1
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Alessandri I, Torricelli F, Cerea B, Speziani M, Romele P, Kovacs-Vajna ZM, Vassalini I. Why PEDOT:PSS Should Not Be Used for Raman Sensing of Redox States (and How It Could Be). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:56363-56373. [PMID: 36475583 PMCID: PMC9782336 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been recently proposed for Raman sensing of redox-active species in solution. Here, we investigated the rationale of this approach through systematic experiments, in which the Raman spectrum of PEDOT:PSS was analyzed in the presence of either nonoxidizing or oxidizing electrolytes. The results demonstrated that Raman spectra precisely reflect the conformation of PEDOT units and their interactions with PSS. Two different responses were observed. In the case of oxidizing electrolytes, the effect of charge transfer is accurately transduced in Raman spectrum changes. On the other hand, reduction induces a progressive separation between the PEDOT and PSS chains, which decreases their mutual interaction. This stimulus determines characteristic variations in the intensity, shape, and position of the Raman spectra. However, we demonstrated that the same effects can be obtained either by increasing the concentration of nonoxidizing electrolytes or by deprotonating PSS chains. This poses severe limitations to the use of PEDOT:PSS for this type of Raman sensing. This study allows us to revise most of the Raman results reported in the literature with a clear model, setting a new basis for investigating the dynamics of mixed electronic/ionic charge transfer in conductive polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivano Alessandri
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123Brescia, Italy
- INSTM-National
Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, UdR Brescia, via Branze
38, 25123Brescia, Italy
- CNR-INO,
UdR Brescia, via Branze
38, 25123Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123Brescia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Cerea
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Speziani
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Romele
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Irene Vassalini
- Department
of Information Engineering, University of
Brescia, via Branze 38, 25123Brescia, Italy
- INSTM-National
Consortium for Materials Science and Technology, UdR Brescia, via Branze
38, 25123Brescia, Italy
- CNR-INO,
UdR Brescia, via Branze
38, 25123Brescia, Italy
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2
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Sanviti M, Martínez-Tong DE, Rebollar E, Ezquerra TA, García-Gutiérrez MC. Crystallization and phase separation in PEDOT:PSS/PEO blend thin films: Influence on mechanical and electrical properties at the nanoscale. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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3
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Brooke R, Lay M, Jain K, Francon H, Say MG, Belaineh D, Wang X, Håkansson KMO, Wågberg L, Engquist I, Edberg J, Berggren M. Nanocellulose and PEDOT:PSS composites and their applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Brooke
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Makara Lay
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- INM- Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hugo Francon
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehmet Girayhan Say
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Dagmawi Belaineh
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xin Wang
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isak Engquist
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jesper Edberg
- Digital Systems, Smart Hardware, Bio- and Organic Electronics, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Department of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
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4
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Marrink SJ, Monticelli L, Melo MN, Alessandri R, Tieleman DP, Souza PCT. Two decades of Martini: Better beads, broader scope. WIRES COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute & Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Luca Monticelli
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Oeiras Portugal
| | - Riccardo Alessandri
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering University of Chicago Chicago Illinois USA
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences University of Calgary Alberta Canada
| | - Paulo C. T. Souza
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry (MMSB ‐ UMR 5086) CNRS & University of Lyon Lyon France
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5
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Dingler C, Walter R, Gompf B, Ludwigs S. In Situ Monitoring of Optical Constants, Conductivity, and Swelling of PEDOT:PSS from Doped to the Fully Neutral State. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dingler
- IPOC─Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Ramon Walter
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Bruno Gompf
- 1st Physics Institute, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC─Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry & Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST), University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
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6
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Choi C, de Izarra A, Han I, Jeon W, Lansac Y, Jang YH. Hard-Cation-Soft-Anion Ionic Liquids for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:1615-1624. [PMID: 35138105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A promising conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) experiences significant conductivity enhancement when treated with proper ionic liquids (ILs). Based on the hard-soft-acid-base principle, we propose a combination of a hydrophilic hard cation A+ (instead of the commonly used 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium, EMIM+) and a hydrophobic soft anion X- (such as tetracyanoborate, TCB-) as the best ILs for this purpose. Such ILs would decouple hydrophilic-but-insulating PSS- from conducting-but-hydrophobic PEDOT+ most efficiently by strong interactions with hydrophilic A+ and hydrophobic X-, respectively. Such a favorable ion exchange between PEDOT+:PSS- and A+:X- ILs would allow the growth of conducting PEDOT+ domains decorated by X-, not disturbed by PSS- or A+. Using density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that a protic cation- (aliphatic N-alkyl pyrrolidinium, in particular) combined with the hydrophobic anion TCB- indeed outperforms EMIM+ by promptly leaving hydrophobic TCB- and strongly binding to hydrophilic PSS-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Ambroise de Izarra
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
| | - Ikhee Han
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
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7
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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8
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Modarresi M, Zozoulenko IV. Why does solvent treatment increase conductivity of PEDOT:PSS? Insight from molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22073-22082. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02655d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most important conducting polymers. In its pristine form its electrical conductivity is low, but it can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by...
