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Ohemeng PO, Godin R. Surface properties of carbon nitride materials used in photocatalytic systems for energy and environmental applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024. [PMID: 39347587 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03898c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The use of photocatalytic systems involving semiconductor materials for environmental and energy applications, such as water remediation and clean energy production, is highly significant. In line with this, a family of carbon-based polymeric materials known as carbon nitride (CNx) has emerged as a promising candidate for this purpose. Despite CNx's remarkable characteristics of performance, stability, and visible light responsiveness, its chemical inertness and poor surface properties hinder interfacial interactions, which are key to effective catalysis. This highlight reviews the literature focusing on the surface chemistry of CNx, especially its structural formation pathway, reactivity, and solvent interactions. It also explores recent advancements in the use of modified CNx for hydrogen production and arsenic remediation, offering recommendations for future material design improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Osei Ohemeng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Robert Godin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
- Clean Energy Research Center, University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Okanagan Institute for Biodiversity, Resilience, and Ecosystem Services, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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2
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Zhong T, Huang W, Yao Z, Long X, Qu W, Zhao H, Tian S, Shu D, He C. Engineering of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4) Based Photocatalysts for Atmospheric Protection: Modification Strategies, Recent Progress, and Application Challenges. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2404696. [PMID: 39155427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202404696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a prominent photocatalyst that has attracted substantial interest in the field of photocatalytic environmental remediation due to the low cost of fabrication, robust chemical structure, adaptable and tunable energy bandgaps, superior photoelectrochemical properties, cost-effective feedstocks, and distinctive framework. Nonetheless, the practical application of bulk g-C3N4 in the photocatalysis field is limited by the fast recombination of photogenerated e--h+ pairs, insufficient surface-active sites, and restricted redox capacity. Consequently, a great deal of research has been devoted to solving these scientific challenges for large-scale applications. This review concisely presents the latest advancements in g-C3N4-based photocatalyst modification strategies, and offers a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and preparation techniques for each strategy. It aims to articulate the complex relationship between theory, microstructure, and activities of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for atmospheric protection. Finally, both the challenges and opportunities for the development of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts are highlighted. It is highly believed that this special review will provide new insight into the synthesis, modification, and broadening of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts for atmospheric protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wenbin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhangnan Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xianhu Long
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wei Qu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huinan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shuanghong Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Dong Shu
- Key Lab of Technology on Electrochemical Energy Storage and Power Generation in Guangdong Universities, School of Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chun He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Sohail M, Rauf S, Irfan M, Hayat A, Alghamdi MM, El-Zahhar AA, Ghernaout D, Al-Hadeethi Y, Lv W. Recent developments, advances and strategies in heterogeneous photocatalysts for water splitting. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:1286-1330. [PMID: 38419861 PMCID: PMC10898449 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00442b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) is an up-and-coming technology for generating sustainable fuel using light energy. Significant progress has been made in the developing of PWS innovations over recent years. In addition to various water-splitting (WS) systems, the focus has primarily been on one- and two-steps-excitation WS systems. These systems utilize singular or composite photocatalysts for WS, which is a simple, feasible, and cost-effective method for efficiently converting prevalent green energy into sustainable H2 energy on a large commercial scale. The proposed principle of charge confinement and transformation should be implemented dynamically by conjugating and stimulating the photocatalytic process while ensuring no unintentional connection at the interface. This study focuses on overall water splitting (OWS) using one/two-steps excitation and various techniques. It also discusses the current advancements in the development of new light-absorbing materials and provides perspectives and approaches for isolating photoinduced charges. This article explores multiple aspects of advancement, encompassing both chemical and physical changes, environmental factors, different photocatalyst types, and distinct parameters affecting PWS. Significant factors for achieving an efficient photocatalytic process under detrimental conditions, (e.g., strong light absorption, and synthesis of structures with a nanometer scale. Future research will focus on developing novel materials, investigating potential synthesis techniques, and improving existing high-energy raw materials. The endeavors aim is to enhance the efficiency of energy conversion, the absorption of radiation, and the coherence of physiochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
| | - Sana Rauf
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 PR China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University Mansehra 21300 Pakistan
| | - Asif Hayat
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University 321004 Jinhua Zhejiang P. R. China
| | - Majed M Alghamdi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Adel A El-Zahhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University P. O. Box 9004 Abha 61413 Saudi Arabia
| | - Djamel Ghernaout
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Ha'il PO Box 2440 Ha'il 81441 Saudi Arabia
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Blida PO Box 270 Blida 09000 Algeria
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- Lithography in Devices Fabrication and Development Research Group, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
- King Fahd Medical Research Center (KFMRC), King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | - Weiqiang Lv
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 P. R. China
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4
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Yu J, Cai M, Cheng Q, Chen F, Bai JQ, Wei Y, Chen J, Sun S. Understanding the Poly (Triazine Imide) Crystals Formation Process: The Conversion from Heptazine to Triazine. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302982. [PMID: 38031382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Poly (triazine imide) (PTI) generally obtained via ionothermal synthesis features extended π-conjugation and enhanced crystallinity. However, in-depth investigation of the polycondensation process for PTI is an onerous task due to multiple influencing factors and limited characterization techniques. Herein, to simplify the polymerization route and exclude non-essential factors, PTI was prepared by calcining only melamine and LiCl. This study aims to identify the pivotal role of LiCl in PTI formation, which can convert heptazine-based intermediates into more stable triazine-based PTI framework. Based on this discovery, we demonstrate the transformation process of the prepared samples from amorphous Bulk g-C3 N4 to regular PTI, and further prove that the reaction with LiCl causes disruption of heptazine covalent organic frameworks. Additionally, the PTI exhibits higher photocatalytic water splitting performance due to efficient charge carrier mobility and separation, as well as faster reaction kinetics. This discovery deepens understanding of the polycondensation process of PTI crystals and provides insights toward the rational design of crystalline carbon nitride-based semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Mengdie Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Qin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-Qi Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxue Wei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jingshuai Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Song Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, 230601, Hefei, Anhui, China
