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Tang X. Probiotic Roles of Clostridium butyricum in Piglets: Considering Aspects of Intestinal Barrier Function. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1069. [PMID: 38612308 PMCID: PMC11010893 DOI: 10.3390/ani14071069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
China, as the global leader in pork production and consumption, is faced with challenges in ensuring sustainable and wholesome growth of the pig industry while also guaranteeing meat food safety amidst the ban on antibiotics usage in animal feed. The focus of the pig industry lies in guaranteeing piglet health and enhancing overall production performance through nutrition regulation. Clostridium butyricum (C. butyricum), a new type of probiotic, possesses characteristics such as heat resistance, acid resistance, and bile-salt tolerance, meaning it has potential as a feed additive. Previous studies have demonstrated that C. butyricum has a probiotic effect on piglets and can serve as a substitute for antibiotics. The objective of this study was to review the probiotic role of C. butyricum in the production of piglets, specifically focusing on intestinal barrier function. Through this review, we explored the probiotic effects of C. butyricum on piglets from the perspective of intestinal health. That is, C. butyricum promotes intestinal health by regulating the functions of the mechanical barrier, chemical barrier, immune barrier, and microbial barrier of piglets, thereby improving the growth of piglets. This review can provide a reference for the rational utilization and application of C. butyricum in swine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Barducci RS, Santos AAD, Pacheco LG, Putarov TC, Koch JFA, Callegari MA, Dias CP, de Carvalho RH, da Silva CA. Enhancing Weaned Piglet Health and Performance: The Role of Autolyzed Yeast ( Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and β-Glucans as a Blood Plasma Alternative in Diets. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:631. [PMID: 38396599 PMCID: PMC10886371 DOI: 10.3390/ani14040631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of the autolyzed yeast (AY) Saccharomyces cerevisiae with or without an immunomodulator (1,3/1,6 β-glucans) as a total/partial substitute for blood plasma (BP) in the diet of post-weaning piglets; zootechnical performance, intestinal health and microbiota, immune responses and energy metabolism were assessed. A total of 240 castrated male and female piglets, with a mean age of 22 days and mean initial weight of 5.24 ± 0.82 kg, were randomly divided into blocks of four treatments with 12 replicates. The dietary inclusions were blood plasma (BP), autolyzed yeast (AY), autolyzed yeast + immunomodulator (AYI) and 50% BP and 50% AY (BPAY). In pre-initial phase II (29-35 days), piglets fed AY showed better feed conversion (FCR = 1.358) than the piglets in the BP (1.484), AYI (1.379) and BPAY (1.442) groups, i.e., 8.49% (0.126), 1.52% (0.021) and 4.50% (0.084), respectively (p = 0.0293). In the total period (21-42 days), better FCR was observed in the AYI (1.458) group, i.e., 4.64% (0.071), 1.15% (0.017) and 4.58% (0.070), than in the BP (1.529), AY (1.475) and BPAY (1.528) groups, respectively (p = 0.0150). In piglets fed AY (n = 3) and BPAY (n = 2), there was a reduction in the number of medications, i.e., 82.35% (-14n) and 88.23% (-15n), respectively (p = 0.0001), compared with that in the BP group (n = 17). In the AY group (73.83 mg/dL), AYI group (69.92 mg/dL), and BPAY group (69.58 mg/dL), piglets exhibited increases in triglyceride levels of 79.32%, 69.83%, and 69.00%, respectively, in comparison to those in the BP group, which had triglyceride levels of 41.17 mg/dL (p = 0.0400). The beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration in the AY group (79.96 ng/μL) was lower by 31.95%, 22.64%, and 5.89% compared to the BP group (117.50 ng/μL), AYI group (103.36 ng/μL), and BPAY group (84.67 ng/μL), respectively (p = 0.0072). In the AYI group, there was modulation of the microbiota, with an increase in the relative abundance of bacteria of the genera Lactobacillus, Collinsella and Bulleidia. AY, associated or not associated with an immunomodulator, is a potential substitute for BP in diets for piglets in the nursery phase, with positive effects on immune, metabolic, and intestinal microbial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Sfaciotti Barducci
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | | | - Leticia Graziele Pacheco
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | - Thaila Cristina Putarov
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | - João Fernando Albers Koch
- Biorigin, Lençóis Paulista 18680-900, SP, Brazil; (R.S.B.); (A.A.D.S.); (L.G.P.); (T.C.P.); (J.F.A.K.)
| | | | | | - Rafael Humberto de Carvalho
- Akei Animal Research, Fartura 18870-970, SP, Brazil; (M.A.C.); (C.P.D.); (R.H.d.C.)
