1
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Escayola S, Labella J, Szczepanik DW, Poater A, Torres T, Solà M, Matito E. From (Sub)Porphyrins to (Sub)Phthalocyanines: Aromaticity Signatures in the UV-Vis Absorption Spectra. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:18251-18262. [PMID: 39297344 PMCID: PMC11465665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel synthetic methods has greatly expanded the toolbox available to chemists for engineering porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives with precise electronic and optical properties. In this study, we focus on the UV-vis absorption characteristics of substituted phthalocyanines and their contracted analogs, subphthalocyanines, which feature nonplanar, bowl-shaped geometries. These macrocycles, which are central to numerous applications in materials science and catalysis, possess extensive π-conjugated systems that drive their unique electronic properties. We explore how the change from a metalloid (B) to a metal (Zn) and the resulting coordination environments influence the aromaticity and, consequently, the spectroscopic features of these systems. A combined computational and experimental approach reveals a direct correlation between the aromaticity of the external conjugated pathways and the Q bands in the UV-vis spectra. Our findings highlight key structural modifications that can be leveraged to fine-tune the optical properties of porphyrinoid systems, offering new pathways for the design of advanced materials and catalysts with tailored functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Escayola
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi 20018, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Dariusz W. Szczepanik
- Department
of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Albert Poater
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia,
Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany,
69, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi 20018, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Euskadi 48011, Spain
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2
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Desmedt E, Casademont-Reig I, Monreal-Corona R, De Vleeschouwer F, Alonso M. Aromaticity in the Spectroscopic Spotlight of Hexaphyrins. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401933. [PMID: 38889264 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Spectroscopic properties are commonly used in the experimental evaluation of ground- and excited-state aromaticity in expanded porphyrins. Herein, we investigate if the defining photophysical properties still hold for a diverse set of hexaphyrins with varying redox states, topologies, peripheral substitutions, and core-modifications. By combining TD-DFT calculations with several aromaticity descriptors and chemical compound space maps, the intricate interplay between structural planarity, aromaticity, and absorption spectra is elucidated. Our results emphasize that the general assumption that antiaromatic porphyrinoids exhibit significantly attenuated absorption bands as compared to aromatic counterparts does not hold even for the unsubstituted hexaphyrin macrocycles. To connect the spectroscopic properties to the hexaphyrins' aromaticity behaviour, we analyzed chemical compound space maps defined by the various aromaticity indices. The intensity of the Q-band is not well described by the macrocyclic aromaticity. Instead, the degeneracy of the frontier molecular orbitals, the HOMO-LUMO gap, and the |ΔHOMO-ΔLUMO|2 values appear to be better indicators to identify hexaphyrins with enhanced light-absorbing abilities in the near-infrared region. Regions with highly planar hexaphyrin structures, both aromatic and antiaromatic, are characterized by an intense B-band. Hence, we advise using a combination of global and local aromaticity descriptors rooted in different criteria to assess the aromaticity of expanded porphyrins instead of solely relying on the absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Desmedt
- Department of General Chemistry, Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry, Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Roger Monreal-Corona
- Department of General Chemistry, Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- Department of General Chemistry, Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry, Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussel, Belgium
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3
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George G, Stasyuk AJ, Solà M. Prediction of the ground state for indenofluorene-type systems with Clar's π-sextet model. Chem Sci 2024; 15:13676-13687. [PMID: 39211490 PMCID: PMC11351611 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03465a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This study introduces the Ground State Stability (GSS) rule that allows predicting the nature of the ground state of indenofluorene (IF)-type systems from the simple counting of the Clar's π-sextets in the closed- and open-shell configurations. The IF-type system exhibits a triplet ground state when acquiring double or more the number of Clar's π-sextets in the open-shell form relative to the closed-shell form; otherwise, it assumes an open-shell singlet ground state. Performed state-of-the-art DFT calculations and analysis of aromaticity for the systems of interest validate the effectiveness of the proposed rule. We demonstrate that aromaticity plays the most crucial role in determining the ground electronic state for such polycyclic hydrocarbons. The simplicity of the GSS rule makes it a robust strategy for identifying promising systems in the development of indenofluorene-type materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gibu George
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Anton J Stasyuk
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB) Av. Joan XXIII 27-31 Barcelona Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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4
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Orozco-Ic M, Soriano-Agueda L, Sundholm D, Matito E, Merino G. Core-electron contributions to the magnetic response of molecules with heavy elements and their significance in aromaticity assessments. Chem Sci 2024; 15:12906-12921. [PMID: 39148783 PMCID: PMC11323299 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02269f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the magnetic response of core electrons and their influence on the global magnetic response of planar and three-dimensional systems containing heavy elements, employing the removing valence electron (RVE) approximation. We also explore electronic aromaticity indices to understand the potential role of core electrons on electron delocalization in the absence of an external perturbation. The study reveals that core electrons significantly contribute to the overall magnetic response, especially to the magnetic shielding, affecting the interpretation of aromaticity. In contrast, the calculation of the electronic aromaticity indices suggests a negligible participation of the core electrons on electron delocalization. Despite their widespread use, the study emphasizes caution in labeling systems as strongly aromatic based solely on shielding function computations. It is noteworthy to emphasize the limitations associated with each aromaticity criterion; particularly in the context of magnetic shielding function calculations, the core-electron effect contamination is undeniable. Hence, the integration of various criteria becomes imperative for attaining a comprehensive understanding of magnetic responses within complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | | | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1 FIN-00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310 Mérida Yuc. Mexico
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5
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Grèbol-Tomàs J, Matito E, Salvador P. Can Aromaticity Be Evaluated Using Atomic Partitions Based on the Hilbert-Space? Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401282. [PMID: 38773922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry that explains the stability and reactivity of many compounds by identifying atoms within a molecule that form an aromatic ring. Reliable aromaticity indices focus on electron delocalization and depend on atomic partitions, which give rise to the concept of an atom-in-the-molecule (AIM). Real-space atomic partitions present two important drawbacks: a high computational cost and numerical errors, limiting some aromaticity measures to medium-sized molecules with rings up to 12 atoms. This restriction hinders the study of large conjugated systems like porphyrins and nanorings. On the other hand, traditional Hilbert-space schemes are free of the latter limitations but can be unreliable for the large basis sets required in modern computational chemistry. This paper explores AIMs based on three robust Hilbert-space partitions - meta-Löwdin, Natural Atomic Orbitals (NAO), and Intrinsic Atomic Orbitals (IAO) - which combine the advantages of real-space partitions without their disadvantages. These partitions can effectively replace real-space AIMs for evaluating the aromatic character. For the first time, we report multicenter index (MCI) and Iring values for large rings and introduce ESIpy, an open-source Python code for aromaticity analysis in large conjugated rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Grèbol-Tomàs
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel de Lardizábal 4, 20018, Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17071, Girona, Spain
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6