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Xia J, Hu C, Ji Y, Wang M, Jin Y, Ye L, Xie D, Jiang S, Li R, Hu Z, Dai J. Copper-Loaded Nanoheterojunction Enables Superb Orthotopic Osteosarcoma Therapy via Oxidative Stress and Cell Cuproptosis. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21134-21152. [PMID: 37902237 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic tumor therapy based on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials is a burgeoning and promising tumor therapeutic modality. However, the inefficient utilization and conversion of exogenous stimulation, single catalytic modality, and unsatisfactory therapeutic efficiency in the tumor microenvironment (TME) have seriously restricted their further application in tumor therapy. Herein, the heterogeneous carbon nitride-based nanoagent named T-HCN@CuMS was successfully developed, which dramatically improved the efficiency of the tumor therapeutic modality. Benefiting from the donor-acceptor (triazine-heptazine) structure within the heterogeneous carbon nitride nanosheets (HCN) and the construction of interplanar heterostructure with copper loaded metallic molybdenum bisulfide nanosheets (CuMS), T-HCN@CuMS presented a favorable photo-induced catalytic property to generate abundant reactive oxygen species (ROS) under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation. Besides, the choice of CuMS simultaneously enabled this nanoagent to efficiently catalyze the Fenton-like reaction and trigger cell cuproptosis, a recently recognized regulated cell death mode characterized by imbalanced intracellular copper homeostasis and aggregation of lipoylated mitochondrial proteins. Moreover, upon surface modification with cRGDfk-PEG2k-DSPE, T-HCN@CuMS was prepared and endowed with improved dispersibility and αvβ3 integrins targeting ability. In general, through the rational design, T-HCN@CuMS was facilely prepared and had achieved satisfactory antitumor and antimetastasis outcomes both in vitro and in a high-metastatic orthotopic osteosarcoma model. This strategy could offer an idea to treat malignant diseases based on 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiechao Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Chuan Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Yinwen Ji
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Min Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Analysis and Detection Technology for Food Safety, State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Dingqi Xie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Sicheng Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Renhong Li
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhijun Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
| | - Jiayong Dai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal System Degeneration and Regeneration Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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6
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Genoux A, Pauly M, Rooney CL, Choi C, Shang B, McGuigan S, Fataftah MS, Kayser Y, Suhr SCB, DeBeer S, Wang H, Maggard PA, Holland PL. Well-Defined Iron Sites in Crystalline Carbon Nitride. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20739-20744. [PMID: 37703184 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitride materials can be hosts for transition metal sites, but Mössbauer studies on iron complexes in carbon nitrides have always shown a mixture of environments and oxidation states. Here we describe the synthesis and characterization of a crystalline carbon nitride with stoichiometric iron sites that all have the same environment. The material (formula C6N9H2Fe0.4Li1.2Cl, abbreviated PTI/FeCl2) is derived from reacting poly(triazine imide)·LiCl (PTI/LiCl) with a low-melting FeCl2/KCl flux, followed by anaerobic rinsing with methanol. X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption and Mössbauer spectroscopies, and SQUID magnetometry indicate that there are tetrahedral high-spin iron(II) sites throughout the material, all having the same geometry. The material is active for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia, with a production rate of ca. 0.1 mmol cm-2 h-1 and Faradaic efficiency of ca. 80% at -0.80 V vs RHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Genoux
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Magnus Pauly
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Conor L Rooney
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Chungseok Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Bo Shang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Scott McGuigan
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Majed S Fataftah
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Yves Kayser
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Simon C B Suhr
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Serena DeBeer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, D-45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Paul A Maggard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Patrick L Holland
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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7
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Wang Q, Zhang G, Xing W, Pan Z, Zheng D, Wang S, Hou Y, Wang X. Bottom-up Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Poly (Triazine Imide) Nanosheets for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307930. [PMID: 37463869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Poly (triazine imide) (PTI/Li+ Cl- ), one of the crystalline versions of polymeric carbon nitrides, holds great promise for photocatalytic overall water splitting. In principle, the photocatalytic activity of PTI/Li+ Cl- is closely related to the morphology, which could be reasonably tailored by the modulation of the polycondensation process. Herein, we demonstrate that the hexagonal prisms of PTI/Li+ Cl- could be converted to hexagonal nanosheets by adjusting the binary eutectic salts from LiCl/KCl or NaCl/LiCl to ternary LiCl/KCl/NaCl. Results reveal that the extension of in-plane conjugation is preferred, when the polymerisation was performed in the presence of ternary eutectic salts. The hexagonal nanosheets bears longer lifetimes of charge carriers than that of hexagonal prisms due to lower intensity of structure defects and shorter hopping distance of charge carriers along the stacking direction of triazine nanosheets. The optimized hexagonal nanosheets exhibits a record apparent quantum yield value of 25 % (λ=365 nm) for solar hydrogen production by one-step excitation overall water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Wandong Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Sibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
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Ru C, Wang Y, Chen P, Zhang Y, Wu X, Gong C, Zhao H, Wu J, Pan X. Replacing CC Unit with B←N Unit in Isoelectronic Conjugated Polymers for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302384. [PMID: 37116108 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Three linear isoelectronic conjugated polymers PCC, PBC, and PBN are synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura polycondensation for photocatalytic hydrogen (H2 ) production from water. PBN presented an excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate (HER) of 223.5 µmol h-1 (AQY420 = 23.3%) under visible light irradiation, which is 7 times that of PBC and 31 times that of PCC. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of PBN is due to the improved charge separation and transport of photo-induced electrons/holes originating from the lower exciton binding energy (Eb ), longer fluorescence lifetime, and stronger built-in electric field, caused by the introduction of the polar B←N unit into the polymer backbone. Moreover, the extension of the visible light absorption region and the enhancement of surface catalytic ability further increase the activity of PBN. This work reveals the potential of B←N fused structures as building blocks as well as proposes a rational design strategy for achieving high photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ru
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Peiyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Chenliang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Jincai Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
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Chen D, Yao B, Zhi X, Tian C, Chen M, Cao S, Feng X, Che H, Zhang K, Ao Y. Multi-heteroatom-doping promotes molecular oxygen activation on polymeric carbon nitride for simultaneous generation of H 2O 2 and degradation of oxcarbazepine. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37376986 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneously realizing the efficient generation of H2O2 and degradation of pollutants is of great significance for environmental remediation. However, most polymeric semiconductors only show moderate performance in molecular oxygen (O2) activation due to the sluggish electron-hole pair dissociation and charge transfer dynamics. Herein, we develop a simple thermal shrinkage strategy to construct multi-heteroatom-doped polymeric carbon nitride (K, P, O-CNx). The resultant K, P, O-CNx not only improves the separation efficiency of charge carriers, but also improves the adsorption/activation capacity of O2. K, P, O-CNx significantly increases the production of H2O2 and the degradation activity of oxcarbazepine (OXC) under visible light. K, P, O-CN5 shows a high H2O2 production rate (1858 μM h-1 g-1) in water under visible light, far surpassing that of pure PCN. The apparent rate constant for OXC degradation by K, P, O-CN5 increases to 0.0491 min-1, which is 8.47 times that of PCN. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the adsorption energy of O2 near phosphorus atoms in K, P, O-CNx is the highest. This work provides a new idea for the efficient degradation of pollutants and generation of H2O2 at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Bingling Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Xinyu Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Chang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Minghao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Siyi Cao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Xinyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Huinan Che
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
| | - Kan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display Material and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 210094 Nanjing, China.
