1
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Li J, Ott S. The Molecular Nature of Redox-Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:2836-2846. [PMID: 39288193 PMCID: PMC11447836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.4c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusRedox-conductive metal-organic frameworks (RC-MOFs) are a class of porous materials that exhibit electrical conductivity through a chain of self-exchange reactions between molecularly defined, neighboring redox-active units of differing oxidation states. To maintain electroneutrality, this electron hopping transport is coupled to the translocation of charge balancing counterions. Owing to the molecular nature of the redox active components, RC-MOFs have received increasing attention for potential applications in energy storage, electrocatalysis, reconfigurable electronics, etc. While our understanding of fundamental aspects that govern electron hopping transport in RC-MOFs has improved during the past decade, certain fundamental aspects such as questions that arise from the coupling between electron hopping and diffusion migration of charge balancing counterions are still not fully understood.In this Account, we summarize and discuss our group's efforts to answer some of these fundamental questions while also demonstrating the applicability of RC-MOFs in energy-related applications. First, we introduce general design strategies for RC-MOFs, fundamentals that govern their charge transport properties, and experimental diagnostics that allow for their identification. Selected examples with redox-active organic linkers or metallo-linkers are discussed to demonstrate how the molecular characteristics of the redox-active units inside RC-MOFs are retained. Second, we summarize experimental techniques that can be used to characterize charge transport properties in a RC-MOF. The apparent electron diffusion coefficient, Deapp, that is frequently determined in the field and obtained in large perturbation, transient experiments will be discussed and related to redox conductivity, σ, that is obtained in a steady state setup. It will be shown that both MOF-intrinsic (topology, pore size, and apertures) and experimental (nature of electrolyte, solvent) factors can have noticeable impact on electrical conductivity through RC-MOFs. Lastly, we summarize our progress in utilizing RC-MOFs as electrochromic materials, materials for harvesting minority carriers from illuminated semiconductors and within electrocatalysis. In the latter case, recent work on multivariate RC-MOFs in which redox active linkers are used to "wire" redox catalysts in the crystal interiors will be presented, offering opportunities to independently optimize charge transport and catalytic function.The ambition of this Account is to inspire the design of new RC-MOF systems, to aid their identification, to provide mechanistic insights into the governing ion-coupled electron hopping transport mode of conductivity, and ultimately to promote their applications in existing and emerging areas. With basically unlimited possibilities of molecular engineering tools, together with research in both fundamental and applied fields, we believe that RC-MOFs will attract even more attention in the future to unlock their full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials
Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials
Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry, Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Saha R, Gómez García CJ. Extrinsically conducting MOFs: guest-promoted enhancement of electrical conductivity, thin film fabrication and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:9490-9559. [PMID: 39171560 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Conductive metal-organic frameworks are of current interest in chemical science because of their applications in chemiresistive sensing, electrochemical energy storage, electrocatalysis, etc. Different strategies have been employed to design conductive frameworks. In this review, we discuss the influence of different types of guest species incorporated within the pores or channels of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and porous coordination polymers (PCPs) to generate charge transfer pathways and modulate their electrical conductivity. We have classified dopants or guest species into three different categories: (i) metal-based dopants, (ii) molecule and molecular entities and (iii) organic conducting polymers. Different types of metal ions, metal nano-clusters and metal oxides have been used to enhance electrical conductivity in MOFs. Metal ions and metal nano-clusters depend on the hopping process for efficient charge transfer whereas metal-oxides show charge transport through the metal-oxygen pathway. Several types of molecules or molecular entities ranging from neutral TCNQ, I2, and fullerene to ionic methyl viologen, organometallic like nickelcarborane, etc. have been used. In these cases, the charge transfer process varies with the guest species. When organic conducting polymers are the guest, the charge transport occurs through the polymer chains, mostly based on extended π-conjugation. Here we provide a comprehensive and critical review of these strategies to add electrical conductivity to the, in most cases, otherwise insulating MOFs and PCPs. We point out the guest encapsulation process, the geometry and structure of the resulting host-guest complex, the host-guest interactions and the charge transport mechanism for each case. We also present the methods for thin film fabrication of conducting MOFs (both, liquid-phase and gas-phase based methods) and their most relevant applications like electrocatalysis, sensing, charge storage, photoconductivity, photocatalysis,… We end this review with the main obstacles and challenges to be faced and the appealing perspectives of these 21st century materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Saha
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.
| | - Carlos J Gómez García
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, Dr Moliner 50, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.
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3
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Shupletsov L, Topal S, Schieck A, Helten S, Grünker R, Deka A, De A, Werheid M, Bon V, Weidinger I, Pöppl A, Senkovska I, Kaskel S. Linker Conformation Controls Oxidation Potentials and Electrochromism in Highly Stable Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25477-25489. [PMID: 39226465 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The development of tailor-made electrochromic (EC) materials requires a large variety of available substances with properties that precisely match the task. Since the inception of electrochromic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), the field relies only on a limited set of building blocks, providing the desired electrochromic effect. Herein, we demonstrate for the first time the implementation of a Piccard-type system (N,N,N',N'-benzidinetetrabenzoate) into Zr-MOFs to obtain electrochromic materials. With fast switching rates, high contrast ratio, long-life stability, and exceptional chemical and physical stability, the novel material is on par with inorganic EC material. The new EC system exhibits an ultrahigh contrast from the bleaching state, with transmittance in the visible region >53%, to the colored state with a transmittance of ca. 3%. The 5 μm thick film attained up to 90% of the coloring in 12.5 s and exhibited high electrochemical reversibility. Moreover, the conformational lability of the electrochromic ligand chosen is locked via the topology design of the framework, which is not attainable in the solution. Locked conformations of the redox active linker in distinct polymorphous frameworks (DUT-65 and DUT-66) feature different redox characteristics and opens the door to the overarching control of the oxidation pathway in the Piccard-type systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Shupletsov
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebahat Topal
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alina Schieck
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stella Helten
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ronny Grünker
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Antareekshya Deka
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ankita De
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Werheid
- Chair of Electrochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Volodymyr Bon
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Inez Weidinger
- Chair of Electrochemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Pöppl
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Irena Senkovska
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry I, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Tsai MD, Wu KC, Kung CW. Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks and their roles in electrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8360-8374. [PMID: 39034845 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02793k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to their exceptional chemical stability in water and high structural tunability, zirconium(IV)-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) have been considered attractive materials in the broad fields of electrocatalysis. Numerous studies published since 2015 have attempted to utilise Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis, with the porous framework serving as either the active electrocatalyst or the scaffold or surface coating to further enhance the performance of the actual electrocatalyst. Herein, the roles of Zr-MOFs in electrocatalytic processes are discussed, and some selected examples reporting the applications of Zr-MOFs in various electrocatalytic reactions, including several studies from our group, are overviewed. Challenges, limitations and opportunities in using Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis in future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Dian Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Chu Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
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5
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Kong Y, Wang S, Li Y, Pan G, Bulut Y, Zhang S, Chai G, Wu Z, Qin H, Fan W, Liu Q, Wei Z, Woo HY, Müller-Buschbaum P, Roth SV, Zhang Q, Ma W. Donor-Acceptor Copolymer with a Linear Backbone Induced Ordered and Robust Doping Morphology for Efficient and Stable Organic Electrochemical Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:33885-33896. [PMID: 38888910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Donor (D)-acceptor (A) copolymer-based organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) exhibit intrinsic environmental stability for they have tailored energy levels. However, their figure-of-merit (μC*) is still falling behind the D-D polymers because of morphology deterioration during the electrochemical doping process. Herein, we developed two D-A copolymers with precisely regulated backbone curvature, namely PTBT-P and PTTBT-P. Compared to the curved PTBT-P and previously reported copolymers, PTTBT-P better keeps its backbone linear, leading to a long-range ordered doping morphology, which is revealed by the in operando X-ray technique. This optimized doping morphology enables a significantly improved operando charge mobility (μ) of 2.44 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a μC* value of 342 F cm-1 V-1 s-1, one of the highest values in D-A copolymer based on OECTs. Besides, we fabricated PTTBT-P-based electrochemical random-access memories and achieved ideal and robust conductance modulation. This study highlights the critical role of backbone curvature control in the optimization of doping morphology for efficient and robust organic electrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Kong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Guangjiu Pan
