well as an odd-numbered (C17) fatty acid chain, led to reduced activity, while the new 6-(S)-HPA regioisomer was identified as exhibiting potent antiproliferative activity in A549 cells. 6SHPA induced acetylation of histone 3 in A549 cells, without affecting acetylated α-tubulin levels, suggesting the selective inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) class I enzymes, and was found to inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G. Mountanea
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (P.K.P.)
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (P.K.P.)
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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3
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9-PAHPA long term intake in DIO and db/db mice ameliorates insulin sensitivity but has few effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 112:109216. [PMID: 36372312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids are endogenous lipids reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, we showed that 9-palmitic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid (9-PAHPA) and 9-oleic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid increased insulin sensitivity in mice when incorporated to a chow diet or to a high fat and high sucrose diet. However, preventive supplementation with 9-PAHPA and 9-oleic acid esters of hydroxypalmitic acid in high fat and high sucrose diet mice did not impair significant weight gain or the development of hyperglycemia. The aim of this work was therefore to study whether in two animal models of obesity, namely the classical diet-induced obesity (DIO) and the db/db mice, 9-PAHPA may have beneficial effects against obesity and liver and skeletal muscle metabolic dysfunction. In DIO mice, we observed that 9-PAHPA increased body weight and fat mass. In line with this observation, we found that 9-PAHPA supplementation decreased energy expenditure. In liver and in skeletal muscle, mitochondrial activities and oxidative stress parameters were not modified by 9-PAHPA supplementation. In db/db mice, 9-PAHPA had no effect on the dramatic weight gain and hyperglycemia. In addition, 9-PAHPA supplementation did not correct either the hepatomegaly and hepatic steatosis or the severe muscle atrophy recorded compared with db/+ animals. Likewise, supplementation with 9-PAHPA did not impact the different metabolic parameters analyzed, either in the liver or in the skeletal muscles. However, it decreased insulin resistance in DIO and db/db mice. In conclusion, our study indicated that a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA in DIO and db/db mice improved insulin sensitivity but had only few effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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4
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Effects of Fatty Acid Metabolites on Adipocytes Britening: Role of Thromboxane A2. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030446. [PMID: 36766790 PMCID: PMC9913700 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease highly related to diet and lifestyle and is associated with low amount of thermogenic adipocytes. Therapeutics that regulate brown adipocyte recruitment and activity represent interesting strategies to fight overweight and associated comorbidities. Recent studies suggest a role for several fatty acids and their metabolites, called lipokines, in the control of thermogenesis. The purpose of this work was to analyze the role of several lipokines in the control of brown/brite adipocyte formation. We used a validated human adipocyte model, human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell model (hMADS). In the absence of rosiglitazone, hMADS cells differentiate into white adipocytes, but convert into brite adipocytes upon rosiglitazone or prostacyclin 2 (PGI2) treatment. Gene expression was quantified using RT-qPCR and protein levels were assessed by Western blotting. We show here that lipokines such as 12,13-diHOME, 12-HEPE, 15dPGJ2 and 15dPGJ3 were not able to induce browning of white hMADS adipocytes. However, both fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), 9-PAHPA and 9-PAHSA potentiated brown key marker UCP1 mRNA levels. Interestingly, CTA2, the stable analog of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), but not its inactive metabolite TXB2, inhibited the rosiglitazone and PGI2-induced browning of hMADS adipocytes. These results pinpoint TXA2 as a lipokine inhibiting brown adipocyte formation that is antagonized by PGI2. Our data open new horizons in the development of potential therapies based on the control of thromboxane A2/prostacyclin balance to combat obesity and associated metabolic disorders.
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Olajide TM, Cao W. Exploring foods as natural sources of FAHFAs—A review of occurrence, extraction, analytical techniques and emerging bioactive potential. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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6
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Viitaja T, Raitanen JE, Hynynen A, Moilanen J, Svedström K, Paananen RO, Ekholm FS. On the importance of chain branching in tear film lipid layer wax and cholesteryl esters. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 214:112429. [PMID: 35278859 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The tear film lipid layer (TFLL) is important to the maintenance of ocular surface health. Surprisingly, information on the individual roles of the myriad of unique lipids found therein is limited. The most abundant lipid species are the wax esters (WE) and cholesteryl esters (CE), and, especially their branched analogs. The isolation of these lipid species from the TFLL has proved to be tedious, and as a result, insights on their biophysical profiles and role in the TFLL is currently lacking. Herein, we circumvent these issues by a total synthesis of the most abundant iso-methyl branched WEs and CEs found in the TFLL. Through a detailed characterization of the biophysical properties, by the use of Langmuir monolayer and wide-angle X-ray scattering techniques, we demonstrate that chain branching alters the behavior of these lipid species on multiple levels. Taken together, our results fill an important knowledge gap concerning the structure and function of the TFLL on the whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Jan-Erik Raitanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Antti Hynynen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
| | - Kirsi Svedström
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland.
