1
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van Turnhout L, Congrave DG, Yu Z, Arul R, Dowland SA, Sebastian E, Jiang Z, Bronstein H, Rao A. Distance-Independent Efficiency of Triplet Energy Transfer from π-Conjugated Organic Ligands to Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22612-22621. [PMID: 39101932 PMCID: PMC11328174 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Lanthanide-doped nanoparticles (LnNPs) possess unique optical properties and are employed in various optoelectronic and bioimaging applications. One fundamental limitation of LnNPs is their low absorption cross-section. This hurdle can be overcome through surface modification with organic chromophores with large absorption cross-sections. Controlling energy transfer from organic molecules to LnNPs is crucial for creating optically bright systems, yet the mechanisms are not well understood. Using pump-probe spectroscopy, we follow singlet energy transfer (SET) and triplet energy transfer (TET) in systems comprising different length 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) derivatives coordinated onto ytterbium and neodymium-doped nanoparticles. Photoexcitation of the ligands forms singlet excitons, some of which convert to triplet excitons via intersystem crossing when coordinated to the LnNPs. The triplet generation rate and yield are strongly distance-dependent. Following their generation, TET occurs from the ligands to the LnNPs, exhibiting an exponential distance dependence, independent of solvent polarity, suggesting a concerted Dexter-type process with a damping coefficient of 0.60 Å-1. Nevertheless, TET occurs with near-unity efficiency for all BPEA derivatives due to the lack of other triplet deactivation pathways and long intrinsic triplet lifetimes. Thus, we find that close coupling is primarily important to ensure efficient triplet generation rather than efficient TET. Although SET is faster, we find its efficiency to be lower and more strongly distance-dependent than the TET efficiency. Our results present the first direct distance-dependent energy transfer measurements in LnNP@organic nanohybrids and establish the advantage of using the triplet manifold to achieve the most efficient energy transfer and best sensitization of LnNPs with π-conjugated ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars van Turnhout
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel G Congrave
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongzheng Yu
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Arul
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon A Dowland
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Ebin Sebastian
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhao Jiang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo Bronstein
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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2
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Mitsui M, Miyoshi Y, Arima D. Tailoring sensitization properties and improving near-infrared photon upconversion performance through alloying in superatomic molecular Au 25 nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:14757-14765. [PMID: 38973468 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01948b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Noble-metal nanoclusters (NCs) protected by organic ligands have recently come to the forefront as potent triplet sensitizers for photon upconversion (UC) via triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), owing to their capacity for atomic-level photophysical property customization. Among these, the rod-shaped bi-icosahedral [Au25(PPh3)10(S-C2H4Ph)5Cl2]2+ (Au-rod) NC is a particularly iconic superatomic molecular NC, recently identified as a near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing sensitizer for TTA-UC. In this study, we synthesized Cu-doped NCs, [Au25-xCux(PPh3)10(S-C2H4Ph)5Cl2]2+ (AuCu-rod), and paired them with 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA) annihilator/emitter to explore the impact of Cu-doping on the triplet sensitization and NIR-UC performance. The triplet state of AuCu-rod, with lifetime of 3 μs, exhibited a modest blue shift compared to the Au-rod, resulting in the increment in the driving force for triplet energy transfer (TET) to the BPEA acceptor. The TET rate constant was determined to be 5.0 × 107 M-1 s-1, which is an order of magnitude higher than the rate constant for the Au-rod/BPEA pair. This improvement has led to a remarkable increase in the TET efficiency. Notably, the AuCu-rod/BPEA pair facilitated the efficient UC of 805 nm NIR light into 510 nm visible light, realizing a large anti-Stokes shift close to 0.9 eV. The UC internal quantum yield of this combination was determined to be 2.33 ± 0.05%, marking a fivefold enhancement over the Au-rod sensitizer (0.49%). Thus, alloying NC sensitizers offers a promising route to enhance UC performance by tuning the triplet state energy and optimizing the compatibility between the sensitizer and annihilator. Additionally, in this series of experiments, the formation of small amounts of BPEA microaggregates was observed. These aggregates did not undergo singlet fission and could retain multiple long-lived triplet excitons. This characteristic facilitated TTA among triplet excitons, resulting in efficient NIR-to-visible UC emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Mitsui
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Yuki Miyoshi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Daichi Arima
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1, Nishiikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.
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3
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Sasaki Y, Georgiou K, Wang S, Bossanyi DG, Jayaprakash R, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Lidzey DG, Musser AJ, Clark J. Radiative pumping in a strongly coupled microcavity filled with a neat molecular film showing excimer emission. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14745-14753. [PMID: 38716658 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00255e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Strong light-matter interactions have attracted much attention as a means to control the physical/chemical properties of organic semiconducting materials with light-matter hybrids called polaritons. To unveil the processes under strong coupling, studies on the dynamics of polaritons are of particular importance. While highly condensed molecular materials with large dipole density are ideal to achieve strong coupling, the emission properties of such films often become a mixture of monomeric and excimeric components, making the role of excimers unclear. Here, we use amorphous neat films of a new bis(phenylethynyl anthracene) derivative showing only excimer emission and investigate the excited-state dynamics of a series of strongly coupled microcavities, with each cavity being characterised by a different exciton-photon detuning. A time-resolved photoluminescence study shows that the excimer radiatively pumps the lower polariton in the relaxation process and the decay profile reflects the density of states. The delayed emission derived from triplet-triplet annihilation is not sensitive to the cavity environment, possibly due to the rapid excimer formation. Our results highlight the importance of controlling intermolecular interactions towards rational design of organic exciton-polariton devices, whose performance depends on efficient polariton relaxation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - David G Bossanyi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Jenny Clark
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Sheffield, S3 7RH, Sheffield, UK.