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Yusuf Bulut
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guobi Chai
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongmei Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wu Fan
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Qingwen Liu
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zonhan Wei
- School of Mechanics and Safety Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- TUM School of Natural Science, Department of Physics, Chair for Functional Materials, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qidong Zhang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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6
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Daliran S, Oveisi AR, Kung CW, Sen U, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Chuang CH, Khajeh M, Erkartal M, Hupp JT. Defect-enabling zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks for energy and environmental remediation applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6244-6294. [PMID: 38743011 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01057k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review explores the diverse applications of defective zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) in energy and environmental remediation. Zr-MOFs have gained significant attention due to their unique properties, and deliberate introduction of defects further enhances their functionality. The review encompasses several areas where defective Zr-MOFs exhibit promise, including environmental remediation, detoxification of chemical warfare agents, photocatalytic energy conversions, and electrochemical applications. Defects play a pivotal role by creating open sites within the framework, facilitating effective adsorption and remediation of pollutants. They also contribute to the catalytic activity of Zr-MOFs, enabling efficient energy conversion processes such as hydrogen production and CO2 reduction. The review underscores the importance of defect manipulation, including control over their distribution and type, to optimize the performance of Zr-MOFs. Through tailored defect engineering and precise selection of functional groups, researchers can enhance the selectivity and efficiency of Zr-MOFs for specific applications. Additionally, pore size manipulation influences the adsorption capacity and transport properties of Zr-MOFs, further expanding their potential in environmental remediation and energy conversion. Defective Zr-MOFs exhibit remarkable stability and synthetic versatility, making them suitable for diverse environmental conditions and allowing for the introduction of missing linkers, cluster defects, or post-synthetic modifications to precisely tailor their properties. Overall, this review highlights the promising prospects of defective Zr-MOFs in addressing energy and environmental challenges, positioning them as versatile tools for sustainable solutions and paving the way for advancements in various sectors toward a cleaner and more sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Daliran
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khorramabad 68151-44316, Iran.
| | - Ali Reza Oveisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, P.O. Box: 98615-538, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Unal Sen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir 26555, Turkey
| | - Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Departamento de Quimica, Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
- School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Mostafa Khajeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zabol, P.O. Box: 98615-538, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Mustafa Erkartal
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Design, Bartin University, Bartin 74110, Turkey
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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7
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He X, Wen Y, Fang Y, Li M, Shan B. Charge Photoaccumulation in Covalent Polymer Networks for Boosting Photocatalytic Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401878. [PMID: 38582515 PMCID: PMC11187893 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
In the design of photoelectrocatalytic cells, a key element is effective photogeneration of electron-hole pairs to drive redox activation of catalysts. Despite recent progress in photoelectrocatalysis, experimental realization of a high-performance photocathode for multi-electron reduction of chemicals, such as nitrate reduction to ammonia, has remained a challenge due to difficulty in obtaining efficient electrode configurations for extraction of high-throughput electrons from absorbed photons. This work describes a new design for catalytic photoelectrodes using chromophore assembly-functionalized covalent networks for boosting eight-electron reduction of nitrate to ammonia. Upon sunlight irradiation, the photoelectrode stores a mass of reducing equivalents at the photoexcited chromophore assembly for multielectron reduction of a copper catalyst, enabling efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia. By introducing the new photoelectrode structure, it is demonstrated that the electronic interplay between charge photo-accumulating assembly and multi-electron redox catalysts can be optimized to achieve proper balance between electron transfer dynamics and thermodynamic output of photoelectrocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjia He
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yingke Wen
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Yanjie Fang
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Mengjie Li
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of ChemistryKey Laboratory of Excited‐State Materials of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058China
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8
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Li J, Kumar A, Ott S. Diffusional Electron Transport Coupled to Thermodynamically Driven Electron Transfers in Redox-Conductive Multivariate Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12000-12010. [PMID: 38639553 PMCID: PMC11066865 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The development of redox-conductive metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and the fundamental understanding of charge propagation through these materials are central to their applications in energy storage, electronics, and catalysis. To answer some unresolved questions about diffusional electron hopping transport and redox conductivity, mixed-linker MOFs were constructed from two statistically distributed redox-active linkers, pyromellitic diimide bis-pyrazolate (PMDI) and naphthalene diimide bis-pyrazolate (NDI), and grown as crystalline thin films on conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). Owing to the distinct redox properties of the linkers, four well-separated and reversible redox events are resolved by cyclic voltammetry, and the mixed-linker MOFs can exist in five discrete redox states. Each state is characterized by a unique spectroscopic signature, and the interconversions between the states can be followed spectroscopically under operando conditions. With the help of pulsed step-potential spectrochronoamperometry, two modes of electron propagation through the mixed-linker MOF are identified: diffusional electron hopping transport between linkers of the same type and a second channel that arises from thermodynamically driven electron transfers between linkers of different types. Corresponding to the four redox events of the mixed-linker MOFs, four distinct bell-shaped redox conductivity profiles are observed at a steady state. The magnitude of the maximum redox conductivity is evidenced to be dependent on the distance between redox hopping sites, analogous to the situation for apparent electron diffusion coefficients, Deapp, that are obtained in transient experiments. The design of mixed-linker redox-conductive MOFs and detailed studies of their charge transport properties present new opportunities for future applications of MOFs, in particular, within electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Wallenberg
Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Department of Chemistry—Ångström
Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Park S, Lee J, Kim B, Jung CY, Bae SE, Kang J, Moon D, Park J. Radical-Driven Crystal-Amorphous-Crystal Transition of a Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9293-9301. [PMID: 38516847 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly-based structural transition has been explored for various applications, including molecular machines, sensors, and drug delivery. In this study, we developed new redox-active metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) called DGIST-10 series that comprise π-acidic 1,4,5,8-naphthalenediimide (NDI)-based ligands and Ni2+ ions, aiming to boost ligand-self-assembly-driven structural transition and study the involved mechanism. Notably, during the synthesis of the MOFs, a single-crystal-amorphous-single-crystal structural transition occurred within the MOFs upon radical formation, which was ascribed to the fact that radicals prefer spin-pairing or through-space electron delocalization by π-orbital overlap. The radical-formation-induced structural transitions were further confirmed by the postsynthetic solvothermal treatment of isolated nonradical MOF crystals. Notably, the transient amorphous phase without morphological disintegration was clearly observed, contributing to the seminal structural change of the MOF. We believe that this unprecedented structural transition triggered by the ligand self-assembly magnifies the structural flexibility and diversity of MOFs, which is one of the pivotal aspects of MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghun Park
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyung Lee
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongkyeom Kim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Yong Jung
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Bae
- Nuclear Chemistry Technology Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Joongoo Kang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Beamline Department, Pohang Accelerator Laboratory/POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Park
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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10