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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7
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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Yan D, Dong P. Compositional Differences Between Preterm Milk of Different Gestational Ages with the Term Milk: A Comparative Lipidomic Study by LC‐MS/MS. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐chun Zhao
- Department of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Shanghai 355 Luding Road Shanghai 200062 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Child Healthcare Children's Hospital of Fudan University National Children's Medical Center 399 Wanyuan Road Shanghai 201102 P. R. China
| | - Chun‐xue Liu
- Department of Child Healthcare Children's Hospital of Fudan University National Children's Medical Center 399 Wanyuan Road Shanghai 201102 P. R. China
| | - Dong‐yong Yan
- Department of Child Healthcare Children's Hospital of Fudan University National Children's Medical Center 399 Wanyuan Road Shanghai 201102 P. R. China
| | - Ping Dong
- Department of Child Healthcare Children's Hospital of Fudan University National Children's Medical Center 399 Wanyuan Road Shanghai 201102 P. R. China
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8
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Brejchova K, Paluchova V, Brezinova M, Cajka T, Balas L, Durand T, Krizova M, Stranak Z, Kuda O. Triacylglycerols containing branched palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are present in the breast milk and hydrolyzed by carboxyl ester lipase. Food Chem 2022; 388:132983. [PMID: 35486985 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk is a complex mixture containing underexplored bioactive lipids. We performed an observational case-control study to compare the impact of delivery mode: caesarean section (CS) and vaginal birth (VB); and term (preterm and term delivery) on the levels of lipokines in human milk at different stages of lactation. Metabolomic analysis of the milk identified triacylglycerol estolides as a metabolic reservoir of the anti-inflammatory lipid mediator 5-palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (5-PAHSA). We found that triacylglycerol estolides were substrates of carboxyl ester lipase and 5-PAHSA-containing lipids were the least preferred substrates among tested triacylglycerol estolide isomers. This explained exceptionally high colostrum levels of 5-PAHSA in the VB group. CS and preterm birth negatively affected colostrum lipidome, including 5-PAHSA levels, but the lipidomic profiles normalized in mature milk. Mothers delivering term babies vaginally produce colostrum rich in 5-PAHSA, which could contribute to the prevention of intestinal inflammation in newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 12108 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 1660/32, 12108 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcela Krizova
- Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Stranak
- Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic.
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9
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Crauste C, Galano JM, Guy A, Lehoux J, Durand T, Balas L. Synthesis of fatty acid bioconjugates and related derivatives. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Crauste
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron synthesis of bioactive lipids FRANCE
| | - jean-Marie Galano
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron synthesis of bioactive lipids FRANCE
| | - Alexandre Guy
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron synthesis of bioactive lipids FRANCE
| | - Jordan Lehoux
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron synthesis of bioactive lipids FRANCE
| | - Thierry Durand
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron synthesis of bioactive lipids FRANCE
| | - Laurence Balas
- UMR 5247: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Synthesis of bioactive lipids 1919 route de Mende 34293 Montpellier Cedex FRANCE
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10
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Hu X, Liu Z, Lu Y, Chi X, Han K, Wang H, Wang Y, Ma L, Xu B. Glucose metabolism enhancement by 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in high-fat-diet/streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic mice. Food Funct 2022; 13:9931-9946. [DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03818d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we used high fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ) injection to establish a diabetes model, with the aim of exploring the hypoglycemic effects of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), and...
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11
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Zhang Y, Eser BE, Guo Z. A Bi-Enzymatic Cascade Pathway towards Optically Pure FAHFAs*. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2146-2153. [PMID: 33792147 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered endogenous mammalian lipids, fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), have been proved to have anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Due to their extremely low abundancies in vivo, forging a feasible scenario for FAHFA synthesis is critical for their use in uncovering biological mechanisms or in clinical trials. Here, we showcase a fully enzymatic approach, a novel in vitro bi-enzymatic cascade system, enabling an effective conversion of nature-abundant fatty acids into FAHFAs. Two hydratases from Lactobacillus acidophilus were used for converting unsaturated fatty acids to various enantiomeric hydroxy fatty acids, followed by esterification with another fatty acid catalyzed by Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA). Various FAHFAs were synthesized in a semi-preparative scale using this bi-enzymatic approach in a one-pot two-step operation mode. In all, we demonstrate that the hydratase-CALA system offers a promising route for the synthesis of optically pure structure-diverse FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bekir Engin Eser
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
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Viitaja T, Raitanen JE, Moilanen J, Paananen RO, Ekholm FS. The Properties and Role of O-Acyl-ω-hydroxy Fatty Acids and Type I-St and Type II Diesters in the Tear Film Lipid Layer Revealed by a Combined Chemistry and Biophysics Approach. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4965-4976. [PMID: 33729799 PMCID: PMC8041317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The tear film lipid
layer (TFLL) that covers the ocular surface
contains several unique lipid classes, including O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids, type I-St diesters, and type II
diesters. While the TFLL represents a unique biological barrier that
plays a central role in stabilizing the entire tear film, little is
known about the properties and roles of individual lipid species.
