1
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Madawala C, Molina C, Kim D, Gamage DK, Sun M, Leibensperger RJ, Mehndiratta L, Lee J, Kaluarachchi CP, Kimble KA, Sandstrom G, Harb C, Dinasquet J, Malfatti F, Prather KA, Deane GB, Stokes MD, Lee C, Slade JH, Stone EA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Effects of Wind Speed on Size-Dependent Morphology and Composition of Sea Spray Aerosols. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2024; 8:1609-1622. [PMID: 39166261 PMCID: PMC11331522 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.4c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Variable wind speeds over the ocean can have a significant impact on the formation mechanism and physical-chemical properties of sea spray aerosols (SSA), which in turn influence their climate-relevant impacts. Herein, for the first time, we investigate the effects of wind speed on size-dependent morphology and composition of individual nascent SSA generated from wind-wave interactions of natural seawater within a wind-wave channel as a function of size and their particle-to-particle variability. Filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), AFM infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed in this regard. This study focuses on SSA with sizes within 0.04-1.8 μm generated at two wind speeds: 10 m/s, representing a wind lull scenario over the ocean, and 19 m/s, indicative of the wind speeds encountered in stormy conditions. Filter-based measurements revealed a reduction of the organic mass fraction as the wind speed increases. AFM imaging at 20% relative humidity of individual SSA identified six main morphologies: prism-like, rounded, core-shell, rod, rod inclusion core-shell, and aggregates. At 10 m/s, most SSA were rounded, while at 19 m/s, core-shells became predominant. Based on AFM-IR, rounded SSA at both wind speeds had similar composition, mainly composed of aliphatic and oxygenated species, whereas the shells of core-shells displayed more oxygenated organics at 19 m/s and more aliphatic organics at 10 m/s. Collectively, our observations can be attributed to the disruption of the sea surface microlayer film structure at higher wind speeds. The findings reveal a significant impact of wind speed on morphology and composition of SSA, which should be accounted for accurate assessment of their climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamika
K. Madawala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Carolina Molina
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Mengnan Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Raymond J. Leibensperger
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Lincoln Mehndiratta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jennie Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Ke’La A. Kimble
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Greg Sandstrom
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Charbel Harb
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department
of Life Science, Universita’ degli
Studi di Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Grant B. Deane
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - M. Dale Stokes
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan H. Slade
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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2
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Freedman MA, Huang Q, Pitta KR. Phase Transitions in Organic and Organic/Inorganic Aerosol Particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:257-281. [PMID: 38382569 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-115909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The phase state of aerosol particles can impact numerous atmospheric processes, including new particle growth, heterogeneous chemistry, cloud condensation nucleus formation, and ice nucleation. In this article, the phase transitions of inorganic, organic, and organic/inorganic aerosol particles are discussed, with particular focus on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). The physical chemistry that determines whether LLPS occurs, at what relative humidity it occurs, and the resultant particle morphology is explained using both theoretical and experimental methods. The known impacts of LLPS on aerosol processes in the atmosphere are discussed. Finally, potential evidence for LLPS from field and chamber studies is presented. By understanding the physical chemistry of the phase transitions of aerosol particles, we will acquire a better understanding of aerosol processes, which in turn impact human health and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Arak Freedman
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Qishen Huang
- Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China;
| | - Kiran R Pitta
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
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3
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Yang B, Xie Z, Liu J, Gui H, Zhang J, Wei X, Fan Z, Zhang D. Investigating the effect of volatility on the hygroscopicities of acetate nanoparticle aerosols by surface plasmon resonance microscopy. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:167-178. [PMID: 38135385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Under high relative humidity (RH) conditions, the release of volatile components (such as acetate) has a significant impact on the aerosol hygroscopicity. In this work, one surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) measurement system was introduced to determine the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of three acetate aerosols separately or mixed with glucose at different RHs. For Ca(CH3COO)2 or Mg(CH3COO)2 aerosols, the hygroscopic growth trend of each time was lower than that of the previous time in three cyclic humidification from 70% RH to 90% RH, which may be due to the volatility of acetic acid leading to the formation of insoluble hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 or Mg(OH)2) under high RH conditions. Then the third calculated GF (using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson method) for Ca(CH3COO)2 or Mg(CH3COO)2 in bicomponent aerosols with 1:1 mass ratio were 3.20% or 5.33% lower than that of the first calculated GF at 90% RH. The calculated results also showed that the hygroscopicity change of bicomponent aerosol was negatively correlated with glucose content, especially when the mass ratio of Mg(CH3COO)2 to glucose was 1:2, the GF at 90% RH only decreased by 4.67% after three cyclic humidification. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrum (ICP-AES) based measurements also indicated that the changes of Mg2+concentration in bicomponent was lower than that of the single-component. The results of this study reveal thatduring the efflorescence transitions of atmospheric nanoparticles, the organic acids diffusion rate may be inhibited by the coating effect of neutral organic components, and the particles aging cycle will be prolonged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zetao Fan
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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4