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Xiao Y, Sun Q, Leng J, Jin S. Time-Resolved Spectroscopy for Dynamic Investigation of Photoresponsive Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:3390-3403. [PMID: 38501970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Photoresponsive MOFs with precise and adjustable reticular structures are attractive for light conversion applications. Uncovering the photoinduced carrier dynamics lays the essential foundation for the further development and optimization of the MOF material. With the application of time-resolved spectroscopy, photophysical processes including excimer formation, energy transfer/migration, and charge transfer/separation have been widely investigated. However, the identification of distinct photophysical processes in real experimental MOF spectra still remains difficult due to the spectral and dynamic complexity of MOFs. In this Perspective, we summarize the typical spectral features of these photophysical processes and the related analysis methods for dynamic studies performed by time-resolved photoluminescence (TR-PL) and transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy. Based on the recent understanding of excited-state properties of photoresponsive MOFs and the discussion of challenges and future outlooks, this Perspective aims to provide convenience for MOF kinetic analysis and contribute to the further development of photoresponsive MOF material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yejun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jing Leng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shengye Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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11
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Saha R, Gupta K, Gómez García CJ. Strategies to Improve Electrical Conductivity in Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Comparative Study. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:2235-2265. [PMID: 38463618 PMCID: PMC10921413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), formed by the combination of both inorganic and organic components, have attracted special attention for their tunable porous structures, chemical and functional diversities, and enormous applications in gas storage, catalysis, sensing, etc. Recently, electronic applications of MOFs like electrocatalysis, supercapacitors, batteries, electrochemical sensing, etc., have become a major research topic in MOF chemistry. However, the low electrical conductivity of most MOFs represents a major handicap in the development of these emerging applications. To overcome these limitations, different strategies have been developed to enhance electrical conductivity of MOFs for their implementation in electronic devices. In this review, we outline all these strategies employed to increase the electronic conduction in both intrinsically (framework-modulated) and extrinsically (guests-modulated) conducting MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajat Saha
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner
50, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department
of Chemistry, Nistarini College, Purulia, 723101, WB India
| | - Carlos J. Gómez García
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Universidad
de Valencia, C/Dr. Moliner
50, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
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12
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Wachholz Junior D, Hryniewicz BM, Tatsuo Kubota L. Advanced Hybrid materials in electrochemical sensors: Combining MOFs and conducting polymers for environmental monitoring. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141479. [PMID: 38367874 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The integration of conducting polymers (CPs) with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has arisen as a dynamic and innovative approach to overcome some intrinsic limitations of both materials, representing a transformative method to address the pressing need for high-performance environmental monitoring tools. MOFs, with their intricate structures and versatile functional groups, provide tuneable porosity and an extensive surface area, facilitating the selective adsorption of target analytes. Conversely, CPs, characterized by their exceptional electrical conductivity and redox properties, serve as proficient signal transducers. By combining these two materials, a novel class of hybrid materials emerges, capitalizing on the unique attributes of both components. These MOF/CP hybrids exhibit heightened sensitivity, selectivity, and adaptability, making them primordial in detecting and quantifying environmental contaminants. This review examines the synergy between MOFs and CPs, highlighting recent advancements, challenges, and prospects, thus offering a promising solution for developing advanced functional materials with tailored properties and multifunctionality to be applied in electrochemical sensors for environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagwin Wachholz Junior
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Bruna M Hryniewicz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic, Campinas, Brazil.
| | - Lauro Tatsuo Kubota
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Bioanalytic, Campinas, Brazil.
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13
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Yan M, Johnson EM, Morris AJ. Redox Hopping in Metal-Organic Frameworks through the Lens of the Scholz Model. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10700-10709. [PMID: 37988693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Initially proposed by Lovric and Scholz to explain redox reactions in solid-phase voltammetry, the Scholz model's applications have expanded to redox reactions in various materials. As an extension of the Cottrell equation, the Scholz model enabled the quantification of electron hopping and ion diffusion with coefficients, De and Di, respectively. Research utilizing the Scholz model indicated that, in most cases, a huge bottleneck results from the ion diffusion which is slower than electron hopping by orders of magnitude. Therefore, electron and ion motion can be tuned and optimized to increase the charge transport and conductivity through systematic investigations guided by the Scholz model. The strategy may be extended to other solid-state materials in the future, e.g., battery anodes/cathodes. In this Perspective, the applications of the Scholz model in different materials will be discussed. Moreover, the limitations of the Scholz model will also be introduced, and viable solutions to those limitations discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minliang Yan
- Macromolecule Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J Morris
- Macromolecule Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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14
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Ngue CM, Zhang YY, Leung MK. Exploring redox properties of a 3D Co-based framework with bis(triarylamine) terphenyl as a redox-active linker. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14157-14160. [PMID: 37955305 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00067b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
A 3D Co-based metal-organic framework has been prepared, which contains a bis(triarylamine) with terphenyl units as a redox-active linker. Manipulation of the redox events via the electrochemical method confirmed that charge hopping is dominant within the 3D framework. Investigation of the in situ spectroelectrochemical properties within the structure leads to the formation of mono and dual radical cations obtained reversibly in two-steps due to the presence of two redox-active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-May Ngue
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Yong-Yun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Man-Kit Leung
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
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15
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Kumar A, Li J, Inge AK, Ott S. Electrochromism in Isoreticular Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films with Record High Coloration Efficiency. ACS NANO 2023; 17:21595-21603. [PMID: 37851935 PMCID: PMC10655172 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The power of isoreticular chemistry has been widely exploited to engineer metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with fascinating molecular sieving and storage properties but is underexplored for designing MOFs with tunable optoelectronic properties. Herein, three dipyrazole-terminated XDIs (X = PM (pyromellitic), N (naphthalene), or P (perylene); DI = diimide) with different lengths and electronic properties are prepared and employed as linkers for the construction of an isoreticular series of Zn-XDI MOFs with distinct electrochromism. The MOFs are grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) as high-quality crystalline thin films and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Due to the constituting electronically isolated XDI linkers, each member of the isoreticular thin film series exhibits two reversible one-electron redox events, each at a distinct electrochemical potential. The orientation of the MOFs as thin films as well as their isoreticular nature results in identical cation-coupled electron hopping transport rates in all three materials, as demonstrated by comparable apparent electron diffusion coefficients, Deapp. Upon electrochemical reduction to either the [XDI]•- or [XDI]2- state, each MOF undergoes characteristic changes in its optical properties as a function of linker length and redox state of the linker. Operando spectroelectrochemistry measurements reveal that Zn-PDI@FTO (PDI = perylene diimide) thin films exhibit a record high coloration efficiency of 941 cm2 C-1 at 746 nm, which is attributed to the maximized Faradaic transformations at each electronically isolated PDI unit. The electrochromic response of the thin film is retained to more than 99% over 100 reduction-oxidation cycles, demonstrating the applicability of the presented materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Kumar
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jingguo Li
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A. Ken Inge
- Department
of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department