This is because their isolation from tear samples in sufficient quantities
is a tedious task. To provide access to these species in their pure
form, and to shed light on their properties, we here report a general
strategy for the synthesis and structural characterization of these
lipid classes. In addition, we study the organization and behavior
of the lipids at the air–tear interface. Through these studies,
new insights on the relationship between structural features, such
as number of double bonds and the chain length, and film properties,
such as spreading and evaporation resistance, were uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuomo Viitaja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan-Erik Raitanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka Moilanen
- Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.,Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Hu C, Du Y, Xu X, Li H, Duan Q, Xie Z, Wen C, Han X. Lipidomics Revealed Aberrant Metabolism of Lipids Including FAHFAs in Renal Tissue in the Progression of Lupus Nephritis in a Murine Model. Metabolites 2021; 11:142. [PMID: 33673432 PMCID: PMC7996882 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is an inflammatory renal disease of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with lots of immune complexes deposited in kidneys. Accumulated studies have demonstrated the close relationships among dyslipidaemia, inflammation, and autoimmune response, and oxidative stress in the patients. Lipids play numerous important roles in biological process and cellular functions. Herein, shotgun lipidomics was employed to quantitatively analyze cellular lipidomes in the renal tissue of MRL/lpr mice in the progression of LN (including pre-LN and LN state) with/without treated with glucocorticoids (GCs). The levels of cytokines (i.e., TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) and IL-6 (Interleukin 6)) in the serum were measured by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits. Renal histopathological changes and C3 deposition in the glomeruli of the mice were also determined. Lipidomics analysis revealed that the ectopic fat deposition and the aberrant metabolism of lipids that were relevant to oxidative stress (e.g., 4-hydroxyalkenal, ceramide, lysophospholipid species, etc.) always existed in the development of LN. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory FAHFA (fatty acid ester of hydroxyl fatty acid) species in the kidney tissue could largely reflect the severity of LN. Thus, they were a potential early biomarker for LN. In addition, the study also revealed that treatment with GCs could prevent the progression of LN, but greatly aggravate the aberrant metabolism of the lipids, particularly when used for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; (C.H.); (X.X.); (H.L.); (Q.D.); (Z.X.); (C.W.)
| | - Yu Du
- First Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China;
| | - Xiaofen Xu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; (C.H.); (X.X.); (H.L.); (Q.D.); (Z.X.); (C.W.)
| | - Haichang Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; (C.H.); (X.X.); (H.L.); (Q.D.); (Z.X.); (C.W.)
| | - Qiao Duan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; (C.H.); (X.X.); (H.L.); (Q.D.); (Z.X.); (C.W.)
| | - Zhijun Xie
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; (C.H.); (X.X.); (H.L.); (Q.D.); (Z.X.); (C.W.)
| | - Chengping Wen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou 310053, China; (C.H.); (X.X.); (H.L.); (Q.D.); (Z.X.); (C.W.)
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Health Science Center at San Antonio, University of Texas, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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14
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Brejchova K, Radner FPW, Balas L, Paluchova V, Cajka T, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schratter M, Schreiber R, Durand T, Zechner R, Kuda O. Distinct roles of adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in the catabolism of triacylglycerol estolides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2020999118. [PMID: 33372146 PMCID: PMC7812821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020999118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxy stearic acid are antiinflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that belong to a family of fatty acid (FA) esters of hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) called FAHFAs. FAHFAs themselves belong to oligomeric FA esters, known as estolides. Glycerol-bound FAHFAs in triacylglycerols (TAGs), named TAG estolides, serve as metabolite reservoir of FAHFAs mobilized by lipases upon demand. Here, we characterized the involvement of two major metabolic lipases, adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), in TAG estolide and FAHFA degradation. We synthesized a library of 20 TAG estolide isomers with FAHFAs varying in branching position, chain length, saturation grade, and position on the glycerol backbone and developed an in silico mass spectra library of all predicted catabolic intermediates. We found that ATGL alone or coactivated by comparative gene identification-58 efficiently liberated FAHFAs from TAG estolides with a preference for more compact substrates where the estolide branching point is located near the glycerol ester bond. ATGL was further involved in transesterification and remodeling reactions leading to the formation of TAG estolides with alternative acyl compositions. HSL represented a much more potent estolide bond hydrolase for both TAG estolides and free FAHFAs. FAHFA and TAG estolide accumulation in white adipose tissue of mice lacking HSL argued for a functional role of HSL in estolide catabolism in vivo. Our data show that ATGL and HSL participate in the metabolism of estolides and TAG estolides in distinct manners and are likely to affect the lipokine function of FAHFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | | | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria;
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
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15
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Pessemesse L, Bonafos B, Fouret G, Pavlin L, Goustard B, Gaillet S, Durand T, Coudray C, Feillet-Coudray C, Casas F. FAHFAs Regulate the Proliferation of C2C12 Myoblasts and Induce a Shift toward a More Oxidative Phenotype in Mouse Skeletal Muscle. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239046. [PMID: 33260741 PMCID: PMC7729663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are endogenous lipids reported to have antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Since skeletal muscle is a major target for insulin, the aim of this study is to explore for the first time the influence of several FAHFAs in C2C12 myoblasts and in skeletal muscle phenotype in mice. Here, we show that eleven FAHFAs belonging to different families inhibit C2C12 myoblast proliferation. In addition, all FAHFAs decreased mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase activity without affecting reactive oxygen species production and the mitochondrial network. During C2C12 myoblasts differentiation, we found that two of the most active lipids, 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA, did not significantly affect the fusion index and the expression of myosin heavy chains. However, we found that three months’ intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA in mice increased the expression of more oxidative myosin in skeletal muscle without affecting skeletal muscle mass, number, and mean fiber area, mitochondrial activity, and oxidative stress parameters. In conclusion, our study indicated that the eleven FAHFAs tested decreased the proliferation rate of C2C12 myoblasts, probably through the inhibition of mitochondrial activity. In addition, we found that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA supplementation in mice induced a switch toward a more oxidative contractile phenotype of skeletal muscle. These data suggest that the increase in insulin sensitivity previously described for these two FAHFAs is of muscular origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melha Benlebna
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Laurence Balas
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron), CNRS, ENSCM, University Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France; (L.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Laurence Pessemesse
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Béatrice Bonafos
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Gilles Fouret
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Laura Pavlin
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Bénédicte Goustard
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Sylvie Gaillet
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Thierry Durand
- IBMM (Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron), CNRS, ENSCM, University Montpellier, 34093 Montpellier, France; (L.B.); (T.D.)