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9
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Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction at conductive polymer PEDOT: Insight from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Chem Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2021.111308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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10
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de Izarra A, Choi C, Jang YH, Lansac Y. Molecular Dynamics of PEDOT:PSS Treated with Ionic Liquids. Origin of Anion Dependence Leading to Cation Design Principles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8601-8611. [PMID: 34292746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conductivity enhancement of PEDOT:PSS via the morphological change of PEDOT-rich domains has been achieved by introducing a 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM)-based ionic liquid (IL) into its aqueous solution, and the degree of such change varies drastically with the anion coupled to the EMIM cation constituting the IL. We carry out a series of molecular dynamics simulations on various simple model systems for the extremely complex mixtures of PEDOT:PSS and EMIM:X IL in water, varying the anion X, the IL concentration, the oligomer model of PEDOT:PSS, and the size of the model systems. The common characteristic found in all simulations is that although planar hydrophobic anions X are the most efficient for ion exchange between PEDOT:PSS and EMIM:X, they tend to bring together planar EMIM cations to PEDOT-rich domains, disrupting PEDOT π-stacks with PEDOT-X-EMIM intercalating layers. Nonplanar hydrophobic anions, which leave most of EMIM cations in water, are efficient for both ion exchange and the formation of extended PEDOT π-stacks, as observed in experiments. Based on such findings, we propose a design principle for new cations replacing EMIM; nonplanar hydrophilic cations combined with hydrophobic anions should improve IL efficiency for PEDOT:PSS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France.,Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, 42988 Daegu, Korea.,Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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11
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Electrochemically Obtained Polysulfonates Doped Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films-Effects of the Dopant's Chain Flexibility and Molecular Weight Studied by Electrochemical, Microgravimetric and XPS Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152438. [PMID: 34372041 PMCID: PMC8348764 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemically synthesized poly(3,4,-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films obtained in the presence of eight different polysulfonate dopants are comparatively studied by means of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Differences with respect to oxidation and doping levels (OL and DL), polymerization efficiency and redox behavior are revealed based on the interplay of three factors: the type of the dopant (acid or salt form), flexibility of the polysulfonate chains and molecular weight of the polysulfonate species. For the rigid- and semi-rigid-chain dopants, use of the salt form results in higher OL and DL values and substantial involvement of solvent molecules in the course of polymerization and redox transitions whereas in the presence of their acid form compact PEDOT films with minor ionic-solvent fluxes upon redox transitions are formed. In contrast, use of the salt form of the flexible chain polysulfonates results in PEDOT with lower OL and DL in comparison to the corresponding acid form. Significant effects are observed when comparing flexible chain dopants with different molecular weights. From a practical point of view the present investigations demonstrate the large scope of possibilities to influence some basic properties of PEDOT (Ol and DL, intensity and type of the ionic and solvent fluxes upon redox transition) depending on the used polysulfonate dopants.