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Quintero SM, Van Nyvel L, Roig N, Casado J, Alonso M. Electron Transport through Linear-, Broken-, and Cross-Conjugated Polycyclic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6140-6157. [PMID: 39041954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Quantum interference (QI) effects offer unique opportunities to modulate charge transport through single molecules. In recent years, several transmission selection rules have been developed to determine constructive and destructive QIs in an intuitive and simple manner, although some of these rules fail for cross-conjugated systems. In this work, we evaluate the performance of distinct transmission rules on a broad series of anthracene and fluorene derivatives with distinctive structural features including linear-, broken-, and cross-conjugation, heteroatoms, and five-membered rings as such species affords a predictive challenge for the qualitative selection rules for QI effects. The electron transport properties and local transmission plots are first evaluated by combining DFT and the nonequilibrium Green function method allowing for an equal-footing comparison of the conductance of the different polycyclic compounds. Our findings are in line with experimental observations on the influence of the type of conjugation and the connectivity to the metallic electrodes on the transport properties. Thus, cross-conjugated systems exhibit reduced conductance values as compared to the linear-conjugated ones, although the transmission is enhanced in the meta-connected junctions. Remarkably, our study reveals that aromatic cores exhibit generally larger zero-bias conductance for a given connectivity, in contrast to the negative aromaticity-conductance relationship found in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Moles Quintero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Louis Van Nyvel
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nil Roig
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Casado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Jiang Z, Kuninobu Y. Synthesis of a novel twisted π-conjugated macrocycle via double Friedel-Crafts reaction and its physical properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7642-7645. [PMID: 38963239 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized a cyclic molecule from diarylalkynes and Meldrum's acid derivatives as the methylenation reagent via double Friedel-Crafts reaction. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis confirmed the twisted structure of the molecule. We also investigated their physical properties and homoconjugation by UV-Vis, photoluminescence, DFT and TD-DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Jiang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-Shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Kuninobu
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-Shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasugakoen, Kasuga-Shi, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
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8
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Saha R, Skjelstad BB, Pan S. In Silico Design and Characterization of a New Molecular Electride: Li@Calix[3]Pyrrole. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400448. [PMID: 38622984 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Electrides, in which anionic electrons are localized independently of the atoms in the compound, have shown promise, especially as catalysts and optoelectronic materials. Here, we present a new computationally designed molecular electride, Li@calix[3]pyrrole (Li@C3P). Electron density and electron localization function analyses unequivocally confirm the existence of localized electride electron density, outside the system, independent of any specific atoms. Non-covalent interaction plots further validate the character of the isolated localized electron, suggesting that the system can be accurately represented by Li+@calix[3]pyrrole ⋅ e-, denoting its distinct charge separation. The remarkable non-linear optical properties of Li@C3P, including average polarizability,α ‾ ${\bar{\alpha }}$ =412.4 au, first hyperpolarizability, β=4.46×104 au, and second hyperpolarizability,γ ∥ ${{\gamma }_{\parallel }}$ =18.40×106 au, are unparalleled in the previously reported and similar Li@C4P molecular electride. Furthermore, energy decomposition analysis in combination with natural orbital for chemical valence theory sheds light on the mechanism of electron density transfer from Li to the C3P cage, yielding the charge-separated Li@C3P complex. In addition to the electron transfer, a key factor to its electride nature is the electronic structure of the CnP cage, which has its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital located in the void adjacent to the N-H groups at the back of the bowl-shaped CnP cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranajit Saha
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, 736101, India
| | - Bastian Bjerkem Skjelstad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0810, Japan
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Sudip Pan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, China
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9
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Artigas A, Carissan Y, Hagebaum-Reignier D, Bock H, Durola F, Coquerel Y. Aromaticity in Semi-Condensed Figure-Eight Molecules. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401016. [PMID: 38642001 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Electron delocalization and aromaticity was comparatively evaluated in recently synthesized figure-eight molecules made of two condensed U-shaped polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon moieties connected either by two single bonds or by two para-phenylene groups. The selected examples include molecules that incorporate eight-membered and sixteen-membered rings, as well as a doubly [5]helicene-bridged (1,4)cyclophane. We probe whether some electron delocalization could occur through the stereogenic single bonds in these molecules: Is aromaticity purely (semi-)local, or possibly also global in these molecules? It was concluded that the situation can go from a purely (semi-)local character when the dihedral angle at the connecting single bonds is large, such as in biphenyl, to a predominantly (semi-)local character with a minor global contribution when the dihedral angle is small, such as in the para-phenylene connectors of the [5] helicene-bridged cyclophane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Artigas
- Facultat de Ciències, Universitat de Girona, Campus Montilivi, Carrer de Maria Aurèlia Capmany i Farnès 69, 17003, Girona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Yannick Carissan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Harald Bock
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, 115 av. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Fabien Durola
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, CNRS, 115 av. Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Yoann Coquerel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Méditerranée, iSm2, Marseille, France
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10
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Leyva-Parra L, Casademont-Reig I, Pino-Rios R, Ruiz L, Alonso M, Tiznado W. New Perspectives on Delocalization Pathways in Aromatic Molecular Chameleons. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400271. [PMID: 38530286 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
This study comprehensively analyzes the magnetically induced current density of polycyclic compounds labeled as "aromatic chameleons" since they can arrange their π-electrons to exhibit aromaticity in both the ground and the lowest triplet state. These compounds comprise benzenoid moieties fused to a central skeleton with 4n π-electrons and traditional magnetic descriptors are biased due to the superposition of local magnetic responses. In the S0 state, our analysis reveals that the molecular constituent fragments preserve their (anti)aromatic features in agreement with two types of resonant structures: one associated with aromatic benzenoids and the other with a central antiaromatic ring. Regarding the T1 state, a global and diatropic ring current is revealed. Our aromaticity study is complemented with advanced electronic and geometric descriptors to consider different aspects of aromaticity, particularly important in the evaluation of excited state aromaticity. Remarkably, these descriptors consistently align with the general features on the main delocalization pathways in polycyclic hydrocarbons consisting of fused 4n π-electron rings. Moreover, our study demonstrates an inverse correlation between the singlet-triplet energy difference and the antiaromatic character of the central ring in S0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Leyva-Parra
- Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Universidad Central de Chile (UCEN), Santa Isabel 1186, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Irene Casademont-Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Centro de Investigación Medicina de Altura, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
- Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Casilla 121, Iquique, 1100000, Chile
| | - Lina Ruiz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, 8910060, Chile
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - William Tiznado
- Centro de Química Teórica & Computacional (CQT&C), Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Av. República 275, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Dellai A, Naim C, Cerezo J, Prampolini G, Castet F. Dynamic effects on the nonlinear optical properties of donor acceptor stenhouse adducts: insights from combined MD + QM simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:13639-13654. [PMID: 38511505 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00310a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) responses of a donor-acceptor stenhouse adduct (DASA) are investigated by using a computational approach combining molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Specific force fields for the open and closed photoswitching forms are first parameterized and validated according to the Joyce protocol, in order to finely reproduce the geometrical features and potential energy surfaces of both isomers in chloroform solution. Then, DFT calculations are performed on structural snapshots extracted at regular time steps of the MD trajectories to address the influence of the thermalized conformational dynamics on the NLO responses related to hyper-Rayleigh scattering (HRS) experiments. We show that accounting for the structural dynamics largely enhances the HRS hyperpolarizability (βHRS) compared to DFT calculations considering solely equilibrium geometries, and greatly improves the agreement with experimental measurements. Furthermore, we show that the NLO responses of the NLO-active open form are correlated with the bond order alternation along the triene bridge connecting the donor and acceptor moieties, which is rationalized using simple essential state models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dellai
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
| | - Carmelo Naim
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Javier Cerezo
- Departamento de Química and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Frédéric Castet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.
