Fermentation alters the bioaccessible phenolic compounds and increases the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory effects of aronia juice in a dairy matrix following in vitro digestion

Review on the Role of Polyphenols in Preventing and Treating Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the leading causes of death globally. There was a 70% increase in diabetes-related deaths between 2000 and 2020, particularly among males. This non-communicable disease is characterized by increased insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels and, if untreated, resulting in complications such as nerve damage, kidney disease, blindness, and poor wound healing. T2D management includes dietary intervention, physical exercise, and the administration of blood sugar-lowering medication. However, these medications often have side effects related to intestinal discomfort. Therefore, natural alternatives to standard diabetes medications are being sought to improve the quality of life for individuals with this condition. Polyphenols, which are naturally occurring plant metabolites, have emerged as strong candidates for T2D control. Various phenolic acids (e.g., chlorogenic acid), flavonoids (e.g., quercetin), proanthocyanidins (e.g., procyanidin B2), gallotannins (e.g., monogalloyl hexoside), and ellagitannins (e.g., ellagic acid hexoside) can enhance insulin sensitivity in tissues, reduce chronic inflammation, scavenge free radicals, improve insulin secretion, inhibit enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion, regulate glucose transport across cell membranes, and modulate gut microbiota. This contribution compiles up-to-date evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of polyphenols in the prevention and management of T2D, emphasizing the mechanisms of action underlying these effects.

Fermented Aronia melanocarpa pomace improves the nutritive value of eggs, enhances ovarian function, and reshapes microbiota abundance in aged laying hens

Introduction

There is a decline in the quality and nutritive value of eggs in aged laying hens. Fruit pomaces with high nutritional and functional values have gained interest in poultry production to improve the performance.

Methods

The performance, egg nutritive value, lipid metabolism, ovarian health, and cecal microbiota abundance were evaluated in aged laying hens (320 laying hens, 345-day-old) fed on a basal diet (control), and a basal diet inclusion of 0.25%, 0.5%, or 1.0% fermented Aronia melanocarpa pomace (FAMP) for eight weeks.

Results

The results show that 0.5% FAMP reduced the saturated fatty acids (such as C16:0) and improved the healthy lipid indices in egg yolks by decreasing the atherogenicity index, thrombogenic index, and hypocholesterolemia/hypercholesterolemia ratio and increasing health promotion index and desirable fatty acids (P < 0.05). Additionally, FAMP supplementation (0.25%-1.0%) increased (P < 0.05) the ovarian follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen 2 levels, while 1.0% FAMP upregulated the HSD3B1 expression. The expression of VTG II and ApoVLDL II in the 0.25% and 0.5% FAMP groups, APOB in the 0.5% FAMP group, and ESR2 in the 1% FAMP group were upregulated (P < 0.05) in the liver. The ovarian total antioxidant capacity was increased (P < 0.05) by supplementation with 0.25%-1.0% FAMP. Dietary 0.5% and 1.0% FAMP downregulated (P < 0.05) the Keap1 expression, while 1.0% FAMP upregulated (P < 0.05) the Nrf2 expression in the ovary. Furthermore, 1.0% FAMP increased cecal acetate, butyrate, and valerate concentrations and Firmicutes while decreasing Proteobacteria (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Overall, FAMP improved the nutritive value of eggs in aged laying hens by improving the liver-blood-ovary function and cecal microbial and metabolite composition, which might help to enhance economic benefits.

