1
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Azuaje-Hualde E, Alonso-Cabrera JA, de Pancorbo MM, Benito-Lopez F, Basabe-Desmonts L. Integration of secreted signaling molecule sensing on cell monitoring platforms: a critical review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024:10.1007/s00216-024-05435-1. [PMID: 39048740 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring cell secretion in complex microenvironments is crucial for understanding cellular behavior and advancing physiological and pathological research. While traditional cell culture methods, including organoids and spheroids, provide valuable models, real-time monitoring of cell secretion of signaling molecules remains challenging. Integrating advanced monitoring technologies into these systems often disrupts the delicate balance of the microenvironment, making it difficult to achieve sensitivity and specificity. This review explored recent strategies for integrating the monitoring of cell secretion of signaling molecules, crucial for understanding and replicating cell microenvironments, within cell culture platforms, addressing challenges such as non-adherent cell models and the focus on single-cell methodologies. We highlight advancements in biosensors, microfluidics, and three-dimensional culture methods, and discuss their potential to enhance real-time, multiplexed cell monitoring. By examining the advantages, limitations, and future prospects of these technologies, we aim to contribute to the development of integrated systems that facilitate comprehensive cell monitoring, ultimately advancing biological research and pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Azuaje-Hualde
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juncal A Alonso-Cabrera
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Marian M de Pancorbo
- BIOMICs Research Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Fernando Benito-Lopez
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Analytical Microsystems & Materials for Lab-on-a-Chip (AMMa-LOAC) Group, Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Basabe-Desmonts
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.
- Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, María Díaz Haroko Kalea, 3, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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2
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Imran JH, Shourav MK, Kim JK. Integrated Point-of-Care Immune Cell Analyzer with Rapid Blood Sample Reaction and Wide Field-of-View Detection. Anal Chem 2024; 96:1640-1650. [PMID: 38247122 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The development of affordable, reliable, and rapid diagnostic devices is crucial for monitoring immunological responses using a drop of blood. However, conventional automated diagnostic devices typically involve expensive and impractical robotic fluid-handling approaches. Herein, we developed an integrated cell analyzer comprising a cylindrical sample cartridge connected to a direct current motor and a compact fluorescence imaging module. Sample mixing and loading are performed automatically by a programmable sequence of single motor rotation controlled by an Android application. Two distinct stained immune cell samples can be identified by using two types of fluorescence imaging modes. The effectiveness of mixing performance in antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) reactions was assessed through a compound objective lens that collects weak fluorescence emitted by the cell membrane. Active mixing with bidirectional rotation of the cartridge in a confined space shortened the Ag-Ab reaction time by a factor of 3.3 and achieved cell counting with higher accuracy while reducing reagent consumption by 4 times compared to the conventional incubation method. High-intensity fluorescence images of cells labeled with a nucleic acid stain were acquired through a single-lens-based fluorescence imaging module with a large field of view (FOV) in an unconventional detection chamber with a curved substrate. Compared with a flat chamber, the curved detection chamber reduces the effects of field curvature and provides aberration-free wide-FOV images, even with a simple lens. Our integrated cell analyzer thus offers a practical and cost-effective solution for monitoring patient immune responses in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakir Hossain Imran
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohiuddin Khan Shourav
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, United States
| | - Jung Kyung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
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3
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Banno Y, Nomiyama T, Okuno S, Ide S, Kaji N. Quantitative Evaluation of Interleukin-4 by Immunowall Devices Made of Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogel. Molecules 2023; 28:4635. [PMID: 37375188 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoassays, which use antigen-antibody reactions, are the primary techniques used to selectively quantify specific disease markers in blood. Conventional immunoassays, such as the microplate-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and paper-based immunochromatography, are widely used, but they have advantages and disadvantages in terms of sensitivity and operating time. Therefore, in recent years, microfluidic-chip-based immunoassay devices with high sensitivity, rapidity and simplicity, which are compatible with whole blood assays and multiplex assays, have been actively investigated. In this study, we developed a microfluidic device using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to form a wall-like structure in a microfluidic channel and perform immunoassays inside the wall-like structure, which can be used for rapid and highly sensitive multiplex assays with extremely small sample amounts of ~1 μL. The characteristics of GelMA hydrogel, such as swelling rate, optical absorption and fluorescence spectra, and morphology, were carefully studied to adapt the iImmunowall device and immunoassay. Using this device, a quantitative analysis of interleukin-4 (IL-4), a biomarker of chronic inflammatory diseases, was performed and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.98 ng/mL was achieved with only 1 μL sample and 25 min incubation time. The superior optical transparency over a wide range of wavelengths and lack of autofluorescence will help to expand the application field of the iImmunowall device, such as to a simultaneous multiple assay in a single microfluidic channel, and provide a fast and cost-effective immunoassay method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Banno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuma Nomiyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shoma Okuno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Noritada Kaji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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4
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Microfluidic-based blood immunoassays. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115313. [PMID: 36868029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics enables the integration of whole protocols performed in a laboratory, including sample loading, reaction, extraction, and measurement steps on a single system, which offers significant advantages thanks to small-scale operation combined with precise fluid control. These include providing efficient transportation mechanisms and immobilization, reduced sample and reagent volumes, fast analysis and response times, lower power requirements, lower cost and disposability, improved portability and sensitivity, and greater integration and automation capability. Immunoassay is a specific bioanalytical method based on the interaction of antigens and antibodies, which is utilized to detect bacteria, viruses, proteins, and small molecules in several areas such as biopharmaceutical analysis, environmental analysis, food safety, and clinical diagnostics. Because of the advantages of both techniques, the combination of immunoassays and microfluidic technology is considered one of the most potential biosensor systems for blood samples. This review presents the current progress and important developments in microfluidic-based blood immunoassays. After providing several basic information about blood analysis, immunoassays, and microfluidics, the review points out in-depth information about microfluidic platforms, detection techniques, and commercial microfluidic blood immunoassay platforms. In conclusion, some thoughts and future perspectives are provided.