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Miyauchi M. Water Adsorption on Hydrophilic Fibers and Porous and Deliquescent Materials: Cellulose, Polysaccharide, Silica, Inorganic Salt, Sugar Alcohol, and Amino Acid. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:44212-44220. [PMID: 38027329 PMCID: PMC10666253 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Water adsorption isotherms are systematically summarized by using celluloses and polysaccharides as hydrophilic crystal/amorphous materials with functional groups, silicas as hydrophilic porous materials, and inorganic salts, sugar alcohols, and amino acids as hygroscopic deliquescent materials. For hydrophilic fibers such as celluloses and polysaccharides, water was adsorbed on amorphous solids, and water clusters were formed around functional groups. For porous materials such as silicas, capillary condensation occurred in the micropores of silicas. For deliquescent materials such as inorganic salts, sugar alcohols, and amino acids, water adsorption rapidly increased stepwise at a specific threshold relative humidity, accompanied with a structure transformation to a liquid state. In addition, the water activity (Aw) of materials used in packed products was able to be estimated from the water adsorption isotherms of the pure component. This indicated that the deliquescent materials have a great effect on the depression of Aw for the suppression of microbial growth at an extremely high water content. The deliquescent materials could be useful to develop new environmentally and sustainable products and technologies with the mediation of water vapor and/or hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Miyauchi
- Tobacco Science Research
Center, R&D Group, Japan Tobacco Inc., 6-2 Umegaoka, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-8512, Japan
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5
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Bain A, Chan MN, Bzdek BR. Physical properties of short chain aqueous organosulfate aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE: ATMOSPHERES 2023; 3:1365-1373. [PMID: 38013727 PMCID: PMC10500313 DOI: 10.1039/d3ea00088e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates comprise up to 30% of the organic fraction of aerosol. Organosulfate aerosol physical properties, such as water activity, density, refractive index, and surface tension, are key to predicting their impact on global climate. However, current understanding of these properties is limited. Here, we measure the physical properties of aqueous solutions containing sodium methyl or ethyl sulfate and parameterise the data as a function of solute concentration. The experimental data are compared to available literature data for organosulfates, as well as salts (sodium sulfate and sodium bisulfate) and organics (short alkyl chain length alcohols and carboxylic acids) to determine if the physical properties of organosulfates can be approximated by molecules of similar functionality. With the exception of water activity, we find that organosulfates have intermediate physical properties between those of the salts and short alkyl chain organics. This work highlights the importance of measuring and developing models for the physical properties of abundant atmospheric organosulfates in order to better describe aerosol's impact on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Bain
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol UK
| | - Man Nin Chan
- Earth System Science Programme, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
- The Institute of Environment, Energy and Sustainability, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China
| | - Bryan R Bzdek
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Bristol UK
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6
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Yang B, Xie Z, Liu J, Gui H, Zhang J, Wei X, Wang J, Fan Z, Zhang D. Investigating the hygroscopicities of calcium and magnesium salt particles aged with SO 2 using surface plasmon resonance microscopy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161588. [PMID: 36642280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopicities of calcium and magnesium salts strongly affect the environment and climate, but the aging products of these salts at high relative humidities (RHs) are still poorly understood. In this study, surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) was used to determine the hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) of Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 separately or mixed with galactose at different mass ratios at different RHs before and after aging. For all particles, the measured GFs showed no indication of deliquescence across the range of RHs tested, and overall hygroscopicity was clearly lower after than before aging. The Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 GFs at 90 % RH were 1.80 and 1.66, respectively, before aging and 1.33 and 1.42, respectively, after 4 h aging, meaning aging decreased the GFs by 26.11 % and 14.46 %, respectively. Aging decreased the hygroscopicity because insoluble or sparingly soluble substances (CaSO3, CaSO4, MgSO3) formed and strongly changed the overall hygroscopicity. For bicomponent aerosols with different mass ratios, the GFs (calculated using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson method) of the other components except galactose at 90 % RH after 1 h aging were all lower, respectively, than the measured GFs of pure Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 after aging for 1 h, especially with the mass ratio of 1:2, their GFs have decreased by 14.63 % and 7.50 %, respectively. Subsequently, Ion chromatograms indicated that the peak area ratio of SO42- to NO3- ratios were higher for the aged bicomponent particles than aged single-component particles, possibly because adding galactose improved the gas-liquid state stability during drying after the aging process and therefore promoted nitrate consumption and sulfate formation. The results indicated that organic components may play important roles in heterogeneous reactions between trace gases and multicomponent aerosols and should be considered in evaluating the impacts on submicron aerosol composition of high atmospheric SO2 concentrations at high humidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhibo Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xiuli Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Zetao Fan
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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7
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Peng C, Deng C, Lei T, Zheng J, Zhao J, Wang D, Wu Z, Wang L, Chen Y, Liu M, Jiang J, Ye A, Ge M, Wang W. Measurement of atmospheric nanoparticles: Bridging the gap between gas-phase molecules and larger particles. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:183-202. [PMID: 36521983 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nanoparticles are crucial components contributing to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and therefore have significant effects on visibility, climate, and human health. Due to the unique role of atmospheric nanoparticles during the evolution process from gas-phase molecules to larger particles, a number of sophisticated experimental techniques have been developed and employed for online monitoring and characterization of the physical and chemical properties of atmospheric nanoparticles, helping us to better understand the formation and growth of new particles. In this paper, we firstly review these state-of-the-art techniques for investigating the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles (e.g., the gas-phase precursor species, molecular clusters, physicochemical properties, and chemical composition). Secondly, we present findings from recent field studies on the formation and growth of atmospheric nanoparticles, utilizing several advanced techniques. Furthermore, perspectives are proposed for technique development and improvements in measuring atmospheric nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chenjuan Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Lei