Investigating the Probiotic Potential of Vegan Puree Mixture: Viability during Simulated Digestion and Bioactive Compound Bioaccessibility

This study aimed to develop a fermented puree mixture containing plant-based ingredients and potential probiotic strains Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosusK3 and Lactobacillus johnsonii K4. The survival of potential probiotic strains, changes in sugar and organic acid concentrations, bioaccessibility of polyphenols, and antioxidant capacity after simulated digestion were examined with sensory quality. The mixture of apple puree, chia seeds, and oat bran or oat flakes was fermented. The sensory quality of the puree mixture was assessed by the quantitative descriptive profile (QDP) method. In vitro digestion was simulated using a static gastrointestinal model. Antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content were analyzed before and after the digestion phases. All samples changed sensory profiles after fermentation. The overall quality was above six out of ten for every product. Fermentation also changed the organic acid composition, with significant increases in lactic, succinic, and acetic acids. After the digestion process, the survival rate remained above 5.8 log10 CFU/g. As a result of fermentation with potential probiotics, the bioaccessibility of the total phenolics and antioxidant activity increased. These results showed that the addition of potential probiotic strains increases nutritional value and could help with healthy nourishment habits. This knowledge can guide the development of consumer-satisfying products in the food industry, expanding the probiotic food market with innovative alternatives.

Polyphenolic profile, processing impact, and bioaccessibility of apple fermented products

Health-promoting foods have become increasingly popular due to intensified consumer interest and awareness of illnesses. There is a global market for apple fruits, which are affordable, nutritious, tasty, and produced in large quantities for direct consumption as well as food processing to make derived products. The food matrix of apples is suitable for fermentation, besides containing a high amount of phenolics and polyphenols. Fermentation of apples is one of the most common methods of preserving apple fruit and its byproducts. With different fermentation techniques, apple fruit can be used to make a wide range of products, such as fermented apple juice, cider, liqueurs, apple cider, apple vinegar and fermented apple solids, because it is not only a low-cost and simple method of processing the fruit, but it can also sometimes increase the bioavailability of nutrients and the levels of components that can improve health and sensory quality. To understand the health benefits of food products and how the fermentation process impacts polyphenols, it is also crucial to observe the effects of digestion on polyphenol bioaccessibility. Polyphenolic profile changes can be observed via both in vitro and in vivo digestion methods; however, in vitro digestion methods have the advantage of observing every step of gastrointestinal track effects and have less cost as well. In this review, the polyphenolic profile, processing impact, and bioaccessibility of apple-fermented products is assessed, with most available studies showing polyphenol profiles and bioaccessibility in apple varieties and fermented apple products.

Molecular binding mechanism and novel antidiabetic and anti-hypertensive bioactive peptides from fermented camel milk with anti-inflammatory activity in raw macrophages cell lines

The investigation was to determine the effect of camel milk fermented with Limosilactobacillus fermentum KGL4 (MTCC 25515) on ACE-inhibiting, anti-inflammatory, and diabetes-preventing properties and also to release the novel peptides with antidiabetic and anti-hypertensive attributes with molecular interaction studies. Growth conditions were optimised on the basis of total peptide production by inoculating the culture in camel milk at different rates (1.5, 2.0, and 2.5%) along with different incubation periods (12, 24, 36, and 48 h). However, after 48 h of fermentation with a 2.5% rate of inoculum, the highest proteolytic activity was obtained. Reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was used to calculate the % Rpa from permeates of 3 kDa and 10 kDa fractions. Molecular weight distributions of fermented and unfermented camel milk protein fractions were compared using SDS-PAGE. Spots obtained from 2D gel electrophoresis were separated on the basis of pH and molecular weight. Spots obtained from 2D gel were digested with trypsin, and the digested samples were subjected to RP-LC/MS for the generation of peptide sequences. The inhibition of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1 during fermentation was studied using RAW 264.7 macrophages. In the study, fermented camel milk with KGL4 (CMKGL4) inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) by the murine macrophages. The results showed that the peptide structures (YLEELHRLNK and YLQELYPHSSLKVRPILK) exhibited considerable binding affinity against hPAM and hMGA during molecular interaction studies.