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4
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Okamoto T, Izawa S, Hiramoto M, Kobori Y. Efficient Spin Interconversion by Molecular Conformation Dynamics of a Triplet Pair for Photon Up-Conversion in an Amorphous Solid. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:2966-2975. [PMID: 38479407 PMCID: PMC10961844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Solid-state materials with improved light-to-energy conversions in organic photovoltaics and in optoelectronics are expected to be developed by realizing efficient triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) by manipulating the spin conversion processes to the singlet state. In this study, we elucidate the spin conversion mechanism for delayed fluorescence by TTA from a microscopic view of the molecular conformations. We examine the time evolution of the electron spin polarization of the triplet-pair state (TT state) in an amorphous solid-state system exhibiting highly efficient up-conversion emission by using time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance. We clarified that the spin-state population of the singlet TT increased through the spin interconversion from triplet and quintet TT states during exciton diffusion with random orientation dynamics between the two triplets for the modulation of the exchange interaction, achieving a high quantum yield of up-conversion emission. This understanding provides us with a guide for the development of efficient light-to-energy conversion devices utilizing TTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Okamoto
- Molecular
Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657−8501, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Izawa
- Laboratory
for Materials and Structures, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Institute
for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hiramoto
- Institute
for Molecular Science, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobori
- Molecular
Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657−8501, Japan
- CREST,
JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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5
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Song X, Liu H, Liu S, Li T, Lv L, Cui B, Wang T, Chen W, Chen Y, Li X. Enhancing Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion of Pyrene Derivatives for Photoredox Catalysis via Molecular Engineering. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302520. [PMID: 37877456 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) has the potential to enhance photoredox catalysis yield. It includes a sensitizer and an annihilator. Efficient and stable annihilators are essential for photoredox catalysis, yet only a few examples are reported. Herein, we designed four novel pyrene annihilators (1, 2, 3 and 4) via introducing aryl-alkynyl groups onto pyrene to systematically modulate their singlet and triplet energies. Coupled with platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP), the TTA-UC efficiency is enhanced gradually as the number of aryl-alkynyl group increases. When combining 4 with palladium tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin (PdTPTBP), we achieved the highest red-to-green upconversion efficiency (22.4±0.3 %) (out of a 50 % maximum) so far. Then, this pair was used to activate photooxidation of aryl boronic acid under red light (630 nm), which achieved a great improved reaction yield compared to that activated by green light directly. The results not only provide a design strategy for efficient annihilators, but also show the advantage of applying TTA-UC into improving the photoredox catalysis yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Song
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Heyuan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Institute for Smart Materials & Engineering, University of Jinan, 250022, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Liping Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Boce Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenmiao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
- Department of Science, Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, P.O. Box 23874, 77842, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yanli Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiyou Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), 266580, Qingdao, China
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6
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Gilligan AT, Owens R, Miller EG, Pompetti NF, Damrauer NH. Enhancing NIR-to-visible upconversion in a rigidly coupled tetracene dimer: approaching statistical limits for triplet-triplet annihilation using intramolecular multiexciton states. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1283-1296. [PMID: 38274080 PMCID: PMC10806848 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04795d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Important applications of photon upconversion through triplet-triplet annihilation require conversion of near-IR photons to visible light. Generally, however, efficiencies in this spectral region lag behind bluer analogues. Herein we consider potential benefits from a conformationally well-defined covalent dimer annihilator TIPS-BTX in studies that systematically compare function to a related monomer model TIPS-tetracene (TIPS-Tc). TIPS-BTX exhibits weak electronic coupling between chromophores juxtaposed about a polycyclic bridge. We report an upconversion yield ϕUC for TIPS-BTX that is more than 20× larger than TIPS-Tc under comparable conditions (0.16%). While the dimer ϕUC is low compared to bluer champion systems, this yield is amongst the largest so-far reported for a tetracenic dimer system and is achieved under unoptimized conditions suggesting a significantly higher ceiling. Further investigation shows the ϕUC enhancement for the dimer is due exclusively to the TTA process with an effective yield more that 30× larger for TIPS-BTX compared to TIPS-Tc. The ϕTTA enhancement for TIPS-BTX relative to TIPS-Tc is indicative of participation by intramolecular multiexciton states with evidence presented in spin statistical arguments that the 5TT is involved in productive channels. For TIPS-BTX we report a spin-statistical factor f = 0.42 that matches or exceeds values found in champion annihilator systems such as DPA. At the same time, the poor relative efficiency of TIPS-Tc suggests involvement of non-productive bimolecular channels and excimeric states are suspected. Broadly these studies indicate that funneling of photogenerated electronic states into productive pathways, and avoiding parasitic ones, remains central to the development of champion upconversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Gilligan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Raythe Owens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Ethan G Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Nicholas F Pompetti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
| | - Niels H Damrauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute (RASEI), University of Colorado Boulder Boulder Colorado 80309 USA
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7
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Glaser F, Schmitz M, Kerzig C. Coulomb interactions for mediator-enhanced sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion in solution. NANOSCALE 2023; 16:123-137. [PMID: 38054748 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05265f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion offers an attractive possibility to replace a high-energy photon by two photons with lower energy through the combination of a light-harvesting triplet sensitizer and an annihilator for the formation of a fluorescent singlet state. Typically, high annihilator concentrations are required to achieve an efficient initial energy transfer and as a direct consequence the most highly energetic emission is often not detectable due to intrinsic reabsorption by the annihilator itself. Herein, we demonstrate that the addition of a charge-adapted mediator drastically improves the energy transfer efficiency at low annihilator concentrations via an energy transfer cascade. Inspired by molecular dyads and recent developments in nanocrystal-sensitized upconversion, our system exploits a concept to minimize intrinsic filter effects, while boosting the upconversion quantum yield in solution. A sensitizer-annihilator combination consisting of a ruthenium-based complex and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) is explored as model system and a sulfonated pyrene serves as mediator. The impact of opposite charges between sensitizer and mediator - to induce coulombic attraction and subsequently result in accelerated energy transfer rate constants - is analyzed in detail by different spectroscopic methods. Ion pairing and the resulting static energy transfer in both directions is a minor process, resulting in an improved overall performance. Finally, the more intense upconverted emission in the presence of the mediator is used to drive two catalytic photoreactions in a two-chamber setup, illustrating the advantages of our approach, in particular for photoreactions requiring oxygen that would interfere with the upconversion system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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8
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Sullivan CM, Kuszynski JE, Kovalev A, Siegrist T, Schaller RD, Strouse GF, Nienhaus L. Cool carriers: triplet diffusion dominates upconversion yield. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:18832-18841. [PMID: 37966043 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04446g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Perovskites have gained popularity both as the active material in photovoltaics and as bulk triplet sensitizers for solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC). Prior to widespread implementation into commercial photovoltaics, an in-depth understanding of the environmental influences on device performance is required. To this point, the temperature-dependent structure-function properties of TTA-UC within methylammonium formamidinium lead triiodide (MAFA)/rubrene UC devices are explored. A strong temperature dependence of the underlying UC dynamics is observed, where the maximum UC efficiency is achieved at 170 K, reflecting the competition between triplet diffusion length, diffusion rate, and triplet-triplet encounter events. A combination of spectroscopic and structural methods and theoretical modelling illustrates that despite the significantly increased carrier lifetime of the perovskite at low temperatures, the TTA-UC dynamics are not governed by the underlying sensitizer properties but rather limited by the underlying triplet diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Jason E Kuszynski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Alexey Kovalev
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Theo Siegrist
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
- FAMU-FSU College of Engineering, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Richard D Schaller
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Geoffrey F Strouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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9