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5
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Cedillo-Alcantar DF, Rodriguez-Moncayo R, Maravillas-Montero JL, Garcia-Cordero JL. On-Chip Analysis of Protein Secretion from Single Cells Using Microbead Biosensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:655-664. [PMID: 36710459 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The profiling of the effector functions of single immune cells─including cytokine secretion─can lead to a deeper understanding of how the immune system operates and to potential diagnostics and therapeutical applications. Here, we report a microfluidic device that pairs single cells and antibody-functionalized microbeads in hydrodynamic traps to quantitate cytokine secretion. The device contains 1008 microchambers, each with a volume of ∼500 pL, divided into six different sections individually addressed to deliver an equal number of chemical stimuli. Integrating microvalves allowed us to isolate cell/bead pairs, preventing cross-contamination with factors secreted by adjacent cells. We implemented a fluorescence sandwich immunoassay on the biosensing microbeads with a limit of detection of 9 pg/mL and were able to detect interleukin-8 (IL-8) secreted by single blood-derived human monocytes in response to different concentrations of LPS. Finally, our platform allowed us to observe a significant decrease in the number of IL-8-secreting monocytes when paracrine signaling becomes disrupted. Overall, our platform could have a variety of applications for which the analysis of cellular function heterogeneity is necessary, such as cancer research, antibody discovery, or rare cell screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Cedillo-Alcantar
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies for Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Monterrey 66628, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Roberto Rodriguez-Moncayo
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies for Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Monterrey 66628, Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Jose L Maravillas-Montero
- Red de Apoyo a la Investigación, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México e Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Jose L Garcia-Cordero
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies for Biomedicine, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav), Monterrey 66628, Nuevo León Mexico.,Roche Institute for Translational Bioengineering (ITB), Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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6
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Salthouse D, Novakovic K, Hilkens CMU, Ferreira AM. Interplay between biomaterials and the immune system: Challenges and opportunities in regenerative medicine. Acta Biomater 2023; 155:1-18. [PMID: 36356914 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The use of biomaterials for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications has increased dramatically over recent years. However, the clinical uptake of a wide variety of biomaterials remains limited due to adverse effects commonly exhibited by patients, which are caused by the host immune response. Despite this, current in vitro evaluation standards (ISO-10993) for assessing the host response to biomaterials have limitations in predicting the likelihood of in vivo biomaterial acceptance. Furthermore, endotoxin contamination of biomaterials is rarely considered, despite its ability to significantly affect the performance of biomaterials and engineered tissues. This review highlights the importance of the immune response to biomaterials and discusses existing challenges and opportunities in the development and standardised assessment of the immune response to biomaterials, including the importance of endotoxin levels. In addition, the properties of biomaterials that impact the host immune response and the exploitation of immunomodulatory biomaterials in regenerative medicine are explored. Finally, a standardised in vitro pathway of evaluating the immune response to biomaterials (hydrogels) and their regenerative potential is proposed, aiming to ensure safety and consistency, while reducing costs and the use of animals in the biomaterials research for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review presents a critical analysis of the role of the interactions between the immune system and biomaterials in determining the therapeutic success of biomaterial-based approaches. No such review addressing the lack of understanding of biomaterial-immune system interactions during the developmental and pre-clinical stages of biomaterials, including the impact of the endotoxin levels of biomaterials on the immune response, is published. As there is a lack of in vitro regulations to evaluate the immune response to biomaterials, a standardised in vitro pathway to evaluate the immune response to biomaterials (hydrogels) and their immunomodulatory and regenerative potential for use in tissue engineering/regenerative medicine applications is presented. The aim of the proposed pathway of biomaterial evaluation is to ensure safety and consistency in the biomaterials research community, while reducing costs and animal use (through the concept of the 3R's - reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Salthouse
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Katarina Novakovic
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Catharien M U Hilkens
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Marina Ferreira
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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7
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Li P, Cui F, Chen H, Yang Y, Li G, Mao H, Lyu X. A Microfluidic Cell Co-Culture Chip for the Monitoring of Interactions between Macrophages and Fibroblasts. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:bios13010070. [PMID: 36671905 PMCID: PMC9855520 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and fibroblasts are two types of important cells in wound healing. The development of novel platforms for studying the interrelationship between these two cells is crucial for the exploration of wound-healing mechanisms and drug development. In this study, a microfluidic chip composed of two layers was designed for the co-culturing of these two cells. An air valve was employed to isolate fibroblasts to simulate the wound-healing microenvironment. The confluence rate of fibroblasts in the co-culture system with different macrophages was explored to reflect the role of different macrophages in wound healing. It was demonstrated that M2-type macrophages could promote the activation and migration of fibroblasts and it can be inferred that they could promote the wound-healing process. The proposed microfluidic co-culture system was designed for non-contact cell-cell interactions, which has potential significance for the study of cell-cell interactions in biological processes such as wound healing, tumor microenvironment, and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Feiyun Cui
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Heying Chen
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnostics, School of Laboratory Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems, Ministry of Education, Defense Key Disciplines Lab of Novel Micro-Nano Devices and System Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Hongju Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lyu
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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8