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12
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Shukla P, Ambhore MD, Anand VG. Open shell (4 n + 2)π and closed shell 4 nπ planar core-modified decaphyrins. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6022-6027. [PMID: 38665541 PMCID: PMC11041311 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar 44π and 46π core-modified decaphyrins with ten thiophene units have been synthesized from short thiophene oligomers. They have been structurally characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction with further support from spectroscopic analysis and quantum chemical calculations. Our analysis revealed diradicaloid characteristics for 46π species in contrast to the closed shell property of the 44π congener. Further, 44π and 46π undergo reversible two-electron chemical oxidation, as observed by spectro-electrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Madan D Ambhore
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
| | - Venkataramanarao G Anand
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune 411008 Maharashtra India
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13
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Sitkiewicz SP, Ferradás RR, Ramos-Cordoba E, Zaleśny R, Matito E, Luis JM. Spurious Oscillations Caused by Density Functional Approximations: Who is to Blame? Exchange or Correlation? J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:3144-3153. [PMID: 38570186 PMCID: PMC11044272 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
We analyze the varying susceptibilities of different density functional approximations (DFAs) to present spurious oscillations on the profiles of several vibrational properties. Among other problems, these spurious oscillations cause significant errors in harmonic and anharmonic IR and Raman frequencies and intensities. This work hinges on a judicious strategy to dissect the exchange and correlation components of DFAs and pinpoint the origins of these oscillations. We identify spurious oscillations in derivatives of all energy components with respect to nuclear displacements, including those energy terms that do not involve numerical integrations. These indirect spurious oscillations are attributed to suboptimal electron densities resulting from a self-consistent field procedure using a DFA that exhibits direct spurious oscillations. Direct oscillations stem from inaccurate numerical integration of the exchange and correlation energy density functionals. A thorough analysis of direct spurious oscillations reveals that only a handful of exchange and correlation components are insensitive to spurious oscillations, giving rise to three families of functionals, BH&H, LSDA, and BLYP. Among the functionals in these families, we encounter four widespread DFAs: BLYP, B3LYP, LC-BLYP, and CAM-B3LYP. Certain DFAs like PBE appear less sensitive to spurious oscillations due to compensatory cancellations between their energy components. Additionally, we found non-negligible but small oscillations in PBE and TPSS, which could be safely employed provided a sufficiently large integration grid is used in the calculations. These findings hint at the key components of current approximations to be improved and emphasize the necessity to develop accurate DFAs suitable for studying molecular spectroscopies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P. Sitkiewicz
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- Wrocław
Centre for Networking and Supercomputing, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław PL-50370, Poland
| | - Rubén R. Ferradás
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- Polimero
eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea,
Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072, Donostia 20080, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
- Institute
for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC), CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty
of
Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science
and Technology, Wyb.
Wyspiańskiego 27, Wrocław PL-50370, Poland
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia 20018, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut
de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament
de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
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14
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Badri Z, Nourigheimasi F, Foroutan-Nejad C. Tetraquinolines; four linked quinoline units or porphyrinoids. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2284-2291. [PMID: 38407320 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01616a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Tetraquinolines (TEQs) have been recently synthesized and proposed to be a new member of the porphyrinoid family with highly distorted, nonplanar, geometries. In this contribution by studying several molecules, closely related to TEQs, we have suggested that the origin of the nonplanarity of TEQs and their counterparts is a combination of steric strain and the propensity of the molecules to avoid antiaromaticity. The tendency of TEQs to coordinate with doubly charged metal ions can be interpreted in terms of their transition from potential antiaromaticity to nonaromaticity. Even metal-coordinated TEQs do not sustain diatropic ring currents. Although full planarization is not possible because of steric strain, doubly oxidized TEQs and their counterparts sustain moderate global diatropic ring currents and partially planarize. The nature of current density in the molecules is studied in the light of Steiner-Fowler selection rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Badri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Farnoush Nourigheimasi
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Cina Foroutan-Nejad
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Orozco-Ic M, Soriano-Agueda L, Escayola S, Sundholm D, Merino G, Matito E. Understanding Aromaticity in [5]Helicene-Bridged Cyclophanes: A Comprehensive Study. J Org Chem 2024; 89:2459-2466. [PMID: 38236016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the aromaticity of doubly [5]helicene-bridged (1,4)cyclophane and triply [5]helicene-bridged (1,3,5)cyclophane via calculations of the magnetic response and of electronic aromaticity indices. The primary objective is to assess the π-electron delocalization to determine whether they sustain global ring currents associated with π aromaticity. The molecules show local ring currents in the presence of an external magnetic field. The ring currents flow diatropically in the stacked six-membered rings and in the helicene arms. However, these π currents are not interconnected due to the discontinuity of the π delocalization at the C-C single bonds connecting the central six-membered rings to the helicene arms. Electronic indices suggest that the helicene-arm systems have significantly smaller electron delocalization than benzene. The reduction in the delocalization does not compromise their ability to exhibit ring currents in the presence of an external magnetic field. The analysis provides further evidence that the magnetic criteria yield a different degree of aromaticity for the helicene arms than obtained in the calculation of the electronic aromaticity indices. However, both approaches confirm that the studied molecules are not globally aromatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
| | - Luis Soriano-Agueda
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, Girona, 17003 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc., México
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, 20018 Euskadi, Spain
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16
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Chang R, Wang Q, Ban X, Zhang H, Li J, Yuan GL. Aging affects isomer-specific occurrence of dechlorane plus in soil profiles: A case study in a geographically isolated landfill from the Tibetan Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163119. [PMID: 36996972 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two major structural isomers in commercial dechlorane plus (DP) mixtures, anti-DP and syn-DP, generally displayed varied desorption and partitioning efficiencies in soils, which may be linked to their different aging rates. However, the molecular parameters that govern the degree of aging and its associated effects on the occurrence of DP isomers have not been comprehensively investigated. In this study, the relative abundance of rapid desorption concentration (Rrapid) was measured for anti-DP, syn-DP, anti-Cl11-DP, anti-Cl10-DP, Dechlorane-604 (Dec-604), and Dechlorane-602 (Dec-602) at a geographically isolated landfill area in the Tibetan Plateau. The Rrapid values were used as an indicator of aging degree, exhibiting a close correlation with the three-dimension conformation of the molecules for the dechlorane series compounds. This observation suggested that planar molecules may have a greater tendency to accumulate in the condensed phase of organic matter and undergo more rapid aging. The fractional abundances and dechlorinated products of anti-DP were found to be predominantly controlled by the aging degree of DP isomers. The multiple nonlinear regression model indicated that differences in aging between anti-CP and syn-DP were primarily driven by the total desorption concentration and soil organic matter content. Aging plays a significant role in both the transport processes and metabolism of DP isomers and should be taken into account to refine the assessment of their environmental behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwen Chang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiyu Ban
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - He Zhang
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guo-Li Yuan
- School of the Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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17