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- School of Environment Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China
| | - Dongbin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP(3)), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Anpei Ye
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, Department of Electronics, School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weigang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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8
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Kaluarachchi C, Or VW, Lan Y, Hasenecz ES, Kim D, Madawala CK, Dorcé GP, Mayer KJ, Sauer JS, Lee C, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Stone EA, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Effects of Atmospheric Aging Processes on Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2732-2744. [PMID: 36425339 PMCID: PMC9677592 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of atmospheric aging on single-particle nascent sea spray aerosol (nSSA) physicochemical properties, such as morphology, composition, phase state, and water uptake, are important to understanding their impacts on the Earth's climate. The present study investigates these properties by focusing on the aged SSA (size range of 0.1-0.6 μm) and comparing with a similar size range nSSA, both generated at a peak of a phytoplankton bloom during a mesocosm study. The aged SSAs were generated by exposing nSSA to OH radicals with exposures equivalent to 4-5 days of atmospheric aging. Complementary filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM photothermal infrared spectroscopy were utilized. Both nSSA and aged SSA showed an increase in the organic mass fraction with decreasing particle sizes. In addition, aging results in a further increase of the organic mass fraction, which can be attributed to new particle formation and oxidation of volatile organic compounds followed by condensation on pre-existing particles. The results are consistent with single-particle measurements that showed a relative increase in the abundance of aged SSA core-shells with significantly higher organic coating thickness, relative to nSSA. Increased hygroscopicity was observed for aged SSA core-shells, which had more oxygenated organic species. Rounded nSSA and aged SSA had similar hygroscopicity and no apparent changes in the composition. The observed changes in aged SSA physicochemical properties showed a significant size-dependence and particle-to-particle variability. Overall, results showed that the atmospheric aging can significantly influence the nSSA physicochemical properties, thus altering the SSA effects on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor W. Or
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yiling Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elias S. Hasenecz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chamika K. Madawala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Glorianne P. Dorcé
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Sauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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9
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Bramblett RL, Frossard AA. Constraining the Effect of Surfactants on the Hygroscopic Growth of Model Sea Spray Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:8695-8710. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c04539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Bramblett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30606, United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30606, United States
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10
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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11
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Sonoki Y, Dat Pham Q, Sparr E. Beyond Additivity: A mixture of glucose and NaCl can influence skin hydration more than the individual compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:554-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Sauer JS, Mayer KJ, Lee C, Alves MR, Amiri S, Bahaveolos CJ, Franklin EB, Crocker DR, Dang D, Dinasquet J, Garofalo LA, Kaluarachchi CP, Kilgour DB, Mael LE, Mitts BA, Moon DR, Moore AN, Morris CK, Mullenmeister CA, Ni CM, Pendergraft MA, Petras D, Simpson RMC, Smith S, Tumminello PR, Walker JL, DeMott PJ, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Jaffe JS, Malfatti F, Martz TR, Slade JH, Tivanski AV, Bertram TH, Cappa CD, Prather KA. The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:290-315. [PMID: 35048927 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Brock A Mitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel R Moon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute for Chemical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Mullenmeister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Chi-Min Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Simpson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph L Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jules S Jaffe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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13
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Li W, Teng X, Chen X, Liu L, Xu L, Zhang J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Shi Z. Organic Coating Reduces Hygroscopic Growth of Phase-Separated Aerosol Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16339-16346. [PMID: 34894668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of secondary aerosol particles are liquid-liquid phase-separated with an organic shell and an inorganic core. This has the potential to regulate the hygroscopicity of such particles, with significant implications for their optical properties, reactivity, and lifetime. However, it is unclear how this phase separation affects the hygroscopic growth of the particles. Here, we showed a large variation in hygroscopic growth (e.g., 1.14-1.32 under a relative humidity (RH) of 90%) of particles from the forest and urban atmosphere, which had different average core-shell ratios. For this reason, a controlled laboratory experiment further quantifies the impact of the organic shell on particle growth with different RH values. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that (NH4)2SO4 particles with thicker secondary organic shells have a lower growth factor at an RH below 94%. Organic shells started to deliquesce first (RH > 50%) and the phase changes of sulfate cores from solid to liquid took place at an RH higher than 80% as deliquescence relative humidity of pure (NH4)2SO4. Our study provides the first direct evidence on an individual particle basis that hygroscopic growth behavior of phase-separated particles is dependent on the thickness of organic shells, highlighting the importance of organic coating in water uptake and possible heterogeneous reactions of the phase-separated particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaome Teng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiyao Chen