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Cui X, Liu L, Li J, Liu Y, Liu Y, Hu D, Zhang R, Huang S, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Qu Y, Pang SW, Lam RHW. A Microfluidic Platform Revealing Interactions between Leukocytes and Cancer Cells on Topographic Micropatterns. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:963. [PMID: 36354472 PMCID: PMC9687854 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassay for detailed analysis of immune-cancer intercellular interactions can achieve more promising diagnosis and treatment strategies for cancers including nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC). In this study, we report a microfluidic live-cell immunoassay integrated with a microtopographic environment to meet the rising demand for monitoring intercellular interactions in different tumor microenvironments. The developed assay allows: (1) coculture of immune cells and cancer cells on tunable (flat or micrograting) substrates, (2) simultaneous detection of different cytokines in a wide working range of 5-5000 pg/mL, and (3) investigation of migration behaviors of mono- and co-cultured cells on flat/grating platforms for revealing the topography-induced intercellular and cytokine responses. Cytokine monitoring was achieved on-chip by implementing a sensitive and selective microbead-based sandwich assay with an antibody on microbeads, target cytokines, and the matching fluorescent-conjugated detection antibody in an array of active peristaltic mixer-assisted cytokine detection microchambers. Moreover, this immunoassay requires a low sample volume down to 0.5 μL and short assay time (30 min) for on-chip cytokine quantifications. We validated the biocompatibility of the co-culture strategy between immune cells and NPC cells and compared the different immunological states of undifferentiated THP-1 monocytic cells or PMA-differentiated THP-1 macrophages co-culturing with NP460 and NPC43 on topographical and planar substrates, respectively. Hence, the integrated microfluidic platform provides an efficient, broad-range and precise on-chip cytokine detection approach, eliminates the manual sampling procedures and allows on-chip continuous cytokine monitoring without perturbing intercellular microenvironments on different topographical ECM substrates, which has the potential of providing clinical significance in early immune diagnosis, personalized immunotherapy, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 519070, China
| | - Lelin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Research Center of Biological Computation, Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ya Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | | | - Ruolin Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Siping Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhongning Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yun Qu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Stella W. Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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9
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Ramadan Q, Alawami H, Zourob M. Microfluidic system for immune cell activation and inflammatory cytokine profiling: Application to screening of dietary supplements for anti-inflammatory properties. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:054105. [PMID: 36238726 PMCID: PMC9553286 DOI: 10.1063/5.0105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A versatile and reconfigurable microfluidic chip has been fully in-house fabricated and tested for immune cell culture, activation, and quantification of multi-cytokine secretion. The chip comprises three vertically stacked fluidic layers for perfusion, cell culture and cytokine capture, and quantification, respectively. The perfused media were separated from the cell culture by employing a biomimetic membrane as a model of the intestinal epithelial layer. Time-resolved detection and quantification of several secreted cytokines were enabled by an array of parallel channels, which are interfaced with the cell culture by a porous membrane. Each channel hosts magnetic beads conjugated with a specific antibody against the cytokine of interest. Magnetic bead-assisted agitation enables homogenization of the cell culture supernatant and perfusion of the cytokines through the bottom immune assay channels. As a proof of concept, THP-1 monocytic cells and their induced macrophages were used as a model of immune-responsive cells. The cells were sequentially stimulated by lipopolysaccharides and two dietary supplements, namely, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and curcumin, which are known to possess inflammasome-modulating activity. Both DHA and curcumin have shown anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the secretion of TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-10. Treatment of the cells with DHA and curcumin together lowered the TNFα secretion by ∼54%. IL-6 secretion was lowered upon cell treatment with curcumin, DHA, or DHA and curcumin co-treatment by 69%, 78%, or 67%, respectively. IL-1β secretion was lowered by 67% upon curcumin treatment and 70% upon curcumin and DHA co-treatment. IL-10 secretion was also lowered upon treating the cells with DHA, curcumin, or DHA and curcumin together by 7%, 53%, or 54%, respectively. The limit of the detection of the assay was determined as 25 pg/ml. Four cytokine profiling was demonstrated, but the design of the chip can be improved to allow a larger number of cytokines to be simultaneously detected from the same set of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Alawami
- College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- College of Science and General Studies, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Tang M, Chen J, Lei J, Ai Z, Liu F, Hong SL, Liu K. Precise and convenient size barcode on microfluidic chip for multiplex biomarker detection. Analyst 2021; 146:5892-5897. [PMID: 34494037 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01265g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The existing multiplex biomarker detection methods are limited by the high demand for coding material and expensive detection equipment. This paper proposes a convenient and precise coding method based on a wedge-shaped microfluidic chip, which can be further applied in multiplex biomarker detection. The proposed microfluidic chip has a microchannel with continuously varying height, which can naturally separate and code microparticles of different sizes. Our data indicate that this method can be applied to code more than 5 or 7 kinds of microparticles, even when their size discrepancies are smaller than 1 μm. Based on these, multiplex biomarker detection can be implemented by using microparticles of different sizes, hence each kind of microparticle that coats one kind of antibody represents the species of targets. This method is simple and easy to operate, with no clogging or sophisticated coding design, showing its significant potential in the area of point-of-care tests (POCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Tang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Functional Fibre Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan 30200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jia Lei
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhao Ai
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Functional Fibre Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan 30200, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Functional Fibre Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan 30200, People's Republic of China
| | - Shao-Li Hong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Functional Fibre Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan 30200, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Liu
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China. .,Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Functional Fibre Fabrication and Testing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, People's Republic of China.,Hubei Province Engineering Research Centre for Intelligent Micro-nano Medical Equipment and Key Technologies, Wuhan 30200, People's Republic of China
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11
