1
|
Xiang L, Wang J, Matler A, Ye Q. Structure-constraint induced increase in Lewis acidity of tris( ortho-carboranyl)borane and selective complexation with Bestmann ylides. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc06144f. [PMID: 39397822 PMCID: PMC11465496 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc06144f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 10/02/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The Lewis acidity of tris(ortho-carboranyl)borane has been slightly increased by mimicking the structural evolution from triarylborane to 9-aryl-9-borafluorene. The o-carborane-based analogue (C2B10H10)2B(C2B10H11), obtained via salt elimination between LiC2B10H11 and (C2B10H10)2BBr, has been fully characterized. Gutmann-Beckett and computational fluoride/hydride ion affinity (FIA/HIA) studies have confirmed the increase in Lewis acidity, which is attributable to structural constraint imposed by the CC-coupling between two carboranyl groups. Selective complexation of (C2B10H10)2B(C2B10H11) with Bestmann ylides R3PCCO (R = Ph, Cy) has been achieved, enabling further conversion into the zwitterionic phospholium salt through NHC-catalyzed proton transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Xiang
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Junyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology 518055 Shenzhen P. R. China
| | - Alexander Matler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Qing Ye
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kovács B, Földes T, Szabó M, Dorkó É, Kótai B, Laczkó G, Holczbauer T, Domján A, Pápai I, Soós T. Illuminating the multiple Lewis acidity of triaryl-boranes via atropisomeric dative adducts. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc00925h. [PMID: 39257854 PMCID: PMC11382148 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00925h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Using the principle that constrained conformational spaces can generate novel and hidden molecular properties, we challenged the commonly held perception that a single-centered Lewis acid reacting with a single-centered Lewis base always forms a single Lewis adduct. Accordingly, the emergence of single-centered but multiple Lewis acidity among sterically hindered and non-symmetric triaryl-boranes is reported. These Lewis acids feature several diastereotopic faces providing multiple binding sites at the same Lewis acid center in the interaction with Lewis bases giving rise to adducts with diastereomeric structures. We demonstrate that with a proper choice of the base, atropisomeric adduct species can be formed that interconvert via the dissociative mechanism rather than conformational isomerism. The existence of this exotic and peculiar molecular phenomenon was experimentally confirmed by the formation of atropisomeric piperidine-borane adducts using state-of-the-art NMR techniques in combination with computational methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjámin Kovács
- Centre for Structural Science, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tamás Földes
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Márk Szabó
- Centre for Structural Science, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Éva Dorkó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Bianka Kótai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Gergely Laczkó
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
- Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University P. O. Box 32 Budapest H-1518 Hungary
| | - Tamás Holczbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Attila Domján
- Centre for Structural Science, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Tibor Soós
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 H-1117 Budapest Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hao NH, Lan PT, Ha NN, Cam LM, Ha NTT. Theoretical Analysis of Superior Photodegradation of Methylene Blue by Cerium Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide vs. Graphene. Molecules 2024; 29:3821. [PMID: 39202900 PMCID: PMC11356922 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Density functional theory and a semi-empirical quantum chemical approach were used to evaluate the photocatalytic efficiency of ceria (CeO2) combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene (GP) for degrading methylene blue (MB). Two main aspects were examined: the adsorption ability of rGO and GP for MB, and the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes in CeO2/rGO and CeO2/GP. Our results, based on calculations of the adsorption energy, population analysis, bond strength index, and reduced density gradient, show favorable energetics for MB adsorption on both rGO and GP surfaces. The process is driven by weak, non-covalent interactions, with rGO showing better MB adsorption. A detailed analysis involving parameters like fractional occupation density, the centroid distance between molecular orbitals, and the Lewis acid index of the catalysts highlights the effective charge separation in CeO2/rGO compared to CeO2/GP. These findings are crucial for understanding photocatalytic degradation mechanisms of organic dyes and developing efficient photocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Hoang Hao
- College of Education, Vinh University, 182 Le Duan, Vinh 460000, Vietnam;
| | - Phung Thi Lan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.T.L.); (N.N.H.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Nguyen Ngoc Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.T.L.); (N.N.H.); (L.M.C.)
| | - Le Minh Cam
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.T.L.); (N.N.H.); (L.M.C.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Thanh Do University, QL32, Kim Chung, Hoai Duc, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Thu Ha
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy, Cau Giay, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (P.T.L.); (N.N.H.); (L.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Migliaro I, Cundari TR. Integrated Study on Methane Activation: Exploring Main Group Frustrated Lewis Pairs through Density Functional Theory, Machine Learning, and Machine-Learned Force Fields. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:6388-6401. [PMID: 38941286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLP) are an important advance in metal-free catalysis due to their ability to activate a variety of small molecules. Many studies have focused on a very limited sample of Lewis acids and bases. Herein, we disclose an automated exploration algorithm using density functional methods, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and a molecule builder that incentivizes the exploration of favorable FLP space for the activation of methane via two mechanisms: deprotonation and hydride abstraction. The exploration algorithm creates FLPs with different Lewis acids (LA), Lewis bases (LB), and their substituents (LA/LB), which proved successful in quickly converging in the favorable chemical space, suggesting chemically sound structures, and generating thousands of potential candidates for methane activating FLPs. By modeling thousands of reactions, an FLP database of methane activation was created, allowing one to data mine properties, e.g., adduct bond length, highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap, global electrophilicity index, favored Lewis acids/bases/substituents, and substituent steric volume. These properties not only successfully narrow the FLP chemical space but also provide meaningful insight into the chemical nature of competent methane activators. The machine learning discovery strategy disclosed here is general enough to be applicable to many chemical optimization tasks. This study also investigates the efficacy of a Machine-Learned Force Field (MLFF) in predicting the formation energies of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). Our model, exhibiting a test error of ±10 kcal/mol, highlighted impressive computational efficiency by enabling the calculation of all possible FLP permutations within our chemical space. The MLFF demonstrated proficiency in predicting energies, providing a significant acceleration compared to quantum mechanics methods. However, challenges emerged in accurately capturing forces, necessitating recourse to classical force fields for reliable structure relaxation. The present study sheds light on the MLFF's potential as a tool for rapid energy predictions, emphasizing the need for further refinement to enhance its accuracy, particularly in force predictions, to expand its utility in chemical simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Migliaro
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Thomas R Cundari
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Advanced Scientific Computing and Modeling, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hoffmann G, Chermette H, Morell C. Revisiting nucleophilicity: an index for chemical reactivity from a CDFT approach. J Mol Model 2024; 30:232. [PMID: 38937336 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-06020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Understanding and predicting the nucleophilic reactivity are paramount in elucidating organic chemical reactions and designing new synthetic pathways. In this study, we propose a nucleophilicity index within the framework of Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT). Through rigorous theoretical formulations, we introduce an original quantum reactivity descriptor that captures the nucleophilic propensity of molecules based on their electronic structure and chemical environment. Subsequently, this proposed index is applied to a series of nucleophiles (pyrrolidines derivatives), spanning a diverse range of chemical functionalities. Our computational assessments reveal insightful correlations between the predicted nucleophilicity index and experimental observations of nucleophilic behavior. Thereby, they offer a promising avenue for advancing the understanding of organic reactivity and guiding synthetic efforts. METHODS Experimentally, Mayr's experimental parameters accounting for nucleophilicity were selected for the pyrrolidines. This study used DFT calculations at the B3LYP/Aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory using the Gaussian 16 program. Geometry optimization was thus performed, and the methodology employed for the computation of quantum reactivity descriptor is presented. Solvent effect was also taken into account using IEFPCM, and empirical dispersion correction (GD3) was employed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hoffmann
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, ISA, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69100, France.