of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Monnier V, Odobel F, Diring S. Exploring the Impact of Successive Redox Events in Thin Films of Metal-Organic Frameworks: An Absorptiometric Approach. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19232-19242. [PMID: 37615947 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) featuring redox activity are highly appealing for electrocatalytic or charge accumulation applications. An important aspect in this field is the ability to address as many redox centers as possible in the material by an efficient diffusion of charges. Herein, we investigate for the first time the charge diffusion processes occurring upon two sequential one-electron reductions in an MOF thin film. Two pyrazolate-zinc(II)-based MOFs including highly electro-deficient perylene diimide (PDI) ligands were grown on conducting substrates, affording thin films with double n-type electrochromic properties as characterized by spectroelectrochemical analysis. In depth electrochemical and chronoabsorptiometric investigations were carried out to probe the charge diffusion in the MOF layers and highlighted significant differences in terms of diffusion kinetics and material stability between the first and second successive reduction of the redox-active PDI linkers. Our results show that MOFs based on multiredox centers are more sensitive to encumbrance-related issues than their monoredox analogues in the context of electrochemical applications, an observation that further underlines the fundamental aspect of careful pore dimensions toward efficient and fast ion diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Monnier
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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17
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Li J, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Ott S. Experimental manifestation of redox-conductivity in metal-organic frameworks and its implication for semiconductor/insulator switching. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4388. [PMID: 37474545 PMCID: PMC10359279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40110-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electric conductivity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) follows either a band-like or a redox-hopping charge transport mechanism. While conductivity by the band-like mechanism is theoretically and experimentally well established, the field has struggled to experimentally demonstrate redox conductivity that is promoted by the electron hopping mechanism. Such redox conductivity is predicted to maximize at the mid-point potential of the redox-active units in the MOF, and decline rapidly when deviating from this situation. Herein, we present direct experimental evidence for redox conductivity in fluorine-doped tin oxide surface-grown thin films of Zn(pyrazol-NDI) (pyrazol-NDI = 1,4-bis[(3,5-dimethyl)-pyrazol-4-yl]naphthalenediimide). Following Nernstian behavior, the proportion of reduced and oxidized NDI linkers can be adjusted by the applied potential. Through a series of conductivity measurements, it is demonstrated that the MOF exhibits minimal electric resistance at the mid-point potentials of the NDI linker, and conductivity is enhanced by more than 10000-fold compared to that of either the neutral or completely reduced films. The generality of redox conductivity is demonstrated in MOFs with different linkers and secondary building units, and its implication for applications that require switching between insulating and semiconducting regimes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingguo Li
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University of Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, Straubing, 94315, Germany
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Kung CW, Otake KI, Drout RJ, Goswami S, Farha OK, Hupp JT. Post-Synthetic Cyano-ferrate(II) Functionalization of a Metal-Organic Framework, NU-1000. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:4936-4942. [PMID: 36994868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Starting with ferrocyanide ions in acidic aqueous solution, cyano-ferrate(II) species are post-synthetically grafted to the nodes of a mesoporous zirconium-based MOF, NU-1000. As indicated by single-crystal X-ray crystallography, grafting occurs by substitution of cyanide ligands by node-based hydroxo and oxo ligands rather than by substitution of node aqua ligands by cyanide ligands as bridges between Fe(II) and Zr(IV). The installed moieties yield a broad absorption band that is tentatively ascribed to iron-to-zirconium charge transfer. Consistent with Fe(III/II) redox activity, a modest fraction of the installed iron complexes are directly electrochemically addressable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ken-Ichi Otake
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University Institute for Advanced Study (KUIAS), Kyoto University, Yoshidahonmachi, Sakyo Ward, Kyoto 606-8317, Japan
| | - Riki J Drout
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Subhadip Goswami
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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19
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Smith MR, Martin CB, Arumuganainar S, Gilman A, Koel BE, Sarazen ML. Mechanistic Elucidations of Highly Dispersed Metalloporphyrin Metal-Organic Framework Catalysts for CO 2 Electroreduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218208. [PMID: 36584349 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immobilization of porphyrin complexes into crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) enables high exposure of porphyrin active sites for CO2 electroreduction. Herein, well-dispersed iron-porphyrin-based MOF (PCN-222(Fe)) on carbon-based electrodes revealed optimal turnover frequencies for CO2 electroreduction to CO at 1 wt.% catalyst loading, beyond which the intrinsic catalyst activity declined due to CO2 mass transport limitations. In situ Raman suggested that PCN-222(Fe) maintained its structure under electrochemical bias, permitting mechanistic investigations. These revealed a stepwise electron transfer-proton transfer mechanism for CO2 electroreduction on PCN-222(Fe) electrodes, which followed a shift from a rate-limiting electron transfer to CO2 mass transfer as the potential increased from -0.6 V to -1.0 V vs. RHE. Our results demonstrate how intrinsic catalytic investigations and in situ spectroscopy are needed to elucidate CO2 electroreduction mechanisms on PCN-222(Fe) MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Clare B Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Sonia Arumuganainar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Ari Gilman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Bruce E Koel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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20
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Tao CA, Li Y, Wang J. The progress of electrochromic materials based on metal–organic frameworks. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Gibbons B, Cairnie DR, Thomas B, Yang X, Ilic S, Morris AJ. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation by a MOF/semiconductor composite. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4672-4680. [PMID: 37181771 PMCID: PMC10171202 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a MOF-semiconductor composite film active for water oxidation at a thermodynamic underpotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Daniel R. Cairnie
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
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22
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Luo Y, Wu Y, Braun A, Huang C, Li XY, Menon C, Chu PK. Defect Engineering To Tailor Metal Vacancies in 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Frameworks: An Example in Electrochemical Sensing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20820-20830. [PMID: 36445326 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional conductive metal-organic frameworks (2D conductive MOFs) with π-d conjugations exhibit high electrical conductivity and diverse coordination structures, making them constitute a desirable platform for new electronic devices. Defects are inevitable in the self-assembly process of 2D conductive MOFs. Arguably, defect engineering that deliberately manipulates defects demonstrates great potential to enhance the electrocatalytic activity of this family of novel materials. Herein, a facile and universal defect engineering strategy is proposed and demonstrated for metal vacancy regulation of metal benzenehexathiolato (BHT) coordination polymer films. Controllable metal vacancies can be produced by simply tuning the proton concentration during the confined self-assembly process at the liquid-liquid interface. This facile but universal defect design strategy has been proven to be effective in a class of materials including Cu-BHT, Ni-BHT, and Ag-BHT for physicochemical regulation. To further demonstrate the feasibility and practicality in electrochemical applications, the elaborately fabricated Cu-BHT films with abundant Cu vacancies deliver competitive performance in electrocatalytic sensing of H2O2. Mechanistic analysis revealed that the Cu vacancies act as effective active sites for adsorption and reduction of H2O2, and the tuned electronic structure boosts the electrocatalytic reaction. The developed advanced sensing platform confirms the excellent commercial potential of Cu-BHT sensors for H2O2. The findings provide insights into the molecular structure design of 2D conducting MOFs by defect engineering and demonstrate the commercial potential of Cu-BHT electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Luo
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Yinghong Wu
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich8008, Switzerland
| | - Artur Braun
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf8600, Switzerland
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
| | - Carlo Menon
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich8008, Switzerland
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR999077, China
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23
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McKenzie J, Kempler PA, Brozek CK. Solvent-controlled ion-coupled charge transport in microporous metal chalcogenides. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12747-12759. [PMID: 36519058 PMCID: PMC9645383 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05090k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions between ions and itinerant charges govern electronic processes ranging from the redox chemistry of molecules to the conductivity of organic semiconductors, but remain an open frontier in the study of microporous materials. These interactions may strongly influence the electronic behavior of microporous materials that confine ions and charges to length scales comparable to proton-coupled electron transfer. Yet despite mounting evidence that both solvent and electrolyte influence charge transport through ion-charge interactions in metal-organic frameworks, fundamental microscopic insights are only just beginning to emerge. Here, through electrochemical analysis of two open-framework chalcogenides TMA2FeGe4S10 and TMA2ZnGe4S10, we outline the key signatures of ion-coupled charge transport in band-type and hopping-type microporous conductors. Pressed-pellet direct-current and impedance techniques reveal that solvent enhances the conductivity of both materials, but for distinct mechanistic reasons. This analysis required the development of a fitting method that provides a novel quantitative metric of concerted ion-charge motion. Taken together, these results provide chemical parameters for a general understanding of electrochemistry in nanoconfined spaces and for designing microporous conductors and electrochemical methods used to evaluate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Paul A Kempler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