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Okazawa K, Tsuji Y, Yoshizawa K. Frontier Orbital Views of Stacked Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2023. [PMID: 37243683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that antiaromatic molecules with 4n π electrons exhibit stacked aromaticity according to π-π stacking when arranged in a face-to-face manner. However, the mechanism of its occurrence has not been clearly studied. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of stacked aromaticity using cyclobutadiene. When the antiaromatic molecules are stacked in a face-to-face manner, the orbital interactions between the degenerate singly occupied molecular orbitals (SOMOs) of the monomer unit cause a larger energy gap between the degenerate highest-occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and the lowest-unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of the dimer. However, the antiaromatic molecules are more stable in less symmetric conformations, mainly because of pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortions. In the case of cyclobutadiene, the two SOMOs of the monomer unit split into HOMO and LUMO because of the bond alternation. When the molecules are stacked in a face-to-face manner, the HOMO-LUMO gap of the dimer is smaller than that of the monomer due to the interactions between the HOMOs and LUMOs of the two monomer units. When the monomer units are within a specific distance of each other, the HOMO and LUMO of the dimer, which correspond to antibonding and bonding between the units, respectively, are interchanged. This alternation of molecular orbitals may result in an increase in the bond strength between the monomer units, exhibiting stacked aromaticity. We demonstrated that it is possible to control the distance exhibited by stacked aromaticity by engineering the HOMO-LUMO gap of the monomer units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Okazawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and IRCCS, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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18
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Saha PK, Mallick A, Turley AT, Bismillah AN, Danos A, Monkman AP, Avestro AJ, Yufit DS, McGonigal PR. Rupturing aromaticity by periphery overcrowding. Nat Chem 2023; 15:516-525. [PMID: 36879076 PMCID: PMC10070187 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The balance between strain relief and aromatic stabilization dictates the form and function of non-planar π-aromatics. Overcrowded systems are known to undergo geometric deformations, but the energetically favourable π-electron delocalization of their aromatic ring(s) is typically preserved. In this study we incremented the strain energy of an aromatic system beyond its aromatic stabilization energy, causing it to rearrange and its aromaticity to be ruptured. We noted that increasing the steric bulk around the periphery of π-extended tropylium rings leads them to deviate from planarity to form contorted conformations in which aromatic stabilization and strain are close in energy. Under increasing strain, the aromatic π-electron delocalization of the system is broken, leading to the formation of a non-aromatic, bicyclic analogue referred to as 'Dewar tropylium'. The aromatic and non-aromatic isomers have been found to exist in rapid equilibrium with one another. This investigation demarcates the extent of steric deformation tolerated by an aromatic carbocycle and thus provides direct experimental insights into the fundamental nature of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew Danos
- Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul R McGonigal
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
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19
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Naim C, Besalú-Sala P, Zaleśny R, Luis JM, Castet F, Matito E. Are Accelerated and Enhanced Wave Function Methods Accurate to Compute Static Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties? J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:1753-1764. [PMID: 36862983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Key components of organic-based electro-optic devices are challenging to design or optimize because they exhibit nonlinear optical responses, which are difficult to model or rationalize. Computational chemistry furnishes the tools to investigate extensive collections of molecules in the quest for target compounds. Among the electronic structure methods that provide static nonlinear optical properties (SNLOPs), density functional approximations (DFAs) are often preferred because of their low cost/accuracy ratio. However, the accuracy of the SNLOPs critically depends on the amount of exact exchange and electron correlation included in the DFA, precluding the reliable calculation of many molecular systems. In this scenario, wave function methods such as MP2, CCSD, and CCSD(T) constitute a reliable alternative to compute SNLOPs. Unfortunately, the computational cost of these methods significantly restricts the size of molecules to study, a limitation that hampers the identification of molecules with significant nonlinear optical responses. This paper analyzes various flavors and alternatives to MP2, CCSD, and CCSD(T) methods that either drastically reduce the computational cost or improve their performance but were scarcely and unsystematically employed to compute SNLOPs. In particular, we have tested RI-MP2, RIJK-MP2, RIJCOSX-MP2 (with GridX2 and GridX4 setups), LMP2, SCS-MP2, SOS-MP2, DLPNO-MP2, LNO-CCSD, LNO-CCSD(T), DLPNO-CCSD, DLPNO-CCSD(T0), and DLPNO-CCSD(T1). Our results indicate that all these methods can be safely employed to calculate the dipole moment and the polarizability with average relative errors below 5% with respect to CCSD(T). On the other hand, the calculation of higher-order properties represents a challenge for LNO and DLPNO methods, which present severe numerical instabilities in computing the single-point field-dependent energies. RI-MP2, RIJK-MP2, or RIJCOSX-MP2 are cost-effective methods to compute first and second hyperpolarizabilities with a marginal average error with respect to canonical MP2 (up to 5% for β and up to 11% for γ). More accurate hyperpolarizabilities can be obtained with DLPNO-CCSD(T1); however, this method cannot be employed to obtain reliable second hyperpolarizabilities. These results open the way to obtain accurate nonlinear optical properties at a computational cost that can compete with current DFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Naim
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, F-33400 Talence, France
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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20
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Ding W, Zhang Z, Chen X, Zhan CG. Assessment of the performance of six indices in predicating the aromaticity of planar porphyrinoids. J Mol Model 2023; 29:83. [PMID: 36862263 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND RESULTS Aromaticity is a fundamental chemical concept that has been widely used in explaining the reactivity, stability, structure, and magnetic properties of many molecules such as conjugated macrocycles, metal heterocyclic compounds, and certain metal clusters. Porphyrinoids (including porphyrin) are of particular interest in terms of diverse aromaticity. Various indices therefore have been used to predict the aromaticity of porphyrin-like macrocycles. However, the reliability of these indices for porphyinoids is always questionable. In order to assess the performance of the indices, we have selected six representative indices to predict the aromaticity of 35 porphyrinoids. The calculated values were then compared with the corresponding results obtained from experiments. Our studies suggest that the theoretical prediction by nucleus independent chemical shifts (NICS), topology of the induced magnetic field (TIMF), anisotropy of the induced current density (AICD), and gauge including magnetically induced current method (GIMIC) are essentially consistent with experimental evidence in all 35 cases and thus are preferred indices. COMPUTATIONAL AND THEORETICAL TECHNIQUES Based on density functional theory, the performance of the NICS, TIMF, AICD, GIMIC, harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA), and multicenter bond order (MCBO) indices were evaluated theoretically. Molecular geometries were optimized at the M06-2X/6-311G** level. NMR calculations using GIAO or CGST method were performed at the M06-2X/6-311G** level. The above calculations were carried out using Gaussian16 suite. The TIMF, GIMIC, HOMA, and MCBO indices were obtained using the Multiwfn program. The AICD outputs were visualized using the POV-Ray software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ding
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA
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21
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Cheng X, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Zhuo L. Theoretical investigation of the borazine B9N9 monocyclic ring. Chem Phys Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2023.140476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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22
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Huang S, Yan X. Rational Design to Activate Tetrafluoromethane by Two-Coordinate Borinium. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:3518-3524. [PMID: 36795939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The activation of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) is quite challenging. The current methods have a high decomposition rate but are expensive, and therefore, their widespread use is limited. Here, inspired by the successful C-F activation within saturated fluorocarbons, we have designed a rational approach based on two-coordinate borinium for activating CF4 using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Our calculations predict that this approach is both thermodynamically and kinetically favorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
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23