| | - Henry Chermette
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, ISA, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| | - Christophe Morell
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon1, ISA, UMR5280, CNRS, 5 rue de la Doua, Villeurbanne, 69100, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wegener D, Pérez-Bitrián A, Limberg N, Wiesner A, Hoffmann KF, Riedel S. A Highly Sterically Encumbered Boron Lewis Acid Enabled by an Organotellurium-Based Ligand. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401231. [PMID: 38625061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Lewis acidic boron compounds are ubiquitous in chemistry due to their numerous applications, yet tuning and optimizing their properties towards different purposes is still a challenging field of research. In this work, the boron-based Lewis acid B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 was synthesized by reaction of the teflate derivative HOTeF3(C6F5)2 with BCl3 or BCl3 ⋅ SMe2. This new compound presents a remarkably high thermal stability up to 300 °C, as well as one of the most sterically encumbered boron centres known in the literature. Theoretical and experimental methods revealed that B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 exhibits a comparable Lewis acidity to that of the well-known B(C6F5)3. The affinity of B[OTeF3(C6F5)2]3 towards pyridine was accessed by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) and compared to that of B(OTeF5)3 and B(C6F5)3. The ligand-transfer reactivity of this new boron compound towards different fluorides was demonstrated by the formation of an anionic Au(III) complex and a hypervalent iodine(III) species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wegener
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Pérez-Bitrián
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Current address: Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Straße 2, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niklas Limberg
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kurt F Hoffmann
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang W, Yao H, Khare R, Zhang P, Yang B, Hu W, Ray D, Hu J, Camaioni DM, Wang H, Kim S, Lee MS, Sarazen ML, Chen JG, Lercher JA. Chloride and Hydride Transfer as Keys to Catalytic Upcycling of Polyethylene into Liquid Alkanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319580. [PMID: 38433092 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Transforming polyolefin waste into liquid alkanes through tandem cracking-alkylation reactions catalyzed by Lewis-acid chlorides offers an efficient route for single-step plastic upcycling. Lewis acids in dichloromethane establish a polar environment that stabilizes carbenium ion intermediates and catalyzes hydride transfer, enabling breaking of polyethylene C-C bonds and forming C-C bonds in alkylation. Here, we show that efficient and selective deconstruction of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to liquid alkanes is achieved with anhydrous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) and gallium chloride (GaCl3). Already at 60 °C, complete LDPE conversion was achieved, while maintaining the selectivity for gasoline-range liquid alkanes over 70 %. AlCl3 showed an exceptional conversion rate of 5000g L D P E m o l c a t - 1 h - 1 ${{{\rm g}}_{{\rm L}{\rm D}{\rm P}{\rm E}}{{\rm \ }{\rm m}{\rm o}{\rm l}}_{{\rm c}{\rm a}{\rm t}}^{-1}{{\rm \ }{\rm h}}^{-1}}$ , surpassing other Lewis acid catalysts by two orders of magnitude. Through kinetic and mechanistic studies, we show that the rates of LDPE conversion do not correlate directly with the intrinsic strength of the Lewis acids or steric constraints that may limit the polymer to access the Lewis acid sites. Instead, the rates for the tandem processes of cracking and alkylation are primarily governed by the rates of initiation of carbenium ions and the subsequent intermolecular hydride transfer. Both jointly control the relative rates of cracking and alkylation, thereby determining the overall conversion and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Rachit Khare
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Peiran Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| | - Boda Yang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Wenda Hu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Debmalya Ray
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Jianzhi Hu
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
- The Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Donald M Camaioni
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Huamin Wang
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Sungmin Kim
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Mal-Soon Lee
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Jingguang G Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 10027, USA
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sigmund LM, S SS, Albers A, Erdmann P, Paton RS, Greb L. Predicting Lewis Acidity: Machine Learning the Fluoride Ion Affinity of p-Block-Atom-Based Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401084. [PMID: 38452299 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
"How strong is this Lewis acid?" is a question researchers often approach by calculating its fluoride ion affinity (FIA) with quantum chemistry. Here, we present FIA49k, an extensive FIA dataset with 48,986 data points calculated at the RI-DSD-BLYP-D3(BJ)/def2-QZVPP//PBEh-3c level of theory, including 13 different p-block atoms as the fluoride accepting site. The FIA49k dataset was used to train FIA-GNN, two message-passing graph neural networks, which predict gas and solution phase FIA values of molecules excluded from training with a mean absolute error of 14 kJ mol-1 (r2=0.93) from the SMILES string of the Lewis acid as the only input. The level of accuracy is notable, given the wide energetic range of 750 kJ mol-1 spanned by FIA49k. The model's value was demonstrated with four case studies, including predictions for molecules extracted from the Cambridge Structural Database and by reproducing results from catalysis research available in the literature. Weaknesses of the model are evaluated and interpreted chemically. FIA-GNN and the FIA49k dataset can be reached via a free web app (www.grebgroup.de/fia-gnn).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Sigmund
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Shree Sowndarya S
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Andreas Albers
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert S Paton
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1301 Center Avenue, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pietraru MH, Ponsard L, Lentz N, Thuéry P, Nicolas E, Cantat T. Fluorophosphoniums as Lewis acids in organometallic catalysis: application to the carbonylation of β-lactones. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1043-1046. [PMID: 38174921 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterisation of four organic Lewis acids based on fluorophosphoniums, with tetracarbonyl cobaltate as the counter-anion: [R3PF]+[Co(CO)4]- (with R = o-Tol, Cy, iPr, and tBu). Their catalytic activity was investigated for the carbonylation of β-lactones to succinic anhydrides. In the presence of [tBu3PF]+[Co(CO)4]- IV (3 mol%), 90% of succinic anhydride was afforded from β-propiolactone after 16 h at 80 °C, at a very mild pressure of 2 bar of carbon monoxide. Our study sets the first example of the use of a main-group cation as a Lewis acidic partner in the cobalt-catalyzed carbonylation of β-lactones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Ponsard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
| | - Nicolas Lentz
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
| | - Pierre Thuéry
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
| | - Emmanuel Nicolas
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