| | - Charles Coudray
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - Christine Feillet-Coudray
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
| | - François Casas
- DMEM (Dynamique Musculaire et Métabolisme), INRAE, University Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (L.P.); (B.B.); (G.F.); (L.P.); (B.G.); (S.G.); (C.C.); (C.F.-C.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Georgiev GA, Gh MS, Romano J, Dias Teixeira KL, Struble C, Ryan DS, Sia RK, Kitt JP, Harris JM, Hsu KL, Libby A, Odrich MG, Suárez T, McKown RL, Laurie GW. Lacritin proteoforms prevent tear film collapse and maintain epithelial homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100070. [PMID: 33187980 PMCID: PMC7948570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in complex, protein-enriched films at air/liquid interfaces reduce surface tension. In the absence of this benefit, the light refracting and immunoprotective tear film on eyes would collapse. Premature collapse, coupled with chronic inflammation compromising visual acuity, is a hallmark of dry eye disease affecting 7 to 10% of individuals worldwide. Although collapse seems independent of mutation (unlike newborn lung alveoli), selective proteome and possible lipidome changes have been noted. These include elevated tissue transglutaminase and consequent inactivation through C-terminal cross-linking of the tear mitogen lacritin, leading to significant loss of lacritin monomer. Lacritin monomer restores homeostasis via autophagy and mitochondrial fusion and promotes basal tearing. Here, we discover that lacritin monomer C-terminal processing, inclusive of cysteine, serine, and metalloproteinase activity, generates cationic amphipathic α-helical proteoforms. Such proteoforms (using synthetic peptide surrogates) act like alveolar surfactant proteins to rapidly bind and stabilize the tear lipid layer. Immunodepletion of C- but not N-terminal proteoforms nor intact lacritin, from normal human tears promotes loss of stability akin to human dry eye tears. Stability of these and dry eye tears is rescuable with C- but not N-terminal proteoforms. Repeated topical application in rabbits reveals a proteoform turnover time of 7 to 33 h with gradual loss from human tear lipid that retains bioactivity without further processing. Thus, the processed C-terminus of lacritin that is deficient or absent in dry eye tears appears to play a key role in preventing tear film collapse and as a natural slow release mechanism that restores epithelial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi A Georgiev
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Jeff Romano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Craig Struble
- Drug Metabolism, Covance Laboratories Inc, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Denise S Ryan
- Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Rose K Sia
- Warfighter Refractive Eye Surgery Program and Research Center at Fort Belvoir, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Jay P Kitt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joel M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ku-Lung Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Adam Libby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Marc G Odrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Tatiana Suárez
- Department of Research, Development and Innovation, FAES FARMA, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert L McKown
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Gordon W Laurie
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.
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17
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Fouret G, Vigor C, Gaillet S, Grober J, Bernex F, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulates favorably the basal metabolism and exerts an insulin sensitizing effect in obesogenic diet-fed mice. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2013-2027. [PMID: 32989473 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a large family of endogenous bioactive lipids. To date, most of the studied FAHFAs are branched regioisomers of Palmitic Acid Hydroxyl Stearic Acid (PAHSA) that were reported to possess anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and rodents. Recently, we have demonstrated that 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA intake increased basal metabolism and enhanced insulin sensitivity in healthy control diet-fed mice but induced liver damage in some mice. The present work aims to explore whether a long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA may have similar effects in obesogenic diet-fed mice. METHODS C57Bl6 mice were fed with a control or high fat-high sugar (HFHS) diets for 12 weeks. The HFHS diet was supplemented or not with 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA. Whole-body metabolism was explored. Glucose and lipid metabolism as well as mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress status were analyzed. RESULTS As expected, the intake of HFHS diet led to obesity and lower insulin sensitivity with minor effects on liver parameters. The long-term intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA modulated favorably the basal metabolism and improved insulin sensitivity as measured by insulin tolerance test. On the contrary to what we have reported previously in healthy mice, no marked effect for these FAHFAs was observed on liver metabolism of obese diabetic mice. CONCLUSION This study indicates that both 9-PAHPA and 9-OAHPA may have interesting insulin-sensitizing effects in obese mice with lower insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | - Claire Vigor
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jacques Grober
- LNC UMR1231, INSERM, Univ Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agrosup Dijon, LipSTIC LabEx, Dijon, France
| | - Florence Bernex
- INSERM, U1194, Network of Experimental Histology, BioCampus, CNRS, UMS3426, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Ondrej Kuda
- Department of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut Des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
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18
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Brejchova K, Balas L, Paluchova V, Brezinova M, Durand T, Kuda O. Understanding FAHFAs: From structure to metabolic regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101053. [PMID: 32735891 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) in humans draw attention of many researches to their biological effects. Although FAHFAs were originally discovered in insects and plants, their introduction into the mammalian realm opened new horizons in bioactive lipid research. Hundreds of isomers from different families have been identified so far and their role in (patho) physiological processes is currently being explored. The family of palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), especially 5-PAHSA and 9-PAHSA regioisomers, stands out in the crowd of other FAHFAs for their anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic effects. Beneficial effects of PAHSAs have been linked to metabolic disorders such as type 1 and type 2 diabetes, colitis, and chronic inflammation. Besides PAHSAs, a growing family of polyunsaturated FAHFAs exerts mainly immunomodulatory effects and biological roles of many other FAHFAs remain currently unknown. Therefore, FAHFAs represent unique lipid messengers capable of affecting many immunometabolic processes. The objective of this review is to summarize the knowledge concerning the diversity of FAHFAs, nomenclature, and their analysis and detection. Special attention is paid to the total syntheses of FAHFAs, optimal strategies, and to the formation of the stereocenter required for optically active molecules. Biosynthetic pathways of saturated and polyunsaturated FAHFAs in mammals and plants are reviewed together with their metabolism and degradation. Moreover, an overview of biological effects of branched FAHFAs is provided and many unanswered questions regarding FAHFAs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic.