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Naimovičius L, Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K, Kazlauskas K. The statistical probability factor in triplet mediated photon upconversion: a case study with perylene. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2023; 11:14826-14832. [PMID: 38013844 PMCID: PMC10621484 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc03158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process where two low-energy photons are converted into one higher-energy photon. A crucial component for an efficient upconversion process is the statistical probability factor (f), defined as the probability of the formation of a high-energy singlet state upon coupling of two low-energy triplet states. Theoretically, f depends on the energy level distribution, molecular orientation, inter-triplet exchange coupling of triplet dyads, and spin-mixing of resulting spin states (singlet, triplet, and quintet). However, experimental values of f for acene-based annihilators have been subject to large variations due to many factors that have resulted in the reporting of different f values for the same molecule. In this work, we discuss these factors by studying perylene as a case study annihilator, for which by far the largest variation in f = 16 to 100% has been reported. We systematically investigated the TTA-UC of PdTPBP:perylene, as a sensitizer-annihilator pair and obtained the experimental f = 17.9 ± 2.1% for perylene in THF solution. This limits the maximum TTA-UC quantum yield to 9.0% (out of 50%) for this annihilator. We found that such a low f value for perylene is largely governed by the energy-gap law where higher non-radiative losses due to the small energy gap between 2 × T1 and T2 affect the probability of singlet formation. Interestingly, we found this observation true for other acene-based annihilators whose emission ranges from the UV to the yellow region, thus providing a blueprint for future design of efficient TTA-UC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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10
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Zähringer TJB, Wienhold M, Gilmour R, Kerzig C. Direct Observation of Triplet States in the Isomerization of Alkenylboronates by Energy Transfer Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:21576-21586. [PMID: 37729087 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Alkenylboronates are versatile building blocks for stereocontrolled synthesis owing to the traceless nature of the boron group that can be leveraged to achieve highly selective geometric isomerization. Using thioxanthone as an inexpensive photocatalyst, the photoisomerization of these species continues to provide an expansive platform for stereodivergent synthesis, particularly in the construction of bioactive polyenes. Although mechanistic investigations are consistent with light-driven energy transfer, direct experimental evidence remains conspicuously absent. Herein, we report a rigorous mechanistic investigation using two widely used alkenylboronates alongside relevant reference compounds. Through the combination of irradiation experiments, transient absorption spectroscopic studies, kinetic modeling, and DFT calculations with all isomers of the model compounds, it has been possible to unequivocally detect and characterize the perpendicular triplet generated by energy transfer. Our results serve not only as a blueprint for mechanistic studies that are challenging with organic sensitizers, but these guidelines delineated have also enabled the development of more sustainable reaction conditions: for the first time, efficient organocatalytic isomerization under sunlight irradiation has become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Correnstraβe 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM) Interfaculty Center, Röntgenstraβe 16, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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11
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Ringström R, Schroeder ZW, Mencaroni L, Chabera P, Tykwinski RR, Albinsson B. Triplet Formation in a 9,10-Bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene Dimer and Trimer Occurs by Charge Recombination Rather than Singlet Fission. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7897-7902. [PMID: 37642563 PMCID: PMC10494225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study investigating the solvent-dependent dynamics of a 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene monomer, dimer, and trimer. Using transient absorption spectroscopy, we have discovered that triplet excited state formation in the dimer and trimer molecules in polar solvents is a consequence of charge recombination subsequent to symmetry-breaking charge separation rather than singlet fission. Total internal reflection emission measurements of the monomer demonstrate that excimer formation serves as the primary decay pathway at a high concentration. In the case of highly concentrated solutions of the trimer, we observe evidence of triplet formation without the prior formation of a charge-separated state. We postulate that this is attributed to the formation of small aggregates, suggesting that oligomers mimicking the larger chromophore counts in crystals could potentially facilitate singlet fission. Our experimental study sheds light on the intricate dynamics of the 9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene system, elucidating the role of solvent- and concentration-dependent factors for triplet formation and charge separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Ringström
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zachary W. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Letizia Mencaroni
- Department
of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via elce di sotto n. 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pavel Chabera
- The
Division of Chemical Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rik R. Tykwinski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G2
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Bertrams MS, Hermainski K, Mörsdorf JM, Ballmann J, Kerzig C. Triplet quenching pathway control with molecular dyads enables the identification of a highly oxidizing annihilator class. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8583-8591. [PMID: 37592982 PMCID: PMC10430750 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal complex - arene dyads typically act as more potent triplet energy donors compared to their parent metal complexes, which is frequently exploited for increasing the efficiencies of energy transfer applications. Using unexplored dicationic phosphonium-bridged ladder stilbenes (P-X2+) as quenchers, we exclusively observed photoinduced electron transfer photochemistry with commercial organic photosensitizers and photoactive metal complexes. In contrast, the corresponding pyrene dyads of the tested ruthenium complexes with the very same metal complex units efficiently sensitize the P-X2+ triplets. The long-lived and comparatively redox-inert pyrene donor triplet in the dyads thus provides an efficient access to acceptor triplet states that are otherwise very tricky to obtain. This dyad-enabled control over the quenching pathway allowed us to explore the P-X2+ photochemistry in detail using laser flash photolysis. The P-X2+ triplet undergoes annihilation producing the corresponding excited singlet, which is an extremely strong oxidant (+2.3 V vs. NHE) as demonstrated by halide quenching experiments. This behavior was observed for three P2+ derivatives allowing us to add a novel basic structure to the very limited number of annihilators for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation in neat water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katharina Hermainski
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Mörsdorf
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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13
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Naimovičius L, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems. MATERIALS CHEMISTRY FRONTIERS 2023; 7:2297-2315. [PMID: 37313216 PMCID: PMC10259159 DOI: 10.1039/d3qm00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such as solar fuels and molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) are rapidly developing. However, to realize their full potential, fundamental solar energy loss channels like photon transmission, recombination, and thermalization need to be addressed. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is emerging as a way to overcome losses due to the transmission of photons below the PV/chromophore band gap. However, there are several challenges related to the integration of efficient solid-state TTA-UC systems into efficient devices such as: wide band absorption, materials sustainability, and device architecture. In this article, we review existing work, identify and discuss challenges as well as present our perspective toward possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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14
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Zhang J, Ruiz-Molina D, Novio F, Roscini C. Water-Stable Upconverting Coordination Polymer Nanoparticles for Transparent Films and Anticounterfeiting Patterns with Air-Stable Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8377-8386. [PMID: 36722461 PMCID: PMC9940112 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion (UC) based on triplet-triplet annihilation is a very promising phenomenon with potential application in several areas, though, due to the intrinsic mechanism, the achievement of diffusion-limited solid materials with air-stable UC is still a challenge. Herein, we report UC coordination polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) combining sensitizer and emitter molecules especially designed with alkyl spacers that promote the amorphous character. Beyond the characteristic constraints of crystalline MOFs, amorphous CPNs facilitate high dye density and flexible ratio tunability. To show the universality of the approach, two types of UC-CPNs are reported, exhibiting highly photostable UC in two different visible spectral regions. Given their nanoscale, narrow size distribution, and good chemical/colloidal stability in water, the CPNs were also successfully printed as anticounterfeiting patterns and used to make highly transparent and photostable films for luminescent solar concentrators, both showing air-stable UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junda Zhang
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Campus
UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Spain
| | - Daniel Ruiz-Molina
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Novio
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament
de Química, Universitat Autònoma
de Barcelona (UAB), Campus
UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola
del Vallès, Spain
| | - Claudio Roscini
- Catalan
Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST Campus UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Zähringer TJB, Moghtader JA, Bertrams MS, Roy B, Uji M, Yanai N, Kerzig C. Blue-to-UVB Upconversion, Solvent Sensitization and Challenging Bond Activation Enabled by a Benzene-Based Annihilator. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215340. [PMID: 36398891 PMCID: PMC10108172 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several energy-demanding photoreactions require harsh UV light from inefficient light sources. The conversion of low-energy visible light to high-energy singlet states via triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) could offer a solution for driving such reactions under mild conditions. We present the first annihilator with an emission maximum in the UVB region that, combined with an organic sensitizer, is suitable for blue-to-UVB upconversion. The annihilator singlet was successfully employed as an energy donor in subsequent FRET activations of aliphatic carbonyls. This hitherto unreported UC-FRET reaction sequence was directly monitored using laser spectroscopy and applied to mechanistic irradiation experiments demonstrating the feasibility of Norrish chemistry. Our results provide clear evidence for a novel blue light-driven substrate or solvent activation strategy, which is important in the context of developing more sustainable light-to-chemical energy conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till J B Zähringer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julian A Moghtader