| | - Thibault Cantat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Timoshkin AY. The Field of Main Group Lewis Acids and Lewis Superacids: Important Basics and Recent Developments. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302457. [PMID: 37752859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the field of Lewis acidity are highlighted, with the focus of novel Lewis acids and Lewis superacids of group 2, 13, 14, and 15 elements. Several important basics, illustrated by modern examples (classification of Donor-Acceptor (DA) complexes, amphoteric nature of any compound in terms of DA interactions, reorganization energies of main group Lewis acids and the role of the energies of frontier orbitals) are presented and discussed. It is emphasized that the Lewis acidity phenomena are general and play vital role in different areas of chemistry: from weak "atomophilic" interactions to the complexes of Lewis superacids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ansari KR, Singh Chauhan D, Sorour AA, Quraishi MA, Adesina AY, Singh A. Experimental and computational approach on the development of a new Green corrosion inhibitor formulation for N80 steel in 20% formic acid. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:2085-2097. [PMID: 37696062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids are employed as scale dissolvers in the oil & gas industry during production to stimulate oil recovery by pumping in the formations. Corrosion of metallic surfaces in organic acid solutions poses a significant issue in the oil and gas sector. In recent years, considering the stringent environmental regulations, there has been a growing research interest in environmentally safe inhibitors. This paper explores the synthesis of 2-(3-(carboxymethyl)-1H-imidazol-3-ium-1-yl) acetate (IZ) and its first-time application for corrosion mitigation of N80 steel in 20% formic acid. A detailed experimental study involving gravimetric, electrochemical, and surface analytical techniques is reported herein. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) analyses suggest a rise of impedance with IZ and a mixed-type inhibition behavior, respectively. The inhibition efficiency (IE) is 99.54% at 200 mg/L at 308 K, reaching 99.4% at 363 K with the introduction of KI as a synergistic agent. Computational studies revealed that the inhibitor IZ gets protonated in the experimental environment. The protonated form shows a tendency to receive electrons from the metal surface and shows a greater energy of adsorption compared to that of the neutral form.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K R Ansari
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploration, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610500, China
| | - Dheeraj Singh Chauhan
- Center of Research Excellence in Corrosion, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Sorour
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M A Quraishi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.
| | - A Y Adesina
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ambrish Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Nagaland University, Lumami, Headquarters, Zunheboto 798627, Nagaland, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dong C, Cao L, Xu X, Tao X, Zhu G. Atom-Economical Synthesis of Lewis Acidic Boron Containing Porous Organic Polymers via Hydroboration Polymerization for Basic Chemical Capture. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2301302. [PMID: 38050926 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Atom economy is one of the main concerns for material synthesis. Here, the facile synthesis of Lewis acidic boron-containing porous organic polymers (B-POPs) via hydroboration polymerization reaction of commercially available borane dimethyl sulfide complex (BH3 ∙SMe2 ) with multi-alkynes under mild reaction conditions is presented. This new synthetic method for B-POPs has the advantage of high atom economy. The resulted porous alkenyl borane polymers (PABPs) have unique features such as high boron content, strong Lewis acidity, and high surface areas. Owing to the strong Lewis acid-base interactions, PABPs exhibit excellent adsorptive capacity toward triethylamine (up to 841 mg g-1 ) and pyridine (up to 1396 mg g-1 ) vapor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Linzhu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xinmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xin Tao
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry Education, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sokolnicki T, Alharbi MM, van Ingen Y, Rahim S, Pramanik M, Roldan A, Walkowiak J, Melen RL. Reactivity of a series of triaryl borates, B(OAr x) 3, in hydroboration catalysis. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16118-16122. [PMID: 37901910 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03333c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we compare the reactivity of a series of triaryl borates B(OArx)3 as catalysts for the hydroboration of alkenes and alkynes. It was observed that commercially available B(OPh)3 performed the poorest, whereas catalysts with o-F atoms appeared to perform much better.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Sokolnicki
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614, Poznan, Poland.
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Mashael M Alharbi
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, College of Science, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
| | - Shahnaz Rahim
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Milan Pramanik
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
| | - Jędrzej Walkowiak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Center for Advanced Technology, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 10, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Translational Research Hub, Maindy Road, Cathays, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Loh YK, Melaimi M, Gembicky M, Munz D, Bertrand G. A crystalline doubly oxidized carbene. Nature 2023; 623:66-70. [PMID: 37730995 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The chemistry of carbon is governed by the octet rule, which refers to its tendency to have eight electrons in its valence shell. However, a few exceptions do exist, for example, the trityl radical (Ph3C∙) (ref. 1) and carbocation (Ph3C+) (ref. 2) with seven and six valence electrons, respectively, and carbenes (R2C:)-two-coordinate octet-defying species with formally six valence electrons3. Carbenes are now powerful tools in chemistry, and have even found applications in material and medicinal sciences4. Can we undress the carbene further by removing its non-bonding electrons? Here we describe the synthesis of a crystalline doubly oxidized carbene (R2C2+), through a two-electron oxidation/oxide-ion abstraction sequence from an electron-rich carbene5. Despite a cumulenic structure and strong delocalization of the positive charges, the dicoordinate carbon centre maintains significant electrophilicity, and possesses two accessible vacant orbitals. A two-electron reduction/deprotonation sequence regenerates the parent carbene, fully consistent with its description as a doubly oxidized carbene. This work demonstrates that the use of bulky strong electron-donor substituents can simultaneously impart electronic stabilization and steric protection to both vacant orbitals on the central carbon atom, paving the way for the isolation of a variety of doubly oxidized carbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Kai Loh
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Mohand Melaimi
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Milan Gembicky
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dominik Munz
- Coordination Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Guy Bertrand