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19
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Analytical Methods for the Determination of Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) in Biological Samples, Plants and Foods. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081092. [PMID: 32707994 PMCID: PMC7463945 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) constitute a class of recently identified novel lipids exhibiting anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Due to their high biological significance, a tremendous effort has been devoted to the development of analytical methods for the detection and quantitation of FAHFAs during the last five years. The analysis of FAHFAs is very challenging due to the great number of possible regio-isomers arising from the great number of possible combinations of FAs with HFAs, and the low abundancies of FAHFAs in biological samples. The aim of this review article is to summarize all the cutting-edge analytical methodologies for the determination of FAHFAs in biological samples, plant tissues and food matrices, with emphasis on extraction and analysis steps. All the analytical methodologies rely on the use of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing high sensitivity due to the MS detection. Powerful and robust analytical methodologies may highly contribute in studying FAHFAs levels under various biomedical conditions, and facilitate our understanding of the role of these lipid species in physiological and pathological conditions.
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20
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Benlebna M, Balas L, Bonafos B, Pessemesse L, Vigor C, Grober J, Bernex F, Fouret G, Paluchova V, Gaillet S, Landrier JF, Kuda O, Durand T, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Long-term high intake of 9-PAHPA or 9-OAHPA increases basal metabolism and insulin sensitivity but disrupts liver homeostasis in healthy mice. J Nutr Biochem 2020; 79:108361. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2020.108361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Hu C, Wang M, Duan Q, Han X. Sensitive analysis of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in biological lipid extracts by shotgun lipidomics after one-step derivatization. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1105:105-111. [PMID: 32138907 PMCID: PMC7384334 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are an important family of endogenous lipids, possessing antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory functions. Therefore, analysis of FAHFAs in biological samples obtained under healthy and disease states can uncover underlying mechanisms of various relevant disorders (e.g., diabetes and autoimmune diseases). Up to now, due to their extremely low abundance, the determination of the changed levels of these species is still a huge challenge, even though great efforts have been made by utilizing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with or without derivatization. Herein, we described a novel method for analysis of FAHFAs present in lipid extracts of biological examples after solid-phase extraction and chemical derivatization with one authentic FAHFA specie as an internal standard based on the principles of multi-dimensional mass spectrometry-based shotgun lipidomics. The approach possessed marked sensitivity, high specificity, and broad linear dynamic range of over 3 orders without obvious matrix effects. Moreover, after chemical derivatization, the molecular masses of FAHFAs shift from an overlapped region with ceramide species to a new region without overlaps, removing these contaminating signals from ceramides, and thereby reducing the false results of FAHFAs. Finally, this novel method was successfully applied for determining FAHFAs levels in varieties of representative biological samples, including plasma from lean and overweight/obese individuals of normoglycemia, and tissue samples (such as liver and white adipose tissue from diabetic (db/db) mice). We revealed significant alterations of FAHFAs in samples under patho(physio)logical conditions compared to their respective controls. Taken together, the developed method could greatly contribute to studying altered FAHFA levels under a variety of biological/biomedical conditions, and facilitate the understanding of these lipid species in the patho(physio)logical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changfeng Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Frontage Laboratories, 700 Pennsylvania Dr, Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Qiao Duan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA; Department of Medicine - Diabetes, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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22
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Paluchova V, Oseeva M, Brezinova M, Cajka T, Bardova K, Adamcova K, Zacek P, Brejchova K, Balas L, Chodounska H, Kudova E, Schreiber R, Zechner R, Durand T, Rossmeisl M, Abumrad NA, Kopecky J, Kuda O. Lipokine 5-PAHSA Is Regulated by Adipose Triglyceride Lipase and Primes Adipocytes for De Novo Lipogenesis in Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:300-312. [PMID: 31806624 PMCID: PMC7118252 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Branched esters of palmitic acid and hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic lipokines that connect glucose and lipid metabolism. We aimed to characterize involvement of the 5-PAHSA regioisomer in the adaptive metabolic response of white adipose tissue (WAT) to cold exposure (CE) in mice, exploring the cross talk between glucose utilization and lipid metabolism. CE promoted local production of 5- and 9-PAHSAs in WAT. Metabolic labeling of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) using 2H2O revealed that 5-PAHSA potentiated the effects of CE and stimulated triacylglycerol (TAG)/fatty acid (FA) cycling in WAT through impacting lipogenesis and lipolysis. Adipocyte lipolytic products were altered by 5-PAHSA through selective FA re-esterification. The impaired lipolysis in global adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) knockout mice reduced free PAHSA levels and uncovered a metabolite reservoir of TAG-bound PAHSAs (TAG estolides) in WAT. Utilization of 13C isotope tracers and dynamic metabolomics documented that 5-PAHSA primes adipocytes for glucose metabolism in a different way from insulin, promoting DNL and impeding TAG synthesis. In summary, our data reveal new cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of 5-PAHSA and its relation to insulin action in adipocytes and independently confirm a PAHSA metabolite reservoir linked to ATGL-mediated lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Paluchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marina Oseeva
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Cajka