| | - Yanhui Ao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, No. 1, Xikang Road, Nanjing, 210098, China.
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10
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Rasheed T, Ahmad Hassan A, Ahmad T, Khan S, Sher F. Organic Covalent Interaction-based Frameworks as Emerging Catalysts for Environment and Energy Applications: Current Scenario and Opportunities. Chem Asian J 2023:e202300196. [PMID: 37171867 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The term "covalent organic framework" (COF) refers to a class of porous organic polymeric materials made from organic building blocks that have been covalently bonded. The preplanned and predetermined bonding of the monomer linkers allow them to demonstrate directional flexibility in two- or three-dimensional spaces. COFs are modern materials, and the discovery of new synthesis and linking techniques has made it possible to prepare them with a variety of favorable features and use them in a range of applications. Additionally, they can be post-synthetically altered or transformed into other materials of particular interest to produce compounds with enhanced chemical and physical properties. Because of its tunability in different chemical and physical states, post-synthetic modifications, high stability, functionality, high porosity and ordered geometry, COFs are regarded as one of the most promising materials for catalysis and environmental applications. This study highlights the basic advancements in establishing the stable COFs structures and various post-synthetic modification approaches. Further, the photocatalytic applications, such as organic transformations, degradation of emerging pollutants and removal of heavy metals, production of hydrogen and Conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to useful products have also been presented. Finally, the future research directions and probable outcomes have also been summarized, by focusing their promises for specialists in a variety of research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Rasheed
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Adv. Mater., King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adeel Ahmad Hassan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Shanghai State Key Lab of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tauqir Ahmad
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Sardaraz Khan
- Chemistry Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Sher
- Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK
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11
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Chang J, Zhang T, Qiu S, Huang N, Pang D, Li H, Masese T, Zhang H, Li Z, Huang ZD. Oxygenated Triazine-Heptazine Heterostructure Creates an Enormous Ascension to the Visible Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance of Porous C 3 N 4 Nanosheets. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301579. [PMID: 36919785 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A highly efficient g-C3 N4 photocatalyst is developed by a novel one-pot thermal polymerization method under a salt fog environment generated by heating the aqueous solution of urea and mixed metal salts of NaCl/KCl, namely SF-CN. Thanks to the synergistic effect of the oxygenation and chemical etching of the salt fog, the obtained SF-CN is an oxygenated ultrathin porous carbon nitride with an intermolecular triazine-heptazine heterostructure, meanwhile, shows enlarged specific surface area, greatly enhanced absorption of visible light, narrowed band gap with a lower conduction band, and an increased photocurrent response due to the effective separation of photogenerated holes and electrons, comparing to those of pristine g-C3 N4 . The theoretical simulations further reveal that the triazine-heptazine heterostructure possesses better photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) capability than pure triazine and heptazine carbon nitrides. In turn, SF-CN demonstrates an excellent visible light PHE rate of 18.13 mmol h-1 g-1 , up to 259.00 times of that of pristine g-C3 N4 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shengchuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Na Huang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Dawei Pang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Haoran Li
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Titus Masese
- Research Institute of Electrochemical Energy, Department of Energy and Environment (RIECEN), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-8-31 Midorigaoka, Ikeda, Osaka, 563-8577, Japan
| | - Haijiao Zhang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Ziquan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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12
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Ma Y, Lin L, Takata T, Hisatomi T, Domen K. A perspective on two pathways of photocatalytic water splitting and their practical application systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:6586-6601. [PMID: 36789746 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05427b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic water splitting has been widely studied as a means of converting solar energy into hydrogen as an ideal energy carrier in the future. Systems for photocatalytic water splitting can be divided into one-step excitation and two-step excitation processes. The former uses a single photocatalyst while the latter uses a pair of photocatalysts to separately generate hydrogen and oxygen. Significant progress has been made in each type of photocatalytic water splitting system in recent years, although improving the solar-to-hydrogen energy conversion efficiency and constructing practical technologies remain important tasks. This perspective summarizes recent advances in the field of photocatalytic overall water splitting, with a focus on the design of photocatalysts, co-catalysts and reaction systems. The associated challenges and potential approaches to practical solar hydrogen production via photocatalytic water splitting are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Ma
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
| | - Lihua Lin
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
| | - Tsuyoshi Takata
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
| | - Takashi Hisatomi
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan.