- UCSD-CNRS Joint Research Laboratory (IRL 3555), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Werner L, Hagn J, Walpuski J, Radius U. Aluminum(III) Cations [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes 2 ] + : Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in FLP-Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202312111. [PMID: 37877231 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The three-coordinate aluminum cations ligated by N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- (NHC=IMeMe 4, IiPrMe 5, IiPr 6, Mes=2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) were prepared via hydride abstraction of the alanes (NHC) ⋅ AlHMes2 (NHC=IMeMe 1, IiPrMe 2, IiPr 3) using [Ph3 C]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- in toluene as hydride acceptor. If this reaction was performed in diethyl ether, the corresponding four-coordinate aluminum etherate cations [(NHC) ⋅ AlMes2 (OEt2 )]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 7-9 (NHC=IMeMe 7, IiPrMe 8, IiPr 9) were isolated. According to a theoretical and experimental assessment of the Lewis-acidity of the [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ cation is the acidity larger than that of B(C6 F5 )3 and of similar magnitude as reported for Al(C6 F5 )3 . The reaction of [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 4 with the sterically less demanding, basic phosphine PMe3 afforded a mixed NHC/phosphine stabilized cation [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 (PMe3 )]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- 10. Equimolar mixtures of 4 and the sterically more demanding PCy3 gave a frustrated Lewis-pair (FLP), i.e., [(IMeMe ) ⋅ AlMes2 ]+ [B(C6 F5 )4 ]- /PCy3 FLP-11, which reacts with small molecules such as CO2 , ethene, and 2-butyne.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julika Hagn
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Janis Walpuski
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bormann N, Ward JS, Bergmann AK, Wenz P, Rissanen K, Gong Y, Hatz WB, Burbaum A, Mulks FF. Diiminium Nucleophile Adducts Are Stable and Convenient Strong Lewis Acids. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302089. [PMID: 37427889 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Strong Lewis acids are essential tools for manifold chemical procedures, but their scalable deployment is limited by their costs and safety concerns. We report a scalable, convenient, and inexpensive synthesis of stable diiminium-based reagents with a Lewis acidic carbon centre. Coordination with pyridine donors stabilises these centres; the 2,2'-bipyridine adduct shows a chelation effect at carbon. Due to high fluoride, hydride, and oxide affinities, the diiminium pyridine adducts are promising soft and hard Lewis acids. They effectively produce acylpyridinium salts from carboxylates that can acylate amines to give amides and imides even from electronically intractable coupling partners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Bormann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jas S Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ann Kathrin Bergmann
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Paula Wenz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, P. O. Box. 35, Survontie 9 B, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yiwei Gong
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolf-Benedikt Hatz
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Burbaum
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian F Mulks
- Institute for Organic Chemistry (iOC), RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akram MO, Martin CD, Dutton JL. The Effect of Carborane Substituents on the Lewis Acidity of Boranes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13495-13504. [PMID: 37560972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The Lewis acidity of primary, secondary, and tertiary boranes with phenyl, pentafluorophenyl, and all three isomers of the C-substituted icosahedral carboranes (ortho, meta, and para) was investigated by computing their fluoride, hydride, and ammonia affinities as well as their global electrophilicity indices and LUMO energies. From these calculations, it was determined that the substituent effects on the Lewis acidity of these boranes follow the trend of ortho-carborane > meta-carborane > para-carborane > C6F5 > C6H5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjur O Akram
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Caleb D Martin
- Baylor University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, One Bear Place #97348, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Jason L Dutton
- La Trobe University, Department of Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Melbourne, Victoria 3086,Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
He J, Seo CB, Yoon WS, Yun J. Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Aminoboronates via Copper-Catalyzed Reductive Coupling of Vinyl Boronates with Imines. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 37450435 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a copper-catalyzed asymmetric reductive coupling of vinyl boronates with imines, which directly access enantiomerically enriched β-aminoalkylboronates. Stereoselective addition of the in situ generated chiral α-borylalkyl copper to N-phosphinoyl imines provided target products in good yields with high diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Vinyl boronate with methylated acenaphthoquinone as a boron ligand was essential to efficiently spawn asymmetric products, and organic transformations of the boron moiety, along with the easily removable N-protecting group, proved their synthetic utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Cham Bi Seo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Wan Seok Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Jaesook Yun
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Adachi Y, Hasegawa T, Ohshita J. Highly luminescent antiaromatic diborinines with fused thiophene rings. Dalton Trans 2023. [PMID: 37357987 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01841e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Tricoordinate boron-incorporated π-conjugated systems are widely investigated as optoelectronic materials because of their unique p-π* orbital interactions and high Lewis acidity. Among them, thiophene-fused diborinines are characterized by moderate antiaromaticity and extended conjugation. In this work, we have developed two new dithienodiborinines with C2h and C2v symmetries, which exhibited completely different optical properties. The thiophene-fused diborinines synthesized in this study showed excellent fluorescence properties both in solution and in the solid state, with quantum yields of up to 95%. The high antiaromaticity enhanced the Lewis acidity of the boron centers, as proven by the large association constants with fluoride ion estimated from titration experiments. The high Lewis acidity and the superior luminescence property have enabled their application as fluorescent sensor materials for the detection of ammonia vapor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Adachi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Takumi Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
| | - Joji Ohshita
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan.
- Digital Monozukuri (Manufacturing) Education and Research Center, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laturski AE, Gaffen JR, Demay-Drouhard P, Caputo CB, Baumgartner T. Probing the Impact of Solvent on the Strength of Lewis Acids via Fluorescent Lewis Adducts. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:49-56. [PMID: 37025975 PMCID: PMC10069026 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.2c00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Various methods have been developed to measure the strength of a Lewis acid. A major challenge for these measurements lies in the complexity that arises from variable solvent interactions and perturbations of Lewis acids as their reaction environment changes. Herein, we investigate the impact of solvent effects on Lewis acids for the first time as measured by the fluorescent Lewis adduct (FLA) method. The binding of a Lewis acid in various solvents reveals a measurable dichotomy between both polarity and donor ability of the solvent. While not strictly separable, we observe that the influence of solvent polarity on Lewis acid unit (LAU) values is distinctly opposite to the influence of donor ability. This dichotomy was confirmed by titration data, illustrating that solvation effects can be appropriately and precisely gauged by the FLA method.