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Liu C, Chu D, Kalantar‐Zadeh K, George J, Young HA, Liu G. Cytokines: From Clinical Significance to Quantification. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2004433. [PMID: 34114369 PMCID: PMC8336501 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are critical mediators that oversee and regulate immune and inflammatory responses via complex networks and serve as biomarkers for many diseases. Quantification of cytokines has significant value in both clinical medicine and biology as the levels provide insights into physiological and pathological processes and can be used to aid diagnosis and treatment. Cytokines and their clinical significance are introduced from the perspective of their pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. Factors affecting cytokines quantification in biological fluids, native levels in different body fluids, sample processing and storage conditions, sensitivity to freeze-thaw, and soluble cytokine receptors are discussed. In addition, recent advances in in vitro and in vivo assays, biosensors based on different signal outputs and intracellular to extracellular protein expression are summarized. Various quantification platforms for high-sensitivity and reliable measurement of cytokines in different scenarios are discussed, and commercially available cytokine assays are compared. A discussion of challenges in the development and advancement of technologies for cytokine quantification that aim to achieve real-time multiplex cytokine analysis for point-of-care situations applicable for both biomedical research and clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Dewei Chu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | | | - Jacob George
- Storr Liver CentreWestmead Institute of Medical ResearchUniversity of Sydney and Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyWestmead HospitalWestmeadNSW2145Australia
| | - Howard A. Young
- Laboratory of Cancer ImmunometabolismCenter for Cancer ResearchNational Cancer Institute at FrederickFrederickMD21702USA
| | - Guozhen Liu
- School of Life and Health SciencesThe Chinese University of Hong KongShenzhen518172P. R. China
- Graduate School of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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12
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Knowing more from less: miniaturization of ligand-binding assays and electrophoresis as new paradigms for at-line monitoring and control of mammalian cell bioprocesses. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:55-64. [PMID: 34246047 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring technologies for Process Analytical Technology (PAT) in mammalian cell cultures are often focusing on the same hand full parameters although a deeper knowledge and control of a larger panel of culture components would highly benefit process optimization, control and robustness. This short review highlights key advances in microfluidic affinity assays and microchip capillary electrophoresis (MCE). Aiming at the miniaturization and integration of PAT, these can detect at-line a variety of metabolites, proteins and Critical Quality Attributes (CQA's) in a bioprocess. Furthermore, discrete analytical components, which can potentially support the translation of increasingly mature microfluidic technologies towards this novel application, are also presented as a comprehensive toolbox ranging from sample preparation to signal acquisition.
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13
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Siwczak F, Loffet E, Kaminska M, Koceva H, Mahe MM, Mosig AS. Intestinal Stem Cell-on-Chip to Study Human Host-Microbiota Interaction. Front Immunol 2021; 12:798552. [PMID: 34938299 PMCID: PMC8685395 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.798552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut is a tubular organ responsible for nutrient absorption and harbors our intestinal microbiome. This organ is composed of a multitude of specialized cell types arranged in complex barrier-forming crypts and villi covered by a mucosal layer controlling nutrient passage and protecting from invading pathogens. The development and self-renewal of the intestinal epithelium are guided by niche signals controlling the differentiation of specific cell types along the crypt-villus axis in the epithelium. The emergence of microphysiological systems, or organ-on-chips, has paved the way to study the intestinal epithelium within a dynamic and controlled environment. In this review, we describe the use of organ-on-chip technology to control and guide these differentiation processes in vitro. We further discuss current applications and forthcoming strategies to investigate the mechanical processes of intestinal stem cell differentiation, tissue formation, and the interaction of the intestine with the microbiota in the context of gastrointestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatina Siwczak
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elise Loffet
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Mathilda Kaminska
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hristina Koceva
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Maxime M. Mahe
- Université de Nantes, Inserm, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
- Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Maxime M. Mahe, ; Alexander S. Mosig,
| | - Alexander S. Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care & Institute of Biochemistry II, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Maxime M. Mahe, ; Alexander S. Mosig,
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14
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Hu T, Zhang M, Wang Z, Chen K, Li X, Ni Z. Layer-by-layer self-assembly of MoS2/PDDA hybrid film in microfluidic chips for ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensing of alpha-fetoprotein. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Liu L, Hu D, Lam RHW. Microfluidic Viscometer Using a Suspending Micromembrane for Measurement of Biosamples. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11100934. [PMID: 33066536 PMCID: PMC7602240 DOI: 10.3390/mi11100934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The viscosity of biofluids such as blood and saliva can reflect an individual’s health conditions, and viscosity measurements are therefore considered in health monitoring and disease diagnosis. However, conventional viscometers can only handle a larger liquid volume beyond the quantity that can be extracted from a person. Though very effective, micro-sensors based on electrokinetic, ultrasonic, or other principles often have strict requirements for the supporting equipment and complicated procedures and signal processing. Sample contamination is always an important issue. In this paper, we report a microfluidic viscometer requiring a small volume of biosamples (<50 µL) and straightforward operation procedures. It is fabricated with low-cost and biocompatible polymeric materials as one-time-use devices, such that contamination is no longer the concern. It contains a suspending micromembrane located along a microchannel. Under a steady driving pressure, the membrane displacement is a function of viscosity of the liquid sample being tested. We derived a simple analytical relation and perform a simulation for converting the membrane displacement to the sample viscosity. We conducted experiments with liquids (water and mineral oil) with defined properties to verify such a relation. We further applied the micro-viscometer to measure bovine blood samples with different hematocrit levels. It can be concluded that the microfluidic viscometer has a high compatibility with a broad range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelin Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (D.H.)
| | - Dinglong Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (D.H.)