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
| | - Caio Abércio da Silva
- Animal Science Program, Center of Agrarian Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, PR, Brazil
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Zhang C, Li C, Zhao P, Shao Q, Ma Y, Bai D, Liao C, He L, Huang S, Wang X. Effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide supplementation on growth performance, intestinal antioxidants, immunity and microbiota in weaned piglets. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2273-2284. [PMID: 35714985 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2086878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide (GCP) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal antioxidants, immunity and microbiota in weaned piglets. One hundred and twenty 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned into five groups (four replicates per group) and fed a basal diet with GCP at 0, 500, 1000, 2000 and 4000 mg/kg for four weeks, respectively. Results showed that 1000 mg/kg GCP improved piglets' ADG and ADFI and reduced FCR (p < .05). Thus, the 0 and 1000 mg/kg GCP dose were selected for subsequent experiments. We found that 1000 mg/GCP increased SOD and T-AOC and decreased MDA in the jejunal mucosa (p < .05). Dietary 1000 mg/kg GCP also resulted in high levels of sIgA, IL-10 and TGF-β, whereas IL-2 dropped dramatically (p < .05). The relative expression levels of ZO-1, CLDN, OCLDN, TLR-4, IL-10, TGF-β, Nrf-2, SOD1 and CAT increased in the jejunal mucosa, whereas INF-γ decreased (p < .05). 1000 mg/kg GCP treatment altered the diversity and community composition of cecal microbiota in pigs, with increasing relative abundance of Bacteroidota and Lactobacillus at phylum and genus levels (p < .05), respectively. The results suggested that dietary 1000 mg/kg GCP could improve growth performance and intestinal health of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Zhang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Chenxu Li
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Pengli Zhao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Qi Shao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Yanbo Ma
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Dongying Bai
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Chengshui Liao
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Lei He
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
| | - Shucheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Welfare and Health Breeding, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, P. R. China
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Zeng Y, Zhou B, Huang L, Liu Y. Iron-rich Candida utilis improves intestinal health in weanling piglets. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad135. [PMID: 37401152 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the effects of substituting inorganic iron in the diet of weanling piglets with iron-rich Candida utilis on gut morphology, immunity, barrier, and microbiota. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy-two healthy 28-day-old Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire desexed male weanling piglets were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 6), with 6 pens per group and 6 piglets in each pen. The control group was fed a basal diet containing ferrous sulfate (104 mg kg-1 iron), while the experimental group was fed a basal diet supplemented with iron-rich C. utilis (104 mg kg-1 iron). The results show that the growth performance of weanling piglets showed no significantly differences (P > 0.05). Iron-rich C. utilis significantly elevated villus height and decreased crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was a significant increase in SIgA content, a down-regulated of pro-inflammatory factors expression, and an up-regulated of anti-inflammatory factors expression in the jejunum and ileum of piglets fed iron-rich C. utilis (P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of ZO-1, Claudin-1, Occludin, and Mucin2 in the jejunum were significantly increased by iron-rich C. utilis, and were significantly increased ZO-1 and Claudin-1 in the ileum (P < 0.05). The colonic microbiota, however, was not significantly affected by iron-rich C. utilis (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Iron-rich C. utilis improved intestinal morphology and structure, as well as intestinal immunity and intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zeng
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
| | - Bingyu Zhou
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
| | - LiHong Huang
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
| | - YuBo Liu
- Hunan Institute of Microbiology, Changsha 410009, China
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Tong DQ, Lu ZJ, Zeng N, Wang XQ, Yan HC, Gao CQ. Dietary supplementation with probiotics increases growth performance, improves the intestinal mucosal barrier and activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway activity in chicks. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4649-4659. [PMID: 36930725 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Probiotics comprise effective feed additives that can replace antibiotics in animal livestock production. However, mono-strain probiotics appear less effective because of their instability. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate dietary supplementation with compound probiotics (CPP) on growth performance, diarrhea rate and intestinal mucosal barrier, as well as the possible molecular mechanism, in chicks. In total, 360 1-day-old chicks of the Hy-Line Brown Chicks were randomly divided into the control group (CON, basal diet), chlortetracycline group (500 mg kg-1 CTC) and compound probiotics group (1000 mg kg-1 CPP, consisting of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Enterococcus faecium and yeast). The experiment period was 56 days. RESULTS The results showed that, in comparison with the CON group, CPP significantly increased the average daily feed intake and average daily gain of chicks and reduced diarrhea (P < 0.05). The probiotic group exhibited increased immune organ (i.e. spleen and thymus) mass and increased levels of serum immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM and IgG (P < 0.05) compared to the CTC group. In addition, the jejunal mass and morphology were improved in the probiotic group (P < 0.05). Moreover, CPP reinforced jejunal barrier function, as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance, protein expression of occludin and claudin-1, and diamine oxidase levels in the jejunum (P < 0.05). Likewise, enhanced fluorescence signals of proliferating cell nuclear antigen-labeled mitotic cells and villin-labeled absorptive cells in the jejunum (P < 0.05) suggested that CPP promoted intestinal stem cells activity. Mechanistically, the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, including β-catenin, TCF4, c-Myc, cyclin D1 and Lgr5, was amplified in the jejunum by CPP addition (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that dietary supplementation with CPP reinforced the jejunal epithelial integrity by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling and enhanced immune function in chicks. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Qing Tong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhu-Jin Lu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zeng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control/Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture/State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Guangzhou, China