Collapse
|
21
|
Köring L, Stepen A, Birenheide B, Barth S, Leskov M, Schoch R, Krämer F, Breher F, Paradies J. Boron-Centered Lewis Superacid through Redox-Active Ligands: Application in C-F and S-F Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216959. [PMID: 36621900 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of redox-responsive ferrocenyl-substituted boranes and boronic esters were synthesized. Oxidation of the ferrocenyl ligand to the ferrocenium resulted in a drastic increase in the Lewis acidity beyond the strength of SbF5 , which was investigated experimentally and computationally. The resulting highly Lewis acidic boron compounds were used for catalytic C-F and S-F bond activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Köring
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Arne Stepen
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Bernhard Birenheide
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Simon Barth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maxim Leskov
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roland Schoch
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Felix Krämer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jan Paradies
- Department of Chemistry, Paderborn University, Warburger Strasse 100, 33098, Paderborn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Asok N, Gaffen JR, Baumgartner T. Unique Phosphorus-Based Avenues for the Tuning of Functional Materials. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:536-547. [PMID: 36791028 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusRecent ground-breaking advances in synthetic chemistry have transformed main-group molecules from simple laboratory curiosities into powerful materials for a range of applications in all realms of life. Electron-accepting or -deficient materials, in particular, have been the focus of development since their generally limited availability and stability have been major hurdles in establishing new practical applications. In addition to the general requirements for the design of these materials, a deeper understanding of their inherent electronics and molecular interactions is a requirement for the successful expansion of their utility. Previously, the incorporation of electron-deficient main-group elements, such as boron, into a conjugated organic framework was considered to be an effective route toward the synthesis of high-performing electron-accepting materials. However, challenging conditions such as the need for bulky substituents for kinetic stabilization, air-free and moisture-sensitive synthesis, and restricted storage abilities have led to the investigation of other elements across the periodic table to be used in a similar vein. Lately, heavier main-group elements such as Si, Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, Se, and Te have also proven to be advantageous for electron-accepting materials as they exhibit polarizable molecular orbitals that are easily accessible to electrons or nucleophiles. This has laid the foundation for materials chemistry research on a variety of applications, including optoelectronic devices such as OLEDs, organic photovoltaics, energy storage such as in batteries and capacitors, fluorescent sensors with both biological and physiological applications, organocatalysis and synthesis, and many more. Among the main-group-element-based materials, organophosphorus species are privileged as their frontier orbitals are easily altered by chemical modification or/and structural and geometrical manipulations at the phosphorus center itself, without the need for kinetic stabilization, or through electronic modification of the conjugated system. The five-membered phosphorus-based heterocycle, phosphole, is a particularly interesting motif in this context, and extensive studies on the corresponding materials have uncovered the rich fundamentals of the σ*-π* interaction that imparts intriguing accepting properties while sustaining morphological and physiological stability for utilization in real-life scenarios. Moreover, beyond the σ*-π* interaction in phospholes that is key to many of their acceptor properties as a material, the use of phosphorus also gives rise to easily accessible, low-lying antibonding orbitals. They pave the way for Lewis acid phosphorus species that, despite being considered to be electron-rich species in general, open up several possibilities for intriguing chemical reactivity through hypervalency. Herein, we representatively discuss some recent advancements through the various approaches that leverage the unique structures and electronics of organophosphorus species toward the design of materials with outstanding electronic, chemical, and structural properties and reactivities for the functional material world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nayanthara Asok
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Joshua R Gaffen
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Thomas Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Alharbi MM, van Ingen Y, Roldan A, Kaehler T, Melen RL. Synthesis and lewis acidity of fluorinated triaryl borates. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1820-1825. [PMID: 36661186 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt04095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A series of fluorinated triaryl borates B(OArF)3 (ArF = 2-FC6H4, 3-FC6H4, 4-FC6H4, 2,4-F2C6H3, 3,5-F2C6H3, 2,3,4-F3C6H2, 2,4,6-F3C6H2, 3,4,5-F3C6H2) have been prepared and isolated from the reactions of the mono-, di-, or tri-fluorophenol with BCl3. The Lewis acidity of these borates has been determined by NMR spectroscopic and theoretical methods and compared to their well-established borane counterpart.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mashael M Alharbi
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK. .,Department of Chemistry, King Faisal University, College of Science, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Tanja Kaehler
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cuesta SA, Moreno M, López RA, Mora JR, Paz JL, Márquez EA. ElectroPredictor: An Application to Predict Mayr's Electrophilicity E through Implementation of an Ensemble Model Based on Machine Learning Algorithms. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:507-521. [PMID: 36594600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrophilicity (E) is one of the most important parameters to understand the reactivity of an organic molecule. Although the theoretical electrophilicity index (ω) has been associated with E in a small homologous series, the use of w to predict E in a structurally heterogeneous set of compounds is not a trivial task. In this study, a robust ensemble model is created using Mayr's database of reactivity parameters. A combination of topological and quantum mechanical descriptors and different machine learning algorithms are employed for the model's development. The predictability of the model is assessed using different statistical parameters, and its validation is examined, including a training/test partition, an applicability domain, and a y-scrambling test. The global ensemble model presents a Q5-fold2 of 0.909 and a Qext2 of 0.912, demonstrating an excellent predictability performance of E values and showing that w is not a good descriptor for the prediction of E, especially for the case of neutral compounds. ElectroPredictor, a noncommercial Python application (https://github.com/mmoreno1/ElectroPredictor), is developed to predict E. QM9, a well-known large dataset containing 133885 neutral molecules, is used to perform a virtual screening (94.0% coverage). Finally, the 10 most electrophilic molecules are analyzed as possible new Mayr's electrophiles, which have not yet been experimentally tested. This study confirms the necessity to build an ensemble model using nonlinear machine learning algorithms, topographic descriptors, and separating molecules into charged and neutral compounds to predict E with precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián A Cuesta
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito170901, Ecuador
- Department of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, ManchesterM1 7DN, U.K
| | - Martín Moreno
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito170901, Ecuador
| | - Romina A López
- Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola─Fe y Alegría, Ministerio de Educación, Quito170901, Ecuador
| | - José R Mora
- Instituto de Simulación Computacional (ISC-USFQ), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Diego de Robles y Vía Interoceánica, Quito170901, Ecuador
| | - José Luis Paz
- Departamento Académico de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química e Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Cercado de Lima, Lima15081, Peru
| | - Edgar A Márquez
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Química y Biología, Departamento de Química y Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad del Norte, Carrera 51B, Km 5, vía Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla081007, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Inhibition of Free Radical Polymerization: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030488. [PMID: 36771789 PMCID: PMC9920456 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerization reactions have caused several severe accidents in the past since they are prone to runaways due to their highly exothermic and auto-accelerating nature. The heat generated during these uncontrolled runaway reactions surpasses the heat removal capacity of the cooling system leading to the auto-acceleration of the reactions. If proper measures are not taken to attenuate this auto-accelerative nature, dangerous consequences ensue, such as rampant boiling of the reaction system fluids or vapor production from secondary reactions. Both these consequences may eventually lead to over-pressurization followed by a thermal explosion. Thus, to eliminate the associated risk, polymerization reactions in industries are carried out in the presence of inhibitors which are injected into the reaction system before the initiation of polymerization. In this review, I have summarized various accidents that have happened in the past due to runaway polymerization implicating that there is an urgent necessity to do further research in this relatively less explored field of polymerization inhibition. To this end, I have completed an exhaustive survey of the various types of inhibitors used in industries and their inhibition mechanisms focusing mainly on the auto-initiated polymerization of styrene, methyl methacrylate, and acrylic acid monomer. Lastly, the synergism in the inhibition performance of a mixture of two types of inhibitors was also compared and discussed in detail.