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan. .,Office of University Professors, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-86556, Japan
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13
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Fang X, Lei S, Feng Z, Ou J. Conductive Polymers‐Confined Metal‐Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Activity for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic CO
2
Reduction. ChemElectroChem 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzuo Fang
- Jiangsu University of Technology Changzhou 213001 P. R. China
| | - Sheng Lei
- Jiangsu University of Technology Changzhou 213001 P. R. China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- Jiangsu University of Technology Changzhou 213001 P. R. China
| | - Junfei Ou
- Jiangsu University of Technology Changzhou 213001 P. R. China
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14
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Zhang D, Ma C, Shi P, Yang Z, Rong T, Xiong L, Liao W. Controllable Preparation of Highly Crystalline Sulfur-Doped Π-Conjugated Polyimide Hollow Nanoshell for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040903. [PMID: 36850187 PMCID: PMC9964284 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a series of highly crystalline π-conjugated polyimide photocatalysts with porous nano hollow shell (HSPI) was prepared for the first time by the hard template method by adjusting the addition ratio of the template precursor. SiO2 nanospheres not only serve as template agents but also as dispersants to make precursors of SPI more uniform, and the degree of polymerization will be better, resulting in significantly enhanced crystallinity of HSPI relative to bulk SPI (BSPI). More strikingly, it is found that HSPI has a larger specific surface area, stronger visible light absorption, and higher separation efficiency of photogenerated electron and hole pairs compared with BSPI by various spectral means characterization analysis. These favorable factors significantly enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange (MO) by HSPI. This work provides a promising approach for the preparation of cheap, efficient, environmentally friendly, and sustainable photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoping Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Chenghai Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Peidong Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Zuan Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Tongwei Rong
- Department of New Energy (Photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Liurui Xiong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Wenhui Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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15
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Xiong Z, Liang Y, Yang J, Yang G, Jia J, Sa K, Zhang X, Zeng Z. Engineering a phase transition induced g-C3N5/poly (triazine imide) heterojunction for boosted photocatalytic H2 evolution. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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A 1,3,5-triazine and benzodithiophene based donor-acceptor type semiconducting conjugated polymer for photocatalytic overall water splitting. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Wang R, Cao X, Huang H, Ji X, Chen X, Liu J, Yan P, Wei S, Chen L, Wang Y. Facile Chemical Vapor Modification Strategy to Construct Surface Cyano-Rich Polymer Carbon Nitrides for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201575. [PMID: 36149300 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The surface grafting of electro-negative cyano groups on polymer carbon nitrides (PCNs) is an effective way to tail their electronic structure. Despite the significant progress in the synthesis of cyano group-enriched PCN, developing a simple and efficient method remains challenging. Here, a facile strategy was developed for fabricating surface cyano-rich PCN (PCN-DM) with a porous structure via chemical vapor modification using diaminomaleonitrile. The cyano groups of diaminomaleonitrile substituted the amino groups on PCN surface via a deamination. The hydrogen production rate of the PCN-DM was approximately 17 times higher than that of pristine PCN. This significant increase in photocatalytic performance could be assigned to the fusion of cyano groups in the surface of PCN, forming new gap states that broadened the visible-light harvesting and accelerated charge separation for photoredox reactions. This study unveils a promising approach for incorporating functional units in the design of novel photocatalysts for efficient hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohua Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xingtao Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiudong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jinhang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ping Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Shunhang Wei
- School of Mathematical Information, Shaoxing University, 312000, Shaoxing, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Materdicine Lab, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, 333 Nanchen Road, 200444, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yawei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Jiujiang University, 332005, Jiujiang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
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18
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Chi HY, Chen C, Zhao K, Villalobos LF, Schouwink PA, Piveteau L, Marshall KP, Liu Q, Han Y, Agrawal KV. Unblocking Ion-occluded Pore Channels in Poly(triazine imide) Framework for Proton Conduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207457. [PMID: 35906967 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide) or PTI is an ordered graphitic carbon nitride hosting Å-scale pores attractive for selective molecular transport. AA'-stacked PTI layers are synthesized by ionothermal route during which ions occupy the framework and occlude the pores. Synthesis of ion-free PTI hosting AB-stacked layers has been reported, however, pores in this configuration are blocked by the neighboring layer. The unavailability of open pore limits application of PTI in molecular transport. Herein, we demonstrate acid treatment for ion depletion which maintains AA' stacking and results in open pore structure. We provide first direct evidence of ion-depleted open pores by imaging with the atomic resolution using integrated differential phase-contrast scanning transmission electron microscopy. Depending on the extent of ion-exchange, AA' stacking with open channels and AB stacking with closed channels are obtained and imaged for the first time. The accessibility of open channels is demonstrated by enhanced proton transport through ion depleted PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Chi
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Cailing Chen
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kangning Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Luis Francisco Villalobos
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL, Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, NMR Platform, EPFL, Rte Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth Paul Marshall
- Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Av. des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Qi Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Yu Han
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- Laboratory of Advanced Separations (LAS), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, 1950, Sion, Switzerland
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19
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Wang W, Shu Z, Zhou J, Tang H, Li T, Meng D. Optimizing the Optical Absorption of Poly(heptazine imide) by the n → π* Electron Transition for Improved Photocatalytic H 2 Evolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:41131-41140. [PMID: 36047678 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poly(heptazine imide) (abbreviated as PHI), a heptazine-based crystalline carbon nitride photocatalyst, has attracted widespread attention in the photocatalytic H2 evolution benefiting from its high crystallinity. Nevertheless, the optical absorption range of the directly synthesized PHI is generally narrow, which severely hinders the utilization of visible light. Much research aimed to extend the optical absorption range of PHI; however, either the optimization degree was insufficient or the synthesis process was cumbersome. Herein, red PHI (RPHI) for improving the photocatalytic H2 evolution was facilely synthesized by the one step method. The optimal RPHI sample possesses an obvious new absorption band of the n → π* electron transition and exhibits a significantly enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of 169 μmol h-1 (λ > 510 nm) and 46 μmol h-1 (λ > 600 nm), which is about 5 times (λ > 510 nm) and 7.7 times (λ > 600 nm) that of pristine PHI and surpasses most reported RPHIs. This work may promote the development of the PHI photocatalyst for near-infrared photocatalytic H2 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhu Shu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, 1 Mazongling Road, Yichang 443007, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
- Hubei Three Gorges Laboratory, 1 Mazongling Road, Yichang 443007, China
| | - Haomiao Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Province Key Laboratory of Utilization of Non-metallic Mineral in the South of Henan, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Dawei Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
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20
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Wang W, Kou X, Li T, Zhao R, Su Y. Tunable heptazine/triazine feature of nitrogen deficient graphitic carbon nitride for electronic modulation and boosting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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21
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Wang S, Zhang H, Nie R, Ning Y, Zhao C, Xia Z, Niu P, Li L, Wang S. Effective modification of photocatalytic and piezocatalytic performances for poly(heptazine imide) by carbon dots decoration. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:13015-13021. [PMID: 35968851 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01819e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the high-crystalline phase of carbon nitride, poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) has attracted much attention in recent years, considering the more effective light absorption, better charge carrier behavior, and higher surface area of PHI compared with its counterpart with a melon structure that is commonly synthesized through thermal polymerization. Nevertheless, exploring effective strategies to further improve the performance of PHI is still highly desirable. In this work, it is revealed that the photocatalytic as well as piezocatalytic performances of PHI are greatly promoted by coupling with carbon dots (CDots) through a facile ultrasonication process. Detailed structure characterizations indicate that a very low content of CDots (0.05%) decoration can double the light absorbance and achieve the efficient separation and transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. The optimal photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of PHI/CDots is about 2.49 and 2.81 times that of PHI, under UV-Visible and visible light irradiation, respectively. Moreover, the piezocatalytic H2O2 generation and KMnO4 degradation activities of PHI/CDots are around 2 times that of PHI. The results obtained in this work provide references for the modification of PHI and may inspire new strategies for the design of highly efficient carbonaceous photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Haoqing Zhang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Ran Nie
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Yuxin Ning
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Chenxi Zhao
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Zhonghui Xia
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Niu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Li Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China.