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bibhisan Roy
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Sullivan CM, Nienhaus L. Recharging upconversion: revealing rubrene's replacement. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:17254-17261. [PMID: 36374134 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations of solid-state perovskite-sensitized photon upconversion to date is that the only annihilator successfully paired with the perovskite sensitizer has been rubrene, raising the question of whether this appraoch of triplet sensitization is universal or limited in scope. Additionally, the inherent energetic mismatch between the perovskite bandgap and the rubrene triplet energy has restricted the apparent anti-Stokes shift achievable in the upconversion process. To increase the apparent anti-Stokes shift for upconversion processes, anthracene derivates are of particular interest due to their higher triplet energies. Here, we demonstrate successful sensitization of the triplet state of 1-chloro-9,10-bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene using the established formamidinium methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite FA0.85MA0.15PbI3, resulting in upconverted emission at 550 nm under 780 nm excitation. We draw a direct comparison to rubrene to unravel the underlying differences in the upconversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette M Sullivan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| | - Lea Nienhaus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) is a spin-allowed conversion of two triplet states into one singlet excited state, which provides an efficient route to generate a photon of higher frequency than the incident light. Multiple energy transfer steps between absorbing (sensitizer) and emitting (annihilator) molecular species are involved in the TTA based photon upconversion process. TTA compounds have recently been studied for solar energy applications, even though the maximum upconversion efficiency of 50 % is yet to be achieved. With the aid of quantum calculations and based on a few key requirements, several design principles have been established to develop the well-functioning annihilators. However, a complete molecular level understanding of triplet fusion dynamics is still missing. In this work, we have employed multi-reference electronic structure methods along with quantum dynamics to obtain a detailed and fundamental understanding of TTA mechanism in naphthalene. Our results suggest that the TTA process in naphthalene is mediated by conical intersections. In addition, we have explored the triplet fusion dynamics under the influence of strong light-matter coupling and found an increase of the TTA based upconversion efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Gudem
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbanova University CentreSE-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of PhysicsStockholm UniversityAlbanova University CentreSE-106 91StockholmSweden
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18
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202202238. [PMID: 35344256 PMCID: PMC9322448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (sTTA-UC) mainly relies on precious metal complexes thanks to their high intersystem crossing (ISC) efficiencies, excited state energies, and lifetimes, while complexes of abundant first-row transition metals are only rarely utilized and with often moderate UC quantum yields. [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ (bpmp=2,6-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)pyridine) containing earth-abundant chromium possesses an absorption band suitable for green light excitation, a doublet excited state energy matching the triplet energy of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene (DPA), a close to millisecond excited state lifetime, and high photostability. Combined ISC and doublet-triplet energy transfer from excited [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ to DPA gives 3 DPA with close-to-unity quantum yield. TTA of 3 DPA furnishes green-to-blue UC with a quantum yield of 12.0 % (close to the theoretical maximum). Sterically less-hindered anthracenes undergo a [4+4] cycloaddition with [Cr(bpmp)2 ]3+ and green light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 1112489BerlinGermany
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFree University of BerlinArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University of MainzDuesbergweg 10–1455128MainzGermany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division BiophotonicsFederal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM)Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 1112489BerlinGermany
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19
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Wang C, Reichenauer F, Kitzmann WR, Kerzig C, Heinze K, Resch‐Genger U. Efficient Triplet‐Triplet Annihilation Upconversion Sensitized by a Chromium(III) Complex via an Underexplored Energy Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202202238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Wang
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry Free University of Berlin Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Florian Reichenauer
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Winald R. Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Ute Resch‐Genger
- Division Biophotonics Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11 12489 Berlin Germany
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20
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Best practice in determining key photophysical parameters in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1143-1158. [PMID: 35441266 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which low-energy light is transformed into light of higher energy. During the last two decades, it has gained increasing attention due to its potential in, e.g., biological applications and solar energy conversion. The highest efficiencies for TTA-UC systems have been achieved in liquid solution, owing to that several of the intermediate steps require close contact between the interacting species, something that is more easily achieved in diffusion-controlled environments. There is a good understanding of the kinetics dictating the performance in liquid TTA-UC systems, but so far, the community lacks cohesiveness in terms of how several important parameters are best determined experimentally. In this perspective, we discuss and present a "best practice" for the determination of several critical parameters in TTA-UC, namely triplet excited state energies, rate constants for triplet-triplet annihilation ([Formula: see text]), triplet excited-state lifetimes ([Formula: see text]), and excitation threshold intensity ([Formula: see text]). Finally, we introduce a newly developed method by which [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] may be determined simultaneously using the same set of time-resolved emission measurements. The experiment can be performed with a simple experimental setup, be ran under mild excitation conditions, and entirely circumvents the need for more challenging nanosecond transient absorption measurements, a technique that previously has been required to extract [Formula: see text]. Our hope is that the discussions and methodologies presented herein will aid the photon upconversion community in performing more efficient and manageable experiments while maintaining-and sometimes increasing-the accuracy and validity of the extracted parameters.
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21
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Van der Zee B, Li Y, Wetzelaer GJAH, Blom PWM. Efficiency of Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes: A Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108887. [PMID: 34786784 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The various contributions to the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) are discussed. The EQE of an organic light-emitting diode is governed by a number of parameters, such as the electrical efficiency, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), the optical outcoupling efficiency and the spin statistics for singlet exciton generation. In the last decade, the electrical efficiency has been determined from a numerical PLED device model. More recently, an optical model to simulate the fraction of photons outcoupled to air for PLEDs with a broad recombination zone has been developed. Together with the directly measured PLQY, the EQE of a PLED can then be estimated. However, it has been observed that the measured EQEs of fluorescent PLEDs, including the model system super-yellow poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (SY-PPV) often exceed the expected values. To solve this discrepancy, it is demonstrate that the electrical PLED model has to be expanded by the inclusion of triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA), which is shown to be responsible for a substantial EQE enhancement. Experimentally, it is obtained that TTA contributes to a singlet-exciton generation efficiency of ≈40% in SY-PPV PLEDs, giving rise to an EQE of ≈4% instead of the expected value of 2.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van der Zee
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | - Yungui Li
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
| | | | - Paul W M Blom
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz, 55128, Germany
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22
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Papadopoulos I, Gutiérrez-Moreno D, Bo Y, Casillas R, Greißel PM, Clark T, Fernández-Lázaro F, Guldi DM. Altering singlet fission pathways in perylene-dimers; perylene-diimide versus perylene-monoimide. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5194-5203. [PMID: 35315470 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08523a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We used a systematic approach to shed light on the inherent differences in perylenes, namely monoimides versus diimides, including coplanarity and dipole moment, and their impact on singlet fission (SF) by designing, synthesizing, and probing a full fledged series of phenylene- and naphthalene-linked dimers. Next to changing the functionality of the perylene core, we probed the effect of the spacers and their varying degrees of rotational freedom, molecular electrostatic potentials, and intramolecular interactions on the SF-mechanism and -efficiencies. An arsenal of spectroscopic techniques revealed that for perylene-monoimides, a strong charge-transfer mixing with the singlet and triplet excited states restricts SF and yields low triplet quantum yields. This is accompanied by an up-conversion channel that includes geminate triplet-triplet recombination. Using perylene-diimides alters the SF-mechanism by populating a charge-separated-state intermediate, which either favors or shuts-down SF. Napthylene-spacers bring about higher triplet quantum yields and overall better SF-performance for all perylene-monoimides and perylene-diimides. The key to better SF-performance is rotational freedom because it facilitates the overall excited-state polarization and amplifies intramolecular interactions between chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - David Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203 Elche, Spain.
| | - Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Phillip M Greißel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer-Chemistry-Center, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avda. de la Universidad s/n, 03203 Elche, Spain.