Collapse
|
26
|
Tanaka H, Nakamoto M, Yoshida H. Computed ammonia affinity for evaluating Lewis acidity of organoboronates and organoboronamides. RSC Adv 2023; 13:2451-2457. [PMID: 36741141 PMCID: PMC9844674 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07826k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lewis acidity of organoboronates [B(pin), B(neop), B(cat), B(eg), B(nad)] and organoboronamides [B(dan), B(aam), B(mdan)] has been found to be unifiedly evaluated by computed ammonia affinity (AA), while other methods [LUMO energies, global electrophilicity index (GEI), fluoride ion affinity (FIA)] were only partially applicable. The relationships between the AA values and such structural characters including the B-X bond lengths, the X-B-X angles, and the changes in the B-X bond lengths in the formation of the ammonia adducts were also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Tanaka
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakamoto
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| | - Hiroto Yoshida
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Treto‐Suárez MA, Zarate X, Schott E. Structure and Electronic Properties of Metalloboranes with General Formula Cp*
3
(μ‐H)M
3
B
8
H
8
(M=Cr, Mo and W): The Effect of the Size of the Metal. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel A. Treto‐Suárez
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Departamento de Física y Química, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Chile Av. Alemania 01090 4810101 – Temuco Chile
| | - Ximena Zarate
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería Universidad Autónoma de Chile, postCode/> <8900000> Santiago Chile
| | - Eduardo Schott
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Centro de Energía UC, Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados CIEN-UC Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860 Santiago Chile
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program-Millennium Nuclei on Catalytic Process Towards Sustainable Chemistry (CSC) 7820436 Santiago Chile
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Berreur J, Diez-Varga A, Manel A, Leroux FR, Panossian A. One-step Oxidative Monofluorination of Electron-Deficient Sulfoxides to Access Highly Lewis Acidic Sulfur(VI) Cations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202564. [PMID: 36047996 PMCID: PMC10092253 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The strongly oxidizing, powerful electrophilic fluorination reagent [FXe][OTf] is shown to effect direct oxidative monofluorination of sulfoxides. This one-step, chloride promoter-free methodology provides access to so far inaccessible, yet highly desirable strongly Lewis acidic fluorosulfoxonium cations from electron-deficient and/or sterically demanding sulfoxides that are shown to be practically unreactive towards the previously reported XeF2 /NEt4 Cl system. Experimental and density functional theory studies have been conducted to assess the Lewis acidities of the prepared sulfur(VI) cations. Preliminary results obtained with chiral sulfoxides provide early insights into the mechanism of these fluorination reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Berreur
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alberto Diez-Varga
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Augustin Manel
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Frédéric R Leroux
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Armen Panossian
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, LIMA, UMR 7042, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mirjafary Z, Mohammad Karbasi M, Hesamzadeh P, Shaker HR, Amiri A, Saeidian H. Novel 1,2,3-Triazole-Based Benzothiazole Derivatives: Efficient Synthesis, DFT, Molecular Docking, and ADMET Studies. Molecules 2022; 27:8555. [PMID: 36500647 PMCID: PMC9740823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new series of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives 5a-f based on benzothiazole were synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of S-propargyl mercaptobenzothiazole and α-halo ester/amide in moderate to good yields (47-75%). The structure of all products was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and CHN elemental data. This protocol is easy and green and proceeds under mild and green reaction conditions with available starting materials. The structural and electronic analysis and 1H and 13C chemical shifts of the characterized structure of 5e were also calculated by applying the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d, p) level of density functional theory (DFT) method. In the final section, all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity by biochemical COX-2 inhibition, antifungal inhibition with CYP51, anti-tuberculosis target protein ENR, DPRE1, pks13, and Thymidylate kinase by molecular docking studies. The ADMET analysis of the molecules 5a-f revealed that 5d and 5a are the most-promising drug-like molecules out of the six synthesized molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mirjafary
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14515-775, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Mohammad Karbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14515-775, Iran
| | - Parsa Hesamzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14515-775, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Shaker
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 14515-775, Iran
| | - Asghar Amiri
- Department of Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran P.O. Box 19395-4697, Iran
| | - Hamid Saeidian
- Department of Science, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran P.O. Box 19395-4697, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Akram MO, Tidwell JR, Dutton JL, Martin CD. Tris(ortho-carboranyl)borane: An Isolable, Halogen-Free, Lewis Superacid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212073. [PMID: 36135949 PMCID: PMC9828388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of tris(ortho-carboranyl)borane (BoCb3 ), a single site neutral Lewis superacid, in one pot from commercially available materials is achieved. The high fluoride ion affinity (FIA) confirms its classification as a Lewis superacid and the Gutmann-Beckett method as well as adducts with Lewis bases indicate stronger Lewis acidity over the widely used fluorinated aryl boranes. The electron withdrawing effect of ortho-carborane and lack of pi-delocalization of the LUMO rationalize the unusually high Lewis acidity. Catalytic studies indicate that BoCb3 is a superior catalyst for promoting C-F bond functionalization reactions than tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C6 F5 )3 ].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjur O. Akram
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor UniversityOne Bear Place #97348WacoTX 76798USA
| | - John R. Tidwell
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor UniversityOne Bear Place #97348WacoTX 76798USA
| | - Jason L. Dutton
- Department of Biochemistry and ChemistryLa Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityMelbourneVictoria3086Australia
| | - Caleb D. Martin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryBaylor UniversityOne Bear Place #97348WacoTX 76798USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hoffmann KF, Battke D, Golz P, Rupf SM, Malischewski M, Riedel S. The Tris(pentafluorophenyl)methylium Cation: Isolation and Reactivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203777. [PMID: 35416383 PMCID: PMC9401592 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present two different routes for the synthesis of the perfluorinated trityl cation, which allowed the handling of the free, uncoordinated species in organic solvents for the first time. The usage of the weakly coordinating anion [Al(OTeF5 )4 ]- and its derivatives allows the characterization of this species by NMR spectroscopy and most importantly by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The high hydride ion affinity of the cation is shown by hydrogen abstraction from isobutane. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry reveals its oxidative potential which is supported by the reaction with tris(4-bromophenyl)amine, giving rise to the formation of the ammoniumyl radical cation, also known as "magic blue".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - David Battke
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Paul Golz
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Susanne M. Rupf