Effects of six different microbial strains on polyphenol profiles, antioxidant activity, and bioaccessibility of blueberry pomace with solid-state fermentation

To explore the effect of different microbial strains on blueberry pomace with solid-state fermentation (SSF), three fungi strains and three lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains were utilized to investigate with respect to polyphenol profiles, antioxidant capacities, and bioaccessibility. Different strains exhibited different capacities for metabolizing polyphenolic compounds in blueberry pomace. The contents of 10 phenolic acids and 6 flavonoids (except (+)-catechin) were increased in blueberry pomace fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA). A similar tendency was observed in blueberry pomace fermented by Aspergillus niger (AN) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP), where the concentration of 8 phenolic acids and 5 flavonoids was enhanced, with the following exceptions: (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, and quercitrin. Chlorogenic acid and quercetin were the maximum phenolic acids and flavonoids in blueberry pomace with SSF, upgraded at 22.96 and 20.16%, respectively. Contrary to the growth of phenolic acids and flavonoid compounds, all individual anthocyanins showed a decreased trend. Only in the blueberry pomace fermented by AN, all anthocyanidins exhibit a rising trend. After SSF, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) radical scavenging abilities were increased by up to 33.56, 59.89, and 87.82%, respectively. Moreover, the simulated gastrointestinal digestion system revealed that SSF improved the bioaccessibility of polyphenolic compounds. Compared with other strains, LA, LP, and AN showed better excellent capacities for metabolizing polyphenolic compounds, which led to a greater increase in antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility in fermented blueberry pomace.

Aronia in the Type 2 Diabetes Treatment Regimen

Aronia melanocarpa berries are rich in antioxidants and possess a high antioxidant capacity. Aronia berries have shown potential in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment, and previous studies indicate improvements in glycemia after supplementation. Unfortunately, the effectiveness of aronia berries is limited by the low bioavailability of aronia, which fermentation could potentially overcome. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of fermented or non-fermented aronia pulp with placebo in subjects with T2DM. This study was a triple-blinded, triple-crossover study with eight-week intervention periods with fermented aronia extract (FAE), non-fermented aronia extract (AE), and placebo. Extracts were incorporated in snack bars with 37% aronia (FAE or AE) or wheat bran (placebo) and 63% raisins and coconut oil. Pre- and post-treatment period, we did fasting blood samples, including hemoglobin A1c, fructosamine, insulin, glucose, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and glucagon, oral glucose tolerance tests, and anthropometric measurements. Of 36 randomized participants, 23 completed the trial. Aside from a higher increase in GIP after FAE supplementation compared to after placebo supplementation, aronia extracts had no effect. The increase in GIP levels after FAE supplementation may hold potential benefits, but the overall clinical impact remains unclear.

Effects of Aronia melanocarpa on Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review of Quasi-Design Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials

OBJECTIVES: Aronia melanocarpa (Aronia) is a shrub with small berries, chokeberries. Chokeberries are claimed to possess health benefits due to a high content of polyphenols. Aronia is known to be extremely antioxidant; however, evidence for its health benefits is not established. This review gives an overview of the impact of Aronia on cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases. METHODS: Seventeen studies on cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases were identified through a systematic search on PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. Inclusion criteria were studies with Aronia as intervention, performed in individuals with cardiometabolic disease or risk factors, e. g., type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, impaired glucose tolerance, overweight, central obesity and smoking. Four of these studies were applicable for a quantitative analysis. RESULTS: Aronia did not influence body weight, circulating triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, or blood pressure. The quantitative analysis revealed a mean reduction in blood glucose of 0.44 mmol/l (P=0.0001) in the treatment group compared with the control group suggesting that Aronia treatment may have a beneficial impact on blood glucose. In addition, treatment durations of 6 weeks to 3 months tended to decrease low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, while shorter treatment durations had no effect on LDL cholesterol. The quantitative analysis did not provide data on long-term effects of Aronia on lipids. CONCLUSIONS: More long-term high-quality randomized controlled studies are needed to clarify if dietary supplementation with Aronia has beneficial effects on cardiometabolic diseases.