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Earth Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zongbo Shi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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14
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Mael LE, Busse HL, Peiker G, Grassian VH. Low-Temperature Water Uptake of Individual Marine and Biologically Relevant Atmospheric Particles Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9691-9699. [PMID: 34714998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c08037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of water vapor and the water uptake behavior of atmospheric particles are often investigated as a function of relative humidity (0-100% RH) at ambient temperature. However, lower temperature studies are important to understand how atmospheric particles nucleate ice through various mechanisms including immersion freezing. Immersion freezing requires the formation of a condensed water droplet at lower temperatures prior to freezing. To better understand low-temperature water uptake behavior of marine and biologically relevant atmospheric particles, we have investigated water uptake of single atmospheric particles using a micro-Raman spectrometer coupled to an environmental cell for measurements at lower temperatures and as a function of relative humidity. These particles include sodium chloride, sucrose, Snomax, lipopolysaccharide, and laminarin. Particles range in size from 2 to 3 μm in diameter and can be monitored by using optical microscopy and Raman spectroscopy as a function of relative humidity at temperatures between 253 and 298 K. From the Raman spectra collected, we can determine a Raman growth factor defined as an increase in the intensity of the O-H stretch as a measure of the integrated water content of a particle compared to the dry particle. These data show that for lipopolysaccharide, laminarin, and Snomax, unlike simple saccharides such as sucrose and other soluble organics, as temperature decreases, water uptake begins at lower relative humidity and does not follow a solubility temperature dependence. This suggests that at lower temperatures the particles are adsorbing water on the surface rather than dissolving and absorbing water. Furthermore, repeated water uptake cycles cause a change in the morphology of some of these particles, which is shown to promote water uptake at lower relative humidity. These results give new insights into water uptake of these different marine and biologically relevant particles at low temperature at subsaturation relative humidity prior to droplet formation and immersion freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Heidi L Busse
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Gordon Peiker
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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15
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Carter-Fenk KA, Dommer AC, Fiamingo ME, Kim J, Amaro RE, Allen HC. Calcium bridging drives polysaccharide co-adsorption to a proxy sea surface microlayer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16401-16416. [PMID: 34318808 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01407b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saccharides comprise a significant mass fraction of organic carbon in sea spray aerosol (SSA), but the mechanisms through which saccharides are transferred from seawater to the ocean surface and eventually into SSA are unclear. It is hypothesized that saccharides cooperatively adsorb to other insoluble organic matter at the air/sea interface, known as the sea surface microlayer (SSML). Using a combination of surface-sensitive infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that the marine-relevant, anionic polysaccharide alginate co-adsorbs to an insoluble palmitic acid monolayer via divalent cationic bridging interactions. Ca2+ induces the greatest extent of alginate co-adsorption to the monolayer, evidenced by the ∼30% increase in surface coverage, whereas Mg2+ only facilitates one-third the extent of co-adsorption at seawater-relevant cation concentrations due to its strong hydration propensity. Na+ cations alone do not facilitate alginate co-adsorption, and palmitic acid protonation hinders the formation of divalent cationic bridges between the palmitate and alginate carboxylate moieties. Alginate co-adsorption is largely confined to the interfacial region beneath the monolayer headgroups, so surface pressure, and thus monolayer surface coverage, only changes the amount of alginate co-adsorption by less than 5%. Our results provide physical and molecular characterization of a potentially significant polysaccharide enrichment mechanism within the SSML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Carter-Fenk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Ma S, Pang S, Li J, Zhang Y. A review of efflorescence kinetics studies on atmospherically relevant particles. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130320. [PMID: 33773310 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The efflorescence transitions of aerosol particles have been intensively investigated due to their critical impacts on global climate and atmospheric chemistry. In the present study, we present a critical review of efflorescence kinetics focusing on three key issues: the efflorescence relative humidity (ERH) and the influence factors for aerosol ERH (e.g. particle sizes, and temperature); efflorescence processes of mixed aerosols, concerning the effect of coexisting inorganic and organic components on the efflorescence of inorganic salts; homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation rates of pure and mixed aerosols. Among the previous studies, there are significant discrepancies for measured aerosol ERH under even the same conditions. Moreover, the interactions between organic and inorganic components remain largely unclear, causing efflorescence transition behaviours and chemical composition evolutions of certain mixed systems to be debatable. Thus, it is important to better understand efflorescence to gain insights into the physicochemical properties and characterize observed efflorescence characteristics of atmospheric particles, as well as guide further studies on aerosol hygroscopicity and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Lee C, Dommer AC, Schiffer JM, Amaro RE, Grassian VH, Prather KA. Cation-Driven Lipopolysaccharide Morphological Changes Impact Heterogeneous Reactions of Nitric Acid with Sea Spray Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5023-5029. [PMID: 34024101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in sea spray aerosol (SSA) particles have recently been shown to undergo heterogeneous reactions with HNO3 in the atmosphere. Here, we integrate theory and experiment to further investigate how the most abundant sea salt cations, Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+, impact HNO3 reactions with LPS-containing SSA particles. Aerosol reaction flow tube studies show that heterogeneous reactions of SSA particles with divalent cation (Mg2+ and Ca2+) and LPS signatures were less reactive with HNO3 than those dominated by monovalent cations (Na+). All-atom molecular dynamics simulations of model LPS aggregates suggest that divalent cations cross-link the oligosaccharide chains to increase molecular aggregation and rigidity, which changes the particle phase and morphology, decreases water diffusion, and consequently decreases the reactive uptake of HNO3. This study provides new insight into how complex chemical interactions between ocean-derived salts and biogenic organic species can impact the heterogeneous reactivity of SSA particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Abigail C Dommer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jamie M Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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18