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Cai W, Fu L, Liu H, Yi J, Yang F, Hua L, He L, Han D, Zhu X, Yang Y, Jin J, Dai J, Xie S. Dietary yeast glycoprotein supplementation improves the growth performance, intestinal health and disease resistance of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides) fed low-fishmeal diets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1164087. [PMID: 37256124 PMCID: PMC10225706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1164087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The active ingredients extracted from yeast are important for regulating animal health. The aim of the current research was to explore the impacts of dietary yeast glycoprotein (YG) on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, immunity and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). A total of 375 juvenile fish (6.00 ± 0.03 g) were allocated into 15 fiberglass tanks. Triplicate tanks were assigned to each diet. The dietary YG inclusion was as follows: the first group was given a high fishmeal diet (40% fishmeal, 0% YG) (FM) and the second group was given a low fishmeal diet (30% fishmeal and 15% soybean meal, 0% YG) (LFM). The fish in the third, fourth and fifth groups were fed the LFM diet supplemented with 0.5% (LFM+YG0.5), 1.0% (LFM+YG1.0) and 2.0% (LFM+YG2.0) YG, respectively. After a 60- day feeding trial, a challenge test using A. hydrophila was carried out. The results showed that the final body weight (FBW) and weight gain rate (WGR) in the LFM+YG2.0 group were significantly higher than those in the LFM group and were no significantly different from those in the FM group. This may be partially related to the activation of the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway. Dietary YG supplementation enhanced intestinal physical barriers by upregulating the intestinal tight junction protein related genes (claudin1, occludin and zo2) and improving the structural integrity of the gut, which may be partially associated with AMPK signaling pathway. Moreover, dietary YG increased the antioxidant capacity in the gut, upregulated intestinal anti-inflammatory factors (il-10, il1-1β and tgf-β) and downregulated proinflammatory factors (il-1β and il-8), which may be partially related to the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways. The results of the challenge test indicated that dietary supplementation with 0.5 or 1.0% YG can increase the disease tolerance of largemouth bass against A. hydrophila. In conclusion, the present results indicated that dietary supplementation with YG promotes the growth performance, intestinal immunity, physical barriers and antioxidant capacity of largemouth bass. In addition, 1.0% of dietary YG is recommended for largemouth bass based on the present results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjie Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lele Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haokun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Yi
- The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, China
| | - Luohai Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linyue He
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yunxia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinjun Dai
- The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, China
| | - Shouqi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fresh Water Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Hubei Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Nutrition and Feed, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Liu G, Liu H, Tian W, Liu C, Yang H, Wang H, Gao L, Huang Y. Dietary nucleotides influences intestinal barrier function, immune responses and microbiota in 3-day-old weaned piglets. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109888. [PMID: 36827918 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides (NTs) play a pivotal role in the growth and development of the intestine. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nucleotides supplementation on the intestinal barrier function, immune responses and microbiota in 3-day-old weaned piglets. Ninety-six piglets weaned at 3-days after birth were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (6 replicates/treatment, 8 piglets/replicate) according to the average body weight. The dietary treatments consisted of the control (CON; fed a basal artificial milk) and nucleotides groups (NT; fed a basal artificial milk with 0.035 % nucleotides, the contents of CMP, UMP, AMP, GMP, and IMP were 1:1:1:1:1, respectively). Diarrhea rates were recorded, and blood and intestinal samples were collected on day 35 of the piglets. The current study showed that NTs supplementation tended to decrease the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets (P < 0.10). NTs increased villus height and the villus height-to-crypt depth (V/C) ratio in the ileum (P < 0.05). Dietary NTs up-regulated protein expression of ZO-1 in ileal mucosa (P < 0.05), and the protein expression of Occludin tended to increase. Furthermore, NTs up-regulated the mRNA expression of Mucin (MUC)2, while the mRNA expression of MUC4 was down-regulated in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.05). Besides, supplementation with NTs increased the ileal mucosa genes expression of IL-21, INF-γ, IL-10, IL-4, IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05). Furthermore, dietary NTs increased the protein expression of NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α (P < 0.05), and the proteins expression of Occludin and p-NF-κB tended to be up-regulated in the ileal mucosa (P < 0.10). Furthermore, NTs supplementation increased short chain fatty acid in the colonic (P < 0.05). And NTs supplementation reduced the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio in the colon, at the genus level, NTs enriched the relative abundance of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium and Olsenella (P < 0.05). These data indicate that NTs could increase the villus height, increase the V/C, regulate the expression of tight junction protein and mucin, improve the intestinal barrier of piglets, regulate the secretion of cytokines, improve the biological immunity, increase the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and thus reduce the diarrhea of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangyi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Chunxue Liu
- Anyou Biotechnology Group Co., LTD., Taicang 215437, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Functional Nutrition and Animal Health, Centree Bio-tech (Wuhan) Co., LTD., Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Meiya Hai'an pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hai'an 226600, China
| | - Lumin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yanna Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China.