A dynamic view on the chemical composition and bioactive properties of mulberry fruit using an in vitro digestion and fermentation model

Mulberry is a kind of fruit rich in nutrients, however, the beneficial effects of mulberry fruits are related not only to the amount consumed, but also to the bioavailability of these nutrients in the organism. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bioaccessibility of main bioactive compounds from mulberry fruit using an in vitro digestion model, the changes in bioactivities as well as intestinal flora were also investigated. The results showed that the particle size of the mulberry fruit was gradually reduced (from 196.87 to 60.85 μm), as well as the phenolics and carbohydrates were significantly released during the digestion and maximized in the first 15 min in the intestinal phase (1752 ± 2.80 mg GAE per 100 g, DW; 277.402 ± 2.80 mg GE per 100 g, DW, respectively). Meanwhile, the bioaccessibility indices for phenolic compounds and carbohydrates were 55.49% and 84.62%. The antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the mulberry fruit were positively correlated with their total content of released phenolic compounds. And the phenolic compounds (2,4,6-trihydroxybenzoic acid, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and gallic acid) were the main compounds that inhibit the α-glucosidase activity by binding to its active cavity through hydrogen bonds. In addition, the mulberry fruit undigested fractions could be further fermented by intestinal microorganisms to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which decreased the colon pH value (from 5.93 to 4.79) and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio which was beneficial for obesity. Our results indicated that the mulberry fruit exhibited good bioactivity during digestion and fermentation, and could be a promising candidate as a dietary source of functional foods.

Effects of Anthocyanin-rich Berries on the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) can lead to fatal complications, including cardiovascular disease. Emerging evidence suggests has emerged that increased fruit and vegetable intake and decreased intake of saturated fats, simple sugars, and processed foods can improve cardiovascular health. Anthocyanins (color pigments) have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities but are of low bioavailability. In this systematic review and metaanalysis, we investigate the possible beneficial effects of the intake of berries high in anthocyanins on MetS risk factors. We also investigate the influences of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). METHODS: We identified 2,274 articles from PUBMED and EMBASE following a search input designed to include studies of interest of these, 21 met inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The studies showed an overall reduction in low-density lipoprotein (p=0.04). Increases in HDL were found with cranberry and freeze-dried berry intake during a 4-6-week intervention. No statistically significant findings were detected for fasting glucose, Hb1Ac, insulin levels, blood pressure, oxidized LDL (OX-LDL), BMI, and overall HDL. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude from this systematic review and meta-analysis that increased berry intake improves MetS key risk factors and reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease. Pronounced effects were apparent for concentrated berry products, such as freeze-dried strawberries.

In vitro digestion of the whole blackberry fruit: bioaccessibility, bioactive variation of active ingredients and impacts on human gut microbiota

In vitro digestion and fermentation of blackberry fruit was investigated, and results showed that the phenolics were mainly released in gastric phase while carbohydrates in small intestinal phase. The bioaccessibility for phenolics and carbohydrates were 42.80% and 69.30%, indicating most of phenolics still remain in colon and available for intestinal flora. The total phenolics released during the digestion account for the improvement of antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities. Especially, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside with higher released amount and bioaccessibility index (63.21%), exhibited the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. After fermentation, the non-digestible fractions of blackberry affected the ecosystem of the intestinal tract by decreasing the colonic pH (△pH = 1.10), enhancing the production of SCFAs and modulating gut microbiota composition (the ratio of Firmicute/Bacteroidetes decreased from13.18 to 0.87). The results provided insights into the digestive properties and health benefits of blackberry fruit after consumption.