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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23
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Carrod AJ, Cravcenco A, Ye C, Börjesson K. Modulating TTA efficiency through control of high energy triplet states. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:4923-4928. [PMID: 35433005 PMCID: PMC8944256 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05292f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
An ideal annihilator in triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) can achieve a maximum of 50% quantum efficiency. This spin statistical limit depends on the energies of the triplet states of the annihilator molecule, with only 20% quantum efficiencies possible in less-optimal energy configurations (E T2 ≤ 2E T1 ). Our work utilises three perylene analogues substituted with phenyl in sequential positions. When substituted in the bay position the isomer displays drastically lowered upconversion yields, which can be explained by the system going from an ideal to less-ideal energy configuration. We further concluded position 2 is the best site when functionalising perylene without a wish to affect its photophysics, thus demonstrating how molecular design can influence upconversion quantum efficiencies by controlling the energetics of triplet states through substitution. This will in turn help in the design of molecules that maximise upconversion efficiencies for materials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Carrod
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Alexei Cravcenco
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University Uppsala 752 36 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
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24
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Olesund A, Johnsson J, Edhborg F, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Approaching the Spin-Statistical Limit in Visible-to-Ultraviolet Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3706-3716. [PMID: 35175751 PMCID: PMC8895402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which triplet excitons combine to form emissive singlets and holds great promise in biological applications and for improving the spectral match in solar energy conversion. While high TTA-UC quantum yields have been reported for, for example, red-to-green TTA-UC systems, there are only a few examples of visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) transformations in which the quantum yield reaches 10%. In this study, we investigate the performance of six annihilators when paired with the sensitizer 2,3,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile (4CzBN), a purely organic compound that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence. We report a record-setting internal TTA-UC quantum yield (ΦUC,g) of 16.8% (out of a 50% maximum) for 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene, demonstrating the first example of a visible-to-UV TTA-UC system approaching the classical spin-statistical limit of 20%. Three other annihilators, of which 2,5-diphenylfuran has never been used for TTA-UC previously, also showed impressive performances with ΦUC,g above 12%. In addition, a new method to determine the rate constant of TTA is proposed, in which only time-resolved emission measurements are needed, circumventing the need for more challenging transient absorption measurements. The results reported herein represent an important step toward highly efficient visible-to-UV TTA-UC systems that hold great potential for driving high-energy photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Johnsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Kiseleva N, Filatov MA, Fischer JC, Kaiser M, Jakoby M, Busko D, Howard IA, Richards BS, Turshatov A. BODIPY-pyrene donor-acceptor sensitizers for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion: the impact of the BODIPY-core on upconversion efficiency. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:3568-3578. [PMID: 35084007 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05382e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is an important type of optical process with applications in biophotonics, solar energy harvesting and photochemistry. In most of the TTA-UC systems, the formation of triplet excited states takes place via spin-orbital interactions promoted by heavy atoms. Given the crucial role of heavy atoms (especially noble metals, such as Pd and Pt) in promoting intersystem crossing (ISC) and, therefore, in production of UC luminescence, the feasibility of using more readily available and inexpensive sensitizers without heavy atoms remains a challenge. Here, we investigated sensitization of TTA-UC using BODIPY-pyrene heavy-atom-free donor-acceptor dyads with different numbers of alkyl groups in the BODIPY scaffold. The molecules with four and six alkyl groups are unable to sensitize TTA-UC in the investigated solvents (tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane (DCM)) due to negligible ISC. In contrast, the dyad with two methyl groups in the BODIPY scaffold and the dyad with unsubstituted BODIPY demonstrate efficient intersystem crossing (ISC) of 49-58%, resulting in TTA-UC with quantum yields of 4.7% and 6.9%, respectively. The analysis of the elementary steps of the TTA-UC process indicates that heavy-atom-free donor-acceptor dyads are less effective than their noble metal counterparts, but may equal them in the future if the right combination of solvent, donor-acceptor sensitizer structure, and new luminescent molecules as TTA-UC emitters can be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kiseleva
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Mikhail A Filatov
- School of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Jan C Fischer
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Milian Kaiser
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Marius Jakoby
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Dmitry Busko
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
| | - Ian A Howard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany. .,Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Bryce S Richards
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany. .,Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andrey Turshatov
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshofen, Germany.
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26
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Lee H, Lee MS, Uji M, Harada N, Park JM, Lee J, Seo SE, Park CS, Kim J, Park SJ, Bhang SH, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Kwon OS, Kim JH. Nanoencapsulated Phase-Change Materials: Versatile and Air-Tolerant Platforms for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4132-4143. [PMID: 35019270 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and long-term stable triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) can be achieved by effectively protecting the excited organic triplet ensembles from photoinduced oxygen quenching, and discovery of a new material platform that promotes TTA-UC in ambient conditions is of paramount importance for practical applications. In this study, we present the first demonstration of an organic nonparaffin phase-change material (PCM) as an air-tolerant medium for TTA-UC with a unique solid-liquid phase transition in response to temperature variation. For the proposed concept, 2,4-hexadien-1-ol is used and extensively characterized with several key features, including good solvation capacity, mild melting point (30.5 °C), and exclusive antioxidant property, enabling a high-efficiency, low-threshold, and photostable TTA-UC system without energy-intensive degassing processes. In-depth characterization reveals that the triplet diffusion among the transient species, i.e., 3sensitizer* and 3acceptor*, is efficient and well protected from oxygen quenching in both aerated liquid- and solid-phase 2,4-hexadien-1-ol. We also propose a new strategy for the nanoencapsulation of PCM by employing hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles as vehicles. This scheme is applicable to both aqueous- and solid-phase TTA-UC systems as well as suitable for various applications, such as thermal energy storage and smart drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haklae Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Myung-Soo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Masanori Uji
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Harada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jeong-Min Park
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sung Eun Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Chul Soon Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jinyeong Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Seon Joo Park
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Suk Ho Bhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Oh Seok Kwon
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Nanobiotechnology and Bioinformatics (Major), University of Science & Technology (UST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuk Kim
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
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27
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Murakami Y, Kamada K. Kinetics of photon upconversion by triplet-triplet annihilation: a comprehensive tutorial. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:18268-18282. [PMID: 34612372 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02654b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This perspective article provides a comprehensive but organized tutorial introduction of the kinetics related to photon upconversion (UC) by triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) (TTA-UC). The field of TTA-UC is multi-disciplinary and rapidly growing with the involvement of researchers from diverse backgrounds. TTA-UC consists of a series of tangled photophysical processes, so a solid understanding of the kinetic features and consequences is important to develop and evaluate materials for TTA-UC. This tutorial starts with an introduction of the standard model of TTA-UC along with the assumptions used in the model. The essential concept of the spin statistics for TTA and how this concept is related to the singlet branching ratio, which directly affects the efficiency of UC, are then explained through step-by-step analyses. Using these foundations, solutions for the steady-state behaviors are derived, featuring the universal curve that describes the excitation intensity dependence of the UC quantum yield for any sample type. Various useful functions for analyzing experimental data are also introduced and summarized. The transient behaviors of TTA-UC are then discussed along with their equations, and the usefulness for analyzing transient experimental data is explained using examples. In this article, self-consistent derivations and relevant references are provided for an easy understanding of the advanced discussion and analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Murakami
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan.