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12
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Zozoulenko I, Franco-Gonzalez JF, Gueskine V, Mehandzhiyski A, Modarresi M, Rolland N, Tybrandt K. Electronic, Optical, Morphological, Transport, and Electrochemical Properties of PEDOT: A Theoretical Perspective. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Viktor Gueskine
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | | | - Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, PO Box 91775-1436, Iran
| | - Nicolas Rolland
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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13
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Alessandri R, Grünewald F, Marrink SJ. The Martini Model in Materials Science. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008635. [PMID: 33956373 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Martini model, a coarse-grained force field initially developed with biomolecular simulations in mind, has found an increasing number of applications in the field of soft materials science. The model's underlying building block principle does not pose restrictions on its application beyond biomolecular systems. Here, the main applications to date of the Martini model in materials science are highlighted, and a perspective for the future developments in this field is given, particularly in light of recent developments such as the new version of the model, Martini 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Alessandri
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Grünewald
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Siewert J Marrink
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials and Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747AG, The Netherlands
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14
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Khot A, Savoie BM. Top–Down Coarse-Grained Framework for Characterizing Mixed Conducting Polymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Khot
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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15
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Maeda R, Shinohara Y, Kawakami H, Isoda Y, Kanazawa I, Mitsuishi M. The conducting fibrillar networks of a PEDOT:PSS hydrogel and an organogel prepared by the gel-film formation process. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:135403. [PMID: 33291090 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd1a9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is a practical conducting polymer. The gel-film formation process produces a PEDOT:PSS organogel with a structure between a PEDOT:PSS water dispersion and a dried film. We found that this film has a high water-swelling ratio and thickens by a hitherto unreported factor of approximately 6600% as its swells to form a hydrogel. In this study, we investigated the drying behaviour of a hydrogel and an organogel with electrical properties to elucidate the internal structures of the gel responsible for the swelling and shrinkage behaviour with high expansion and contraction ratios. SEM revealed that the gel is composed of a 3D fibrillar network consisting of fibrils that are 4.6 ± 1.6 μm long and 0.63 ± 0.29 μm in diameter. This network plays a pivotal role in the conduction of electricity and swelling behaviour with high expansion ratios. The thickness of the gel decreased to 1/66 of its original value after drying on a substrate, while the total electrical resistance decreased by only 20%. The organogel exhibited the same drying behaviour as the hydrogel, which indicates that the network forms first in the organogel and is maintained in the subsequent swelling and drying processes. The electrical conductivity of the hydrogel increased from 9.0 ± 0.1 to 346.4 ± 1.2 S cm-1 under anisotropic shrinking from 3.1 ± 0.2 mm to 77.4 ± 3.3 μm. The network plays an important role as an enhanced swelling framework by providing effective pathways for the conduction of electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Maeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Shinohara
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawakami
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Isoda
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Ikuzo Kanazawa
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Gakugei University, 4-1-1 Nukuikitamachi, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan
| | - Masaya Mitsuishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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16
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Dingler C, Müller H, Wieland M, Fauser D, Steeb H, Ludwigs S. From Understanding Mechanical Behavior to Curvature Prediction of Humidity-Triggered Bilayer Actuators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007982. [PMID: 33470493 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nature will always be an endless source of bioinspiration for man-made smart materials and multifunctional devices. Impressively, even cutoff leaves from resurrection plants can autonomously and reproducibly change their shape upon humidity changes, which goes along with total recovery of their mechanical properties after being completely dried. In this work, simple bilayers are presented as autonomously moving, humidity-triggered bending actuators. The bilayers-showing reproducible bending behavior with reversible kinematics and multiway behavior-are studied in terms of their mechanical behavior upon humidity changes. The active layer consists of a highly conducting polymer film based on poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as passive layer. The response to humidity is explored with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and quartz crystal microbalance measurements. Introduction of a composite beam model allows to predict the curvature of the actuators with input from the rheological measurements. It is clearly demonstrated that volumetric strain and Young's modulus, both heavily influenced by the water uptake, dominate the bending behavior and therefore the curvature of the actuators. This loop of rheological characterization coupled with an analytical model allows to predict curvatures of in principle any complex geometry and material combination for moving parts in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Dingler
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Henry Müller
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Matthias Wieland
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dominik Fauser
- Institute of Applied Mechanics (Civil Engineering) & SC SimTech, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Steeb
- Institute of Applied Mechanics (Civil Engineering) & SC SimTech, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 7, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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17