- Institute of Biointelligence Technology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (L.L.); (D.H.)
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Robotics and Automation, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +852-3442-8577
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16
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Chavan D, Chen H, Crum M, Vu B, Safari M, Smith M, Vekilov P, Conrad JC, Kourentzi K, Willson RC. Neutral DNA-avidin nanoparticles as ultrasensitive reporters in immuno-PCR. Analyst 2020; 145:4942-4949. [PMID: 32500871 PMCID: PMC7412439 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an immuno-PCR based diagnostic platform which couples detection antibodies to self-assembled, ultra-detectable DNA-avidin nanoparticles stabilized with poly(ethylene glycol) to link DNA amplification to target protein concentration. Electrostatic neutralization and cloaking of the PCR-amplifiable DNA labels by avidin and PEG coating reduces non-specific "stickiness" and enhances assay sensitivity. We further optimized the detectability of the nanoparticles by incorporating four repeats of a unique synthetic DNA PCR target into each nanoparticle. Using human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG) as a model analyte, this platform was able to quantitate the target hCG protein in femtomolar concentrations using only standard laboratory equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Chavan
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Mary Crum
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Binh Vu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Mohammad Safari
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Maxwell Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Peter Vekilov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jacinta C. Conrad
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Katerina Kourentzi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
- Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud ITESM Monterrey, Mexico
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17
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Armbrecht L, Rutschmann O, Szczerba BM, Nikoloff J, Aceto N, Dittrich PS. Quantification of Protein Secretion from Circulating Tumor Cells in Microfluidic Chambers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903237. [PMID: 32537399 PMCID: PMC7284199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells can be released from a cancerous lesion and migrate into the circulatory system, from whereon they may form metastases at distant sites. Today, it is possible to infer cancer progression and treatment efficacy by determining the number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in the patient's blood at multiple time points; further valuable information about CTC phenotypes remains inaccessible. In this article, a microfluidic method for integrated capture, isolation, and analysis of membrane markers as well as quantification of proteins secreted by single CTCs and CTC clusters is introduced. CTCs are isolated from whole blood with extraordinary efficiencies above 95% using dedicated trapping structures that allow co-capture of functionalized magnetic beads to assess protein secretion. The patform is tested with multiple breast cancer cell lines spiked into human blood and mouse-model-derived CTCs. In addition to immunostaining, the secretion level of granulocyte growth stimulating factor (G-CSF), which is shown to be involved in neutrophil recruitment, is quantified The bead-based assay provides a limit of detection of 1.5 ng mL-1 or less than 3700 molecules per cell. Employing barcoded magnetic beads, this platform can be adapted for multiplexed analysis and can enable comprehensive functional CTC profiling in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Armbrecht
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Ophélie Rutschmann
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Barbara Maria Szczerba
- Department of BiomedicineCancer Metastasis LabUniversity of Basel and University Hospital BaselMattenstrasse 28BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Jonas Nikoloff
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Nicola Aceto
- Department of BiomedicineCancer Metastasis LabUniversity of Basel and University Hospital BaselMattenstrasse 28BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
| | - Petra S. Dittrich
- Department for Biosystems Science and EngineeringBioanalytics GroupETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26BaselCH‐4058Switzerland
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18
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Lin Q, Wu J, Fang X, Kong J. Washing-free centrifugal microchip fluorescence immunoassay for rapid and point-of-care detection of protein. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1118:18-25. [PMID: 32418600 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simplifying the procedure of immunoassay is still a challenge due to problems such as multiple washing processes, complicated chemical modification and expensive cost. In this study, we developed a portable centrifugal microchip fluorescence immunoassay for washing-free, rapid, quantitative and point-of-care (POC) detection of protein. The designed microchip was fabricated by polycarbonate and assembled by double-sided adhesive tape using injecting molding with high scalability and low cost. The centrifugal strategy is capable of washing-out the bio-fluid and improving signal-to-noise ratio. Matrix nano-spotting method was employed to facilitate satisfactory immunological binding sites with the advantage of high capture efficiency and reproducibility. The proposed approach was capable of sensitively detecting procalcitonin (PCT) with a wide dynamic ranging from 0.10 ng/mL to 70.00 ng/mL within 10 min. Furthermore, this novel integrated diagnostic tool was successfully applied to detect PCT in 101 clinical samples with good consistency with Roche's method, indicating its attractive practical application capability. With favorable simplicity, rapidity, low cost and excellent analytical performance, our method holds great promise for POC diagnostics of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Jing Wu
- Shanghai Suxin Biotechnology Co. Ltd, and IgeneTec Diagnostic Products Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 201318, PR China
| | - Xueen Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China.