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Rosati B, Christiansen S, Dinesen A, Roldin P, Massling A, Nilsson ED, Bilde M. The impact of atmospheric oxidation on hygroscopicity and cloud droplet activation of inorganic sea spray aerosol. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10008. [PMID: 33976276 PMCID: PMC8113565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89346-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) contributes significantly to natural aerosol particle concentrations globally, in marine areas even dominantly. The potential changes of the omnipresent inorganic fraction of SSA due to atmospheric ageing is largely unexplored. In the atmosphere, SSA may exist as aqueous phase solution droplets or as dried solid or amorphous particles. We demonstrate that ageing of liquid NaCl and artificial sea salt aerosol by exposure to ozone and UV light leads to a substantial decrease in hygroscopicity and cloud activation potential of the dried particles of the same size. The results point towards surface reactions on the liquid aerosols that are more crucial for small particles and the formation of salt structures with water bound within the dried aerosols, termed hydrates. Our findings suggest an increased formation of hydrate forming salts during ageing and the presence of hydrates in dried SSA. Field observations indicate a reduced hygroscopic growth factor of sub-micrometre SSA in the marine atmosphere compared to fresh laboratory generated NaCl or sea salt of the same dry size, which is typically attributed to organic matter or sulphates. Aged inorganic sea salt offers an additional explanation for such a measured reduced hygroscopic growth factor and cloud activation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Rosati
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | | | - Anders Dinesen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Andreas Massling
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Aarhus, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - E Douglas Nilsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Merete Bilde
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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19
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Groth R, Cravigan LT, Niazi S, Ristovski Z, Johnson GR. In situ measurements of human cough aerosol hygroscopicity. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210209. [PMID: 33947221 PMCID: PMC8097516 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The airborne dynamics of respiratory droplets, and the transmission routes of pathogens embedded within them, are governed primarily by the diameter of the particles. These particles are composed of the fluid which lines the respiratory tract, and is primarily mucins and salts, which will interact with the atmosphere and evaporate to reach an equilibrium diameter. Measuring organic volume fraction (OVF) of cough aerosol has proved challenging due to large variability and low material volume produced after coughing. Here, the diametric hygroscopic growth factors (GF) of the cough aerosol produced by healthy participants were measured in situ using a rotating aerosol suspension chamber and a humidification tandem differential mobility analyser. Using hygroscopicity models, it was estimated that the average OVF in the evaporated cough aerosol was 0.88 ± 0.07 and the average GF at 90% relative humidity (RH) was 1.31 ± 0.03. To reach equilibrium in dry air the droplets will reduce in diameter by a factor of approximately 2.8 with an evaporation factor of 0.36 ± 0.05. Hysteresis was observed in cough aerosol at RH = ∼35% and RH = ∼65% for efflorescence and deliquescence, respectively, and may depend on the OVF. The same behaviour and GF were observed in nebulized bovine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Groth
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Luke T. Cravigan
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sadegh Niazi
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Zoran Ristovski
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Graham R. Johnson
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health (ILAQH), School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Lee HD, Tivanski AV. Atomic Force Microscopy: An Emerging Tool in Measuring the Phase State and Surface Tension of Individual Aerosol Particles. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 72:235-252. [PMID: 33428467 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090419-110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols are suspended particulate matter of varying composition, size, and mixing state. Challenges remain in understanding the impact of aerosols on the climate, atmosphere, and human health. The effect of aerosols depends on their physicochemical properties, such as their hygroscopicity, phase state, and surface tension. These properties are dynamic with respect to the highly variable relative humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. Thus, experimental approaches that permit the measurement of these dynamic properties are required. Such measurements also need to be performed on individual, submicrometer-, and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles, as individual atmospheric particles from the same source can exhibit great variability in their form and function. In this context, this review focuses on the recent emergence of atomic force microscopy as an experimental tool in physical, analytical, and atmospheric chemistry that enables such measurements. Remaining challenges are noted and suggestions for future studies are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansol D Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA; ,
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21