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Jain K, Mehandzhiyski AY, Zozoulenko I, Wågberg L. PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous media: A comparative experimental and molecular dynamics study of particle size, morphology and z-potential. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:57-66. [PMID: 33059231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PEDOT PSS is the most widely used conducting polymer in organic and printed electronics. PEDOT PSS films have been extensively studied to understand the morphology, ionic and electronic conductivity of the polymer. However, the polymer dispersion, which is used to cast or spin coat the films, is not well characterized and not well understood theoretically. Here, we study in detail the particle morphology, size, charge density and zeta potential (z-potential) by coarse-grained MD simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, for different pH levels and ionic strengths. The PEDOT:PSS particles were found to be 12 nm-19 nm in diameter and had a z-potential of -30 mV to -50 mV when pH was changed from 1.7 to 9, at an added NaCl concentration of 1 mM, as measured by DLS. These values changed significantly with changing pH and ionic strength of the solution. The charge density of PEDOT:PSS particles was also found to be dependent on pH and ionic strength. Besides, the distribution of different ions (PSS-, PEDOT+, Na+, Cl-) present in the solution is simulated to understand the particle morphology and molecular origin of z-potential in PEDOT:PSS dispersion. The trend in change of particle size, charge density and z- potential with changing pH and ionic strength are in good agreement between the simulations and experiments. Our results show that the molecular model developed in this work represents very well the PEDOT:PSS nano-particles in aqueous dispersion. With this study, we hope to provide new insight and an in-depth understanding of the morphology and z-potential evolution in PEDOT:PSS dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Jain
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aleksandar Y Mehandzhiyski
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden; Wallenberg Wood Science Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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de Izarra A, Choi C, Jang YH, Lansac Y. Ionic Liquid for PEDOT:PSS Treatment. Ion Binding Free Energy in Water Revealing the Importance of Anion Hydrophobicity. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:1916-1923. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ambroise de Izarra
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Changwon Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yun Hee Jang
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Yves Lansac
- GREMAN, CNRS UMR 7347, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS UMR 8502, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
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19
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Abstract
Four decades of molecular theory and computation have helped form the modern understanding of the physical chemistry of organic semiconductors. Whereas these efforts have historically centered around characterizations of electronic structure at the single-molecule or dimer scale, emerging trends in noncrystalline molecular and polymeric semiconductors are motivating the need for modeling techniques capable of morphological and electronic structure predictions at the mesoscale. Provided the challenges associated with these prediction tasks, the community has begun to evolve a computational toolkit for organic semiconductors incorporating techniques from the fields of soft matter, coarse-graining, and machine learning. Here, we highlight recent advances in coarse-grained methodologies aimed at the multiscale characterization of noncrystalline organic semiconductors. As organic semiconductor performance is dependent on the interplay of mesoscale morphology and molecular electronic structure, specific emphasis is placed on coarse-grained modeling approaches capable of both structural and electronic predictions without recourse to all-atom representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Sahalianov I, Hynynen J, Barlow S, Marder SR, Müller C, Zozoulenko I. UV-to-IR Absorption of Molecularly p-Doped Polythiophenes with Alkyl and Oligoether Side Chains: Experiment and Interpretation Based on Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11280-11293. [PMID: 33237790 PMCID: PMC7872427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The UV-to-IR transitions in p-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with alkyl side chains and polar polythiophene with tetraethylene glycol side chains are studied experimentally by means of the absorption spectroscopy and computationally using density functional theory (DFT) and tight-binding DFT. The evolution of electronic structure is calculated as the doping level is varied, while the roles of dopant ions, chain twisting, and π-π stacking are also considered, each of these having the effect of broadening the absorption peaks while not significantly changing their positions. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with experimental spectra obtained for the polymers doped with a molybdenum dithiolene complex. As in other DFT studies of doped conjugated polymers, the electronic structure and assignment of optical transitions that emerge are qualitatively different from those obtained through earlier "traditional" approaches. In particular, the two prominent bands seen for the p-doped materials are present for both polarons and bipolarons/polaron pairs. The lowest energy of these transitions is due to excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals located in the gap between the bands. The higher-energy band is a superposition of excitation from the valence band to a spin-resolved orbitals in the gap and an excitation between bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Jonna Hynynen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Stephen Barlow
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Seth R. Marder
- School
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Organic Photonics and
Electronics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, United States
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory
of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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21
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Friederich P, León S, Perea JD, Roch LM, Aspuru-Guzik A. The influence of sorbitol doping on aggregation and electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS: a theoretical study. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ab983b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many organic electronics applications such as organic solar cells or thermoelectric generators rely on PEDOT:PSS as a conductive polymer that is printable and transparent. It was found that doping PEDOT:PSS with sorbitol enhances the conductivity through morphological changes. However, the microscopic mechanism is not well understood. In this work, we combine computational tools with machine learning to investigate changes in morphological and electronic properties of PEDOT:PSS when doped with sorbitol. We find that sorbitol improves the alignment of PEDOT oligomers, leading to a reduction of energy disorder and an increase in electronic couplings between PEDOT chains. The high accuracy (r
2 > 0.9) and speed up of energy level predictions of neural networks compared to density functional theory enables us to analyze HOMO energies of PEDOT oligomers as a function of time. We find a surprisingly low degree of static energy disorder compared to other organic semiconductors. This finding might help to better understand the microscopic origin of the high charge carrier mobility of PEDOT:PSS in general and potentially help to design new conductive polymers.