| | - Carl K Brozek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Materials Science Institute, Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon Eugene OR 97403 USA
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24
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Li W, Zhang C, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Zhang L, Kuhn A. Fine-Tuning the Electrocatalytic Regeneration of NADH Cofactor Using [Rh(Cp*)(bpy)Cl] +-Functionalized Metal-Organic Framework Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:46673-46681. [PMID: 36215128 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical regeneration of the reduced form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) cofactor catalyzed by immobilized [Rh(Cp*)(bpy)Cl]+ is a promising approach for the enzymatic synthesis of many valuable chemicals with NAD-dependent dehydrogenases. However, rational control of the efficiency is often limited by the irregular structure of the electrode/electrolyte interface and the accessibility of the molecular catalyst. Here, we propose an electrochemical system for NADH cofactor regeneration, based on highly ordered three- dimensional (3D) metal-organic framework (NU-1000) films. [Rh(Cp*)(bpy)Cl]+ is incorporated at the zirconium nodes of NU-1000 via solvent-assisted ligand incorporation (SALI), leading to a diffusion-controlled behavior, associated with an electron hopping mechanism. Varying the ratio of redox-active [Rh(Cp*)(bpy)Cl]+ and inactive postgrafting agents enables the elaboration of functional electrodes with tunable electrocatalytic activity for NADH regeneration. The exceptionally high faradic efficiency of 97%, associated with a very high turnover frequency (TOF) of ∼1400 h-1 for NADH regeneration, and the total turnover number (TTN) of over 20000 for the enzymatic conversion from pyruvate to l-lactate, when coupled with l-lactate dehydrogenases (LDH) as a model reaction, open up promising perspectives for employing these electrodes in various alternative bioelectrosynthesis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Chunhua Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Ziman Zheng
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
- University Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, Site ENSCBP, Pessac 33400, France
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25
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Gibbons B, Cai M, Morris AJ. A Potential Roadmap to Integrated Metal Organic Framework Artificial Photosynthetic Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17723-17736. [PMID: 36126182 PMCID: PMC9545145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of coordination polymers, gained popularity in the late 1990s with the efforts of Omar Yaghi, Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa, and others. The intrinsic porosity of MOFs made them a clear platform for gas storage and separation. Indeed, these applications have dominated the vast literature in MOF synthesis, characterization, and applications. However, even in those early years, there were hints to more advanced applications in light-MOF interactions and catalysis. This perspective focuses on the combination of both light-MOF interactions and catalysis: MOF artificial photosynthetic assemblies. Light absorption, charge transport, H2O oxidation, and CO2 reduction have all been previously observed in MOFs; however, work toward a fully MOF-based approach to artificial photosynthesis remains out of reach. Discussed here are the current limitations with MOF-based approaches: diffusion through the framework, selectivity toward high value products, lack of integrated studies, and stability. These topics provide a roadmap for the future development of fully integrated MOF-based assemblies for artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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26
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Wang YC, Yen JH, Huang CW, Chang TE, Chen YL, Chen YH, Lin CY, Kung CW. Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Electrocatalysts Competent for the Conversion of Acrylonitrile to Adiponitrile. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:35534-35544. [PMID: 35914191 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of acrylonitrile (AN) to produce adiponitrile (ADN), the raw material for the production of Nylon 66, has become a crucial process owing to the increasing market demand of Nylon 66. Although the metallic Pb or Cd electrodes are commonly used for this reaction, the use of electrocatalysts or electrodes modified with catalysts has been barely investigated. In this study, nanoporous and electrically conductive metal-organic framework (MOF)-derived materials composed of Pb, PbO, and carbon are synthesized by carbonizing a Pb-based MOF through thermal treatments, and these MOF-derived materials are served as electrocatalysts for the electrosynthesis of ADN. The crystallinity, morphology, elemental composition, porosity, electrical conductivity, and electrochemically active surface area of each MOF-derived material are investigated. Mass-transport-corrected Tafel analysis is used to probe the enhanced kinetics for the electrochemical reduction of AN occurring at the electrode modified with the MOF-derived material. Electrolytic experiments at various applied potentials are conducted to quantify the production rate and Faradaic efficiency toward ADN, and the result shows that the MOF-derived materials can act as electrocatalysts to initiate the electrochemical reduction of AN to produce ADN at a reduced overpotential. The optimal MOF-derived electrocatalyst can achieve a Faradaic efficiency of 67% toward ADN at an applied potential of -0.85 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode─a much lower overpotential compared to that typically required for this reaction without the use of catalysts. Findings here shed light on the design and development of advanced electrocatalysts to boost the performances for the electrosynthesis of ADN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Hui Yen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-En Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - You-Liang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
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27
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Howe A, Liseev T, Gil-Sepulcre M, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Benet-Buchholz J, Llobet A, Ott S. Electrocatalytic water oxidation from a mixed linker MOF based on NU-1000 with an integrated ruthenium-based metallo-linker. MATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 3:4227-4234. [PMID: 35693428 PMCID: PMC9125567 DOI: 10.1039/d2ma00128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel tetratopic metallo-linker, [Ru(tda)(py(PhCOOH)2)2], 1, (tda = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-6,6''-dicarboxylate; py(PhCOOH)2 = (4,4'-(pyridine-3,5-diyl)dibenzoic acid), that is structurally based on one of the most active molecular water oxidation catalysts has been prepared and fully characterized, including single crystal X-ray diffraction. 1 bears geometric similarities to H4TBAPy (H4TBAPy = 4,4',4'',4'''-(pyrene-1,3,6,8-tetrayl)tetrabenzoic acid), i.e. the native linker in NU-1000, which offers the possibility to synthesize NU-1000-Ru mixed linker MOFs solvothermally. Mixed linker MOF formation was demonstrated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Ru linker incorporation confirmed by FT-IR, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). It was found that the Ru contents in the final mixed linker MOFs correlate with the amount of Ru linker present during solvothermal synthesis, albeit not in a linear fashion. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the mixed linker MOFs are largely dominated by TBAPy-based oxidations with features attributed to 1. Interestingly, Ru linkers near the crystal surface are oxidized directly by interfacial hole transfer form the electrode, while those in the crystal interior can be oxidized indirectly from oxidized TBAPy linkers at more anodic potential. Upon repeated scanning, the CVs show the appearance of new waves that arise from irreversible TBAPy oxidation, as well as from the activation of the Ru-based water oxidation catalyst. Of the materials prepared, the one with the highest Ru content, NU-1000-Ruhigh, was shown to catalyze the electrochemical oxidation of water to dioxygen. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of the construct is 37%, due to water oxidation being accompanied by oxidative transformations of the TBAPy linkers. Despite the low FE, NU-1000-Ruhigh is still among the best MOF-based water oxidation catalysts, operating by a unique co-linker mediated hole-transport mechanism to supply oxidizing equivalents also to catalysts in the crystal interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Howe
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Timofey Liseev
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Marcos Gil-Sepulcre
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Jordi Benet-Buchholz
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST) Av. Països Catalans 16 43007, Tarragona Spain
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523 75120 Uppsala Sweden
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28
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Shen CH, Chen YH, Wang YC, Chang TE, Chen YL, Kung CW. Probing the electronic and ionic transport in topologically distinct redox-active metal-organic frameworks in aqueous electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9855-9865. [PMID: 35348567 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00117a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Three topologically distinct zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (Zr-MOFs) constructed from redox-innocent linkers, MOF-808, defective UiO-66, and CAU-24, are synthesized, and the spatially dispersed redox-active manganese sites are post-synthetically immobilized on the hexa-zirconium nodes of these Zr-MOFs. The crystallinity, morphology, porosity, manganese loading, and bulk electrical conductivity of each material are studied. The redox-hopping-based electrochemical reaction between the installed Mn(III) and Mn(IV) occurring within the thin films of these MOFs in aqueous electrolytes is investigated, in the presence of various concentrations of Na2SO4 in the electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry is used to qualitatively study the redox-hopping process, and chronoamperometry is used to quantify the electrochemically active fractions of manganese sites within the MOF thin film as well as the values of apparent diffusivity for the redox-hopping process. By adjusting the concentration of Na2SO4 in the electrolyte, the rate-determining step for the redox-hopping process can be tuned from ionic transport to electronic transport, and the Mn-decorated MOF-808, which possesses the largest pore size, can achieve the highest value of apparent diffusivity. Findings here shed light on the selection of Zr-MOF as well as the choice of electrolyte concentration for the applications of MOFs in supercapacitors and electrocatalysis relying on such redox-hopping processes in aqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-En Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - You-Liang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