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Bardova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Adamcova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Zacek
- Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Division BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kristyna Brejchova
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, and Faculté de Pharmacie, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Hana Chodounska
- Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Kudova
- Neurosteroids, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Renate Schreiber
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Zechner
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, and Faculté de Pharmacie, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nada A Abumrad
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Kalyankar KB, Das S. First total synthesis of 5(S)-hydroxyrecifeiolide. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1692356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kondbarao Balasaheb Kalyankar
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Saibal Das
- Department of Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Wang H, Kolar MJ, Chang T, Rizo J, Konduri S, McNerlin C, Saghatelian A, Siegel D. Stereochemistry of Linoleic Acid Esters of Hydroxy Linoleic Acids. Org Lett 2019; 21:8080-8084. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b03054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Matthew J. Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Tina Chang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - José Rizo
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Clare McNerlin
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
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25
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Bokam R, Annam SCHVAR, Yalavarthi NR, Gundoju N, Ponnapalli MG. Bioinspired First Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Spinosulfate B. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201900396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Bokam
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional KnowledgeCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - S. CH. V. Appa Rao Annam
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional KnowledgeCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Nageswara Rao Yalavarthi
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional KnowledgeCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Narayanarao Gundoju
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional KnowledgeCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007 India
| | - Mangala Gowri Ponnapalli
- Centre for Natural Products & Traditional KnowledgeCSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Hyderabad- 500007 India
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26
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Kolar MJ, Konduri S, Chang T, Wang H, McNerlin C, Ohlsson L, Härröd M, Siegel D, Saghatelian A. Linoleic acid esters of hydroxy linoleic acids are anti-inflammatory lipids found in plants and mammals. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10698-10707. [PMID: 31152059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a recently discovered class of biologically active lipids. Here we identify the linoleic acid ester of 13-hydroxy linoleic acid (13-LAHLA) as an anti-inflammatory lipid. An oat oil fraction and FAHFA-enriched extract from this fraction showed anti-inflammatory activity in a lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine secretion assay. Structural studies identified three LAHLA isomers (15-, 13-, and 9-LAHLA) as being the most abundant FAHFAs in the oat oil fraction. Of these LAHLAs, 13-LAHLA is the most abundant LAHLA isomer in human serum after ingestion of liposomes made of fractionated oat oil, and it is also the most abundant endogenous LAHLA in mouse and human adipose tissue. As a result, we chemically synthesized 13-LAHLA for biological assays. 13-LAHLA suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated secretion of cytokines and expression of pro-inflammatory genes. These studies identify LAHLAs as an evolutionarily conserved lipid with anti-inflammatory activity in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kolar
- From the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Srihari Konduri
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934
| | - Tina Chang
- From the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Huijing Wang
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934
| | - Clare McNerlin
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934
| | - Lena Ohlsson
- the Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden, and
| | - Magnus Härröd
- Härröd Research, Frans Persons väg 6, 40229 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0934,
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- From the Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037,
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27
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Wang H, Chang T, Konduri S, Huang J, Saghatelian A, Siegel D. Synthesis of chemically edited derivatives of the endogenous regulator of inflammation 9-PAHSA. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:498-506. [PMID: 30988370 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0180-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a growing class of natural products found in organisms ranging from plants to humans. The roles these endogenous derivatives of fatty acids play in biology and their novel pathways for controlling inflammation have increased our understanding of basic human physiology. FAHFAs incorporate diverse fatty acids into their structures, however, given their recent discovery non-natural derivatives have not been a focus and as a result structure-activity relationships remain unknown. The importance of the long chain hydrocarbons extending from the ester linkage as they relate to anti-inflammatory activity is unknown. Herein the systematic removal of carbons from either the hydroxy fatty acid or fatty acid regions of the most studied FAHFA, palmitic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-PAHSA), was achieved and these synthetic, abridged analogs were tested for their ability to attenuate IL-6 production. Reduction of the carbon chain lengths of the 9-hydroxystearic acid portion or palmitic acid hydrocarbon chain resulted in lower molecular weight analogs that maintained anti-inflammatory activity or in one case enhanced activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Wang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0934, USA
| | - Tina Chang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0934, USA
| | - Jianbo Huang
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0934, USA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037-1002, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0934, USA.