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19
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Rodriguez-Moncayo R, Jimenez-Valdes RJ, Gonzalez-Suarez AM, Garcia-Cordero JL. Integrated Microfluidic Device for Functional Secretory Immunophenotyping of Immune Cells. ACS Sens 2020; 5:353-361. [PMID: 31927915 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrated platforms for automatic assessment of cellular functional secretory immunophenotyping could have a widespread use in the diagnosis, real-time monitoring, and therapy evaluation of several pathologies. We present a microfluidic platform with integrated biosensors and culture chambers to measure cytokine secretion from a consistent and uniform number of immune cells. The biosensor relies on a fluorescence sandwich immunoassay enabled by the mechanically induced trapping of molecular interactions method. The platform contains 32 cell culture chambers, each patterned with an array of 492 microwells, to capture and analyze both adherent and nonadherent immune cells. Multiple stimuli can be delivered to a set of culture chambers. Per chamber, we were able to capture consistently 1113 ± 191 of blood-derived monocytes and neutrophils and 348 ± 37 THP-1 monocytes. Good occupancy efficiencies of ∼70% with a uniformity of ∼90% across all of the culture chambers of the device were achieved. Furthermore, we demonstrate that up to 96% of cells remain viable for the first 48 h. The employment of epoxy-modified glass substrates and active mixing enhanced the biosensing performance compared to the use of bare glass and simple diffusion. Finally, we performed functional secretory analysis of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha from human neutrophils and monocytes, stimulated with various doses of lipopolysaccharide and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-ionomycin, respectively. We foresee the employment of our microfluidic platform in the diagnosis of different pathologies where alterations in cytokine secretion patterns can be used as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodriguez-Moncayo
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
| | - Rocio Jimena Jimenez-Valdes
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
| | - Alan Mauricio Gonzalez-Suarez
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
| | - Jose Luis Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Parque PIIT, Apodaca, Nuevo León 66628, Mexico
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20
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Jones A, Dhanapala L, Kankanamage RNT, Kumar CV, Rusling JF. Multiplexed Immunosensors and Immunoarrays. Anal Chem 2020; 92:345-362. [PMID: 31726821 PMCID: PMC7202053 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abby Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lasangi Dhanapala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Rumasha N. T. Kankanamage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Challa V. Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - James F. Rusling
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06232, United States
- School of Chemistry, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland H91 TK33
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21
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Pyridoxal-5'-Phosphate Promotes Immunomodulatory Function of Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase-1 and TLR4/NF- κB Pathway. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3121246. [PMID: 31885603 PMCID: PMC6899265 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3121246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (A-MSCs) are promising cellular therapies for the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Non-gene editing technologies can improve the immune regulatory function of A-MSCs. Our preliminary experiments revealed that an active form of vitamin B6-pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP)-plays an important role in regulating gene expression and cytokine secretion in A-MSCs in vivo. To further clarify the effect of PLP on receptors and cytokines related to the immune regulatory function of A-MSCs, a series of experiments were designed to verify the relationships between PLP and A-MSCs in vitro. Initially, A-MSCs were obtained, and cytokine secretion and the expression of IDO1, NF-κB, and Toll-like receptors in PLP-stimulated A-MSCs were evaluated. In addition, coculture was used to detect A-MSCs-mediated apoptosis of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes. These results showed that A-MSCs stimulated with PLP were highly proliferative, consistent with their pluripotent capacity. Further, the surface receptors TLR3, TLR4, IDO1, and NF-κB were upregulated, while TLR6 was downregulated. Concurrently, A-MSCs preconditioned with PLP had the greatest inhibitory effect on CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation, indicating that PLP altered the immune regulatory function of A-MSCs through the regulation of TLRs and IDO1 expression.
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22
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Lv N, Zhang L, Jiang L, Muhammad A, Wang H, Yuan L. A Design of Microfluidic Chip with Quasi-Bessel Beam Waveguide for Scattering Detection of Label-Free Cancer Cells. Cytometry A 2019; 97:78-90. [PMID: 31876079 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Light scattering detection in microfluidic chips provides an important tool to identify cancer cells without any label processes. However, forward small-angle scattering signals of cells, which are related to their sizes and morphologies, are hard to be detected accurately when scattering angle is less than 11° in microfluidic chips by traditional lighting design due to the influence of incident beam. Therefore, cell's size and morphology being the golden standard for clinical detection may lose their efficacy in recognizing cancer cells from healthy ones. In this article, a novel lighting design in microfluidic chips is put forward in which traditional incident Gaussian beam can be modulated into quasi-Bessel beam by a microprism and waveguide. The quasi-Bessel beam's advantages of nondiffraction theoretically make forward scattering (FS) detection less than 11° possibly. Our experimental results for peripheral blood lymphocytes of human beings and cultured HeLa cells show that the detection rates increase by 47.87% and 46.79%, respectively, by the novel designed microfluidic chip compared to traditional Gaussian lighting method in microfluidic chips. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lv
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Amir Muhammad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Huijun Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
| | - Li Yuan
- First Affiliated Hospital, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shannxi, 710049, China
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23