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González F, Carelli A, Komarcheuski A, Uana M, do Prado RM, Rossoni D, Gomes M, Vasconcellos R. Yeast Cell Wall Compounds on The Formation of Fermentation Products and Fecal Microbiota in Cats: An In Vivo and In Vitro Approach. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:637. [PMID: 36830424 PMCID: PMC9951743 DOI: 10.3390/ani13040637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of yeast cell wall compounds (YCWs) being added to cat food on hindgut fermentation metabolites and fecal microbiota were assessed in in vivo Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and in vitro Experiments 2 and 3 (Exp. 2 and 3). In Exp. 1, the cats' diets were supplemented with two dietary concentrations (46.2 and 92.4 ppm) of YCWs (YCW-15 and YCW-30, respectively), and a negative control diet with no compound in three groups (six cats per group) was used to assess the fecal score, pH, digestibility, fermentation products, and microbiota. In Exp. 2, feces from the cats that were not supplemented with YCWs (control) were used as an inoculum. A blend of pectin, amino acids, and cellulose was used as a substrate, and the YCW compound was added at two levels (5 and 10 mg). In Exp. 3, feces from cats fed YCWs were used as an inoculum to test three different substrates (pectin, amino acids, and cellulose). In Exp. 2 and 3, the gas production, pH, and fermentation products (ammonia, SCFAs, and BCFAs) were assessed. YCW-30 resulted in a higher digestibility coefficient of the crude protein, organic matter (OM) (p < 0.05), and energy of the diet (p < 0.10). Regarding the fermentation products, YCW-15 showed a trend toward higher concentrations of propionate, acetate, lactate, ammonia, isobutyrate, and valerate, while YCW-30 showed a trend (p < 0.10) toward higher levels of butyrate and pH values. The bacteroidia class and the genus Prevotella were increased by using YCW-30 and the control. At the gender level, decreased (p < 0.01) Megasphaera was observed with YCW inclusion. The microbiota differed (p < 0.01) among the groups in their Shannon indexes. For beta diversity, YCW-30 showed higher indexes (p = 0.008) than the control. The microbiota metabolic profile differed in the pathway CENTFERM-PWY; it was more expressed in YCW-30 compared to the control. In Exp. 2, the YCWs showed a higher ratio (p = 0.006) of the fermentation products in the treatments with additives with a trend towards a high dose of the additive (10 mg). In Exp. 3, the effects of the substrates (p < 0.001), but not of the YCWs, on the fermentation products were observed, perhaps due to the low dietary concentrations we used. However, the marked responses of the fermentation products to the substrates validated the methodology. We could conclude that the YCWs, even at low dietary concentrations, affected fecal SCFA production, reduced the fecal pH, and modulated the fecal microbiota in the cats. These responses were more pronounced under in vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando González
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Amanda Carelli
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Alina Komarcheuski
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Mayara Uana
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho Martin do Prado
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Diogo Rossoni
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
| | - Márcia Gomes
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP)—São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo 13690-970, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Vasconcellos
- Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá 87020-900, Brazil
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9
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Wang S, Fu W, Zhao X, Chang X, Liu H, Zhou L, Li J, Cheng R, Wu X, Li X, Sun C. Zearalenone disturbs the reproductive-immune axis in pigs: the role of gut microbial metabolites. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:234. [PMID: 36536466 PMCID: PMC9762105 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to zearalenone (ZEN, a widespread Fusarium mycotoxin) causes reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in farm animals, and it then poses potential threats to human health through the food chain. A systematic understanding of underlying mechanisms on mycotoxin-induced toxicity is necessary for overcoming potential threats to farm animals and humans. The gastrointestinal tract is a first-line defense against harmful mycotoxins; however, it remains unknown whether mycotoxin (e.g., ZEN)-induced toxicity on the reproductive-immune axis is linked to altered gut microbial metabolites. In this study, using pigs (during the three phases) as an important large animal model, we investigated whether ZEN-induced toxicity on immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis was involved in altered gut microbial-derived metabolites. Moreover, we observed whether the regulation of gut microbial-derived metabolites through engineering ZEN-degrading enzymes counteracted ZEN-induced toxicity on the gut-reproductive-immune axis. RESULTS Here, we showed ZEN exposure impaired immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis of pigs during phase 1/2. This impairment was accompanied by altered gut microbial-derived metabolites [e.g., decreased butyrate production, and increased lipopolysaccharides (LPS) production]. Reduction of butyrate production impaired the intestinal barrier via a GPR109A-dependent manner, and together with increased LPS in plasma then aggravated the systemic inflammation, thus directly and/or indirectly disturbing immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis. To validate these findings, we further generated recombinant Bacillus subtilis 168-expressing ZEN-degrading enzyme ZLHY-6 (the Bs-Z6 strain) as a tool to test the feasibility of enzymatic removal of ZEN from mycotoxin-contaminated food. Notably, modified gut microbial metabolites (e.g., butyrate, LPS) through the recombinant Bs-Z6 strain counteracted ZEN-induced toxicity on the intestinal barrier, thus enhancing immune defense in the reproductive-immune axis of pigs during phase-3. Also, butyrate supplementation restored ZEN-induced abnormalities in the porcine small intestinal epithelial cell. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, these results highlight the role of gut microbial-derived metabolites in ZEN-induced toxicity on the gut-reproductive-immune axis. Importantly, targeting these gut microbial-derived metabolites opens a new window for novel preventative strategies or therapeutic interventions for mycotoxicosis associated to ZEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujin Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xueya Zhao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojiao Chang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China
| | - Hujun Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Shenzhen Premix INVE Nutrition, Co., LTD., Shenzhen, 518100, The People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610000, The People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, The People's Republic of China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Xi Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400032, The People's Republic of China.