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22
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Modarresi M, Mehandzhiyski A, Fahlman M, Tybrandt K, Zozoulenko I. Microscopic Understanding of the Granular Structure and the Swelling of PEDOT:PSS. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Modarresi
- Department of Physics, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linköping University, 60174 Norrköping, Sweden
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23
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Chung J, Khot A, Savoie BM, Boudouris BW. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Recent Advances and Opportunities for Mixed Ion and Charge Conducting Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:646-655. [PMID: 35648568 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Macromolecules that exhibit both electron transport and ionic mass transport (i.e., mixed conducting polymers) are ascendant with respect to both emerging application spaces and the elucidation of their fundamental physical principles. The unique coupling between the two modes of conduction puts these materials at the center of many next-generation organic electronic applications. The molecular details of this coupling are also at the epicenter of outstanding questions about how these materials function; how monomer and macromolecular chemistry dictates observable properties; and ultimately, how these macromolecular materials can be rationally designed, processed, and implemented into high-performance devices. Here, we focus on what is currently known about coupled ionic-electronic transport in these polymers and where there are open opportunities in the field. These opportunities include the syntheses of designer macromolecules, the need for significant simulation efforts that provide molecular-level insights into the mixed conduction mechanism, and the need for advanced characterization techniques for real-time monitoring of polymer morphology, as this is critical to coupled ion-charge transport processes. Considering the early stage of this important subfield of polymer science, we also present our view of how the development of mixed conductors can benefit from the lessons learned from previous polymer-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyub Chung
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Aditi Khot
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Brett M. Savoie
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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24
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Wieland M, Dingler C, Merkle R, Maier J, Ludwigs S. Humidity-Controlled Water Uptake and Conductivities in Ion and Electron Mixed Conducting Polythiophene Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:6742-6751. [PMID: 31976650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed conducting polymer films are of great interest in applications where an interface between electronic and ionic charge transport is needed, e.g., in bioelectronics, electrochemical energy applications, and photovoltaic device interfaces. The role of water on charge transport is of high relevance not only for aqueous environments but also for devices that are manufactured at ambient conditions with varying relative humidities. In this contribution, we present our results on the influence of controlled humidity changes on the mixed conductivity and correlation to the concomitant water uptake in the films. Two sulfonate-bearing polythiophene systems are studied: a self-made conjugated polyelectrolyte, poly(6-(thiophen-3-yl)hexane-1-sulfonate)-sodium (PTS-Na), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) with different ratios of PEDOT and the polyelectrolyte PSS. Our data give clear evidence of the similarities between the aforementioned polythiophene systems and pure ionic membranes such as Nafion used in fuel cells. As such, a phase separation between the hydrophobic electronically conducting polythiophene phase and the hydrophilic water-swellable ion-conducting phase is proposed. Changing the humidity from dry conditions up to ∼90% relative humidity results in extremely high water uptakes of more than 90 wt %, which corresponds to ∼13 water molecules per sulfonate unit at maximum water uptake. Conversely, the electronic conductivity is less sensitive to increasing humidity, which is due to percolation pathways. The ionic conductivity strongly increases from 10-10 S/cm at dry conditions to 10-3 S/cm at around 30 wt % water content and then levels off at maximum conductivities of 10-3-10-2 S/cm up to water contents of 90 wt %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Wieland
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Carsten Dingler
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Rotraut Merkle
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Joachim Maier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research , Heisenbergstrasse 1 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute for Polymer Chemistry , University of Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55 , 70569 Stuttgart , Germany
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25