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29
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Chang TE, Chuang CH, Chen YH, Wang YC, Gu YJ, Kung CW. Iridium‐functionalized metal–organic framework nanocrystals interconnected by carbon nanotubes competent for electrocatalytic water oxidation. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Chang
- National Cheng Kung University Department of Chemical Engineering 1 University Road Tainan City TAIWAN
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chuang
- National Cheng Kung University Department of Chemical Engineering 1 University Road Tainan City TAIWAN
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- National Cheng Kung University Department of Chemical Engineering 1 University Road Tainan City TAIWAN
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- National Cheng Kung University Department of Chemical Engineering 1 University Road Tainan City TAIWAN
| | - Yu-Juan Gu
- National Cheng Kung University Department of Chemical Engineering 1 University Road Tainan City TAIWAN
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- National Cheng Kung University Department of Chemical Engineering 1 University Road 70101 Tainan TAIWAN
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30
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Castner AT, Su H, Svensson Grape E, Inge AK, Johnson BA, Ahlquist MSG, Ott S. Microscopic Insights into Cation-Coupled Electron Hopping Transport in a Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5910-5920. [PMID: 35325542 PMCID: PMC8990995 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electron transport through metal-organic frameworks by a hopping mechanism between discrete redox active sites is coupled to diffusion-migration of charge-balancing counter cations. Experimentally determined apparent diffusion coefficients, Deapp, that characterize this form of charge transport thus contain contributions from both processes. While this is well established for MOFs, microscopic descriptions of this process are largely lacking. Herein, we systematically lay out different scenarios for cation-coupled electron transfer processes that are at the heart of charge diffusion through MOFs. Through systematic variations of solvents and electrolyte cations, it is shown that the Deapp for charge migration through a PIZOF-type MOF, Zr(dcphOH-NDI) that is composed of redox-active naphthalenediimide (NDI) linkers, spans over 2 orders of magnitude. More importantly, however, the microscopic mechanisms for cation-coupled electron propagation are contingent on differing factors depending on the size of the cation and its propensity to engage in ion pairs with reduced linkers, either non-specifically or in defined structural arrangements. Based on computations and in agreement with experimental results, we show that ion pairing generally has an adverse effect on cation transport, thereby slowing down charge transport. In Zr(dcphOH-NDI), however, specific cation-linker interactions can open pathways for concerted cation-coupled electron transfer processes that can outcompete limitations from reduced cation flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh T Castner
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Svensson Grape
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Ken Inge
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mårten S G Ahlquist
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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31
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Kajal N, Singh V, Gupta R, Gautam S. Metal organic frameworks for electrochemical sensor applications: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112320. [PMID: 34740622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are broadly known as porous coordination polymers, synthesized by metal-based nodes and organic linkers. MOFs are used in various fields like catalysis, energy storage, sensors, drug delivery etc., due to their versatile properties (tailorable pore size, high surface area, and exposed active sites). This review presents a detailed discussion of MOFs as an electrochemical sensor and their enhancement in the selectivity and sensitivity of the sensor. These sensors are used for the detection of heavy metal ions like Cd2+, Pb2+, Hg2+, and Cu2+ from groundwater. Various types of organic pollutants are also detected from the water bodies using MOFs. Furthermore, electrochemical sensing of antibiotics, phenolic compounds, and pesticides has been explored. In addition to this, there is also a detailed discussion of metal nano-particles and metal-oxide based composites which can sense various compounds like glucose, amino acids, uric acid etc. The review will be helpful for young researchers, and an inspiration to future research as challenges and future opportunities of MOF-based electrochemical sensors are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navdeep Kajal
- Advanced Functional Materials Lab., Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Vishavjeet Singh
- Advanced Functional Materials Lab., Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Advanced Functional Materials Lab., Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India
| | - Sanjeev Gautam
- Advanced Functional Materials Lab., Dr. S. S. Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160 014, India.
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32
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Duan J, Goswami S, Hupp JT. Redox-Hopping-Based Charge Transport Mediated by Ru(II)-Polypyridyl Species Immobilized in a Mesoporous Metal-Organic Framework. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.828266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic charge transport through crystalline metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be accomplished by site-to-site electron (or hole) hopping, provided that redox-active sites, such as easily reducible or oxidizable MOF linkers, are present. If the framework itself is redox-inert, solvent-assisted ligand incorporation of redox-active moieties can serve to enable hopping-based charge transport. Here we have studied the redox hopping process within Ru-bpy@NU-1008, where Ru-bpy is a carboxylate-functionalized derivative, i.e., a node-ligating derivative, of the well-known chromophore Ru(2,2′-bipyridine)32+, and NU-1008 is a redox-inert MOF featuring hierarchical porosity and csq topology. Chronoamperometry experiments with electrode-supported thin films of Ru-bpy@NU-1008 show that charge transport is feasible through portions of the MOF, with other portions being inaccessible. Possible confounding features are the undersized c-pores that cross-connect 1D mesoporous channels, as ingress and egress of charge-compensating anions is believed to accompany the net oxidation of Ru(II) to Ru(III) and the reduction of Ru(III) to Ru(II). Phenomenologically, transport through the electroactive portion of the films is diffusion-like, with the magnitude of the apparent diffusion coefficient being 6 × 10−12 cm2/s.
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33
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Chiang YT, Gu YJ, Song YD, Wang YC, Kung CW. Cerium-based metal–organic framework as an electrocatalyst for the reductive detection of dopamine. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2022.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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34
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Ding YX, Zheng QH, Peng MT, Chen C, Zou KF, Dong BX, Liu WL, Teng YL. A new ɛ-Keggin polyoxometalate-based metal-organic framework: From design and synthesis to electrochemical hydrogen evolution. CATAL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2021.106367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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35
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Herrera-Herrera PA, Rodríguez-Sevilla E, Varela AS. The role of the metal center on charge transport rate in MOF-525: cobalt and nickel porphyrin. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16939-16944. [PMID: 34779455 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03435a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic Frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising materials for different electrochemical applications. Their low conductivity, however, is a major challenge to overcome. Therefore, a deeper understanding on the charge transfer mechanism is needed to improve the conductivity of MOF-based electrodes. For this contribution, we focused on metalated MOF-525 and found that the nature of the metal center is one of the many factors contributing to the charge transfer kinetics, which is attributed to differences in redox behaviour, affecting the hopping distance and the electron transfer rate. These results highlight the importance of the nature of the redox active site to optimize charge transfer in MOF-based electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Arturo Herrera-Herrera
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito exterior S. N., Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico. .,Laboratorio de sensores biofotónicos, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C., Loma del bosque 115, Col. Lomas del campestre 37150, León Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Erika Rodríguez-Sevilla
- Laboratorio de sensores biofotónicos, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C., Loma del bosque 115, Col. Lomas del campestre 37150, León Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Ana Sofía Varela
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito exterior S. N., Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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36
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Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention for their applications in chemical sensors mainly due to their high porosity resulting in high density of spatially accessible active sites, which can interact with the aimed analyte. Among various MOFs, frameworks constructed from group 4 metal-based (e.g., zirconium, titanium, hafnium, and cerium) MOFs, have become especially of interest for the sensors requiring the operations in aqueous media owing to their remarkable chemical stability in water. Research efforts have been made to utilize these group 4 metal-based MOFs in chemosensors such as luminescent sensors, colorimetric sensors, electrochemical sensors, and resistive sensors for a range of analytes since 2013. Though several studies in this subfield have been published especially over the past 3–5 years, some challenges and concerns are still there and sometimes they might be overlooked. In this review, we aim to highlight the recent progress in the use of group 4 metal-based MOFs in chemical sensors, and focus on the challenges, potential concerns, and opportunities in future studies regarding the developments of such chemically robust MOFs for sensing applications.