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China.
- Standards and Quality Center of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing, 100037, The People's Republic of China.
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10
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Tang X, Xiong K, Fang R, Li M. Weaning stress and intestinal health of piglets: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1042778. [PMID: 36505434 PMCID: PMC9730250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Weaning is considered to be one of the most critical periods in pig production, which is related to the economic benefits of pig farms. However, in actual production, many piglets are often subjected to weaning stress due to the sudden separation from the sow, the changes in diet and living environment, and other social challenges. Weaning stress often causes changes in the morphology and function of the small intestine of piglets, disrupts digestion and absorption capacity, destroys intestinal barrier function, and ultimately leads to reduced feed intake, increased diarrhea rate, and growth retardation. Therefore, correctly understanding the effects of weaning stress on intestinal health have important guiding significance for nutritional regulation of intestinal injury caused by weaning stress. In this review, we mainly reviewed the effects of weaning stress on the intestinal health of piglets, from the aspects of intestinal development, and intestinal barrier function, thereby providing a theoretical basis for nutritional strategies to alleviate weaning stress in mammals in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Tang
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, China
| | - Kangning Xiong
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification Control, Guiyang, China,*Correspondence: Kangning Xiong,
| | - Rejun Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Meijun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, China
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11
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Wassie T, Cheng B, Zhou T, Gao L, Lu Z, Xie C, Wu X. Microbiome-metabolome analysis reveals alterations in the composition and metabolism of caecal microbiota and metabolites with dietary Enteromorpha polysaccharide and Yeast glycoprotein in chickens. Front Immunol 2022; 13:996897. [PMID: 36311785 PMCID: PMC9614668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is responsible for the fermentation of complex carbohydrates and orchestrates the immune system through gut microbiota-derived metabolites. In our previous study, we reported that supplementation of Enteromorpha polysaccharide (EP) and yeast glycoprotein (YG) in combination synergistically improved antioxidant activities, serum lipid profile, and fatty acid metabolism in chicken. However, the mechanism of action of these polysaccharides remains elusive. The present study used an integrated 16S-rRNA sequencing technology and untargeted metabolomics technique to reveal the mechanism of action of EP+YG supplementation in broiler chickens fed basal diet or diets supplemented with EP+YG (200mg/kg EP + 200mg/kg YG). The results showed that EP+YG supplementation altered the overall structure of caecal microbiota as evidenced by β diversities analysis. Besides, EP+YG supplementation changed the microbiota composition by altering the community profile at the phylum and genus levels. Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis indicated a significant correlation between altered microbiota genera vs serum cytokine levels and microbiota genera vs volatile fatty acids production. Predicted functional analysis showed that EP+YG supplementation significantly enriched amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, glycan biosynthesis and metabolism, energy metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism. Metabolomics analysis confirmed that EP+YG supplementation modulates a myriad of caecal metabolites by increasing some metabolites, including pyruvic acid, pyridoxine, spermidine, spermine, and dopamine, and decreasing metabolites related to lipid metabolisms such as malonic acid, oleic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. The quantitative enrichment analysis results further showed that glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, citric acid cycle, tyrosine metabolism, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism were the most important enriched pathways identified with enrichment ratio >11, whereas, fatty acid biosynthesis and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathways were suppressed. Together, the 16S-rRNA and untargeted metabolomics results uncovered that EP+YG supplementation modulates intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, thereby influencing the important metabolism pathways, suggesting a potential feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teketay Wassie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Lumin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyan Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, China
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wu,
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12
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Wang X, Chen J, Yang F, Ali F, Mao Y, Hu A, Xu T, Yang Y, Wang F, Zhou G, Guo X, Cao H. Two kinds of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions reduce thymic inflammation levels and improve humoral immunity of finishing pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:929112. [PMID: 36148471 PMCID: PMC9486467 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.929112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal husbandry, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) as a reasonable alternative to antibiotics has attracted more and more concerns to reduce microbial resistance. This study was aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with TCM prescriptions on serum parameters and thymus inflammation responses in finishing pigs. Thirty finishing pigs were randomly divided into three groups, which included the Con group (basal diet), the TCM1 group (basal diet supplemented with Xiao Jian Zhong prescriptions), and the TCM2 group (basal diet supplemented with Jingsananli-sepsis). The results showed that the contents of C3 and C4 in the serum were significantly increased in both the TCM1 and TCM2 groups compared to the Con group on day 30. Similarly, the levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM were increased in the TCM2 group, and only the level of IgM in TCM1 was increased on day 30. Meanwhile, the levels of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) antibodies had a notable increase in the TCM1 and TCM2 groups. Both TCM1 and TCM2 inhibited the levels of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway-related mRNA (TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IL6, IL8, and TNF-α) and protein (p-IκBα and p-P65) expression levels in the thymus. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with TCM could reduce thymic inflammation levels and improve humoral immunity of finishing pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiajia Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Biotech Vocational College, Nanchang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Farah Ali