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Xiang Y, Xie G, Li Q, Xue L, Xu Q, Zhu J, Tang Y, Gong S, Yin X, Yang C. Feasible Modification of PEDOT:PSS by Poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid): A Universal Method to Double the Efficiencies for Solution-Processed Organic Light-Emitting Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:29105-29112. [PMID: 31321974 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A feasible, universal, and low-cost strategy for solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) was provided to significantly enhance the electroluminescent performances. The commercially available poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA) aqueous solution was mixed into poly(styrene sulfonic acid)-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiphene) (PEDOT:PSS) to modify its chemical and physical properties. The corresponding work function can be easily elevated from 5.04 to 5.63 eV. The modification of PEDOT:PSS by PSSA is found to be a universal method to demonstrate highly efficient OLEDs with different solution-processed host/emitter combinations, covering phosphorescent and thermally activated delayed fluorescence devices. The benchmarking solution-processed OLEDs based on 2,4,5,6-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-1,3-dicyanobenzene and bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato)iridium(III) achieved the maximum external quantum efficiencies of 26.6 and 22.4%, respectively, simply by modifying PEDOT:PSS with PSSA, corresponding to the improvement factors of 2.7 and 2.2. It is confirmed that such performances originate simultaneously from reduced interfacial fluorescence quenching, elevated work function, and reduced lateral conduction of the commonly used PEDOT:PSS (Clevios P VP Al 4083).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yepeng Xiang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Guohua Xie
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering & The Institute of Technological Science , Wuhan University , South Donghu Road 8 , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Longjian Xue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering & The Institute of Technological Science , Wuhan University , South Donghu Road 8 , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Qian Xu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , Anhui , China
| | - Junfa Zhu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230029 , Anhui , China
| | - Yang Tang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Shaolong Gong
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Xiaojun Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | - Chuluo Yang
- Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Optoelectronic Materials, Department of Chemistry , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
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26
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Sahalianov I, Singh SK, Tybrandt K, Berggren M, Zozoulenko I. The intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers: pseudo-capacitors or double-layer supercapacitors? RSC Adv 2019; 9:42498-42508. [PMID: 35542835 PMCID: PMC9076818 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacitance of conducting polymers represents one of the most important material parameters that in many cases determines the device and material performances. Despite a vast number of experimental studies, the theoretical understanding of the origin of the capacitance in conducting polymers remains unsatisfactory and appears even controversial. Here, we present a theoretical method, based on first principle capacitance calculations using density functional theory (DFT), and apply it to calculate the volumetric capacitance of two archetypical conducting polymers: poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and polypyrrole (PPy). Our aim is to achieve a quantitate description of the volumetric capacitance and to provide a qualitative understanding of its nature at the atomistic level. We find that the volumetric capacitance of PEDOT and PPy is ≈100 F cm−3 and ≈300 F cm−3, respectively, which is within the range of the corresponding reported experimental results. We demonstrate that the capacitance of conducting polymers originates from charges stored in atomistic Stern layers formed by counterions and doped polymeric chains. The Stern layers have a purely electrostatic origin, since the counterions do not form any bonds with the atoms of the polymeric chains, and no charge transfer between the counterions and conducting polymer takes place. This classifies the conducting polymers as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors. Further, we analyze contributions to the total capacitance originating from the classical capacitance CC and the quantum capacitance CQ, respectively, and find that the latter provides a dominant contribution. The method of calculations of the capacitance developed in the present paper is rather general and opens up the way for engineering and optimizing the capacitive response of the conducting polymers. Using the density functional theory, the intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers is calculated. It is shown that conducting polymers operate as double-layer supercapacitors rather than pseudo-capacitors.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Sahalianov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
| | - Igor Zozoulenko
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics
- ITN
- Linköping University
- 60174 Norrköping
- Sweden
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