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Ma S, Yang M, Pang S, Zhang Y. Subsecond measurement on deliquescence kinetics of aerosol particles: Observation of partial dissolution and calculation of dissolution rates. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128507. [PMID: 33045506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The deliquescence behavior of atmospheric aerosols has significant effects on global climate and atmospheric heterogeneous chemistry but remains largely unclear. The deliquescence kinetics data of micron-sized particles are scarce owing to the difficulty on performing the time-resolved dissolution measurements. In view of this technique bottleneck, an applicable and powerful experimental technique, i. e., vacuum FTIR combining pulsed relative humidity (RH) change technique, is introduced for gaining deliquescence kinetics information of three inorganic salts. For NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 aerosols, a solid-liquid mixing state derived from partial dissolution of NaCl and (NH4)2SO4 crystals is present during deliquescence, and the recrystallization will occur once RH decreases. While for NaNO3 particles, the recrystallization cannot occur as RH decreases owing to the formed amorphous NaNO3 solids after dying. The dissolution rates of NaCl, (NH4)2SO4 and NaNO3 solid particles are calculated, as a first attempt, by the upward pulsed RH mode. The measured rates show a significant dependency on ambient RH with three orders of magnitude. For NaCl particles, the measured J values range from 1.41 × 10-4 to 7.67 × 10-1 s-1 at RH of 73.41-75.15%. The J for (NH4)2SO4 particles is 7.34 × 10-3 to 2.46 × 100 s-1 over the RH range of 77.27%-80.13%. The J values for amorphous NaNO3 solids range from 6.01 × 10-3 to 2.63 × 100 s-1 as RH increases from 71.15% to 73.84%. Our results fill in the dataset of atmospheric models describing the kinetics features of deliquescence and provide an insight into dynamic solid-solution transition for PM2.5 particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Yang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Shufeng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Xie Z, Kuai Y, Liu J, Gui H, Zhang J, Dai H, Xiao H, Chen DR, Zhang D. In Situ Quantitative Observation of Hygroscopic Growth of Single Nanoparticle Aerosol by Surface Plasmon Resonance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11062-11071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Xie
- Innovation Excellence Center for Urban Atmospheric Environment of CAS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Kuai
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province and Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Innovation Excellence Center for Urban Atmospheric Environment of CAS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
- College of Environmental Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Huaqiao Gui
- Innovation Excellence Center for Urban Atmospheric Environment of CAS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiaoshi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Haosheng Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology, Anhui Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Hang Xiao
- Innovation Excellence Center for Urban Atmospheric Environment of CAS, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Da-Ren Chen
- Particle Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 West Main Street, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Douguo Zhang
- Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province and Institute of Photonics, Department of Optics and Optical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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23
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Day CPF, Miloserdov A, Wildish-Jones K, Pearson E, Carruthers AE. Quantifying the hygroscopic properties of cyclodextrin containing aerosol for drug delivery to the lungs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11327-11336. [PMID: 32406900 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01385d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol dynamics is important to quantify in drug delivery to the lungs with the aim of delivering therapeutics to a target location and optimising drug efficacy. The macrocycle (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (2-HP-β-CD) is thought to alleviate symptoms associated with neurodegenerative diseases when inhaled but the hygroscopic response is not well understood. Here we measure the hygroscopic growth of individual aqueous aerosol containing 2-HP-β-CD in optical tweezers through analysis of morphology-dependent resonances arising in Raman spectra. Droplets are analysed in the size range of 3-5 μm in radius. The evolving radius and refractive index of each droplet are measured in response to change in relative humidity from 98-20% to determine mass and radius based hygroscopic growth factors, and compared with dynamic vapour sorption measurements. Bulk solution refractive index and density measurements were used in accordance with the self-consistent Lorenz-Lorentz rule to determine melt solute and droplet properties. The refractive index of 2-HP-β-CD was determined to be 1.520 ± 0.002 with a density of 1.389 ± 0.005 g cm-3. To our knowledge, we show the first aerosol measurements of 2-HP-β-CD and determine hygroscopicity. By quantifying the hygroscopic growth and physicochemical properties of 2-HP-β-CD, the impact of aerosol dynamics can be accounted for in tailoring drug formulations and informing models used to predict drug deposition patterns within the respiratory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P F Day
- Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Bedson Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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24
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DelloStritto M, Xu J, Wu X, Klein ML. Aqueous solvation of the chloride ion revisited with density functional theory: impact of correlation and exchange approximations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:10666-10675. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06821j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous chloride is simulated using PBE-D3, PBE0-D3, and SCAN to investigate the impact of exchange and correlation approximations; we find the exact exchange fraction strongly impacts the energetics and polarizability of solvated chloride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark DelloStritto
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Jianhang Xu
- Department of Physics
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Xifan Wu
- Department of Physics
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
| | - Michael L. Klein
- Institute for Computational Molecular Science
- Temple University SERC
- Philadelphia
- USA
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25
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Mael LE, Busse H, Grassian VH. Measurements of Immersion Freezing and Heterogeneous Chemistry of Atmospherically Relevant Single Particles with Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11138-11145. [PMID: 31373198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the atmosphere, there are several different trajectories by which particles can nucleate ice; two of the major pathways are deposition and immersion freezing. Single particle depositional freezing has been widely studied with spectroscopic methods while immersion freezing has been predominantly studied either for particles within bulk aqueous solutions or using optical imaging of single particles. Of the few existing spectroscopic methods that monitor immersion freezing, there are limited opportunities for investigating the impact of heterogeneous chemistry on freezing. Herein, we describe a method that couples a confocal Raman spectrometer with an environmental cell to investigate single particle immersion freezing along with the capability to investigate in situ the impact of heterogeneous reactions with ozone and other trace gases on ice nucleation. This system, which has been rigorously calibrated (temperature and relative humidity) across a large dynamic range, is used to investigate low temperature water uptake and heterogeneous ice nucleation of atmospherically relevant single particles deposited on a substrate. The use of Raman spectroscopy provides important insights into the phase state and chemical composition of ice nuclei and, thus, insights into cloud formation.