The Types of Polysaccharide Coatings and Their Mixtures as a Factor Affecting the Stability of Bioactive Compounds and Health-Promoting Properties Expressed as the Ability to Inhibitthe α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase of Chokeberry Extracts in the Microencapsulation Process

This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of microencapsulating chokeberry extract by extrusion, and assess the effects of the selected carrier substance on the contents of polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, color of microspheres, and ability of microspheres to inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, after 14 and 28 days of storage. The results showed that appropriate selection of the polysaccharide coating is of great importance for the proper course of the microencapsulation process, the polyphenolic content of chokeberry capsules, and their antioxidant and antidiabetic properties. The addition of guar gum to a sodium alginate solution significantly increased the stability of polyphenolic compounds in microspheres during storage, whereas the addition of chitosan had a significantly negative effect on the stability of polyphenols. The coating variant composed of sodium alginate and guar gum was also found to be the most favorable for the preservation of the antioxidant activity of the capsules. On the other hand, capsules composed of sodium alginate, guar gum, and chitosan showed the best antidiabetic properties, which is related to these tricomponent microspheres having the best α-glucosidase inhibition.

Chinese bayberry Jiaosu fermentation – changes of mycobiota composition and antioxidant properties

The aim of the study was to investigate the dynamic changes of mycobiota community, and the resultant effects on the antioxidant properties during the Chinese bayberry Jiaosu fermentation. The structure and composition of mycobiota during the Chinese bayberry Jiaosu fermentation were significantly changed (p < 0.001) and clearly clustered into two distinct phases (Phase 1: Day 5–20; Phase 2: Day 30–60, p < 0.001). From Phase 1 to Phase 2, the dominant fungi gradually changed from Saccharomycetales fam Incertae sedis to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The antioxidative properties (total polyphenols, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH], superoxide and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) [ABTS] radical scavenging) of Chinese bayberry Jiaosu were significantly increased by 250.4, 73.9, 25.3 and 40.0% respectively (p < 0.001). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that Saccharomyces cerevisiae contributed to the increase of antioxidative properties in the Chinese bayberry Jiaosu fermentation. Our research indicates that fermentation into Chinese bayberry Jiaosu is an effective and new method for high-valued utilization of Chinese bayberry.

Probiotic survival, biological functionality and untargeted metabolomics of the bioaccessible compounds in fermented camel and bovine milk after in vitro digestion

This study investigated probiotic survival and biological functionality of the bioaccessible fraction of fermented camel milk (FCM) and fermented bovine milk (FBM) after in vitro digestion. Furthermore, untargeted metabolomic analysis was performed to identify the bioaccessible compounds in FCM and FBM, which were produced using starter bacteria (SC), a potential probiotic (Pro) or a combination thereof (SC + Pro), followed by storage (21 d). Survival of Pro and SC + Pro bacteria in FCM was higher than in FBM throughout in vitro digestion. The antioxidant activities of the bioaccessible fractions differed slightly between culture types, whereas the antiproliferative activity of SC was highest, followed by SC + Pro. Antiproliferative activity of the bioaccessible fractions of FCM was greater than for FBM. Untargeted metabolomics of FCM demonstrated discrimination between cultures and from FBM. FCM produced with SC + Pro and Pro had closer clustering than with SC. The bioaccessible fraction of FCM exhibited higher biological functionality compared to FBM.

Fermentation of Jamaican Cherries Juice Using Lactobacillus plantarum Elevates Antioxidant Potential and Inhibitory Activity against Type II Diabetes-Related Enzymes

Jamaican cherry (Muntinga calabura Linn.) is tropical tree that is known to produce edible fruit with high nutritional and antioxidant properties. However, its use as functional food is still limited. Previous studies suggest that fermentation with probiotic bacteria could enhance the functional properties of non-dairy products, such as juices. In this study, we analyze the metabolite composition and activity of Jamaican cherry juice following fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum FNCC 0027 in various substrate compositions. The metabolite profile after fermentation was analyzed using UPLC-HRMS-MS and several bioactive compounds were detected in the substrate following fermentation, including gallic acid, dihydrokaempferol, and 5,7-dihydroxyflavone. We also found that total phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and inhibition of diabetic-related enzymes were enhanced after fermentation using L. plantarum. The significance of its elevation depends on the substrate composition. Overall, our findings suggest that fermentation with L. plantarum FNCC 0027 can improve the functional activities of Jamaican cherry juice.