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28
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Rigsby EM, Miyashita T, Fishman DA, Roberts ST, Tang ML. CdSe nanocrystal sensitized photon upconverting film. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31042-31046. [PMID: 35498919 PMCID: PMC9041432 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06562a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, films using CdSe nanocrystal (NC) triplet photosensitizers in conjunction with diphenylanthracene (DPA) emitters were assembled to address several challenges to practical applications for solution-based photon upconversion. By using poly(9-vinylcarbazole) as a phosphorescent host in this film, volatile organic solvents are eliminated, the spontaneous crystallization of the emitter is significantly retarded, and ∼1.5% photon upconversion quantum yield (out of a maximum of 50%) is obtained. Transient absorption spectroscopy on nanosecond-to-microsecond time scales reveals this efficiency is enabled by an exceptionally long triplet lifetime of 3.4 ± 0.3 ms. Ultimately, we find the upconversion efficiency is limited by incomplete triplet–triplet annihilation, which occurs with a rate 3–4 orders of magnitude slower than in solution-phase upconversion systems. Here, films using CdSe nanocrystal (NC) triplet photosensitizers in conjunction with diphenylanthracene (DPA) emitters doe for the conversion of green to blue light.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Rigsby
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Tsumugi Miyashita
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Dmitry A Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine California 92697 USA
| | - Sean T Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Ming L Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside Riverside CA 92521 USA
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29
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Ahmad W, Wang J, Li H, Ouyang Q, Wu W, Chen Q. Strategies for combining triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion sensitizers and acceptors in a host matrix. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.213944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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31
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The triplet exciton dynamics and diffusion properties of zinc and platinum-octaethylporphyrin nanoaggregates. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.113105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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32
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Neumann S, Wenger OS, Kerzig C. Controlling Spin-Correlated Radical Pairs with Donor-Acceptor Dyads: A New Concept to Generate Reduced Metal Complexes for More Efficient Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:4115-4123. [PMID: 33274791 PMCID: PMC7986886 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One-electron reduced metal complexes derived from photoactive ruthenium or iridium complexes are important intermediates for substrate activation steps in photoredox catalysis and for the photocatalytic generation of solar fuels. However, owing to the heavy atom effect, direct photochemical pathways to these key intermediates suffer from intrinsic efficiency problems resulting from rapid geminate recombination of radical pairs within the so-called solvent cage. In this study, we prepared and investigated molecular dyads capable of producing reduced metal complexes via an indirect pathway relying on a sequence of energy and electron transfer processes between a Ru complex and a covalently connected anthracene moiety. Our test reaction to establish the proof-of-concept is the photochemical reduction of ruthenium(tris)bipyridine by the ascorbate dianion as sacrificial donor in aqueous solution. The photochemical key step in the Ru-anthracene dyads is the reduction of a purely organic (anthracene) triplet excited state by the ascorbate dianion, yielding a spin-correlated radical pair whose (unproductive) recombination is strongly spin-forbidden. By carrying out detailed laser flash photolysis investigations, we provide clear evidence for the indirect reduced metal complex generation mechanism and show that this pathway can outperform the conventional direct metal complex photoreduction. The further optimization of our approach involving relatively simple molecular dyads might result in novel photocatalysts that convert substrates with unprecedented quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja Neumann
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
- Department of ChemistryJohannes Gutenberg University MainzDuesbergweg 10—1455128MainzGermany
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33
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Sherrie B, Funston AM, Frazer L. Optimal quantum dot size for photovoltaics with fusion. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24362-24367. [PMID: 33313628 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light fusion increases the efficiency of solar cells by converting photons with lower energy than the bandgap into higher energy photons. The solar cell converts the product photons to current. We use Monte Carlo simulation to predict that lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dot sensitizers will enable fusion with a figure of merit on the mA cm-2 scale, exceeding current records, while enabling silicon cell compatibility. Performance is highly sensitive to quantum dot size, on the order of mA cm-2 nm-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicta Sherrie
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science and School of Chemistry, Monash University, 17 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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34
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Kang MWC, Liu H, Kah JCY. Innate immune activation by conditioned medium of cancer cells following combined phototherapy with photosensitizer-loaded gold nanorods. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. B 2020; 8:10812-10824. [PMID: 33174587 DOI: 10.1039/d0tc00044b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based phototherapy has evolved to include immunotherapy as an effective treatment combination for cancers through inducing anti-cancer immune activation leading to downstream adaptive responses and immune protection. However, most cancer phototherapy studies that claimed anti-cancer immunogenic effects often included exogenous immunostimulants to potentiate immune responses and did not clearly establish their effects on immune cells. In this study, we showed that combined photodynamic (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) using gold nanorods (NRs) loaded with the photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) on endogenously formed mouse serum (MS) protein coronas (i.e., NR-MS-Ce6) on EMT6 murine mammary carcinoma cells could potentiate the activation of both J774A.1 macrophages and DC2.4 dendritic cells. The activation of these innate immune cells by the conditioned media from cancer cells treated with combined PDT + PTT was cell-type and number dependent. While treated B16-OVA murine melanoma cells induced lower activation levels for both immune cell types compared to EMT6, they caused higher pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion levels. Our study suggests the importance of immunological investigations to complement any nanoparticle-based therapeutic interventions to better evaluate their efficacy. This could be achieved through a simple approach to screen for the first line of immune responses arising from these therapies prior to in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malvin Wei Cherng Kang
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, University Hall, Tan Chin Tuan Wing, Level 04, #04-02, 21 Lower Kent Ridge, Singapore 119077, Singapore.
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35
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Barbosa de Mattos DF, Dreos A, Johnstone MD, Runemark A, Sauvée C, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Sundén H, Abrahamsson M. Covalent incorporation of diphenylanthracene in oxotriphenylhexanoate organogels as a quasi-solid photon upconversion matrix. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214705. [PMID: 33291902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) in solid state assemblies are desirable since they can be easily incorporated into devices such as solar cells, thus utilizing more of the solar spectrum. Realizing this is, however, a significant challenge that must circumvent the need for molecular diffusion, poor exciton migration, and detrimental back energy transfer among other hurdles. Here, we show that the above-mentioned issues can be overcome using the versatile and easily synthesized oxotriphenylhexanoate (OTHO) gelator that allows covalent incorporation of chromophores (or other functional units) at well-defined positions. To study the self-assembly properties as well as its use as a TTA-UC platform, we combine the benchmark couple platinum octaethylporphyrin as a sensitizer and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) as an annihilator, where DPA is covalently linked to the OTHO gelator at different positions. We show that TTA-UC can be achieved in the chromophore-decorated gels and that the position of attachment affects the photophysical properties as well as triplet energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation. This study not only provides proof-of-principle for the covalent approach but also highlights the need for a detailed mechanistic insight into the photophysical processes underpinning solid state TTA-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise F Barbosa de Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - August Runemark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Sauvée
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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van Son MHC, Berghuis AM, Eisenreich F, de Waal B, Vantomme G, Gómez Rivas J, Meijer EW. Highly Ordered 2D-Assemblies of Phase-Segregated Block Molecules for Upconverted Linearly Polarized Emission. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004775. [PMID: 33118197 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Materials based on the laminar ordering of self-assembled molecules have a unique potential for applications requiring efficient energy migration through densely packed chromophores. Here, employing molecular assemblies of coil-rod-coil block molecules for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) based on triplet energy migration with linearly polarized emission is reported. By covalently attaching discrete-length oligodimethylsiloxane (oDMS) to 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA), highly ordered 2D crystalline DPA sheets separated by oDMS layers are obtained. Transparent films of this material doped with small amounts of triplet sensitizer PtII octaethylporphyrin show air-stable TTA-UC under non-coherent excitation. Upon annealing, an increase in TTA-UC up to two orders of magnitude is observed originating from both an improved molecular ordering of DPA and an increased dispersion of the sensitizer. The molecular alignment in millimeter-sized domains leads to upconverted linearly polarized emission without alignment layers. By using a novel technique, upconversion imaging microscopy, the TTA-UC intensity is spatially resolved on a micrometer scale to visually demonstrate the importance of molecular dispersion of sensitizer molecules for efficient TTA-UC. The reported results are promising for anti-counterfeiting and 3D night-vision applications, but also exemplify the potential of discrete oligodimethylsiloxane functionalized chromophores for highly aligned and densely packed molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H C van Son