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, PharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oh IK, Sandoval TE, Liu TL, Richey NE, Nguyen CT, Gu B, Lee HBR, Tonner-Zech R, Bent SF. Elucidating the Reaction Mechanism of Atomic Layer Deposition of Al 2O 3 with a Series of Al(CH 3) xCl 3-x and Al(C yH 2y+1) 3 Precursors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:11757-11766. [PMID: 35674504 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of metalorganic and metal halide precursors on the SiO2 surface plays an essential role in thin-film deposition processes such as atomic layer deposition (ALD). In the case of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films, the growth characteristics are influenced by the precursor structure, which controls both chemical reactivity and the geometrical constraints during deposition. In this work, a systematic study using a series of Al(CH3)xCl3-x (x = 0, 1, 2, and 3) and Al(CyH2y+1)3 (y = 1, 2, and 3) precursors is carried out using a combination of experimental spectroscopic techniques together with density functional theory calculations and Monte Carlo simulations to analyze differences across precursor molecules. Results show that reactivity and steric hindrance mutually influence the ALD surface reaction. The increase in the number of chlorine ligands in the precursor shifts the deposition temperature higher, an effect attributed to more favorable binding of the intermediate species due to higher Lewis acidity, while differences between precursors in film growth per cycle are shown to originate from variations in adsorption activation barriers and size-dependent saturation coverage. Comparison between the theoretical and experimental results indicates that the Al(CyH2y+1)3 precursors are favored to undergo two ligand exchange reactions upon adsorption at the surface, whereas only a single Cl-ligand exchange reaction is energetically favorable upon adsorption by the AlCl3 precursor. By pursuing the first-principles design of ALD precursors combined with experimental analysis of thin-film growth, this work enables a robust understanding of the effect of precursor chemistry on ALD processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Il-Kwon Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Tania E Sandoval
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Tzu-Ling Liu
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Nathaniel E Richey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Chi Thang Nguyen
- Department of Material Science Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Bonwook Gu
- Department of Material Science Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Han-Bo-Ram Lee
- Department of Material Science Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 21999, South Korea
| | - Ralf Tonner-Zech
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 2, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Stacey F Bent
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sinha A, Banerjee S, Gangopadhyay J. An account of chronological computational investigations to ascertain the role of pπ-pπ bonding in influencing the Lewis acidity of BX3 (X = F, Cl, Br and I): Evolution of novel parameters and relegation of π-type back bonding concept. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
34
|
Singh I, Srivastava R, Shukla VK, Pathak SK, Burman T, Al-Mutairi AA, El-Emam AA, Prasad O, Sinha L. Spectroscopic, electronic structure, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation study of 7-Trifluoromethyl-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid as an aromatase inhibitor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 280:121530. [PMID: 35752037 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The present work encompasses a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of the molecular structure, vibrational wavenumbers, electronic structure at the ground and electronic excited states, molecular electrostatic potential surface of 7-(Trifluoromethyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid (TICA) and possibility of the title molecule as an aromatase inhibitor using molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. A stable conformer has been obtained using potential energy scans by varying appropriate dihedral angles. The obtained minimum energy conformer was further optimized at the 6-311++G (d, p) basis set by applying the most accepted B3LYP functional. A good agreement between experimental and calculated normal modes of vibration has been observed. The hydrogen-bonded interaction between two monomeric units of TICA has been investigated using NBO,QTAIM, and NCI (noncovalent interactions) analysis. Molecular docking of TICA with human placental aromatase (PDB ID: 3S79) reveals the formation of polar hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic interactions between the ligand and the protein, right in the binding cavity. TICA satisfies all pharmacokinetic filters (Lipinski rule of five, the Veber rule, Ghose rule, Egan rule, as well as the Muegge rule) and has a high bioavailability score of 0.85. Dynamic stability of the ligand within the binding pocket of the target protein has been confirmed by 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation results. The present study provides an excellent starting point for additional in vivo research, and TICA may eventually serve as a significant therapeutic candidate for the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isha Singh
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, 226007 Lucknow, India
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, 226007 Lucknow, India
| | - Vikas K Shukla
- Department of Physics, Maharishi University of Information Technology Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shilendra K Pathak
- Department of Physics, M. M. M. P. G. College, Bhatpar Rani, Deoria, India
| | | | - Aamal A Al-Mutairi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Imam Mohammad lbn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A El-Emam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Onkar Prasad
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, 226007 Lucknow, India
| | - Leena Sinha
- Department of Physics, University of Lucknow, 226007 Lucknow, India.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Singh K, Avigdori I, Kaushansky A, Fridman N, Toledano D, Gandelman M. New Generation of Nitrenium Salts: Catalytic Hydrosilylation of Imines and a Mechanism of Action of Nitrogen Lewis Acids. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Idan Avigdori
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alexander Kaushansky
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dor Toledano
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mark Gandelman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion − Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Hoffmann KF, Battke D, Golz P, Rupf SM, Malischewski M, Riedel S. Das Tris(pentafluorophenyl)methylium‐Kation: Isolation und Reaktivität. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - David Battke
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Paul Golz
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Susanne M. Rupf
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Moritz Malischewski
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Xue C, Peng M, Zhang Z, Han X, Wang Q, Li C, Liu H, Li T, Yu N, Ren Y. Conjugated Boron Porous Polymers Having Strong p−π* Conjugation for Amine Sensing and Absorption. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cece Xue
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Conger Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiming Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ha NTT, Thao HT, Ha NN. Physisorption and chemisorption of CO2 on Fe-MIL-88B derivatives: Impact of the functional groups on the electronic properties and adsorption tendency - A theoretical investigation. J Mol Graph Model 2022; 112:108124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2022.108124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Rasool F, Hussain A, Ayub K, Tariq M, Mahmood K, Yousuf S, Yar M, Khalid M, Samreen HS, Lateef M, Malik A. Experimental and Theoretical investigations on (E)-3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)prop‑2-en-1-one and (E)-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-1-(2-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl)prop‑2-en-1-one: DNA binding, Urease inhibition and Promising NLO response. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
40
|
Guo R, Zhang X, Li T, Li Q, Ruiz DA, Liu LL, Tung CH, Kong L. Unraveling the reactivity of a cationic iminoborane: avenues to unusual boron cations. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2303-2309. [PMID: 35310477 PMCID: PMC8864711 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00002d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cationic terminal iminoborane [Mes*N
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
]]>
B ← IPr2Me2][AlBr4] (3+[AlBr4]−) (Mes* = 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl and IPr2Me2 = 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethylimidazol-2-ylidene) has been synthesized and characterized. The employment of an aryl group and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand enables 3+[AlBr4]− to exhibit both B-centered Lewis acidity and BN multiple bond reactivities, thus allowing for the construction of tri-coordinate boron cations 5+–12+. More importantly, initial reactions involving coordination, addition, and [2 + 3] cycloadditions have been observed for the cationic iminoborane, demonstrating the potential to build numerous organoboron species via several synthetic routes. An NHC-stabilized aryliminoboryl cation exhibits both boron-centered Lewis acidity and multiple bond reactivity and could be utilized as an effective synthon for unusual cationic boron species.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - David A Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 P. R. China