Fermentation transforms the phenolic profiles and bioactivities of plant-based foods

Phenolics are a group of compounds derived from plants that have displayed potent biological activities and health-promoting effects. Fermentation is one of the most conventional but still prevalent bioprocessing methods in the food industry, with the potential to increase phenolic content and enhance its nutritive value. This review details the biotransformation of different classes of phenolics (hydroxycinnamic and hydroxybenzoic acids, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenoids, lignans, alkylresorcinols) by various microorganisms (lactic acid bacteria, yeast, filamentous fungi) throughout the fermentation process in plant-based foods. Several researchers have commenced the use of metabolic engineering, as in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and Escherichia coli, to enhance the production of this transformation. The impact of phenolics on the metabolism of microorganisms and fermentation process, although complex, is reviewed for the first time. Moreover, this paper highlights the general effect of fermentation on the food's phenolic content, and its bioaccessibility, bioavailability and bioactivities including antioxidant capacity, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity properties. Phenolics of different classes are converted into compounds that are often more bioactive than the parent compounds, and fermentation generally leads to a higher phenolic content and antioxidant activity in most studies. However, biotransformation of several phenolic classes is less studied due to its low concentration and apparent insignificance to the food system. Therefore, there is potential for application of metabolic engineering to further enhance the content of different phenolic classes and bioactivities in food.

Microbiological and Chemical Properties of Chokeberry Juice Fermented by Novel Lactic Acid Bacteria with Potential Probiotic Properties during Fermentation at 4 °C for 4 Weeks

On the frame of this research survey, a novel potentially probiotic strain (Lactobacillus paracasei SP5) recently isolated from kefir grains was evaluated for chokeberry juice fermentation. Chokeberry juice was retrieved from the variety Aronia melanocarpa, a plant known to provide small, dark berries and to be one of the richest sources of antioxidants. The juice was subsequently fermented inoculating L. paracasei SP5 for 48 h at 30 °C. The fermented juices were left at 4 °C and tested regarding microbiological and physicochemical characteristics for 4 weeks. The potentially probiotic strain was proved capable of performing lactic acid fermentation at 30 °C. Cell viability of L. paracasei was detected in high levels during fermentation and the whole storage period, while the fermented juice showed higher levels of viability in juice with 40.3 g/L of initial sugar concentration. No ethanol was detected in the final fermented juice. Fermented chokeberry juice was characterized by aromatic desirable volatiles, which were retained in adequate levels for the whole storage period. Specifically, the occurrence of organic esters detected in fermented juices is considered as positive evidence of the provision of fruity and floral notes to the final product. During storage, total phenolics content and antioxidant activity were observed in higher levels in fermented chokeberry juice compared with non-fermented juice. Subsequently, fermentation of chokeberry juice by potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria could provide high industrialization potential, providing the market with a nutritional beverage of good volatile quality with an enhanced shelf-life compared with an unfermented fresh juice.

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics added to dairy products: Uses and applications to manage type 2 diabetes

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) is associated with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and gut dysbiosis. Probiotics and prebiotics can ameliorate T2DM through different mechanisms of action, such as reducing oxidative stress, or the inhibition of pro-inflammatory markers, among others. Multiple studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated the reduction of hyperglycemia, depressive behaviors, obesity, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in diabetic patients through the consumption of dairy products, such as yogurt, fermented milk, and cheese, enriched with potential probiotic strains, prebiotic ingredients, and synbiotics (understood as a combination of both). Therefore, this review aims to provide an updated overview about the impact of dairy foods with probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics to prevent and manage T2DM, the mechanism of action related to the host health, and the future tendencies for developing new dairy foods. Despite the addition of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics to dairy products could be highly beneficial, more evidence, especially from clinical trials, is needed to develop evidence-based T2DM prevention guidelines.