| | - Shulan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
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22
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Chi HY, Chen C, Zhao K, Villalobos LF, Schouwink PA, Piveteau L, Marshall KP, Liu Q, Han Y, Agrawal KV. Unblocking Ion‐occluded Pore Channels in Poly(triazine imide) Framework for Proton Conduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Yu Chi
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Cailing Chen
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division Thuwal SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Kangning Zhao
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Luis Francisco Villalobos
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Pascal Alexander Schouwink
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Laura Piveteau
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, NMR Platform Rte Cantonale CH-1015 Lausanne SWITZERLAND
| | - Kenneth Paul Marshall
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility: ESRF Swiss-Norwegian Beamlines 71 Av. des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble FRANCE
| | - Qi Liu
- Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440 CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
| | - Yu Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division Thuwal SAUDI ARABIA
| | - Kumar Varoon Agrawal
- École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Institute of chemical sciences and engineering Rue de l'Industrie 17Case Postale 440Switzerland CH-1950 Sion SWITZERLAND
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23
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Li X, Chen X, Fang Y, Lin W, Hou Y, Anpo M, Fu X, Wang X. High-performance potassium poly(heptazine imide) films for photoelectrochemical water splitting. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7541-7551. [PMID: 35872826 PMCID: PMC9241972 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is an appealing approach by which to convert solar energy into hydrogen fuel. Polymeric semiconductors have recently attracted intense interest of many scientists for PEC water splitting. The crystallinity of polymer films is regarded as the main factor that determines the conversion efficiency. Herein, potassium poly(heptazine) imide (K-PHI) films with improved crystallinity were in situ prepared on a conductive substrate as a photoanode for solar-driven water splitting. A remarkable photocurrent density of ca. 0.80 mA cm-2 was achieved under air mass 1.5 global illumination without the use of any sacrificial agent, a performance that is ca. 20 times higher than that of the photoanode in an amorphous state, and higher than those of other related polymeric photoanodes. The boosted performance can be attributed to improved charge transfer, which has been investigated using steady state and operando approaches. This work elucidates the pivotal importance of the crystallinity of conjugated polymer semiconductors for PEC water splitting and other advanced photocatalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Wei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Masakazu Anpo
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
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Burmeister D, Müller J, Plaickner J, Kochovski Z, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Bojdys MJ. Size Effects of the Anions in the Ionothermal Synthesis of Carbon Nitride Materials. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200705. [PMID: 35404526 PMCID: PMC9321126 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Semiconducting carbon nitride polymers are used in metal‐free photocatalysts and in opto‐electronic devices. Conventionally, they are obtained using thermal and ionothermal syntheses in inscrutable, closed systems and therefore, their condensation behavior is poorly understood. Here, the synthetic protocols and properties are compared for two types of carbon nitride materials – 2D layered poly(triazine imide) (PTI) and hydrogen‐bonded melem hydrate – obtained from three low‐melting salt eutectics taken from the systematic series of the alkali metal halides: LiCl/KCl, LiBr/KBr, and LiI/KI. The size of the anion plays a significant role in the formation process of the condensed carbon nitride polymers, and it suggests a strong templating effect. The smaller anions (chloride and bromide) become incorporated into triazine (C3N3)‐based PTI frameworks. The larger iodide does not stabilize the formation of a triazine‐based polymer, but instead it leads to the formation of the heptazine (C6N7)‐based hydrogen‐bonded melem hydrate as the main crystalline phase. Melem hydrate, obtained as single‐crystalline powders, was compared with PTI in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water and in an OLED device. Further, the emergence of each carbon nitride species from its corresponding salt eutectic was rationalized via density functional theory calculations. This study highlights the possibilities to further tailor the properties of eutectic salt melts for ionothermal synthesis of organic functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 6 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Newtonstraße 15 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – IAS e.V. Schwarzschildstrasse 8 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Germany
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 6 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Michael J. Bojdys
- Department of Chemistry & IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 6 12489 Berlin Germany
- Department of Chemistry King's College London Britannia House Guy's Campus 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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25
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Yu Z, Yue X, Fan J, Xiang Q. Crystalline Intramolecular Ternary Carbon Nitride Homojunction for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, P. R. China
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou 313001, P. R. China
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26
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Nadizadeh Z, Mahdavi H, Heidari AA, Kahriz PK. Synthesis of palladium‐chelated poly(triazine imide) heterogeneous nanocatalysts for reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Nadizadeh
- School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Mahdavi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Heidari
- School of Chemistry, College of Science University of Tehran Tehran Iran
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27
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Cui M, Cui K, Liu X, Chen X, Chen Y, Guo Z. Roles of alkali metal dopants and surface defects on polymeric carbon nitride in photocatalytic peroxymonosulfate activation towards water decontamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127292. [PMID: 34583168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) has been extensively employed in peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for water decontamination. However, limited photocatalytic efficiency can be achieved by pristine PCN due to its intrinsic deficiencies like high electron-hole recombination rate and resistance to charge transfer. Herein, in a two-stage thermal treatment process, the nontoxic and stable Na and K were successfully anchored among the PCN skeleton with surface defects created, leading to an elevated photocatalytic activity for PMS activation. The SO4·- and 1O2 were identified as the dominant reactive oxygen species, which were generated from electron transfer processes between PMS and catalyst. Experimental and theoretical analyses suggested that the defective structures and metal dopants improved the optical properties of catalyst, endowing it a wider light absorption range and a lower energy barrier for electron transitions. The modified structures were also beneficial to electron transfer processes due to the weaker electron confinement effect, accelerating the production of SO4·- on the defective sites and 1O2 on the metal sites. The synergy of radical and non-radical species weakened the influence of side reactions between radicals from PMS and coexisting inorganic anions in practical water, hence to promote the resistance of modified catalysts in complex water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minshu Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Kangping Cui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China.