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Casademont‐Reig I, Woller T, García V, Contreras‐García J, Tiznado W, Torrent‐Sucarrat M, Matito E, Alonso M. Quest for the Most Aromatic Pathway in Charged Expanded Porphyrins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202264. [PMID: 36194440 PMCID: PMC10099525 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Despite the central role of aromaticity in the chemistry of expanded porphyrins, the evaluation of aromaticity remains difficult for these extended macrocycles. The presence of multiple conjugation pathways and different planar and nonplanar π-conjugation topologies makes the quantification of global and local aromaticity even more challenging. In neutral expanded porphyrins, the predominance of the aromatic conjugation pathway passing through the imine-type nitrogens and circumventing the amino NH groups is established. However, for charged macrocycles, the question about the main conjugation circuit remains open. Accordingly, different conjugation pathways in a set of neutral, anionic, and cationic expanded porphyrins were investigated by means of several aromaticity indices rooted in the structural, magnetic, and electronic criteria. Overall, our results reveal the predominance of the conjugation pathway that passes through all nitrogen atoms to describe the aromaticity of deprotonated expanded porphyrins, while the outer pathway through the perimeter carbon atoms becomes the most aromatic in protonated macrocycles. In nonplanar and charged macrocycles, a discrepancy between electronic and magnetic descriptors is observed. Nevertheless, our work demonstrates AVmin remains the best tool to determine the main conjugation pathway of expanded porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont‐Reig
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
| | - Tatiana Woller
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
- Laboratoire de Chimie Théorique (LCT)Sorbonne Universitéplace Jussieu 475052ParisFrance
| | - Victor García
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry GroupDepartamento de Ciencias QuímicasFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Andrés BelloRepública 498SantiagoChile
- Departamento Académico de FisicoquímicaFacultad de Química e Ingeniería QuímicaUniversidad Nacional Mayor de San MarcosLimaPeru
| | | | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry GroupDepartamento de Ciencias QuímicasFacultad de Ciencias ExactasUniversidad Andrés BelloRepública 498SantiagoChile
| | - Miquel Torrent‐Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science48009BilbaoEuskadiSpain
- Department of Organic Chemistry IUniversidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko UnibertsitateaUPV/EHU)20018 Donostia, EuskadiSpain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science48009BilbaoEuskadiSpain
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)Pleinlaan 21050BrusselsBelgium
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24
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Rascon EC, Riss A, Matěj A, Wiengarten A, Mutombo P, Soler D, Jelinek P, Auwärter W. On-Surface Synthesis of Square-Type Porphyrin Tetramers with Central Antiaromatic Cyclooctatetraene Moiety. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:967-977. [PMID: 36580274 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two-dimensionally extended polycyclic heteroatomic molecules keeps attracting considerable attention. In particular, frameworks bearing planar cyclooctatetraenes (COT) moieties can display intriguing properties, including antiaromaticity. Here, we present an on-surface chemistry route to square-type porphyrin tetramers with a central COT ring, coexisting with other oligomers. This approach employing temperature-induced dehydrogenative porphyrin homocoupling in an ultrahigh vacuum environment provides access to surface-supported, unsubstituted porphyrin tetramers that are not easily achievable by conventional synthesis means. Specifically, monomeric free-base (2H-P) and Zn-metalated (Zn-P) porphines (P) were employed to form square-type free-base and Zn-functionalized tetramers on Ag(100). An atomic-level characterization by bond-resolved atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy is provided, identifying the molecular structures. Complemented by density functional theory modeling, the electronic structure is elucidated, indeed revealing antiaromaticity induced by the COT moiety. The present study thus gives access, and insights, to a porphyrin oligomer, representing both a model system for directly fused porphyrins and a potential building block for conjugated, extended two-dimensional porphyrin sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Corral Rascon
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Alexander Riss
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Adam Matěj
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University in Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alissa Wiengarten
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Pingo Mutombo
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Diego Soler
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Jelinek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacky University in Olomouc, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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25
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Pedersen J, Mikkelsen KV. A Benchmark Study of Aromaticity Indexes for Benzene, Pyridine, and the Diazines - II. Excited State Aromaticity. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:122-130. [PMID: 36548541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, one geometrical aromaticity index and four electron sharing indexes are benchmarked for their application in excited state aromaticity calculations. Two computationally feasible and reliable procedures are identified, namely, CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVTZ and ωB97X-D/cc-pVTZ. Topological effects on the first excited singlet and triplet electronic manifold were investigated, and the latter was in general found to display more aromatic character compared to the S1 surface. Besides, geometrical relaxation on each of the manifolds was observed to hamper the aromaticity, thereby resulting in more antiaromatic character. The relative order of excited state aromaticity within the studied molecules was noted to resemble the reversed version of the relative order of ground state aromaticity. Thereby, the following generalization was postulated: The more aromatic a molecule is in its ground state, the more antiaromatic it will be in its electronic first excited manifolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDK-2100, Denmark.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens LyngbyDK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, CopenhagenDK-2100, Denmark
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26
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Zhan X, Jin Y, Qi D, Sun T, Jiang J. General Design Strategy of Anti‐aromatic Porphyrinoids. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201125. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Zhan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Tingting Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
| | - Jianzhuang Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Science and Application of Functional Molecular and Crystalline Materials Department of Chemistry University of Science and Technology Beijing 100083 Beijing (P. R. China
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27
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Casademont‐Reig I, Soriano‐Agueda L, Ramos‐Cordoba E, Torrent‐Sucarrat M, Matito E. Reply to the Correspondence on “How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six‐Porphyrin Nanoring”**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206836. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont‐Reig
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Eloy Ramos‐Cordoba
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Miquel Torrent‐Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
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28
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Casademont‐Reig I, Soriano‐Agueda L, Ramos‐Cordoba E, Torrent‐Sucarrat M, Matito E. Reply to the Correspondence on “How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six‐Porphyrin Nanoring”**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont‐Reig
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Department of General Chemistry (ALGC) Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | | | - Eloy Ramos‐Cordoba
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Kimika Fakultatea Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Miquel Torrent‐Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
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29
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Abstract
Aromaticity, a very important term in organic chemistry, has never been defined unambiguously. Various ways to describe it come from different phenomena that have been experimentally observed. The most important examples related to some theoretical concepts are presented here.
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30
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Poater J, Viñas C, Olid D, Solà M, Teixidor F. Aromaticity and Extrusion of Benzenoids Linked to [o-COSAN] - : Clar Has the Answer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200672. [PMID: 35176201 PMCID: PMC9310775 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Benzene and pyrene can be synthetically linked to [o-COSAN]- keeping their aromaticity. In contrast, naphthalene and anthracene are extruded in the same reaction. We have proven that extrusion is only favorable if the number of Clar's π-sextets remains constant. Thus, Clar has the answer to whether an attached polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to [o-COSAN]- is extruded or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - David Olid
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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31
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El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Jorner K, Ayub R, Bultinck P, Solà M, Ottosson H. Three-Dimensional Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles: When 3D-Aromatic and When 2D-Aromatic-in-3D? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8560-8575. [PMID: 35523019 PMCID: PMC9121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Several fully π-conjugated
macrocycles with puckered or cage-type
structures were recently found to exhibit aromatic character according
to both experiments and computations. We examine their electronic
structures and put them in relation to 3D-aromatic molecules (e.g., closo-boranes) and to 2D-aromatic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using qualitative theory combined
with quantum chemical calculations, we find that the macrocycles explored
hitherto should be described as 2D-aromatic with three-dimensional
molecular structures (abbr. 2D-aromatic-in-3D) and not as truly 3D-aromatic.