Enhancement of Biological Properties of Blackcurrants by Lactic Acid Fermentation and Incorporation into Yogurt: A Review

Blackcurrants (BC) and yogurt are known to possess several health benefits. The objective of this review was to compile the latest information on the effect of lactic acid fermentation on BC and their incorporation into yogurt, including the impact of this combination on chemical composition, sensory aspects, and health attributes of the blend. Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed were used to research the most recent literature on BC juice, the whole BC berry, and yogurt. Health benefits were assessed from human and animal studies within the last 5 years. The results suggest that BC have several health promoting compounds that ameliorate some neurological disorders and improve exercise recovery. Yogurt contains compounds that can be used to manage diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and irritable bowel disease (IBD). Fermenting BC with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and its incorporation into yogurt products increases the polyphenol and antioxidant capacity of BC, creating a blend of prebiotics and probiotics compounds with enhanced benefits. More research is needed in the area of lactic acid fermentation of berries in general, especially BC.

Select Polyphenol-Rich Berry Consumption to Defer or Deter Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Complications

Berries are considered "promising functional fruits" due to their distinct and ubiquitous therapeutic contents of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavanols, alkaloids, polysaccharides, hydroxycinnamic, ellagic acid derivatives, and organic acids. These polyphenols are part of berries and the human diet, and evidence suggests that their intake is associated with a reduced risk or the reversal of metabolic pathophysiologies related to diabetes, obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypertension. This work reviewed and summarized both clinical and non-clinical findings that the consumption of berries, berry extracts, purified compounds, juices, jams, jellies, and other berry byproducts aided in the prevention and or otherwise management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and related complications. The integration of berries and berries-derived byproducts into high-carbohydrate (HCD) and high-fat (HFD) diets, also reversed/reduced the HCD/HFD-induced alterations in glucose metabolism-related pathways, and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid oxidation in healthy/obese/diabetic subjects. The berry polyphenols also modulate the intestinal microflora ecology by opposing the diabetic and obesity rendered symbolic reduction of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction-restoring bacteria, short-chain fatty acids, and organic acid producing microflora. All studies proposed a number of potential mechanisms of action of respective berry bioactive compounds, although further mechanistic and molecular studies are warranted. The metabolic profiling of each berry is also included to provide up-to-date information regarding the potential anti-oxidative/antidiabetic constituents of each berry.

Improving Kefir Bioactive Properties by Functional Enrichment with Plant and Agro-Food Waste Extracts

An increase in the number of novel fortified kefir-based beverages was observed in the last decades. Vegetables were often proposed as convenient resources of bioactive molecules able to improve nutraceutical benefits of these drinks and/or to confer them new significant features. These findings have been well accepted by the consumers, which generally reserve an important role to the quality of the assumed food and beverages. Specifically, functional fermented milk-based drinks enriched with vegetable extracts display significant biological properties, due to the presence of bioactive compounds exhibiting antimicrobial and antioxidant features. In addition, agro-industrial wastes have been also proposed as innovative resources of secondary metabolites to enrich kefir-based products. Eco-friendly extraction techniques were generally exploited to achieve the isolation of biomolecules and reducing, at the same time, economic and environmental loads. To this regard, this review deeply investigates the main findings to improve kefir bioactive properties by functional enrichment with plant and agro-food waste extracts. The nutraceutical characteristics related to the consumers’ health benefits, as well as their effects on the sensorial, chemical, and microbiological properties of the products were evaluated.