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Yaqin Mao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, MOA Center for Veterinary Drug Evaluation, Beijing, China
| | - Aiming Hu
- Jian City Livestock and Veterinary Bureau, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tianfang Xu
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangxi Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Nanchang, China
| | - Feibing Wang
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinxi County Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guangbin Zhou
- Animal Epidemic Prevention and Quarantine Unit, Fengcheng Agricultural and Rural Bureau, Fengcheng, China
| | - Xiaowang Guo
- Yichun Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau, Yichun, China
| | - Huabin Cao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Institute of Animal Population Health, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Huabin Cao
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13
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Wassie T, Cheng B, Zhou T, Gao L, Lu Z, Wang J, Mulu B, Taye M, Wu X. Enteromorpha polysaccharide and yeast glycoprotein mixture improves growth, antioxidant activity, serum lipid profile and regulates lipid metabolism in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102064. [PMID: 36055019 PMCID: PMC9445391 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the growth performance, antioxidant activity, serum lipid profile, meat quality, and lipid metabolism of broiler chickens fed mixtures containing Enteromorpha polysaccharide (EP) and yeast glycoprotein (YG). A total of 400 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups of 10 replicates with 10 birds each replicate. The dietary treatments consisted of the control group (fed basal diet), and diets supplemented with Enteromorpha polysaccharide (EP; 400 mg/kg), yeast glycoprotein (YG;400 mg/kg), and EP+YG (200 mg/kg EP + 200 mg/kg YG). Compared with the control group, EP+YG supplementation enhanced growth performance and significantly reduced (P < 0.05) serum total triglyceride (TG), cholesterol (CHOL), and low-density lipoprotein LDL levels, and increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Besides, birds fed EP+YG supplemented diet exhibited higher (P < 0.05) serum catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and lower malonaldehyde (MDA) activities, and upregulated expressions of related genes, such as nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), SOD1, and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in the liver and intestinal tissues than the control group. Interestingly, higher (P < 0.05) serum SOD and lower MDA contents were observed in the EP+YG group than in either EP or YG group, suggesting a synergetic effect. Breast meat from EP+YG supplemented group had significantly higher redness value (a*), and lower pH24, total saturated fatty acid profiles, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0 fatty acid, atherogenic index, and thrombogenicity index than meat from the control group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expressions of fatty acid synthesis genes were downregulated (P < 0.05), whereas lipid β-oxidation-related genes were upregulated (P < 0.05) in the liver of the EP+YG supplemented group than in the control group. Overall, our data suggest that dietary EP+YG inclusion may have a synergistic effect, and therefore improve growth performance, regulate serum biochemical indexes, enhance antioxidant activity, and modulate lipid metabolism in broilers, indicating that it is a potential feed additive for chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teketay Wassie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Bei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Tiantian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Lumin Gao
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Zhuang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China
| | - Jianlin Wang
- The Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Yeast Function, Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang, 443003, China
| | - Bekalu Mulu
- Animal Production and Technology Department, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistie Taye
- Animal Production and Technology Department, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan, 410125, China; Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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14
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Ru M, Wang W, Zhai Z, Wang R, Li Y, Liang J, Kothari D, Niu K, Wu X. Nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation protects the intestinal function in aging mice and D-galactose induced senescent cells. Food Funct 2022; 13:7507-7519. [PMID: 35678708 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00525e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) level shows a temporal decrease during the aging process, which has been deemed as an aging hallmark. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), a key NAD+ precursor, shows the potential to retard the age-associated functional decline in organs. In the current study, to explore whether NMN has an impact on the intestine during the aging process, the effects of NMN supplementation on the intestinal morphology, microbiota, and NAD+ content, as well as its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and barrier functions were investigated in aging mice and D-galactose (D-gal) induced senescent IPEC-J2 cells. The results showed that 4 months of NMN administration had little impact on the colonic microbiota and NAD+ content in aging mice, while it significantly increased the jejunal NAD+ content and improved the jejunal structure including increasing the villus length and shortening the crypt. Moreover, NMN supplementation significantly up-regulated the mRNA expression of SIRT3, SIRT6, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), occludin, and claudin-1, but down-regulated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Specifically, in the D-gal induced senescent IPEC-J2 cells, 500 μM NMN restored the increased mRNA expression of interleukin 6 (IL6ST), IL-1A, nuclear factor (NF-κB1), and claudin-1 to normal levels to some extent. Furthermore, NMN treatment significantly affected the mRNA expression of antioxidant enzymes including NQO1, GCLC, SOD 2 and 3, and GSH-PX1, 3 and 4. In addition, 200 μM NMN enhanced the cell viability and total antioxidant capacity and lowered the reactive oxygen species level of senescent IPEC-J2 cells. Notably, NMN restored the down-regulated protein expression of occludin and claudin-1 induced by D-gal. The above data demonstrated the potential of NMN in ameliorating the structural and functional decline in the intestine during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Ru
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Wanwan Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Zhenya Zhai
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Ruxia Wang
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
| | - Yumeng Li
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China.