3D-aromatic molecules have highly symmetric structures (or nearly
so), leading to (at least) triply degenerate molecular orbitals, and
for tetrahedral or octahedral molecules, an aromatic closed-shell
electronic structure with 6n + 2 electrons. Conversely,
2D-aromatic-in-3D structures exhibit aromaticity that results from
the fulfillment of Hückel’s 4n + 2
rule for each macrocyclic path, yet their π-electron counts
are coincidentally 6n + 2 numbers for macrocycles
with three tethers of equal lengths. It is notable that 2D-aromatic-in-3D
macrocyclic cages can be aromatic with tethers of different lengths, i.e., with π-electron counts different from 6n + 2, and they are related to naphthalene. Finally, we
identify tetrahedral and cubic π-conjugated molecules that fulfill
the 6n + 2 rule and exhibit significant electron
delocalization. Yet, their properties resemble those of analogous
compounds with electron counts that differ from 6n + 2. Thus, despite the fact that these molecules show substantial
π-electron delocalization, they cannot be classified as true
3D-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
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32
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Ernst M, Gryn'ova G. Strength and Nature of Host-Guest Interactions in Metal-Organic Frameworks from a Quantum-Chemical Perspective. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202200098. [PMID: 35157349 PMCID: PMC9303424 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a convenient means for capturing, transporting, and releasing small molecules. Their rational design requires an in-depth understanding of the underlying non-covalent host-guest interactions, and the ability to easily and rapidly pre-screen candidate architectures in silico. In this work, we devised a recipe for computing the strength and analysing the nature of the host-guest interactions in MOFs. By assessing a range of density functional theory methods across periodic and finite supramolecular cluster scale we find that appropriately constructed clusters readily reproduce the key interactions occurring in periodic models at a fraction of the computational cost. Host-guest interaction energies can be reliably computed with dispersion-corrected density functional theory methods; however, decoding their precise nature demands insights from energy decomposition schemes and quantum-chemical tools for bonding analysis such as the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, the non-covalent interactions index or the density overlap regions indicator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ernst
- Computational Carbon Chemistry GroupHeidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH)69118HeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg University69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ganna Gryn'ova
- Computational Carbon Chemistry GroupHeidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS gGmbH)69118HeidelbergGermany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingHeidelberg University69120HeidelbergGermany
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33
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Poater J, Viñas C, Olid D, Solà M, Teixidor F. Aromaticity and Extrusion of Benzenoids Linked to [
o
‐COSAN]
−
: Clar Has the Answer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUB Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1–11 08028 Barcelona Spain
- ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - David Olid
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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34
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Mandado M, Ramos-Berdullas N. Confinement on the optical response in h-BNCs: Towards highly efficient SERS-active 2D substrates. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 266:120451. [PMID: 34627018 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several experimental and theoretical studies have shown that 2D hybrid structures formed by boron, nitrogen and carbon atoms (h-BNCs) possess a highly tunable linear and non-linear optical responses. Recent advances towards the controlled synthesis of these unique structures have motivated an important number of experimental and theoretical work. In this work, the confinement on the optical response induced by boron-nitride (BN) strings in h-BNC 2D structures is investigated using time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and electron density response properties. The number of surrounding BN strings (NBN) necessary to "isolate" the optical modes of a carbon nanoisland (nanographene) from the remaining substrate has been characterized in two different nanoisland models: benzene and pyrene. It was found that for NBN ≥ 3 the excitation wavelengths of the optically active modes remain constant and the changes in the transition densities, the ground to excited state density differences and their associated electron deformation orbitals are negligible and strongly confined within the carbon nanoisland. Using a water molecule as model system, Raman enhancement factors of 10 [6] for the water vibrational modes are obtained when these electromagnetic "hot spots" are activated by an external electromagnetic field. The high tunability of the optical absorption bands of nanographenes through changes in size and morphology makes h-BNCs be perfect materials to construct platforms for surface enhancement Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for a wide range of laser sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Mandado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Nicolás Ramos-Berdullas
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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35
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Kim J, Kim H, Oh J, Kim D. Ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer driven by excited‐state antiaromaticity in metallohexaphyrins. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul Korea
| | - Hyeonwoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry Soonchunhyang University Asan Korea
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry Soonchunhyang University Asan Korea
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul Korea
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36
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Desmedt E, Woller T, Teunissen JL, De Vleeschouwer F, Alonso M. Fine-Tuning of Nonlinear Optical Contrasts of Hexaphyrin-Based Molecular Switches Using Inverse Design. Front Chem 2021; 9:786036. [PMID: 34926405 PMCID: PMC8677951 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.786036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the search for new nonlinear optical (NLO) switching devices, expanded porphyrins have emerged as ideal candidates thanks to their tunable chemical and photophysical properties. Introducing meso-substituents to these macrocycles is a successful strategy to enhance the NLO contrasts. Despite its potential, the influence of meso-substitution on their structural and geometrical properties has been scarcely investigated. In this work, we pursue to grasp the underlying pivotal concepts for the fine-tuning of the NLO contrasts of hexaphyrin-based molecular switches, with a particular focus on the first hyperpolarizability related to the hyper-Rayleigh scattering (βHRS). Building further on these concepts, we also aim to develop a rational design protocol. Starting from the (un)substituted hexaphyrins with various π-conjugation topologies and redox states, structure-property relationships are established linking aromaticity, photophysical properties and βHRS responses. Ultimately, inverse molecular design using the best-first search algorithm is applied on the most favorable switches with the aim to further explore the combinatorial chemical compound space of meso-substituted hexaphyrins in search of high-contrast NLO switches. Two definitions of the figure-of-merit of the switch performance were used as target objectives in the optimization problem. Several meso-substitution patterns and their underlying characteristics are identified, uncovering molecular symmetry and the electronic nature of the substituents as the key players for fine-tuning the βHRS values and NLO contrasts of hexaphyrin-based switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Desmedt
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tatiana Woller
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jos L Teunissen
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercedes Alonso
- General Chemistry - Eenheid Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Department of Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Kim J, Oh J, Osuka A, Kim D. Porphyrinoids, a unique platform for exploring excited-state aromaticity. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:268-292. [PMID: 34879124 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00742d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Baird (anti)aromaticity has been referred to as a description of excited-state (anti)aromaticity. With the term of Baird's rule, recent studies have intensively verified that the Hückel aromatic [4n + 2]π (or antiaromatic [4n]π) molecules in the ground state are reversed to give Baird aromatic [4n]π (or Baird antiaromatic [4n + 2]π) molecules in the excited states. Since the Hückel (anti)aromaticity has great influence on the molecular properties and reaction mechanisms, the Baird (anti)aromaticity has been expected to act as a dominant factor in governing excited-state properties and processes, which has attracted intensive scientific investigations for the verification of the concept of reversed aromaticity in the excited states. In this scientific endeavor, porphyrinoids have recently played leading roles in the demonstration of the aromaticity reversal in the excited states and its conceptual development. The distinct structural and electronic nature of porphyhrinoids depending on their (anti)aromaticity allow the direct observation of excited-state aromaticity reversal, Baird's rule. The explicit experimental demonstration with porphyrinoids has contributed greatly to its conceptual development and application in novel functional organic materials. Based on the significant role of porphyrinoids in the field of excited-state aromaticity, this review provides an overview of the experimental verification of the reversal concept of excited-state aromaticity by porphyrinoids and the recent progress on its conceptual application in novel functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinseok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
| | - Juwon Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea.
| | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Dongho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea.