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37
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Ding B, Kim G, Kim Y, Eisner FD, Gutiérrez‐Fernández E, Martín J, Yoon M, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Curvature on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Glycolated Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:19679-19684. [PMID: 34228896 PMCID: PMC8457089 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Two new glycolated semiconducting polymers PgBT(F)2gT and PgBT(F)2gTT of differing backbone curvatures were designed and synthesised for application as p-type accumulation mode organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) materials. Both polymers demonstrated stable and reversible oxidation, accessible within the aqueous electrochemical window, to generate polaronic charge carriers. OECTs fabricated from PgBT(F)2gT featuring a curved backbone geometry attained a higher volumetric capacitance of 170 F cm-3 . However, PgBT(F)2gTT with a linear backbone displayed overall superior OECT performance with a normalised peak transconductance of 3.00×104 mS cm-1 , owing to its enhanced order, expediting the charge mobility to 0.931 cm2 V-1 s-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus)80 Wood Lane Shepherd's BushLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonSouth Kensington CampusLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez‐Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUManuel de Lardizabal 3Donostia—San SebastiánSpain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUManuel de Lardizabal 3Donostia—San SebastiánSpain
- Grupo de PolímerosDepartamento de Física e Ciencias da TerraUniversidade da CoruñaCentro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT)Esteiro15471FerrolSpain
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGwangju Institute of Science and Technology123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-guGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable ElectronicsImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus)80 Wood Lane Shepherd's BushLondonW12 0BZUK
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38
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Ding B, Kim G, Kim Y, Eisner FD, Gutiérrez‐Fernández E, Martín J, Yoon M, Heeney M. Influence of Backbone Curvature on the Organic Electrochemical Transistor Performance of Glycolated Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Ding
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus) 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Gunwoo Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Flurin D. Eisner
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London South Kensington Campus London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Edgar Gutiérrez‐Fernández
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia—San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jaime Martín
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department Faculty of Chemistry University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Manuel de Lardizabal 3 Donostia—San Sebastián Spain
- Grupo de Polímeros Departamento de Física e Ciencias da Terra Universidade da Coruña Centro de Investigacións Tecnolóxicas (CIT) Esteiro 15471 Ferrol Spain
| | - Myung‐Han Yoon
- School of Materials Science and Engineering Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics Imperial College London Molecular Sciences Research Hub (White City Campus) 80 Wood Lane Shepherd's Bush London W12 0BZ UK
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Castner AT, Johnson BA, Cohen SM, Ott S. Mimicking the Electron Transport Chain and Active Site of [FeFe] Hydrogenases in One Metal-Organic Framework: Factors That Influence Charge Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7991-7999. [PMID: 34029060 PMCID: PMC8176456 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
[FeFe] hydrogenase
(H2ase) enzymes are effective proton
reduction catalysts capable of forming molecular dihydrogen with a
high turnover frequency at low overpotential. The active sites of
these enzymes are buried within the protein structures, and substrates
required for hydrogen evolution (both protons and electrons) are shuttled
to the active sites through channels from the protein surface. Metal–organic
frameworks (MOFs) provide a unique platform for mimicking such enzymes
due to their inherent porosity which permits substrate diffusion and
their structural tunability which allows for the incorporation of
multiple functional linkers. Herein, we describe the preparation and
characterization of a redox-active PCN-700-based MOF (PCN = porous
coordination network) that features both a biomimetic model of the
[FeFe] H2ase active site as well as a redox-active linker
that acts as an electron mediator, thereby mimicking the function
of [4Fe4S] clusters in the enzyme. Rigorous studies on the dual-functionalized
MOF by cyclic voltammetry (CV) reveal similarities to the natural
system but also important limitations in the MOF-enzyme analogy. Most
importantly, and in contrast to the enzyme, restrictions apply to
the total concentration of reduced linkers and charge-balancing counter
cations that can be accommodated within the MOF. Successive charging
of the MOF results in nonideal interactions between linkers and restricted
mobility of charge-compensating redox-inactive counterions. Consequently,
apparent diffusion coefficients are no longer constant, and expected
redox features in the CVs of the materials are absent. Such nonlinear
effects may play an important role in MOFs for (electro)catalytic
applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh T Castner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92023-0358, United States
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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Chen K, Downes CA, Schneider E, Goodpaster JD, Marinescu SC. Improving and Understanding the Hydrogen Evolving Activity of a Cobalt Dithiolene Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16384-16395. [PMID: 33788537 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the promising previous reports on the development of electrocatalytic dithiolene-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), these materials often display poor reproducibility of the HER performance because of their poor bulk properties upon integration with electrode materials. We demonstrate here an in-depth investigation of the electrocatalytic HER activity of a cobalt 2,3,6,7,10,11-triphenylenehexathiolate (CoTHT) MOF. To enhance the durability and charge transport properties of the constructed CoTHT/electrode architecture, CoTHT is deposited as an ink composite (1) composed of Nafion and carbon black. We leverage here the well-established use of catalyst inks in the literature to increase adhesion of the catalyst to the electrode surface and to improve the overall electrical conductivity of the integrated catalyst/electrode. The utilization of the composite 1 leads to a significant improvement in the overpotential (η) to reach a current density of 10 mA/cm2 (η = 143 mV) compared to prior reports, resulting in the most active MOF-based electrocatalyst for the HER that contains only earth-abundant elements. Extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations were applied to understand the structure of CoTHT and the mechanistic pathways of the HER. The computational results suggest that an AB stacking geometry is energetically favorable, where one layer is slipped by 1.6 Å relative to the neighboring one along the a and b vectors. Additionally, the DFT calculations indicate that the catalytic cycle likely involves a Volmer discharge step to generate a cobalt hydride, followed by a Heyrovsky step to form a cobalt-H2 intermediate, and finally the dissociation of H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keying Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Courtney A Downes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Eugene Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jason D Goodpaster
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Smaranda C Marinescu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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Shen CH, Chuang CH, Gu YJ, Ho WH, Song YD, Chen YC, Wang YC, Kung CW. Cerium-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals Interconnected by Carbon Nanotubes for Boosting Electrochemical Capacitor Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:16418-16426. [PMID: 33818075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nanocrystals of a cerium-based metal-organic framework (Ce-MOF), Ce-MOF-808, are directly grown on the surface of carboxylic acid-functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by a facile one-step solvothermal synthesis method. Ce-MOF-CNT nanocomposites with various Ce-MOF-to-CNT ratios are synthesized, and their crystallinity, morphology, porosity, and electrical conductivity are examined. The redox-hopping and electrochemical behaviors of the pristine Ce-MOF in aqueous electrolytes are investigated, suggesting that the pristine Ce-MOF is electrochemically active but possesses a limited charge-transport behavior. As a demonstration, all the Ce-MOF, CNT, and nanocomposites are used as active materials for application in aqueous-based supercapacitors. The capacitive performance of the CNT can be significantly boosted with the help of redox-active Ce-MOF-808 nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hui Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juan Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei Huan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Da Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
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42
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Johnson EM, Ilic S, Morris AJ. Design Strategies for Enhanced Conductivity in Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:445-453. [PMID: 33791427 PMCID: PMC8006162 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of materials which exhibit permanent porosity, high surface area, and crystallinity. As a highly tunable middle ground between heterogeneous and homogeneous species, MOFs have the potential to suit a wide variety of applications, many of which require conductive materials. The continued development of conductive MOFs has provided an ever-growing library of materials with both intrinsic and guest-promoted conductivity, and factors which limit or enhance conductivity in MOFs have become more apparent. In this Outlook, the factors which are believed to influence the future of MOF conductivity most heavily are highlighted along with proposed methods of further developing these fields. Fundamental studies derived from these methods may provide pathways to raise conductivity across a wide range of MOF structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0131, United States
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0131, United States
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0131, United States
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43