| | - Xueyan Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yihan Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhi Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Key Laboratory of Nanominerals and Pollution Control of Higher Education Institutes, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
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28
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Fang Y, Hou Y, Fu X, Wang X. Semiconducting Polymers for Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Light Illumination. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4204-4256. [PMID: 35025505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight-driven water splitting to produce hydrogen fuel has stimulated intensive scientific interest, as this technology has the potential to revolutionize fossil fuel-based energy systems in modern society. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) determines the performance of overall water splitting owing to its sluggish kinetics with multielectron transfer processing. Polymeric photocatalysts have recently been developed for the OER, and substantial progress has been realized in this emerging research field. In this Review, the focus is on the photocatalytic technologies and materials of polymeric photocatalysts for the OER. Two practical systems, namely, particle suspension systems and film-based photoelectrochemical systems, form two main sections. The concept is reviewed in terms of thermodynamics and kinetics, and polymeric photocatalysts are discussed based on three key characteristics, namely, light absorption, charge separation and transfer, and surface oxidation reactions. A satisfactory OER performance by polymeric photocatalysts will eventually offer a platform to achieve overall water splitting and other advanced applications in a cost-effective, sustainable, and renewable manner using solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxing Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, P. R. China
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29
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Yang W, Song H, Su Y, Sun M, Lv Y. K + Ion-Doped Mixed Carbon Nitride: A Daylight-Driven Photocatalyst and Luminophore for Enhanced Chemiluminescence. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5478-5486. [PMID: 35067047 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic production of reactive oxygen species from O2 at the interface of the photocatalyst is significant to convert luminous energy like daylight into chemical energy and could be momentous for a reactive oxygen species-based chemiluminescence system. Herein, we synthesized a novel K+ ion-doped tri-s-triazine/triazine mixed carbon nitride (MCN), in which K+ ions were intercalated into the layers in a bridging manner. After a mild daylight treatment for 30 min, the MCN suspension could produce long-lifetime reactive oxygen species and further directly produce intense and stable chemiluminescence emission in the presence of luminol. In particular, the chemiluminescence intensity was 780 times that of H2O2-luminol, and MCN could be recycled several times in the chemiluminescence system. The mechanism results revealed a large number of reactive oxygen species that were generated from O2 on the surface of MCN through a temperate photocatalytic process. In the theoretical calculation, the charge density of N interacting with K+ ions was significantly more negative than that at the corresponding position in graphitic carbon nitride, which was beneficial to the adsorption and activation of oxygen, and the narrower band gap suggested that the doping of K+ ions was conducive to the intramolecular charge transfer interaction. Then, the long-lifetime reactive oxygen species triggered the conversion of luminol into an excited-state intermediate, which further transferred energy to MCN, producing strong chemiluminescence emission. The K+ ion-doped MCN might conduct as an efficient photocatalyst for reactive oxygen species generation, recyclable catalysts, and luminophores in the photoinduced chemiluminescence system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Hongjie Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yingying Su
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
| | - Yi Lv
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610064, China
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30
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Side-chain engineering on conjugated porous polymer photocatalyst with adenine groups enables high-performance hydrogen evolution from water. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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Burmeister D, Tran HA, Müller J, Guerrini M, Cocchi C, Plaickner J, Kochovski Z, List‐Kratochvil EJW, Bojdys MJ. Optimierte Synthese von in Lösung verarbeitbarem kristallinem Poly(triazinimid) mit minimalen Defekten für OLED‐Anwendungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Ha Anh Tran
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Institute of Physics Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Straße 15 12489 Berlin Deutschland
- Institute of Physics Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg 26129 Oldenburg Deutschland
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – IAS e.V. Schwarzschildstraße 8 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 14109 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Emil J. W. List‐Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Michael J. Bojdys
- Department of Chemistry Kings College London Britannia House Guy's Campus, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB Vereinigtes Königreich
- Department of Chemistry Department of Physics IRIS Adlershof Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Zum Großen Windkanal 2 12489 Berlin Deutschland
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32
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Zhang H, Xia Z, Niu P, Zhi X, Dai R, Chen S, Wang S, Li L. Piezoelectric induced reverse photocatalytic performances of carbon nitride with different structures. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00984f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The piezoelectric properties of graphitic carbon nitride with different structures follow the order PTI > melon > PHI, and the melon and PHI showed reverse activities in the photocatalytic and piezoelectric assisted photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqing Zhang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghui Xia
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Ping Niu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhi
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Rui Dai
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Silin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shulan Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, P. R. China
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Pauly M, Kröger J, Duppel V, Murphey C, Cahoon J, Lotsch BV, Maggard PA. Unveiling the Complex Configurational Landscape of the Intralayer Cavities in a Crystalline Carbon Nitride. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3187-3193. [PMID: 35414880 PMCID: PMC8926284 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04648a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of the reported photoelectrochemical properties of the layered carbon nitride, poly(triazine imide)/LiCl (PTI/LiCl), has been limited by the apparent disorder of the Li/H atoms within its framework....