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38
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Casademont‐Reig I, Guerrero‐Avilés R, Ramos‐Cordoba E, Torrent‐Sucarrat M, Matito E. How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six-Porphyrin Nanoring*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24080-24088. [PMID: 34260804 PMCID: PMC8596448 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Large conjugated rings with persistent currents are novel promising structures in molecular-scale electronics. A six-porphyrin nanoring structure that allegedly sustained an aromatic ring current involving 78π electrons was recently synthesized. We provide here compelling evidence that this molecule is not aromatic, contrary to what was inferred from the analysis of 1 H-NMR data and computational calculations that suffer from large delocalization errors. The main reason behind the absence of an aromatic ring current in these nanorings is the low delocalization in the transition from the porphyrins to the bridging butadiyne linkers, which disrupts the overall conjugated circuit. These results highlight the importance of choosing a suitable computational method to study large conjugated molecules and the appropriate aromaticity descriptors to identify the part of the molecule responsible for the loss of aromaticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont‐Reig
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta TeknologiaKimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHUP.K. 107220080DonostiaEuskadiSpain
| | - Raúl Guerrero‐Avilés
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Centro de Física de MaterialesCFM-MPC CSIC-UPV/EHU20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
| | - Eloy Ramos‐Cordoba
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta TeknologiaKimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHUP.K. 107220080DonostiaEuskadiSpain
| | - Miquel Torrent‐Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoEuskadiSpain
- Department of Organic Chemistry IUniversidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)20018DonostiaEuskadiSpain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi 548009BilbaoEuskadiSpain
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39
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Casademont‐Reig I, Guerrero‐Avilés R, Ramos‐Cordoba E, Torrent‐Sucarrat M, Matito E. How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six‐Porphyrin Nanoring**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Casademont‐Reig
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Raúl Guerrero‐Avilés
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM-MPC CSIC-UPV/EHU 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Eloy Ramos‐Cordoba
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Miquel Torrent‐Sucarrat
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry I Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC) 20018 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Plaza Euskadi 5 48009 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
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40
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Naim C, Castet F, Matito E. Impact of van der Waals interactions on the structural and nonlinear optical properties of azobenzene switches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:21227-21239. [PMID: 34542144 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02500g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The geometrical structures, relative Z-E energies, and second-order nonlinear responses of a collection of azobenzene molecules symmetrically substituted in the meta-position with functional groups of different bulkiness are investigated using various ab initio and density functional approximations. We show that RI-MP2 and RI-CC2 approximations provide very similar geometries and relative energies and evidence that London dispersion interactions existing between bulky meta-substituents stabilize the Z conformer. The ωB97X-D exchange-correlation functional provides an accurate description of these effects and gives a good account of the nonlinear optical response of the molecules. We show that density functional approximations should include no less than 50% of Hartree-Fock exchange to provide accurate hyperpolarizabilities. A property-structure analysis of the azobenzene derivatives reveals that the main contribution to the first hyperpolarizability comes from the azo bond, but phenyl meso-substituents can enhance it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Naim
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Frédéric Castet
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires (ISM, UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France.
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain.
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41
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Orozco-Ic M, Dimitrova M, Barroso J, Sundholm D, Merino G. Magnetically Induced Ring-Current Strengths of Planar and Nonplanar Molecules: New Insights from the Pseudo-π Model. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5753-5764. [PMID: 34161099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pseudo-π model yields current densities and induced magnetic fields that mimic the π-component, allowing investigations of large molecular structures, whether they are planar or not, at a low computational cost but with high accuracy. Herein the π-contribution to the magnetically induced current densities and induced magnetic fields of large planar molecules and nonplanar molecules (such as [10]cyclophenacene and chiral toroidal nanotubes C2016 and C2196) were computed using the pseudo-π model with the gauge-including magnetically induced currents method. Additionally, we provide a way to determine the π-component of the ring-current strengths, which can be used for assessing the aromatic character of large carbon molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesías Orozco-Ic
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, México
| | - Maria Dimitrova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorge Barroso
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, México
| | - Dage Sundholm
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, A. I. Virtasen aukio 1, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gabriel Merino
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310, Mérida, Yucatan, México
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42
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Sitkiewicz SP, Ramos-Cordoba E, Luis JM, Matito E. How Many Electrons Does a Molecular Electride Hold? J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4819-4835. [PMID: 34038110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrides are very peculiar ionic compounds where electrons occupy the anionic positions. In a crystal lattice, these isolated electrons often form channels or surfaces, furnishing electrides with many traits with promising technological applications. Despite their huge potential, thus far, only a few stable electrides have been produced because of the intricate synthesis they entail. Due to the difficulty in assessing the presence of isolated electrons, the characterization of electrides also poses some serious challenges. In fact, their properties are expected to depend on the arrangement of these electrons in the molecule. Among the criteria that we can use to characterize electrides, the presence of a non-nuclear attractor (NNA) of the electron density is both the rarest and the most salient feature. Therefore, a correct description of the NNA is crucial to determine the properties of electrides. In this paper, we analyze the NNA and the surrounding region of nine molecular electrides to determine the number of isolated electrons held in the electride. We have seen that the correct description of a molecular electride hinges on the electronic structure method employed for the analyses. In particular, one should employ a basis set with sufficient flexibility to describe the region close to the NNA and a density functional approximation that does not suffer from large delocalization errors. Finally, we have classified these nine molecular electrides according to the most likely number of electrons that we can find in the NNA. We believe this classification highlights the strength of the electride character and will prove useful in designing new electrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Sitkiewicz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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43
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Pino-Rios R, Montenegro-Pohlhammer N, Cárdenas-Jirón G. Assessment of New Expanded Porpholactones as UV/Vis/NIR Chromophores for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Applications. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2267-2275. [PMID: 33724841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Expanded porphyrins arise as an alternative for potential application as chromophores in dye-sensitized solar cells. (DSSCs). The modification of the core of these compounds provides remarkable changes in the photoelectronic behavior. In the present article, the improvement of its properties for a potential application as UV/vis/NIR chromophores in DSSCs has been studied, when an oxazolone moiety has replaced an imine ring in analogy to the porpholactones first synthesized by Crossley et al. ( J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1984, 920-922). These expanded porpholactones present a noticeable red shift as well as an increase in the intensity of the Q-bands regarding the parent compounds. The photophysical properties of Sapphyrin have been explored through DFT calculations and vibrationally resolved absorption spectra simulations. Energetic parameters showed favorable electron injection from the chromophore to the TiO2 semiconductor. In addition, aromaticity was analyzed and rationalized using magnetic and delocalization criteria. Results showed qualitatively similar trends between aromaticity descriptors and Q bands giving a great opportunity to the use this property in the rational design of chromophores. Finally, the nonequilibrium Green's function formalism shows the ability of expanded porpholactones in electron transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), 8320000 Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Montenegro-Pohlhammer
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), 8320000 Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gloria Cárdenas-Jirón
- Laboratorio de Química Teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), 8320000 Santiago, Chile
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44