| | - Jiang Liang
- ERA Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518155, China
| | - Damini Kothari
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Kaimin Niu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China. .,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
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15
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Song M, Zhang F, Fu Y, Yi X, Feng S, Liu Z, Deng D, Yang Q, Yu M, Zhu C, Zhu X, Wang L, Gao P, Shu G, Ma X, Jiang Q, Wang S. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) improves intestinal barrier function associated with TGR5-MLCK pathway and the alteration of serum metabolites and gut bacteria in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2022; 13:73. [PMID: 35672805 PMCID: PMC9175448 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-022-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a hydrophilic bile acid, is the main medicinal component of bear bile and is commonly used to treat a variety of hepatobiliary diseases. Meanwhile, TUDCA has been shown to modulate the intestinal barrier function and alleviate DSS-induced colitis in mice. However, the effect of TUDCA on the intestinal barrier of weaned piglets remains largely unclear. Methods The weaned piglets and porcine IPEC-J2 intestinal epithelial cells were used to investigate the effects of TUDCA on intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets and explore the possible underlying mechanisms. In vivo, 72 healthy weaned piglets were randomly allocated into 2 groups according to their gender and body weight, and piglets were fed the basal diet with 0 (control, CON) and 200 mg/kg TUDCA for 30 d, respectively. Three female and three male piglets reflecting the average bodyweight were slaughtered in each group and samples were collected. In vitro, IPEC-J2 cells were subjected to 100 μmol/L TUDCA to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Results Our results demonstrated that dietary TUDCA supplementation significantly reduced the diarrhea incidence of weaned piglets, possibly attributing to the TUDCA-enhanced intestinal barrier function and immunity. In addition, TUDCA supplementation altered serum metabolites and the relative abundance of certain gut bacteria, which might contribute to the improved intestinal barrier function. Furthermore, the in-vitro results showed that TUDCA improved the E. coli-induced epithelial barrier impairment of IPEC-J2 cells and increased Takeda G-coupled protein receptor 5 (TGR5) protein expression. However, knockdown of TGR5 and inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) pathway abolished the TUDCA-improved epithelial barrier impairment in E. coli-treated IPEC-J2 cells, indicating the involvement of TGR5-MLCK in this process. Conclusions These findings showed that TUDCA improved intestinal barrier function associated with TGR5-MLCK pathway and the alteration of serum metabolites and gut bacteria in weaned piglets, suggesting the potential application of TUDCA in improving gut health in piglet production.