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Hernández-Albors A, Castaño AG, Fernández-Garibay X, Ortega MA, Balaguer J, Ramón-Azcón J. Microphysiological sensing platform for an in-situ detection of tissue-secreted cytokines. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2019; 2:100025. [PMID: 32904308 PMCID: PMC7453918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2019.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the protein-secretion dynamics from single, specific tissues is critical toward the advancement of disease detection and treatments. However, such secretion dynamics remain difficult to measure in vivo due to the uncontrolled contributions from other tissue populations. Here, we describe an integrated platform designed for the reliable, near real-time measurements of cytokines secreted from an in vitro single-tissue model. In our setup, we grow 3D biomimetic tissues to discretize cytokine source, and we separate them from a magnetic microbead-based biosensing system using a Transwell insert. This design integrates physiochemically controlled biological activity, high-sensitivity protein detection (LOD < 20 pg mL-1), and rapid protein diffusion to enable non-invasive, near real-time measurements. To showcase the specificity and sensitivity of the system, we use our setup to probe the inflammatory process related to the protein Interleukine 6 (IL-6) and to the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α). We show that our setup can monitor the time-dependence profile of IL-6 and TNF-α secretion that results from the electrical and chemical stimulation of 3D skeletal muscle tissues. We demonstrate a novel and affordable methodology for discretizing the secretion kinetics of specific tissues for advancing metabolic-disorder studies and drug-screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiomara Fernández-Garibay
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Alejandra Ortega
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordina Balaguer
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Ramón-Azcón
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Chen P, Chen D, Li S, Ou X, Liu BF. Microfluidics towards single cell resolution protein analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Cedillo-Alcantar DF, Han YD, Choi J, Garcia-Cordero JL, Revzin A. Automated Droplet-Based Microfluidic Platform for Multiplexed Analysis of Biochemical Markers in Small Volumes. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5133-5141. [PMID: 30834743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to detect multiple analytes in a small sample volume has significance for numerous areas of research, including organs-on-chip, small animal experiments, and neonatology. The objective of this study was to develop an automated microfluidics platform for multiplexed detection of analytes in microliter sample volumes. This platform employed computer-controlled microvalves to create laminar co-flows of sample and assay reagent solutions. It also contained valve-regulated cross-junction for discretizing sample/reagent mixtures into water-in-oil droplets. Microfluidic automation allowed us to control parameters related to frequency of droplet generation and the number of droplets of the same composition, as well as the size of droplets. Each droplet represented an individual enzymatic assay carried out in a sub-nanoliter (0.8 nL) volume reactor. An enzymatic reaction involving target analyte and assay reagents produced colorimetric or fluorescent signals in droplets. Importantly, intensity of optical signal was proportional to the concentration of analyte in question. This microfluidic bioanalysis platform was used in conjunction with commercial "mix-detect" assays for glucose, total bile acids, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). After characterizing these assays individually, we demonstrated sensitive multiplexed detection of three analytes from as little as 3 μL. In fact, this volume was sufficient to generate multiple repeat droplets for each of the three biochemical assays as well as positive control droplets, confirming the quality of assay reagents and negative control droplets to help with background subtraction. One potential application for this microfluidic bioanalysis platform involves sampling cell-conditioned media in organ-on-chip devices. To highlight this application, hepatocyte spheroids were established in microfluidic devices, injured on-chip by exposure to lipotoxic agent (palmitate), and then connected to the bioanalysis module for daily monitoring of changes in cytotoxicity (LDH), energy metabolism (glucose), and liver function (total bile acids). Microfluidic in-droplet assays revealed increased levels of LDH as well as reduction in bile acid synthesis-results that were consistent with hepatic injury. Importantly, these experiments highlighted the fact that in-droplet assays were sufficiently sensitive to detect changes in functional output of a relatively small (∼100) number of hepatocyte spheroids cultured in a microfluidic device. Moving forward, we foresee increasing the multiplexing capability of this technology and applying this platform to other biological/medical scenarios where detection of multiple analytes from a small sample volume is desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana F Cedillo-Alcantar
- Unidad Monterrey , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Vía del Conocimiento 201 , Parque PIIT, Apodaca , Nuevo León CP 66628 , México.,Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Yong Duk Han
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Jonghoon Choi
- Mayo Clinic , Rochester , Minnesota 55905 , United States
| | - Jose L Garcia-Cordero
- Unidad Monterrey , Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Vía del Conocimiento 201 , Parque PIIT, Apodaca , Nuevo León CP 66628 , México
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Liu Y, Yang Q, Cao L, Xu F. Analysis of Leukocyte Behaviors on Microfluidic Chips. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801406. [PMID: 30672149 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The orchestration of massive leukocytes in the immune system protects humans from invading pathogens and abnormal cells in the body. So far, researches focusing on leukocyte behaviors are performed based on both in vivo and in vitro models. The in vivo animal models are usually less controllable due to their extreme complexity and nonignorable species issue. Therefore, many researchers turn to in vitro models. With the advances in micro/nanofabrication, the microfluidic chip has emerged as a novel platform for model construction in multiple biomedical research fields. Specifically, the microfluidic chip is used to study leukocyte behaviors, due to its incomparable advantages in high throughput, precise control, and flexible integration. Moreover, the small size of the microstructures on the microfluidic chip can better mimic the native microenvironment of leukocytes, which contributes to a more reliable recapitulation. Herein are reviewed the recent advances in microfluidic chip-based leukocyte behavior analysis to provide an overview of this field. Detailed discussions are specifically focused on host defense against pathogens, immunodiagnosis, and immunotherapy studies on microfluidic chips. Finally, the current technical challenges are discussed, as well as possible innovations in this field to improve the related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Qingzhen Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Lei Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education; School of Life Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC); Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710049 China