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28
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Bland HC, Moilanen JA, Ekholm FS, Paananen RO. Investigating the Role of Specific Tear Film Lipids Connected to Dry Eye Syndrome: A Study on O-Acyl-ω-hydroxy Fatty Acids and Diesters. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3545-3552. [PMID: 30712353 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a prevalent disease in which the tear film homeostasis is compromised. One of the main causes of DES is thought to be an alteration in the composition of the outermost layer of the tear film, the tear film lipid layer (TFLL), resulting in an increased evaporation of water from the tear film and subsequent drying of the ocular surface. Recent studies have suggested that the specific TFLL lipids, namely, O-acyl-ω-hydroxy fatty acids (OAHFAs) and diesters (DiEs), may play a role in the development of DES. However, their specific connection to DES has remained largely unknown until now because of the lack of information on their biophysical properties and their role in the TFLL. Herein, we have addressed this issue by studying the biophysical properties and evaporation resistance of a library containing 10 synthetic analogues of TFLL OAHFAs and DiEs. Our results show how the variations of chain length and polar groups affect the phase behavior of these lipids at the tear film surface. In addition, the results revealed that the OAHFAs exhibiting a liquid-expanded to solid phase transition formed films with high evaporation resistance, whereas the DiEs were found to have no evaporation resistance. Altogether, our results shed new light on the role of the OAHFAs and DiEs in the TFLL and their connection to DES, suggesting that OAHFAs are likely a key lipid class in maintaining the TFLL evaporation resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena C Bland
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jukka A Moilanen
- Ophthalmology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Haartmaninkatu 8 , FI-00290 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Filip S Ekholm
- Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Riku O Paananen
- Ophthalmology , University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital , Haartmaninkatu 8 , FI-00290 Helsinki , Finland
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29
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Ahn DK, Kang YW, Woo SK. Oxidative Deprotection of p-Methoxybenzyl Ethers via Metal-Free Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3612-3623. [PMID: 30781954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An efficient and greener deprotection method for p-methoxybenzyl (PMB) ethers using a metal-free visible light photoredox catalyst and air and ammonium persulfate as the terminal oxidants is presented. Various functional groups and protecting groups were tolerated in the developed method to achieve good to excellent yields in short reaction times. Significantly, the developed method was compatible with PMB ethers derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols and a gram-scale reaction. Mechanistic studies support a proposed reaction mechanism that involves single electron oxidation of the PMB ether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Kyun Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ulsan , 93 Daehak-Ro , Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610 , Korea
| | - Young Woo Kang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ulsan , 93 Daehak-Ro , Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610 , Korea
| | - Sang Kook Woo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Ulsan , 93 Daehak-Ro , Nam-Gu, Ulsan 44610 , Korea
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30
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Mountanea OG, Limnios D, Kokotou MG, Bourboula A, Kokotos G. Asymmetric Synthesis of Saturated Hydroxy Fatty Acids and Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga G. Mountanea
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - Asimina Bourboula
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Panepistimiopolis Athens 15771 Greece
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Khoury S, Canlet C, Lacroix MZ, Berdeaux O, Jouhet J, Bertrand-Michel J. Quantification of Lipids: Model, Reality, and Compromise. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E174. [PMID: 30558107 PMCID: PMC6316828 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are key molecules in various biological processes, thus their quantification is a crucial point in a lot of studies and should be taken into account in lipidomics development. This family is complex and presents a very large diversity of structures, so analyzing and quantifying all this diversity is a real challenge. In this review, the different techniques to analyze lipids will be presented: from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to mass spectrometry (with and without chromatography) including universal detectors. First of all, the state of the art of quantification, with the definitions of terms and protocol standardization, will be presented with quantitative lipidomics in mind, and then technical considerations and limitations of analytical chemistry's tools, such as NMR, mass spectrometry and universal detectors, will be discussed, particularly in terms of absolute quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spiro Khoury
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France.
- French LipidomYstes Network, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Cécile Canlet
- Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
- Axiom Platform, MetaToul-MetaboHUB, National Infrastructure for Metabolomics and Fluxomics, F-31027 Toulouse, France.
| | - Marlène Z Lacroix
- INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 31432 Toulouse, France.
| | - Olivier Berdeaux
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9E Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, F-21000 Dijon, France.
- French LipidomYstes Network, 31000 Toulouse, France.
| | - Juliette Jouhet
- French LipidomYstes Network, 31000 Toulouse, France.
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRA, CEA, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- French LipidomYstes Network, 31000 Toulouse, France.
- MetaToul-Lipidomic Core Facility, MetaboHUB, I2MC U1048, Inserm, 31432 Toulouse, France.
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32
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Asaro F, Drioli S, Forzato C, Nitti P. An Efficient Synthesis of Chiral Non‐Racemic Hydroxyalkanoic Acids by Olefin Cross‐Metathesis Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fioretta Asaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Sara Drioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Cristina Forzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
| | - Patrizia Nitti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e FarmaceuticheUniversità di Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
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33
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Hu T, Lin M, Zhang D, Li M, Zhang J. A UPLC/MS/MS method for comprehensive profiling and quantification of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids in white adipose tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7415-7428. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Balas L, Feillet-Coudray C, Durand T. Branched Fatty Acyl Esters of Hydroxyl Fatty Acids (FAHFAs), Appealing Beneficial Endogenous Fat against Obesity and Type-2 Diabetes. Chemistry 2018; 24:9463-9476. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; Université de Montpellier; CNRS, ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 av Charles Flahault, BP 14491 F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
| | | | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM; Université de Montpellier; CNRS, ENSCM; Faculté de Pharmacie; 15 av Charles Flahault, BP 14491 F-34093 Montpellier Cedex 05 France
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35