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Anton M Berghuis
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Eisenreich
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - E W Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
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37
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Fallon KJ, Churchill EM, Sanders SN, Shee J, Weber JL, Meir R, Jockusch S, Reichman DR, Sfeir MY, Congreve DN, Campos LM. Molecular Engineering of Chromophores to Enable Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19917-19925. [PMID: 33174728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) is an unconventional photophysical process that yields high-energy photons from low-energy incident light and offers pathways for innovation across many technologies, including solar energy harvesting, photochemistry, and optogenetics. Within aromatic organic chromophores, TTA-UC is achieved through several consecutive energy conversion events that ultimately fuse two triplet excitons into a singlet exciton. In chromophores where the singlet exciton is roughly isoergic with two triplet excitons, the limiting step is the triplet-triplet annihilation pathway, where the kinetics and yield depend sensitively on the energies of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states. Herein we report up to 40-fold improvements in upconversion quantum yields using molecular engineering to selectively tailor the relative energies of the lowest singlet and triplet excited states, enhancing the yield of triplet-triplet annihilation and promoting radiative decay of the resulting singlet exciton. Using this general and effective strategy, we obtain upconversion yields with red emission that are among the highest reported, with remarkable chemical stability under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kealan J Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Emily M Churchill
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Samuel N Sanders
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - James Shee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - John L Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Rinat Meir
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Department of Physics, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10016, United States.,Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Daniel N Congreve
- Rowland Institute at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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38
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Tamura H. Triplet Exciton Transfers and Triplet-Triplet Annihilation in Anthracene Derivatives via Direct versus Superexchange Pathways Governed by Molecular Packing. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:7943-7949. [PMID: 32902271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Triplet exciton transfer (TET) and triplet-triplet annihilations (TTAs) in anthracene derivatives, namely, one of the polymorphs of 9,10-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)anthracene (TIPS-ANTp) and 1,2,3,4-tetrafluoro-5,8-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)anthracene (F4-TMS-ANT), are analyzed theoretically. The electronic couplings for TET and TTA are evaluated by means of the diabatization scheme in conjunction with the time-dependent density functional theory and the multireference second-order Møller-Plesset method. The TET rate is estimated on the basis of Fermi's golden rule considering the Franck-Condon factor of intramolecular modes. TTA is analyzed by means of quantum dynamics calculations with the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree method. TET in the cofacially stacked F4-TMS-ANT is faster than that of the slip-stacked TIPS-ANTp. In the anthracene derivatives, a singlet exciton is lower in energy than a pair of triplets. F4-TMS-ANT can exhibit an ultrafast TTA via the superexchange pathway mediated by higher lying charge transfer (CT) states, owing to strong electronic couplings. In contrast, TIPS-ANTp exhibits an inefficient TTA via the direct pathway with a small two-electron coupling. The cofacial stacking decreases the energy gap to the intermediate CT states, thereby facilitating TET and TTA via the superexchange pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Tamura
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904 Japan
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39
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Huang Z, Xu Z, Huang T, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Lian T, Tang ML. Evolution from Tunneling to Hopping Mediated Triplet Energy Transfer from Quantum Dots to Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17581-17588. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box
523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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40
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Nam SK, Kim K, Kang JH, Moon JH. Dual-sensitized upconversion-assisted, triple-band absorbing luminescent solar concentrators. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17265-17271. [PMID: 32400778 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent solar concentrator-photovoltaic systems (LSC-PV) harvest solar light by using transparent photoluminescent plates, which is expected to be particularly useful for building-integrated PV applications. LSC panels that absorb multiple wavelength bands are required to achieve high power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this study, we demonstrate a pair of downshift LSC and photon upconversion (UC) LSC, absorbing triple bands (violet, green, and red light). The UC is obtained by energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation between sensitizer and emitter dyes. In particular, we exploit the dual sensitizer to obtain absorption of the dual wavelength band. The couple with the UC LSC obtains photoluminescence of a single visible wavelength band from the LSC, which enables the use of wide bandgap solar cells to absorb it. Here, we apply mixed-cation perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high absorption coefficients, especially at visible wavelengths. In our triple-band-absorbing LSC-PSC, we achieve a maximum PCE of 8.99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Kyung Nam
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Baekbeom-ro 35, Mapo-gu, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Oddo AM, Mani T, Kumar CV. Micelles Embedded in Multiphasic Protein Hydrogel Enable Efficient and Air-Tolerant Triplet Fusion Upconversion with Heavy-Atom and Spin-Orbit Charge-Transfer Sensitizers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:39293-39303. [PMID: 32805935 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The applications of triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) in solar devices have been limited by the challenges in designing a TTA-UC system that is efficient under aerobic conditions. Efficient TTA-UC under aerobic conditions is typically accomplished by using soft matter or solid-state media, which succeed at protecting the triplet excited states of upconverters (sensitizer and annihilator) from quenching by molecular oxygen but fail at preserving their mobility, thus limiting the TTA-UC efficiency (ΦUC). We showcase a protein/lipid hydrogel that succeeded in doing both of the above due to its unique multiphasic design, with a high ΦUC of 19.0 ± 0.7% using a palladium octaethylporphyrin sensitizer. This hydrogel was made via an industrially compatible method using low-cost and eco-friendly materials: bovine serum albumin (BSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and water. A dense BSA network provided oxygen protection while the encapsulation of upconverters within a micellar SDS environment preserved upconverter mobility, ensuring near-unity triplet energy transfer efficiency. In addition to heavy atom-containing sensitizers, several completely organic, spin-orbit charge-transfer intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) Bodipy-based sensitizers were also studied; one of which achieved a ΦUC of 3.5 ± 0.2%, the only reported SOCT-ISC-sensitized ΦUC in soft matter to date. These high efficiencies showed that our multiphasic design was an excellent platform for air-tolerant TTA-UC and that it can be easily adapted to a variety of upconverters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Oddo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Tomoyasu Mani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Challa V Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- The Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
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42
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Lei Y, Chen K, Tang G, Zhao J, Gurzadyan GG. Bodipy-Phenylethynyl Anthracene Dyad: Spin-Orbit Charge Transfer Intersystem Crossing and Triplet Excited-State Equilibrium. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Papadopoulos I, Gutiérrez-Moreno D, McCosker PM, Casillas R, Keller PA, Sastre-Santos Á, Clark T, Fernández-Lázaro F, Guldi DM. Perylene-Monoimides: Singlet Fission Down-Conversion Competes with Up-Conversion by Geminate Triplet–Triplet Recombination. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:5727-5736. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Papadopoulos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Gutiérrez-Moreno
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Patrick M. McCosker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rubén Casillas
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Paul A. Keller
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ángela Sastre-Santos
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Computer-Chemie-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fernando Fernández-Lázaro
- Área de Química Orgánica, Instituto de Bioingeniería, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Avdade la Universidad s/n, Elche E-03202, Spain
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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44
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Hörmann FM, Kerzig C, Chung TS, Bauer A, Wenger OS, Bach T. Triplet Energy Transfer from Ruthenium Complexes to Chiral Eniminium Ions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutanecarbaldehydes by [2+2] Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:9659-9668. [PMID: 32166853 PMCID: PMC7318320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Chiral eniminium salts, prepared from α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and a chiral proline derived secondary amine, underwent, upon irradiation with visible light, a ruthenium-catalyzed (2.5 mol %) intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition to olefins, which after hydrolysis led to chiral cyclobutanecarbaldehydes (17 examples, 49-74 % yield), with high diastereo- and enantioselectivities. Ru(bpz)3 (PF6 )2 was utilized as the ruthenium catalyst and laser flash photolysis studies show that the catalyst operates exclusively by triplet-energy transfer (sensitization). A catalytic system was devised with a chiral secondary amine co-catalyst. In the catalytic reactions, Ru(bpy)3 (PF6 )2 was employed, and laser flash photolysis experiments suggest it undergoes both electron and energy transfer. However, experimental evidence supports the hypothesis that energy transfer is the only productive quenching mechanism. Control experiments using Ir(ppy)3 showed no catalysis for the intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of an eniminium ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Hörmann
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Tim S. Chung