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Yang Y, Zeng Y. Microfluidic communicating vessel chip for expedited and automated immunomagnetic assays. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3830-3839. [PMID: 30394473 PMCID: PMC6279511 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive analysis of protein biomarkers is of tremendous biological and clinical significance. Immunoassays are workhorse tools for protein analysis and have been under continuous investigation to develop new methods and to improve the analytical performance. Herein we report a pneumatically gated microfluidic communicating vessel (μCOVE) chip for rapid and sensitive immunomagnetic ELISA. A distinct feature of our device is that it employs the communicating vessel principle as a simple means to generate a fast transient hydrodynamic flow to enable effective flow washing without the need for excessive incubation, which greatly simplifies and expedites the assay workflow, compared to conventional microfluidic flow-based immunoassays. Stationary multi-phase microfluidic techniques have been developed for fast bead washing. However, they have some limitations, such as the need for careful control of interfacial properties, large bead quantity required for reliable interphase bead transport, and relatively high bead loss during surface tension-gated traverse. Our single-phase μCOVE chip can overcome such limitations and facilitate the manipulation of magnetic beads to streamline the assay workflow. We showed that the μCOVE device affords highly sensitive quantification of the CEA and EGFR proteins with a LOD down to the sub-picogram per mL level. Direct detection of the EGFR in the crude A431 cell lysate was also demonstrated to further validate the ability of our device for rapid and quantitative analysis of complex biological samples. Overall, our work presents a unique platform that combines the merits of the stationary multi-phase systems and the flow-based microfluidics. This novel immunoassay microsystem has promising potential for a broad range of biological and clinical applications, owing to its simplicity and high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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3D microfluidic in vitro model and bioinformatics integration to study the effects of Spatholobi Caulis tannin in cervical cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12285. [PMID: 30115981 PMCID: PMC6095931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is considered the fourth most common malignant disease in women. Recently, tannin from Spatholobi Caulis (TTS) has been shown to have potent anticancer and antiproliferative characteristics in a few preliminary studies. This experiment used 3D microfluidic, flow cytometry, and gene chip technology to study the efficacy and mechanism of action of TTS, as well as molecular docking technology to study the effect of drugs on related proteins. The cell survival rates of the five groups measured by the 3D microfluidic chip were 94%, 85%, 64%, 55%, and 42%, respectively. With the increase in drug concentration, the cell survival rate gradually decreased. Apoptosis rates detected in the five groups were 2.12%, 15.87%, 33.40%, 41.13%, and 55.10%, respectively. These data suggest that TTS can promote cell apoptosis. The percentages of cells in the G0/G1 phase were 43.39%, 55.07%, 59.57%, 64.56%, and 67.39% in the five groups, respectively. TTS was demonstrated to inhibit the conversion of cells from G0/G1 to S phase and G2/M phase and inhibit gene and protein synthesis to block cell proliferation. TTS can effectively modulate pathogenic proteins. The results confirmed the efficacy of TTS against HeLa cells and that TTS can be used as an adjunct in cervical cancer prevention and treatment.
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Liu Y, Li J, Hu D, Lam JHM, Sun D, Pang SW, Lam RHW. Microfluidic implementation of functional cytometric microbeads for improved multiplexed cytokine quantification. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:044112. [PMID: 30147817 PMCID: PMC6086689 DOI: 10.1063/1.5044449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Functional microbeads have been widely applied in molecular identification and other biochemical applications in the past decade, owing to the compatibility with flow cytometry and the commercially available microbeads for a wide range of molecular identification. Nevertheless, there is still a technical hurdle caused by the significant sample volume required (∼50 μl), limited molecular detection limit (∼20 pg/ml), complicated liquid/microbead handling procedures, and the long reaction time (>2 h). In this work, we optimize the operation of an automated microbead-based microfluidic device for the reagent mixing and the dynamic cytokine detection. In particular, we adopt fluorescence microscopy for quantification of multiple microbeads in each microchamber instead of flow cytometry for a lower detection limit. The operation parameters are then configured for improved measurement performance. As demonstrated, we consider the cytokine secretion of human macrophage-differentiating lymphocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. We examine requirements on the mixing duration, minimal sample volume, and the image analysis scheme for the smaller biosample volume (<5 μl), the lower cytokine detection limit (∼5 pg/ml), and shorter process time (∼30 min). Importantly, this microfluidic strategy can be further extended in the molecular profiling using other functional microbeads for a broad range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Jiyu Li
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Dinglong Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Josh H. M. Lam
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | | | | | - Raymond H. W. Lam
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: . Tel.: +852-3442-8577. Fax: +852-3442-0172
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Lin YH, Wu CC, Peng YS, Wu CW, Chang YT, Chang KP. Detection of anti-p53 autoantibodies in saliva using microfluidic chips for the rapid screening of oral cancer. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15513-15521. [PMID: 35539469 PMCID: PMC9080182 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13734f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies have high specificity and stability and are easy to detect. Anti-p53 autoantibodies can be used as biomarkers for the early detection of oral cancer. However, most studies detected anti-p53 in sera samples. In this study, a microfluidic chip combined with magnetic immunoassay, which can automatically detect the concentration of anti-p53 in saliva, was developed. The use of a micromixer can shorten the immunoassay time: the mixing time of the antigen and antibody can be reduced from the original 60 min off-chip to 20 min, making the total immunoassay time around 60 min. A method of moving magnetic beads and the antibody instead of manipulating fluid was utilized to simplify fluid control and decrease contamination caused by non-specific protein adsorption to the surface of reaction wells. The detection limit of anti-p53 was 4 ng mL−1. In addition, a relative concentration of anti-p53 in the saliva of patients was detected in the chip. A microfluidic chip with multiple reaction wells is capable of automatically detecting anti-p53 autoantibody in saliva for oral cancer screening.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Heng Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Chang Gung University
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Mechatronics
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science
| | - Yong-Sheng Peng
- Department of Electronic Engineering
- Chang Gung University
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Wu
- Graduate Institute of Medical Mechatronics
- Chang Gung University
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center
- Chang Gung University
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ping Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery
- Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
- Taoyuan 333
- Taiwan
- Molecular Medicine Research Center
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