| | - Chen-Ho Tung
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China
| | - Lingbing Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University Jinan 250100 P. R. China .,State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University Tianjin 300071 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
|
42
|
Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann-Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114550. [PMID: 34757692 PMCID: PMC9299668 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
IUPAC defines Lewis acidity as the thermodynamic tendency for Lewis pair formation. This strength property was recently specified as global Lewis acidity (gLA), and is gauged for example by the fluoride ion affinity. Experimentally, Lewis acidity is usually evaluated by the effect on a bound molecule, such as the induced 31 P NMR shift of triethylphosphine oxide in the Gutmann-Beckett (GB) method. This type of scaling was called effective Lewis acidity (eLA). Unfortunately, gLA and eLA often correlate poorly, but a reason for this is unknown. Hence, the strength and the effect of a Lewis acid are two distinct properties, but they are often granted interchangeably. The present work analyzes thermodynamic, NMR specific, and London dispersion effects on GB numbers for 130 Lewis acids by theory and experiment. The deformation energy of a Lewis acid is identified as the prime cause for the critical deviation between gLA and eLA but its correction allows a unification for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic ChemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstr. 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Erdmann P, Greb L. What Distinguishes the Strength and the Effect of a Lewis Acid: Analysis of the Gutmann–Beckett Method. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Erdmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry—Inorganic Chemistry Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstr. 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Guerzoni MG, van Ingen Y, Melen RL. Recent applications of fluorinated arylborane derivatives. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
45
|
Dasgupta A, Guerzoni MG, Alotaibi N, van Ingen Y, Farshadfar K, Richards E, Ariafard A, Melen RL. Chemo- and regio-selective amidation of indoles with isocyanates using borane Lewis acids. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01441f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free synthetic route using boranes has been developed for the amidation of indoles. A detailed mechanistic study was carried out to understand the reaction mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Dasgupta
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Michael G. Guerzoni
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Nusaybah Alotaibi
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Yara van Ingen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Poonak, Tehran, 1469669191, Iran
- Research Group of Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Emma Richards
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| | - Alireza Ariafard
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Carbonyl Composition and Electrophilicity in Vaping Emissions of Flavored and Unflavored E-Liquids. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9120345. [PMID: 34941780 PMCID: PMC8705255 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9120345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerin (VG), and flavoring chemicals can thermally degrade to form carbonyls during vaping, but less is known about carbonyl emissions produced by transformation of flavoring chemicals and the interactive effects among e-liquid constituents. This study characterized carbonyl composition and levels in vaping emissions of PG-VG (e-liquid base solvents) and four e-liquid formulations flavored with trans-2-hexenol, benzyl alcohol, l-(-)-menthol, or linalool. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC)- and liquid chromatography (LC)-mass spectrometry (MS) methods, 14 carbonyls were identified and quantified. PG-VG emitted highest levels of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein. However, flavored e-liquids contributed to the production of a wider variety of carbonyls, with some carbonyls directly corresponding to the oxidation of alcohol moieties in flavoring compounds (e.g., trans-2-hexenol and benzyl alcohol transformed into trans-2-hexenal and benzaldehyde, respectively). Detections of formaldehyde-GSH and trans-2-hexenal-GSH adducts signify interactions of carbonyls with biological nucleophiles. The global reactivity descriptors (I, A, μ, η, and ω) and condensed Fukui parameters (fk0, fk-, fk+, and dual-descriptor) were computed to elucidate site reactivities of selected simple and α,β-unsaturated carbonyls found in vaping emissions. Overall, this study highlights carbonyl emissions and reactivities and their potential health risk effects associated with vaping.
Collapse
|
47
|
Pathak D, Deuri S, Phukan P. Nucleophilicity and CO2 fixation ability of phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur ylides: insights on stereoelectronic factors from DFT study. J CHEM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12039-021-01983-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
48
|
Henry AT, Cosby TPL, Boyle PD, Baines KM. Selective dimerization of α-methylstyrene by tunable bis(catecholato)germane Lewis acid catalysts. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:15906-15913. [PMID: 34714312 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03180e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a variety of bis(catecholato)germanes is reported. The Lewis acidity of the bis(catecholato)germanes was assessed using the experimental Gutmann-Beckett method and computational FIA and GEI methods. The oligomerization of alkenes using bis(catecholato)germanes demonstrates the use of these complexes in catalysis. The use of donor additives in the dimerization of α-methylstyrene resulted in selectivity control comparable to transition metal catalyst systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Henry
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Taylor P L Cosby
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul D Boyle
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Kim M Baines
- The Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Guo C, Schwedtmann K, Fidelius J, Hennersdorf F, Dickschat A, Bauzá A, Frontera A, Weigand JJ. Bifunctional Fluorophosphonium Triflates as Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Reversible CO 2 Sequestration and Binding of Carbonyls, Nitriles and Acetylenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:13709-13714. [PMID: 34432918 PMCID: PMC8518062 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic fluorophosphonium triflates bearing pyridyl (3[OTf]) or imidazolyl (4[OTf])-substituents act as intramolecular frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) and reversibly form 1 : 1 adducts with CO2 (5+ and 6+ ). An unusual and labile spirocyclic tetrahedral intermediate (72+ ) is observed in CO2 -pressurized (0.5-2.0 bar) solutions of cation 4+ at low temperatures, as demonstrated by variable-temperature NMR studies, which were confirmed crystallographically. In addition, cations 3+ and 4+ actively bind carbonyls, nitriles and acetylenes by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, as shown by selected examples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun‐Xiang Guo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTU DresdenChair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| | - Kai Schwedtmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTU DresdenChair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| | - Jannis Fidelius
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTU DresdenChair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTU DresdenChair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| | - Arne Dickschat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTU DresdenChair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de Illes Balears07122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of ChemistryUniversitat de Illes Balears07122Palma de MallorcaSpain
| | - Jan J. Weigand
- Faculty of Chemistry and Food ChemistryTU DresdenChair of Inorganic Molecular Chemistry01062DresdenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ohnishi R, Ohta H, Mori S, Hayashi M. Cationic Dirhodium Complexes Bridged by 2-Phosphinopyridines Having an Exquisitely Positioned Axial Shielding Group: A Molecular Design for Enhancing the Catalytic Activity of the Dirhodium Core. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Ohnishi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Ohta
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeki Mori
- Division of Material Science, Advanced Research Support Center (ADRES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Minoru Hayashi
- Department of Materials Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| |
Collapse
|