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Pauly
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
| | - Julia Kröger
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D) Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Viola Duppel
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
| | - Corban Murphey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - James Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Stuttgart 70569 Germany
- University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstraße 5-13 (Haus D) Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Paul A Maggard
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA
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34
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Meng A, Zhou S, Wen D, Han P, Su Y. g-C3N4/CoTiO3 S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced visible light hydrogen production through photocatalytic pure water splitting. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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35
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Burmeister D, Tran HA, Müller J, Guerrini M, Cocchi C, Plaickner J, Kochovski Z, List-Kratochvil EJW, Bojdys MJ. Optimized Synthesis of Solution-Processable Crystalline Poly(Triazine Imide) with Minimized Defects for OLED Application. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202111749. [PMID: 34634165 PMCID: PMC9300060 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(triazine imide) (PTI) is a highly crystalline semiconductor, and though no techniques exist that enable synthesis of macroscopic monolayers of PTI, it is possible to study it in thin layer device applications that are compatible with its polycrystalline, nanoscale morphology. We find that the by‐product of conventional PTI synthesis is a C−C carbon‐rich phase that is detrimental for charge transport and photoluminescence. An optimized synthetic protocol yields a PTI material with an increased quantum yield, enabled photocurrent and electroluminescence. We report that protonation of the PTI structure happens preferentially at the pyridinic N atoms of the triazine rings, is accompanied by exfoliation of PTI layers, and contributes to increases in quantum yield and exciton lifetimes. This study describes structure–property relationships in PTI that link the nature of defects, their formation, and how to avoid them with the optical and electronic performance of PTI. On the basis of our findings, we create an OLED prototype with PTI as the active, metal‐free material.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Burmeister
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ha Anh Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michele Guerrini
- Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Caterina Cocchi
- Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julian Plaickner
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-IAS e.V., Schwarzschildstrasse 8, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emil J W List-Kratochvil
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael J Bojdys
- Department of Chemistry, Kings College London, Britannia House Guy's Campus, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, Department of Physics, IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Zum Grossen Windkanal 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
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36
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Zhao WQ, Zou JW, Qu SZ, Qin PL, Chen XB, Ding SJ, Ma L, Wang QQ. Plasmon-Mediated 2D/2D Phase Junction for Improved Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:44440-44450. [PMID: 34499478 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A phase junction fabricated by two crystalline phases of the same semiconductor is a promising photocatalyst with efficient charge transfer and separation. However, the weak light absorption and uncontrolled phase junction interface limit the generation and separation of photogenerated carriers. Herein, a two-dimensional (2D)/2D phase junction was prepared by growing orthorhombic WO3 ultrathin nanosheets on hexagonal WO3 nanosheets through a one-step hydrothermal method. The orthorhombic/hexagonal WO3 possesses large-area phase junction interfaces, rich reactive sites, and built-in electric field, which greatly accelerate the photogenerated charge separation and transfer. Thus, the orthorhombic/hexagonal WO3 displayed excellent photocatalytic hydrogen generation activity from water splitting under light irradiation (λ > 420 nm), which is 2.16 and 2.85 times those of orthorhombic and hexagonal WO3 phase components. Furthermore, Au nanoparticles (about 4.5 nm in diameter) were deposited on both orthorhombic and hexagonal WO3 nanosheets to form a plasmon-mediated phase junction. The hybrids exhibit prominent visible-light absorption and efficient charge transfer, leading to a further improved photocatalytic hydrogen generation activity. Further characterization studies demonstrate that superior photoactivity arises from the excellent visible-light-harvesting ability, appropriate band structure, and high-efficiency and multichannel transferring processes of photogenerated carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Wen Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Zhou Qu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Ping-Li Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Bai Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Si-Jing Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Liang Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Optical Information and Pattern Recognition, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Qu-Quan Wang
- Department of Physics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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Ru C, Zhou T, Zhang J, Wu X, Sun P, Chen P, Zhou L, Zhao H, Wu J, Pan X. Introducing Secondary Acceptors into Conjugated Polymers to Improve Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- School of Information Science & Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengyao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian Zhou
- New Energy (Photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Science & Technology for Opto-Electronic Information, Yantai University, 30 Qingquan Road, Yantai 264005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jincai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (Lanzhou University), Key Laboratory of Nonferrous Metal Chemistry and Resources Utilization of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People’s Republic of China
- New Energy (Photovoltaic) Industry Research Center, Qinghai University, Xining 810006, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang G, Xu Y, Yan D, He C, Li Y, Ren X, Zhang P, Mi H. Construction of K+ Ion Gradient in Crystalline Carbon Nitride to Accelerate Exciton Dissociation and Charge Separation for Visible Light H2 Production. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c00739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yangsen Xu
- Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Dafeng Yan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Chuanxin He
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yongliang Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Xiangzhong Ren
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Peixin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Hongwei Mi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
- Guangdong Flexible Wearable Energy and Tools Engineering Technology Research Centre, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
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39
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Synthesis of core-shell nanostructured Cr2O3/C@TiO2 for photocatalytic hydrogen production. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(20)63615-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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40
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Mazzanti S, Savateev A. Emerging Concepts in Carbon Nitride Organic Photocatalysis. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2499-2517. [PMID: 33215877 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nitrides encompass a class of transition-metal-free materials possessing numerous advantages such as low cost (few Euros per gram), high chemical stability, broad tunability of redox potentials and optical bandgap, recyclability, and a high absorption coefficient (>105 cm-1 ), which make them highly attractive for application in photoredox catalysis. In this Review, we classify carbon nitrides based on their unique properties, structure, and redox potentials. We summarize recently emerging concepts in heterogeneous carbon nitride photocatalysis, with an emphasis on the synthesis of organic compounds: 1) Illumination-Driven Electron Accumulation in Semiconductors and Exploitation (IDEASE); 2) singlet-triplet intersystem crossing in carbon nitride excited states and related energy transfer; 3) architectures of flow photoreactors; and 4) dual metal/carbon nitride photocatalysis. The objective of this Review is to provide a detailed overview regarding innovative research in carbon nitride photocatalysis focusing on these topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzanti
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Aleksandr Savateev
- Department of Colloid Chemistry, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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41
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Lin Y, Su W, Wang X, Fu X, Wang X. LaOCl‐Coupled Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Overall Water Splitting through a One‐Photon Excitation Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20919-20923. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Wenyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