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26
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Ray KK, Lee HD, Gutierrez MA, Chang FJ, Tivanski AV. Correlating 3D Morphology, Phase State, and Viscoelastic Properties of Individual Substrate-Deposited Particles. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7621-7630. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal K. Ray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Hansol D. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Miguel A. Gutierrez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Franklin J. Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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27
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Bajaj P, Riera M, Lin JK, Mendoza Montijo YE, Gazca J, Paesani F. Halide Ion Microhydration: Structure, Energetics, and Spectroscopy of Small Halide–Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2843-2852. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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28
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Faust JA, Abbatt JPD. Organic Surfactants Protect Dissolved Aerosol Components against Heterogeneous Oxidation. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2114-2124. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A. Faust
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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29
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Taylor GT. Windows into Microbial Seascapes: Advances in Nanoscale Imaging and Application to Marine Sciences. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2019; 11:465-490. [PMID: 30134123 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-121916-063612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geochemical cycles of all nonconservative elements are mediated by microorganisms over nanometer spatial scales. The pelagic seascape is known to possess microstructure imposed by heterogeneous distributions of particles, polymeric gels, biologically important chemicals, and microbes. While indispensable, most traditional oceanographic observational approaches overlook this heterogeneity and ignore subtleties, such as activity hot spots, symbioses, niche partitioning, and intrapopulation phenotypic variations, that can provide a deeper mechanistic understanding of planktonic ecosystem function. As part of the movement toward cultivation-independent tools in microbial oceanography, techniques to examine the ecophysiology of individual populations and their role in chemical transformations at spatial scales relevant to microorganisms have been developed. This review presents technologies that enable geochemical and microbiological interrogations at spatial scales ranging from 0.02 to a few hundred micrometers, particularly focusing on atomic force microscopy, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, and confocal Raman microspectroscopy and introducing promising approaches for future applications in marine sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon T Taylor
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA;
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30
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Schiffer J, Mael LE, Prather KA, Amaro RE, Grassian VH. Sea Spray Aerosol: Where Marine Biology Meets Atmospheric Chemistry. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1617-1623. [PMID: 30648145 PMCID: PMC6311946 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have long been known to alter climate by scattering incoming solar radiation and acting as seeds for cloud formation. These processes have vast implications for controlling the chemistry of our environment and the Earth's climate. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is emitted over nearly three-quarters of our planet, yet precisely how SSA impacts Earth's radiation budget remains highly uncertain. Over the past several decades, studies have shown that SSA particles are far more complex than just sea salt. Ocean biological and physical processes produce individual SSA particles containing a diverse array of biological species including proteins, enzymes, bacteria, and viruses and a diverse array of organic compounds including fatty acids and sugars. Thus, a new frontier of research is emerging at the nexus of chemistry, biology, and atmospheric science. In this Outlook article, we discuss how current and future aerosol chemistry research demands a tight coupling between experimental (observational and laboratory studies) and computational (simulation-based) methods. This integration of approaches will enable the systematic interrogation of the complexity within individual SSA particles at a level that will enable prediction of the physicochemical properties of real-world SSA, ultimately illuminating the detailed mechanisms of how the constituents within individual SSA impact climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie
M. Schiffer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
| | - Liora E. Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Rommie E. Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0378, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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31
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Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is highly enriched in marine-derived organic compounds during seasons of high biological productivity, and saturated fatty acids comprise one of the most abundant classes of molecules. Fatty acids and other organic compounds form a film on SSA surfaces, and SSA particle surface-area-to-volume ratios are altered during aging in the marine boundary layer (MBL). To understand SSA surface organization and its role during dynamic atmospheric conditions, an SSA proxy fatty acid film and its individual components stearic acid (SA), palmitic acid (PA), and myristic acid (MA) are studied separately using surface pressure–area ( Π − A ) isotherms and Brewster angle microscopy (BAM). The films were spread on an aqueous NaCl subphase at pH 8.2, 5.6, and 2.0 to mimic nascent to aged SSA aqueous core composition in the MBL, respectively. We show that the individual fatty acid behavior differs from that of the SSA proxy film, and at nascent SSA pH the mixture yields a monolayer with intermediate rigidity that folds upon film compression to the collapse state. Acidification causes the SSA proxy film to become more rigid and form 3D nuclei. Our results reveal film morphology alterations, which are related to SSA reflectivity, throughout various stages of SSA aging and provide a better understanding of SSA impacts on climate.