LC-QTOF-MS-based metabolite profiling and evaluation of α-glucosidase inhibitory kinetics of Coccinia grandis fruit

Coccinia grandis is an important food crop of the Cucurbitaceae family, widely used for culinary purposes in India. It is reported to possess hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities. The current study was aimed to explore the inhibition kinetics as well as major constituents of the active fraction of C. grandis against α-glucosidase. The kinetic study was performed through spectrophotometric assay, with p-nitrophenyl-α-d-glucopyranoside as a substrate with varying concentrations. An in vitro antioxidant study was performed by DPPH assay. In addition, UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis was carried out for metabolite profiling of the bioactive fraction of C. grandis. The results showed that the difference between the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of C. grandis (EFCG) (IC₅₀ 2.43 ± 0.27 mg/ml), and standard inhibitor, acarbose (2.08 ± 0.19 mg/ml), was not statistically significant at a P-value of 0.05. The enzyme kinetics confirmed the inhibition mode in a mixed manner. The EFCG also showed the highest antioxidant activity (101.74 ± 1.95 μg/ml) among all of the fractions. A significant correlation between antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of EFCG was observed. The LC-QTOF-MS study of the EFCG putatively identified 35 metabolites, which may be responsible for its antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties. Thus, C. grandis fruits can serve as a functional food to address diabetes-related disorders associated with α-glucosidase.

The role of anthocyanins as antidiabetic agents: from molecular mechanisms to in vivo and human studies

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by high blood glucose concentration. Nowadays, type 2 diabetes or insulin resistant diabetes is the most common diabetes, mainly due to unhealthy lifestyle. Healthy habits like appropriate nutritional approaches or the consumption of certain natural products or food supplements have been suggested as non-pharmacological strategies for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes. Some of the main bioactive compounds from plant foods are polyphenols, important mainly for their antioxidant capacity in oxidative stress conditions and ageing. Anthocyanins are polyphenols of the flavonoid group, which act as pigments in plants, especially in fruits such as berries. A search of in vitro, in vivo and human studies in relation with antidiabetic properties of anthocyanins has been performed in different electronic databases. Results of this review demonstrate that these compounds have the ability to inhibit different enzymes as well as to influence gene expression and metabolic pathways of glucose, such as AMPK, being able to modulate diabetes and other associated disorders, as hyperlipidaemia, overweight, obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, human interventional studies have shown that high doses of anthocyanins have potential in the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes; nevertheless, anthocyanins used in these studies should be standardized and quantified in order to make general conclusions about its use and to claim benefits for the human population.

Enzymatic synthesis and biological characterization of a novel mangiferin glucoside

Mangiferin, a major constituent of Mangifera indica L., has attracted substantial attention due to its anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. However, its poor solubility in water limits its use in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, novel mangiferin-(1→6)-α-d-glucopyranoside (Mg-G1) was enzymatically synthesized from mangiferin and sucrose using glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F/KM, and optimized using response surface methodology. The water solubility of Mg-G1 was found to be 824.7 mM, which is more than 2300-fold higher than that of mangiferin. Mg-G1 also showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like scavenging activity, which were 4.77- and 3.71-fold higher than that of mangiferin, respectively. Mg-G1 displayed inhibitory activity against human intestinal maltase and COX-2. Thus, the novel glucosylated mangiferin may be used as an ingredient in functional food and pharmaceutical application.

Changes in bioavailability of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) phenolics and anthocyanins when consumed with dairy food matrices

In this study, it is aimed to understand the changes in sour cherry phytochemicals when their co-digestions are simulated in dairy model systems comprising skim milk, non-fat-yoghurt, probiotic yoghurt or cream. These co-digestions were analyzed for their total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, total antioxidant activity (TAA) in addition to phenolic and anthocyanin profiles, individually. Sour cherry phenolics were stable during gastric conditions (120%); 54% lost in pancreatic digestion and being available (59%) in serum available fraction (IN). Anthocyanins were lost both in gastric (30%) and pancreatic digestions (16%), being only little available (0.6%) in IN. Soymilk had inhibitory effects on TAA. Dairy food matrix components evaluated were found to have distinct effects on the measured bioavailability of individual sour cherry phenolics. This study might aid both consumers and industry on selecting the food matrices to aiding increase in bioavailability.