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Zhou Y, Han L. Recent advances in naphthalenediimide-based metal-organic frameworks: Structures and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Song YD, Ho WH, Chen YC, Li JH, Wang YS, Gu YJ, Chuang CH, Kung CW. Selective Formation of Polyaniline Confined in the Nanopores of a Metal-Organic Framework for Supercapacitors. Chemistry 2021; 27:3560-3567. [PMID: 33166095 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a strategy that can result in the polyaniline (PANI) solely confined within the nanopores of a metal-organic framework (MOF) without forming obvious bulk PANI between MOF crystals is developed. A water-stable zirconium-based MOF, UiO-66-NH2 , is selected as the MOF material. The polymerization of aniline is initiated in the acidic suspension of UiO-66-NH2 nanocrystals in the presence of excess poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). Since the pore size of UiO-66-NH2 is too small to enable the insertion of the bulky PSS, the quick formation of pore-confined solid PANI and the slower formation of well dispersed PANI:PSS occur within the MOF crystals and in the bulk solution, respectively. By taking advantage of the resulting homogeneous PANI:PSS polymer solution, the bulk PANI:PSS can be removed from the PANI/UiO-66-NH2 solid by successive washing the sample with fresh acidic solutions through centrifugation. As this is the first time reporting the PANI solely confined in the pores of a MOF, as a demonstration, the obtained PANI/UiO-66-NH2 composite material is applied as the electrode material for supercapacitors. The PANI/UiO-66-NH2 thin films exhibit a pseudocapacitive electrochemical characteristic, and their resulting electrochemical activity and charge-storage capacities are remarkably higher than those of the bulk PANI thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Da Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Wei Huan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuan Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Hong Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Sen Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Juan Gu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chuang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan
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45
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Xue Q, Zhang Z, Ng BKY, Zhao P, Lo BTW. Recent Advances in the Engineering of Single-Atom Catalysts Through Metal-Organic Frameworks. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2021; 379:11. [PMID: 33544294 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-021-00324-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review highlights some recent progress in the engineering of single-atom catalysts (SACs) through metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and derivatives. The inherent molecular and chemical specificities within the MOFs and derivatives can offer stabilisation of the SACs with high atomic isolation and dispersion. As MOFs are often considered an infinite array of self-assembled molecular catalysts, specifically designed structures can provide further functionalities to suit the needs of different catalytic applications. In brief, we can divide the preparation approaches into three main categories: (1) fabrication onto functional groups of the ligands, (2) fabrication onto Lewis acid sites of nodal centres, and (3) synthesis via a pyrolysis-mediated technique. Through these approaches, strong metal-support interactions can be established to aid the fine-tuning of the catalytic properties. We also discuss how recent progress in the development of state-of-the-art microscopic, spectroscopic, and crystallographic techniques has enabled scientists to elucidate the structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, 518000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bryan K Y Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Pu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Benedict T W Lo
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen Hi-tech Industrial Park, Shenzhen, 518000, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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46
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Design and Synthesis of Conductive Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Their Composites for Supercapacitors. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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D'Alessandro DM, Usov PM. Spectroelectrochemistry: A Powerful Tool for Studying Fundamental Properties and Emerging Applications of Solid-State Materials Including Metal–Organic Frameworks. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) encompasses a broad suite of electroanalytical techniques where electrochemistry is coupled with various spectroscopic methods. This powerful and versatile array of methods is characterised as in situ, where a fundamental property is measured in real time as the redox state is varied through an applied voltage. SEC has a long and rich history and has proved highly valuable for discerning mechanistic aspects of redox reactions that underpin the function of biological, chemical, and physical systems in the solid and solution states, as well as in thin films and even in single molecules. This perspective article highlights the state of the art in solid-state SEC (ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared, infrared, Raman, photoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) relevant to interrogating solid state materials, particularly those in the burgeoning field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Emphasis is on developments in the field over the past 10 years and prospects for application of SEC techniques to probing fundamental aspects of MOFs and MOF-derived materials, along with their emerging applications in next-generation technologies for energy storage and transformation. Along with informing the already expert practitioner of SEC, this article provides some guidance for researchers interested in entering the field.
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48
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Chang TE, Chuang CH, Kung CW. An iridium-decorated metal–organic framework for electrocatalytic oxidation of nitrite. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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49
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Xue Q, Xie Y, Wu S, Wu TS, Soo YL, Day S, Tang CC, Man HW, Yuen ST, Wong KY, Wang Y, Lo BTW, Tsang SCE. A rational study on the geometric and electronic properties of single-atom catalysts for enhanced catalytic performance. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23206-23212. [PMID: 33201980 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06006b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the geometric and electronic properties of single-atom catalysts (SACs) within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with respect to electrocatalytic CO2 reduction as a model reaction. A series of mid-to-late 3d transition metals have been immobilised within the microporous cavity of UiO-66-NH2. By employing Rietveld refinement of new-generation synchrotron diffraction, we not only identified the crystallographic and atomic parameters of the SACs that are stabilised with a robust MN(MOF) bonding of ca. 2.0 Å, but also elucidated the end-on coordination geometry with CO2. A volcano trend in the FEs of CO has been observed. In particular, the confinement effect within the rigid MOF can greatly facilitate redox hopping between the Cu SACs, rendering high FEs of CH4 and C2H4 at a current density of -100 mA cm-2. Although only demonstrated in selected SACs within UiO-66-NH2, this study sheds light on the rational engineering of molecular interactions(s) with SACs for the sustainable provision of fine chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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50
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Gutiérrez-Tarriño S, Olloqui-Sariego JL, Calvente JJ, Espallargas GM, Rey F, Corma A, Oña-Burgos P. Cobalt Metal-Organic Framework Based on Layered Double Nanosheets for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation in Neutral Media. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19198-19208. [PMID: 33125226 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A new cobalt metal-organic framework (2D-Co-MOF) based on well-defined layered double cores that are strongly connected by intermolecular bonds has been developed. Its 3D structure is held together by π-π stacking interactions between the labile pyridine ligands of the nanosheets. In aqueous solution, the axial pyridine ligands are exchanged by water molecules, producing a delamination of the material, where the individual double nanosheets preserve their structure. The original 3D layered structure can be restored by a solvothermal process with pyridine, so that the material shows a "memory effect" during the delamination-pillarization process. Electrochemical activation of a 2D-Co-MOF@Nafion-modified graphite electrode in aqueous solution improves the ionic migration and electron transfer across the film and promotes the formation of the electrocatalytically active cobalt species for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The so-activated 2D-Co-MOF@Nafion composite exhibits an outstanding electrocatalytic performance for the OER at neutral pH, with a TOF value (0.034 s-1 at an overpotential of 400 mV) and robustness superior to those reported for similar electrocatalysts under similar conditions. The particular topology of the delaminated nanosheets, with quite distant cobalt centers, precludes the direct coupling between the electrocatalytically active centers of the same sheet. On the other hand, the increase in ionic migration across the film during the electrochemical activation stage rules out the intersheet coupling between active cobalt centers, as this scenario would impair electrolyte permeation. Altogether, the most plausible mechanism for the O-O bond formation is the water nucleophilic attack to single Co(IV)-oxo or Co(III)-oxyl centers. Its high electrochemical efficiency suggests that the presence of nitrogen-containing aromatic equatorial ligands facilitates the water nucleophilic attack, as in the case of the highly efficient cobalt porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gutiérrez-Tarriño
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Olloqui-Sariego
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla. Profesor García González 1. 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan José Calvente
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Sevilla. Profesor García González 1. 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán, 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Fernando Rey
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Pascual Oña-Burgos
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Química y Física, Centro de Investigación CIAIMBITAL, Universidad de Almería, Ctra. Sacramento, s/n, 04120 Almería, Spain
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