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42
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Lin Y, Su W, Wang X, Fu X, Wang X. LaOCl‐Coupled Polymeric Carbon Nitride for Overall Water Splitting through a One‐Photon Excitation Pathway. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Wenyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
| | - Xinchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350116 P. R. China
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43
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Optimizing the crystallization process of conjugated polymer photocatalysts to promote electron transfer and molecular oxygen activation. J Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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44
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Lin L, Hisatomi T, Chen S, Takata T, Domen K. Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Water Splitting: Recent Progress and Challenges. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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45
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Zhao C, Chen Z, Shi R, Yang X, Zhang T. Recent Advances in Conjugated Polymers for Visible-Light-Driven Water Splitting. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907296. [PMID: 32483883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With the ambition of solving the challenges of the shortage of fossil fuels and their associated environmental pollution, visible-light-driven splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen using semiconductor photocatalysts has emerged as a promising technology to provide environmentally friendly energy vectors. Among the current library of developed photocatalysts, organic conjugated polymers present unique advantages of sufficient light-absorption efficiency, excellent stability, tunable electronic properties, and economic applicability. As a class of rising photocatalysts, organic conjugated polymers offer high flexibility in tuning the framework of the backbone and porosity to fulfill the requirements for photocatalytic applications. In the past decade, significant progress has been made in visible-light-driven water splitting employing organic conjugated polymers. The recent development of the structural design principles of organic conjugated polymers (including linear, crosslinked, and supramolecular self-assembled polymers) toward efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution, oxygen evolution, and overall water splitting is described, thus providing a comprehensive reference for the field. Finally, current challenges and perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxiao Zhao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zupeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Run Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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46
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Lin L, Lin Z, Zhang J, Cai X, Lin W, Yu Z, Wang X. Molecular-level insights on the reactive facet of carbon nitride single crystals photocatalysing overall water splitting. Nat Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-020-0476-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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47
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Zhou X, Fang Y, Cai X, Zhang S, Yang S, Wang H, Zhong X, Fang Y. In Situ Photodeposited Construction of Pt-CdS/g-C 3N 4-MnO x Composite Photocatalyst for Efficient Visible-Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:20579-20588. [PMID: 32272011 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c04241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For converting the renewable solar energy to hydrogen (H2) energy by photocatalytic (PC) overall water splitting (OWS), visible-light-driven photocatalysts are especially desired. Herein, a model CdS/g-C3N4 photocatalyst with a type II heterojunction is first demonstrated via a facile coupling of g-C3N4 nanosheets and CdS nanorods. After being combined with in situ photodeposited 3 wt % Pt and 4 wt % MnOx dual cocatalysts simultaneously, the optimal visible-light-driven (λ > 400 nm) composite photocatalyst of Pt-CdS/g-C3N4-MnOx gives a H2 generation rate of 9.244 μmol h-1 (924.4 μmol h-1 g-1) and a O2 evolution rate of 4.6 μmol h-1 (460 μmol h-1 g-1) in pure water, which is over 420 times higher than that of pure CdS nanorods loaded with 0.5 wt % Pt. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) reaches about 3.389% (at 400 nm) and 1.745% (at 420 nm), respectively. The combination of a type II heterojunction and simultaneous in situ photodeposition of the dual cocatalysts results in a dramatically improved PC efficiency and a long-term stability of the CdS/g-C3N4 visible-light-driven photocatalyst for OWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunfu Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuxuan Fang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Shengsen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Siyuan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Hongqiang Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Zhong
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Yueping Fang
- Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, School of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, People's Republic of China
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48
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Zhang H, Yang Z, Shangguan L, Song X, Sun J, Lei W. Band structure engineering of PTI in C-PTI/ZnO heterostructures for enhanced visible-light-driven H 2 evolution. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:145716. [PMID: 31899904 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab6750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polytriazine imide (PTI), a triazine-based carbon nitride has a wider band gap and more positive conduction band (CB) potential compared to those of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). Therefore, it is highly desired to develop an effective strategy to optimize the band structure of PTI for the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance, especially upshift the conductive band potential. Here, a ternary C-PTI/ZnO (CPZ) photocatalyst was developed via a simple one-step molten salt method. In the obtained CPZ sample, the carbon ring in-plane connects to the triazine ring, leading to the formation of C-PTI nanosheets. The carbon ring incorporation not only efficiently narrows the band gap of PTI, but also shifts its conduction band potential negatively and accelerates the photogenerated electron transport. In addition, ZnO nanoparticles are well dispersed on the C-PTI nanosheets, further promoting the charge carriers transfer and separation. As a result, the CPZ sample presents a photocatalytic H2 evolution rate up to 52 μmol h-1 under visible light, which is 60 and 179 times higher than that of C-PTI and PTI, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of advanced functional materials for energy, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
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49
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COFs-based Porous Materials for Photocatalytic Applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2394-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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50
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Wan Y, Wang L, Xu H, Wu X, Yang J. A Simple Molecular Design Strategy for Two-Dimensional Covalent Organic Framework Capable of Visible-Light-Driven Water Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4508-4516. [PMID: 32043354 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are promising metal-free materials for photocatalytic water splitting because of their high surface area and predictability to assemble various molecules with tunable electronic properties. Unfortunately, 2D COFs capable of visible-light-driven photocatalytic overall water splitting are rare, partly due to rigorous requirements to their band alignments and coexistence of catalytic sites for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Herein, 12 2D nitrogen-linked COFs are designed based on first-principles calculations and topological assembly of molecular segments with catalytic activities toward either HER or OER, respectively. The electronic band structures calculated with HSE06 method indicate that 2D COFs are semiconductors with a widely tunable bandgap ranging from 1.92 to 3.23 eV. The positions of both conduction and valence band edges of nine 2D COFs match well with the chemical reaction potential of H2/H+ and O2/H2O, which are capable of photocatalytic overall water splitting. Of particular importance is that three of them based on 2,4,6-tris(4-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine (TST) can split water into hydrogen and oxygen under visible light. Our results agree with respect to the literature, with three of them having been studied for photocatalytic HER or CO2 reduction. In addition, we further experimentally demonstrate that I-TST presents both HER and OER activity under visible light. Our findings present a route to design practical 2D COFs as metal-free and single-material photocatalysts for overall water splitting under visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Wan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Hangxun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Material Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.,Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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