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32
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Darr JP, Gottuso S, Alfarra M, Birge D, Ferris K, Woods D, Morales P, Grove M, Mitts WK, Mendoza-Lopez E, Johnson A. The Hydropathy Scale as a Gauge of Hygroscopicity in Sub-Micron Sodium Chloride-Amino Acid Aerosols. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8062-8070. [PMID: 30272971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sodium chloride, NaCl, is commonly used as a proxy for sea spray aerosols. However, field work has demonstrated that sea spray aerosols also often contain a significant organic component. In this work, we examine the effect of amino acids on the hygroscopic properties of NaCl aerosols using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer coupled to a flow-cell apparatus. It is found that the effect can be drastically different depending on the nature of the amino acid. More hydrophilic amino acids such as glycine lead to continuous hygroscopic growth of internally mixed NaCl-amino acid aerosols generated from an equimolar precursor solution. However, more hydrophobic amino acids such as alanine do not significantly alter the hygroscopicity of NaCl aerosols. The hydropathy scale is found to be a good qualitative diagnostic for the effect that an amino acid will have on the hygroscopicity of NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Darr
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Salvatore Gottuso
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Mohammed Alfarra
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - David Birge
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Kimberly Ferris
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Dillon Woods
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Paul Morales
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Megan Grove
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - William K Mitts
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Eduardo Mendoza-Lopez
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
| | - Amissabah Johnson
- University of Nebraska at Omaha , Department of Chemistry , 6001 Dodge Street, DSC 337 , Omaha , Nebraska 68182 , United States
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33
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Boreddy SKR, Kawamura K. Investigation on the hygroscopicity of oxalic acid and atmospherically relevant oxalate salts under sub- and supersaturated conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2018; 20:1069-1080. [PMID: 29953162 DOI: 10.1039/c8em00053k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid (OxA) is an end product in the oxidation of many organic compounds, and therefore is ubiquitous in the atmosphere and is often the most abundant organic species in ambient aerosols. To better understand the hygroscopic properties of OxA under sub- and supersaturated conditions in the atmosphere, we investigated the hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation ability of pure OxA and its salts using a hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) and cloud condensation nuclei counter (CCNC), respectively. OxA particles absorb water under >45% RH, suggesting that the initial phase state might be an amorphous solid. The measured hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of OxA at 90% RH was 1.47. We found that the HGF of ammonium oxalate (NH4-Ox) was larger than that of OxA, whereas HGFs of sodium, calcium, and magnesium oxalates (Na-Ox, Ca-Ox, and Mg-Ox) were smaller than that of OxA particles. Potassium oxalate (K-Ox) behaved like a typical water-soluble inorganic salt, exhibiting deliquescence and efflorescence transitions at around 85% and 50% RH, respectively. Na-Ox exhibited strong activation capabilities among all the investigated salts, followed by NH4-Ox and K-Ox as inferred from the activation ratios (CCN/CN) against supersaturations (SS). On the other hand, Ca-Ox showed moderate activation ability and Mg-Ox showed poor CCN activation ability. We also observed significantly higher κCCN values compared to κHTDMA for pure OxA and its salts (NH4-Ox and Na-Ox), suggesting that the condensation of OxA into the aqueous phase occurs during water uptake. These findings improve the fundamental understanding of hygroscopic behaviors and phase states of oxalic acid and its salts under sub- and supersaturated conditions in the atmosphere and impacts of hygroscopicity on the direct and indirect effects of aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh K R Boreddy
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
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34
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Or VW, Estillore AD, Tivanski AV, Grassian VH. Lab on a tip: atomic force microscopy – photothermal infrared spectroscopy of atmospherically relevant organic/inorganic aerosol particles in the nanometer to micrometer size range. Analyst 2018; 143:2765-2774. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
AFM-PTIR is utilized to analyze atmospherically relevant multicomponent substrate deposited aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor W. Or
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | - Armando D. Estillore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
| | | | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of California San Diego
- La Jolla
- USA
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Nanoengineering
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35
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Esat K, David G, Poulkas T, Shein M, Signorell R. Phase transition dynamics of single optically trapped aqueous potassium carbonate particles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:11598-11607. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp00599k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This study reveals that complex multiple processes occur during efflorescence and deliquescence in unsupported, submicron sized particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kıvanç Esat
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zürich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Grégory David
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zürich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | | | - Mikhail Shein
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zürich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
| | - Ruth Signorell
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- ETH Zürich
- Zürich
- Switzerland
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36
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Lee HD, Estillore AD, Morris HS, Ray KK, Alejandro A, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Direct Surface Tension Measurements of Individual Sub-Micrometer Particles Using Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8296-8305. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b04041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hansol D. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Holly S. Morris
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kamal K. Ray
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aldair Alejandro
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | | | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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