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of BaselSt. Johanns-Ring 194056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstraße 485747GarchingGermany
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45
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Gray V, Allardice JR, Zhang Z, Dowland S, Xiao J, Petty AJ, Anthony JE, Greenham NC, Rao A. Direct vs Delayed Triplet Energy Transfer from Organic Semiconductors to Quantum Dots and Implications for Luminescent Harvesting of Triplet Excitons. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4224-4234. [PMID: 32181633 PMCID: PMC7199217 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid inorganic-organic materials such as quantum dots (QDs) coupled with organic semiconductors have a wide range of optoelectronic applications, taking advantage of the respective materials' strengths. A key area of investigation in such systems is the transfer of triplet exciton states to and from QDs, which has potential applications in the luminescent harvesting of triplet excitons generated by singlet fission, in photocatalysis and photochemical upconversion. While the transfer of energy from QDs to the triplet state of organic semiconductors has been intensely studied in recent years, the mechanism and materials parameters controlling the reverse process, triplet transfer to QDs, have not been well investigated. Here, through a combination of steady-state and time-resolved optical spectroscopy we study the mechanism and energetic dependence of triplet energy transfer from an organic ligand (TIPS-tetracene carboxylic acid) to PbS QDs. Over an energetic range spanning from exothermic (-0.3 eV) to endothermic (+0.1 eV) triplet energy transfer we find that the triplet energy transfer to the QD occurs through a single step process with a clear energy dependence that is consistent with an electron exchange mechanism as described by Marcus-Hush theory. In contrast, the reverse process, energy transfer from the QD to the triplet state of the ligand, does not show any energy dependence in the studied energy range; interestingly, a delayed formation of the triplet state occurs relative to the quantum dots' decay. Based on the energetic dependence of triplet energy transfer we also suggest design criteria for future materials systems where triplet excitons from organic semiconductors are harvested via QDs, for instance in light emitting structures or the harvesting of triplet excitons generated via singlet fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gray
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesse R. Allardice
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Zhilong Zhang
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Dowland
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - James Xiao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Petty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 161 Jacobs Science Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0174, United States
| | - John E. Anthony
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, 161 Jacobs Science Building, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0174, United States
| | - Neil C. Greenham
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, United Kingdom
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46
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Hörmann FM, Kerzig C, Chung TS, Bauer A, Wenger OS, Bach T. Triplet Energy Transfer from Ruthenium Complexes to Chiral Eniminium Ions: Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclobutanecarbaldehydes by [2+2] Photocycloaddition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M. Hörmann
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Tim S. Chung
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Bach
- Department Chemie and Catalysis Research Center (CRC)Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85747 Garching Germany
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47
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Samet A, Pillet S, Abid Y. Sensitizer-free photon up conversion in (HQ) 2ZnCl 4 and HQCl crystals: systems involving resonant energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1575-1582. [PMID: 31894214 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work deals with normal luminescence and up-conversion luminescence involving charge transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation in the lead free hybrid materials (HQ)2[ZnCl4] and HQCl salt; HQ is the hydroxyquinolate cation (HQ+ = C9H8NO+). The crystal structures were determined by X-ray diffraction and the optical properties were investigated by optical absorption and photoluminescence measurements and electronic band structure calculations. Under UV excitation, the normal luminescence is associated with π-π* transitions within the organic cation and involves energy and charge transfer between the inorganic ion and organic cation. Moreover, photoluminescence measurements under various excitation wavelengths performed on the hybrid (HQ)2[ZnCl4] and the salt HQCl have shown efficient up conversion of light from the near infrared (855 nm) to the visible region at 471 nm and 490 nm respectively. This behavior is described as sensitizer-free up-conversion luminescence based on the triplet-triplet annihilation process (TTA-UCL). These compounds are believed to be the first sensitizer-free TTA up-converting materials found in the organic metal halide family. Compared with the conventional TTA-UC solid systems based on precious and heavy metal organic complexes, the title compounds exhibit efficient photon up-conversion. Furthermore, they have extended the NIR conversion photons to a wide spectral interval of about 300 nm centred around 850 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Samet
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Sebastien Pillet
- Universite de Lorraine, BP 239, 54506 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Younes Abid
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Université de Sfax, BP 1171, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia.
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48
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Ye C, Gray V, Kushwaha K, Kumar Singh S, Erhart P, Börjesson K. Optimizing photon upconversion by decoupling excimer formation and triplet triplet annihilation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:1715-1720. [PMID: 31895392 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06561j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Perylene is a promising annihilator candidate for triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion, which has been successfully used in solar cells and in photocatalysis. Perylene can, however, form excimers, reducing the energy conversion efficiency and hindering further development of TTA-UC systems. Alkyl substitution of perylene can suppress excimer formation, but decelerate triplet energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation at the same time. Our results show that mono-substitution with small alkyl groups selectively blocks excimer formation without severly compromising the TTA-UC efficiency. The experimental results are complemented by DFT calculations, which demonstrate that excimer formation is suppressed by steric repulsion. The results demonstrate how the chemical structure can be modified to block unwanted intermolecular excited state relaxation pathways with minimal effect on the preferred ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden and Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thompson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Khushbu Kushwaha
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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49
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Isokuortti J, Allu SR, Efimov A, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Tkachenko NV, Vinogradov SA, Laaksonen T, Durandin NA. Endothermic and Exothermic Energy Transfer Made Equally Efficient for Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:318-324. [PMID: 31854990 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Expanding the anti-Stokes shift for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) systems with high quantum yields without compromising power density thresholds (Ith) remains a critical challenge in photonics. Our studies reveal that such expansion is possible by using a highly endothermic TTA-UC pair with an enthalpy difference of +80 meV even in a polymer matrix 1000 times more viscous than toluene. Carrying out efficient endothermic triplet-triplet energy transfer (TET) requires suppression of the reverse annihilator-to-sensitizer TET, which was achieved by using sensitizers with high molar extinction coefficients and long triplet state lifetimes as well as optimized annihilator concentrations. Under these conditions, the sensitizer-to-annihilator forward TET becomes effectively entropy driven, yielding upconversion quantum yields comparable to those achieved with the exothermic TTA-UC pair but with larger anti-Stokes shifts and even lower Ith, a previously unattained achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Isokuortti
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
| | - Srinivasa Rao Allu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Alexander Efimov
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
| | - Elina Vuorimaa-Laukkanen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
| | - Nikolai V Tkachenko
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
| | - Sergei A Vinogradov
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , Viikinkaari 5 E , 00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Nikita A Durandin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences , Tampere University , Korkeakoulunkatu 8 , 33720 Tampere , Finland
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50
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Wei Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhang S, Zhang B, Zhou X, Liu S. Solvent effects on triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion kinetics of perylene with a Bodipy-phenyl-C 60 photosensitizer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26372-26382. [PMID: 33179633 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04230g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The solvent effect usually plays an important role in triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion processes. In this work, we have studied the TTA upconversion kinetics of perylene with Bodipy-phenyl-C60 as the triplet photosensitizer in five solvents, 1,4-dioxane, dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Although no significant solvent effect was observed in steady-state absorption and fluorescence emission spectra, the overall TTA upconversion quantum yields showed a profound dependence on solvent properties, i.e. 4.9% in 1,4-dioxane, 7.1% in dichlorobenzene, 6.7% in chlorobenzene, 4.6% in toluene, and 2.2% in THF (the maximum of 50%). Each elementary reaction step involved in the overall process was analyzed by applying femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, revealing that the fluorescence emission of perylene was more significantly affected by the solvents in contrast to the other steps. Moreover, an extra intramolecular energy-transfer pathway of Bodipy-phenyl-C60 was found via the formation of charge-separated states in dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, and THF solvents, once being excited. These conclusions provide valuable clues to choose the most favorable solvent for the higher TTA upconversion efficiency in related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxiong Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.
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