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Kuda O, Brezinova M, Silhavy J, Landa V, Zidek V, Dodia C, Kreuchwig F, Vrbacky M, Balas L, Durand T, Hübner N, Fisher AB, Kopecky J, Pravenec M. Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Defense and Peroxiredoxin 6 Are Linked to Biosynthesis of Palmitic Acid Ester of 9-Hydroxystearic Acid. Diabetes 2018; 67:1190-1199. [PMID: 29549163 PMCID: PMC6463562 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are lipid mediators with promising antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory properties that are formed in white adipose tissue (WAT) via de novo lipogenesis, but their biosynthetic enzymes are unknown. Using a combination of lipidomics in WAT, quantitative trait locus mapping, and correlation analyses in rat BXH/HXB recombinant inbred strains, as well as response to oxidative stress in murine models, we elucidated the potential pathway of biosynthesis of several FAHFAs. Comprehensive analysis of WAT samples identified ∼160 regioisomers, documenting the complexity of this lipid class. The linkage analysis highlighted several members of the nuclear factor, erythroid 2 like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant defense system (Prdx6, Mgst1, Mgst3), lipid-handling proteins (Cd36, Scd6, Acnat1, Acnat2, Baat), and the family of flavin containing monooxygenases (Fmo) as the positional candidate genes. Transgenic expression of Nrf2 and deletion of Prdx6 genes resulted in reduction of palmitic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-PAHSA) and 11-PAHSA levels, while oxidative stress induced by an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis increased PAHSA levels nonspecifically. Our results indicate that the synthesis of FAHFAs via carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein-driven de novo lipogenesis depends on the adaptive antioxidant system and suggest that FAHFAs may link activity of this system with insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Kuda
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Brezinova
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Silhavy
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Landa
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Zidek
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chandra Dodia
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Franziska Kreuchwig
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Vrbacky
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Hübner
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, and Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aron B Fisher
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jan Kopecky
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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36
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Levels of palmitic acid ester of hydroxystearic acid (PAHSA) are reduced in the breast milk of obese mothers. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1863:126-131. [PMID: 29154942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To achieve optimal development of a newborn, breastfeeding is extensively recommended, but little is known about the role of non-nutritive bioactive milk components. We aimed to characterize the fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), namely palmitic acid hydroxystearic acids (PAHSAs)-endogenous lipids with anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties, in human breast milk. Breast milk samples from 30 lean (BMI=19-23) and 23 obese (BMI>30) women were collected 72h postpartum. Adipose tissue and milk samples were harvested from C57BL/6J mice. FAHFA lipid profiles were measured using reverse phase and chiral liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. PAHSA regioisomers as well as other FAHFAs were present in both human and murine milk. Unexpectedly, the levels of 5-PAHSA were higher relative to other regioisomers. The separation of both regioisomers and enantiomers of PAHSAs revealed that both R- and S-enantiomers were present in the biological samples, and that the majority of the 5-PAHSA signal is of R configuration. Total PAHSA levels were positively associated with weight gain during pregnancy, and 5-PAHSA as well as total PAHSA levels were significantly lower in the milk of the obese compared to the lean mothers. Our results document for the first time the presence of lipid mediators from the FAHFA family in breast milk, while giving an insight into the stereochemistry of PAHSAs. They also indicate the negative effect of obesity on 5-PAHSA levels. Future studies will be needed to explore the role and mechanism of action of FAHFAs in breast milk.
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37
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Nelson AT, Kolar MJ, Chu Q, Syed I, Kahn BB, Saghatelian A, Siegel D. Stereochemistry of Endogenous Palmitic Acid Ester of 9-Hydroxystearic Acid and Relevance of Absolute Configuration to Regulation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:4943-4947. [PMID: 28350171 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lipids have fundamental roles in the structure, energetics, and signaling of cells and organisms. The recent discovery of fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs), lipids with potent antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities, indicates that our understanding of the composition of lipidome and the function of lipids is incomplete. The ability to synthesize and test FAHFAs was critical in elucidating the roles of these lipids, but these studies were performed with racemic mixtures, and the role of stereochemistry remains unexplored. Here, we synthesized the R- and S- palmitic acid ester of 9-hydroxystearic acid (R-9-PAHSA, S-9-PAHSA). Access to highly enantioenriched PAHSAs enabled the development of a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method to separate and quantify R- and S-9-PAHSA, and this approach identified R-9-PAHSA as the predominant stereoisomer that accumulates in adipose tissues from transgenic mice where FAHFAs were first discovered. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of 9-PAHSA biosynthesis and degradation indicate that the enzymes and pathways for PAHSA production are stereospecific, with cell lines favoring the production of R-9-PAHSA and carboxyl ester lipase (CEL), a PAHSA degradative enzyme, selectively hydrolyzing S-9-PAHSA. These studies highlight the role of stereochemistry in the production and degradation of PAHSAs and define the endogenous stereochemistry of 9-PAHSA in adipose tissue. This information will be useful in the identification and characterization of the pathway responsible for PAHSA biosynthesis, and access to enantiopure PAHSAs will elucidate the role of stereochemistry in PAHSA activity and metabolism in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Nelson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin , 105 East 24th Street, A5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States.,School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch , 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Matthew J Kolar
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Qian Chu
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Ismail Syed
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies , 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037-1002, United States
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California-San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0934, United States
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Production of ricinoleic acid-containing monoestolide triacylglycerides in an oleaginous diatom, Chaetoceros gracilis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36809. [PMID: 27830762 PMCID: PMC5103293 DOI: 10.1038/srep36809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricinoleic acid (RA), a hydroxyl fatty acid, is suitable for medical and industrial uses and is produced in high-oil-accumulating organisms such as castor bean and the ergot fungus Claviceps. We report here the efficient production of RA in a transgenic diatom Chaetoceros gracilis expressing the fatty acid hydroxylase gene (CpFAH) from Claviceps purpurea. In transgenic C. gracilis, RA content increased at low temperatures, reaching 2.2 pg/cell when cultured for 7 d at 15 °C, without affecting cell growth, and was enhanced (3.3 pg/cell) by the co-expression of a palmitic acid-specific elongase gene. Most of the accumulated RA was linked with monoestolide triacylglycerol (ME TAG), in which one RA molecule was esterified to the α position of the glycerol backbone and was further esterified at its hydroxy group with a fatty acid or second RA moiety, or 1-OH TAG, in which RA was esterified to the glycerol backbone. Overall, 80% of RA was accumulated as ME TAGs. Furthermore, exogenous RA-methyl ester suppressed the growth of wild-type diatoms in a dose-dependent manner and was rapidly converted to ME TAG. These results suggest that C. gracilis masks the hydroxyl group and accumulates RA as the less-toxic ME TAG.
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