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Patra SG, Mondal T. Interplay of Hückel and Möbius Aromaticity in Metal-Metal Quintuple Bonded Complexes of Cr, Mo, and W with Amidinate Ligand: Ab initio DFT and Multireference Analysis*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:298-311. [PMID: 33252161 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity of metal-metal quintuple bonded complexes of the type M2 L2 (M=Cr, Mo, and W; L=amidinate) are studied employing gauge including magnetically induced ring current (GIMIC) analysis and electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB). It is found that the complexes possess two types of aromaticity: i) Hückel aromaticity through delocalization of ligand π electrons with metal-metal δ-bond-forming 6 conjugated electrons (4π and 2δ) ring; ii) Craig-Möbius aromaticity through delocalization of π electrons of both the ligands with metal d-orbitals in Craig type orientation forming 10π electrons ring with a double twist. Extended transition state natural orbital chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) and canonical molecular orbital natural chemical shielding (CMO-NCS) analysis confirm the Craig-Möbius type arrangement of the orbitals. Furthermore, the unprecedented Hückel and Möbius type aromaticity is confirmed from the plot of the current pathways using 3D line integral convolution (3D-LIC) plots. The metal-metal bond order also increases down the group as justified from the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) analysis. Due to an increase in the π and δ electron conjugation, both the Hückel and Möbius aromaticity increase down the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti G Patra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Totan Mondal
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the, Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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45
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Ayub R, El Bakouri O, Smith JR, Jorner K, Ottosson H. Triplet State Baird Aromaticity in Macrocycles: Scope, Limitations, and Complications. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:570-584. [PMID: 33427474 PMCID: PMC7884009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aromaticity of cyclic 4nπ-electron molecules in their first ππ* triplet state (T1), labeled Baird aromaticity, has gained growing attention in the past decade. Here we explore computationally the limitations of T1 state Baird aromaticity in macrocyclic compounds, [n]CM's, which are cyclic oligomers of four different monocycles (M = p-phenylene (PP), 2,5-linked furan (FU), 1,4-linked cyclohexa-1,3-diene (CHD), and 1,4-linked cyclopentadiene (CPD)). We strive for conclusions that are general for various DFT functionals, although for macrocycles with up to 20 π-electrons in their main conjugation paths we find that for their T1 states single-point energies at both canonical UCCSD(T) and approximative DLPNO-UCCSD(T) levels are lowest when based on UB3LYP over UM06-2X and UCAM-B3LYP geometries. This finding is in contrast to what has earlier been observed for the electronic ground state of expanded porphyrins. Yet, irrespective of functional, macrocycles with 2,5-linked furans ([n]CFU's) retain Baird aromaticity until larger n than those composed of the other three monocycles. Also, when based on geometric, electronic and energetic aspects of aromaticity, a 3[n]CFU with a specific n is more strongly Baird-aromatic than the analogous 3[n]CPP while the magnetic indices tell the opposite. To construct large T1 state Baird-aromatic [n]CM's, the design should be such that the T1 state Baird aromaticity of the macrocyclic perimeter dominates over a situation with local closed-shell Hückel aromaticity of one or a few monocycles and semilocalized triplet diradical character. Monomers with lower Hückel aromaticity in S0 than benzene (e.g., furan) that do not impose steric congestion are preferred. Structural confinement imposed by, e.g., methylene bridges is also an approach to larger Baird-aromatic macrocycles. Finally, by using the Zilberg-Haas description of T1 state aromaticity, we reveal the analogy to the Hückel aromaticity of the corresponding closed-shell dications yet observe stronger Hückel aromaticity in the macrocyclic dications than Baird aromaticity in the T1 states of the neutral macrocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ayub
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Joshua R. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt State University, One Harpst Street, Arcata, California 95521, United States
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, SE-751 20, Uppsala, Sweden
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46
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Chen D, Szczepanik DW, Zhu J, Muñoz-Castro A, Solà M. Aromaticity Survival in Hydrofullerenes: The Case of C 66 H 4 with Its π-Aromatic Circuits. Chemistry 2021; 27:802-808. [PMID: 33089913 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The isolated-pentagon rule (IPR) is a determining structural feature that accounts for hollow fullerene stabilization and properties related to Cn (n≥60) cages. The recent characterization of an unprecedented non-IPR hydrofullerene, C2v C66 H4 , bearing two heptagons with adjacent fused-pentagon motifs, largely dismisses this feature. Herein, employing DFT calculations, the 13 C NMR spectroscopy and aromatic behavior of C2v C66 H4 are explored. The results show the presence of three π-aromatic circuits at the bottom boat section of C66 H4 , indicating the unique features of this hydrofullerene in comparison to those of pristine C60 . In addition, under specific orientations of the external field, certain π-aromatic circuits are enabled, resulting in a more aromatic fullerene than that of C60 , but lower than that of the spherical aromatic C60 6- fulleride. Notably, under a field aligned with the saturated carbon atoms, nonaromatic characteristics are exposed. This reveals that spherical-like cages can involve a complex magnetic response that heavily depends on the orientation of the applied field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China.,Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational, Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, P.R. China
| | - Alvaro Muñoz-Castro
- Grupo de Química Inorgánica y Materiales Moleculares, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux, 2801, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of, Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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47
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Theoretical insights into the ring structures and aromaticity of neutral and ionic (SiO)0, ±(n = 2–4). Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Gil-Guerrero S, Melle-Franco M, Peña-Gallego Á, Mandado M. Clar Goblet and Aromaticity Driven Multiradical Nanographenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:16138-16143. [PMID: 32893901 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The Clar Goblet, the first radical bowtie nanographene proposed by Erich Clar nearly 50 years ago, was recently synthesized. Bowtie nanographenes present quasi-degenerate magnetic ground states, which make them so elusive as unique. A thorough analysis is presented of the spin-state energetics of Clar Goblet and bowtie nanographenes by a battery of existing and novel ab initio procedures ranging from density functional theory to complete active space Hamiltonians. With this, it was proven that π radicals of bowtie nanographenes sit on BP (Benzo[cd]Pyrene) moieties driven by their local aromaticity, a purely chemical concept, which confers global stability to the whole structure. Besides, a novel Pauli energy densities analysis provided a visual intuitive explanation for this preference. These findings allow envisioning that analogous bowtie nanographenes with arbitrary polyradical character are not only feasible at the molecular scale but will share Clar Goblet's peculiar properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gil-Guerrero
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO, Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ángeles Peña-Gallego
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
| | - Marcos Mandado
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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49
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Pino-Rios R, Cárdenas-Jirón G, Tiznado W. Local and macrocyclic (anti)aromaticity of porphyrinoids revealed by the topology of the induced magnetic field. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21267-21274. [PMID: 32935691 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03272g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity in porphyrinoids results from the π conjugation through two different annular perimeters: the macrocyclic ring and the local heterocyclic rings appended to it. Analyses, based on aromatic stabilization energies (ASE), indicate that the local circuits (6π) are responsible for the significant aromatic stabilization of these systems. This local aromaticity can be coupled with the one from 4n + 2π macrocyclic circuit. It can either compensate for the destabilization due to a 4n π macrocyclic circuit, or be the only source of aromatic stabilization in porphyrinoids with macrocycles without π-conjugated bonds. This "multifaceted" aromatic character of porphyrinoids makes it challenging to analyze their aromaticity using magnetic descriptors because of the intricate interaction of local versus macro-cyclic circulation. In this contribution, we show that the analysis of the bifurcation of the induced magnetic field, Bind, allows clear identification and quantification of both local, and macrocyclic aromaticity, in a representative group of porphyrinioids. In porphyrin, bifurcation values accurately predict the local and macrocyclic contribution rate to overall aromatic stabilization determined by ASE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - Gloria Cárdenas-Jirón
- Laboratorio de Química teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
| | - William Tiznado
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello (UNAB), Av. República 275, Santiago, Región Metropolitana, Chile.
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50
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Roglans A, Pla-Quintana A, Solà M. Mechanistic Studies of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed [2 + 2 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions. Chem Rev 2020; 121:1894-1979. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Roglans
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Pla-Quintana
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Quı́mica Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Quı́mica, Universitat de Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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