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16
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Qin L, Yao W, Wang T, Jin T, Guo B, Wen S, Huang F. Targeting gut microbiota-derived butyrate improves hepatic gluconeogenesis through the cAMP-PKA-GCN5 pathway in late pregnant sows. Food Funct 2022; 13:4360-4374. [PMID: 35355044 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo00094f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by gut microbiota affected hepatic glucose metabolism via the gut-liver axis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of butyrate produced by gut microbiota on hepatic gluconeogenesis in late-pregnancy sows. A total of 240 primiparous sows in late pregnancy were tested for blood glucose using a glucose meter before feeding and grouped according to their blood glucose level as follows: 0-3.0 mmol L-1 (low blood glucose group, LG group) and 3.1-5.0 mmol L-1 (normal blood glucose group, NG group). Colonic SCFAs and microbiota, SCFAs in the portal vein and liver, and acetylation and phosphorylation levels in the liver samples were analyzed. Hepatocytes from pregnant sows were examined for the effect of butyrate on hepatic glucose gluconeogenesis. In vivo experiments showed that the reproductive performance, serum glucose metabolism index, colonic butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria decreased in the LG group compared with the NG group. Correlation analysis found a positive correlation among colonic butyrate, butyrate-producing bacteria and the serum glucose metabolism index. Moreover, the hepatic cAMP concentration, PKA activity, GCN5 phosphorylation, and the expression of G6P and PEPCK were decreased and PGC1-α acetylation was increased in the LG group compared with the NG group. In vitro, sodium butyrate significantly stimulated the cAMP concentration, PKA activity, GCN5 phosphorylation, and the expression of G6P and PEPCK and inhibited PGC-1α acetylation in the LG group of hepatocytes from late-pregnancy sows. Interestingly, another in vivo experiment showed that dietary 1-kestose, a natural regulator of gut bacteria, significantly increased butyrate and butyrate-producing bacteria, and improved the reproductive performance and serum glucose metabolism index in late-pregnancy sows. Taken together, we found that targeting gut microbiota-derived butyrate could improve hepatic gluconeogenesis through the cAMP-PKA-GCN5 pathway in late-pregnancy sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longshan Qin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Weilei Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Tongxin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Taimin Jin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Baoyin Guo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Shu Wen
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Feiruo Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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17
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Zhong C, Tong DQ, Zhang YR, Wang XQ, Yan HC, Tan HZ, Gao CQ. DL-methionine and DL-methionyl- DL-methionine increase intestinal development and activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity in domestic pigeons (Columba livia). Poult Sci 2022; 101:101644. [PMID: 34986451 PMCID: PMC8743218 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effects of parental dietary DL-methionine (DL-Met) and DL-methionyl-DL-methionine (DL-Met-Met) supplementation on the intestinal development of young squabs. A total of 108 pairs of breeding pigeons and 432 one-day-old squabs were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (CON) was fed a basal diet (CP = 15%) and the experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0.3% DL-Met or DL-Met-Met. Each pair of breeding pigeons nourished 4 young squabs, and 8 squabs from each treatment were randomly sampled at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that DL-Met and DL-Met-Met supplementation improved the intestinal morphology and structure in the squabs, as reflected by the increased relative intestinal weight of each small intestinal segment, villus height, and villus to crypt ratio. In addition, DL-Met and DL-Met-Met supplementation significantly increased the protein expression of cell proliferation markers (Ki67 and PCNA) and tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and Claudin-1) in the jejunum and strengthened the fluorescence signal intensity of Ki67, PCNA and Villin. Moreover, the expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway-related proteins (Frizzled 7 [FZD7], p-GSK-3β, Active β-catenin, β-catenin, TCF4, c-Myc, and Cyclin D1), and intestinal peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) in the jejunum was considerably higher in the treatment group than in the CON group (P < 0.05), with the DL-Met-Met group having the highest expression. Consistently, the molecular docking results predicted the possibility that DL-Met or DL-Met-Met binds to the membrane receptor FZD7, which mediates Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Collectively, the improvement of the intestinal development in squabs after parental dietary 0.3% DL-Met and DL-Met-Met supplementation could be through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, and DL-Met-Met is superior to DL-Met. Our findings may provide basic data for further optimizing the feeding formula of breeding pigeons and improving the growth and development of squabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Di-Qing Tong
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hui-Chao Yan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hui-Ze Tan
- Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Yunfu, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun-Qi Gao
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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18
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Luo C, Xia B, Zhong R, Shen D, Li J, Chen L, Zhang H. Early-Life Nutrition Interventions Improved Growth Performance and Intestinal Health via the Gut Microbiota in Piglets. Front Nutr 2022; 8:783688. [PMID: 35047544 PMCID: PMC8762325 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.783688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal infections in piglets are the main causes of morbidity before and after weaning. Studies have not explored approaches for combining pre-weaning and post-weaning nutritional strategies to sustain optimal gut health. The current study thus sought to explore the effects of early-life nutrition interventions through administration of synthetic milk on growth performance and gut health in piglets from 3 to 30 days of age. Twelve sows were randomly allocated to control group (CON) and early-life nutrition interventions group (ENI). Piglets were fed with the same creep diet from 7 days of age ad libitum. Piglets in the ENI group were provided with additional synthetic milk from Day 3 to Day 30. The results showed that early-life nutrition interventions improved growth performance, liver weight, spleen weight, and reduced diarrhea rate of piglets after weaning (P < 0.05). Early-life nutrition interventions significantly upregulated expression of ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin4, GALNT1, B3GNT6, and MUC2 in colonic mucosa at mRNA level (P < 0.05). Early-life nutrition interventions reduced activity of alkaline phosphatase (AKP) in serum and the content of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in plasma (P < 0.05). The number of goblet cells and crypt depth of colon of piglets was significantly higher in piglets in the ENI group relative to that of piglets in the CON group (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA expression levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, and the protein expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in colonic mucosa of piglets in the ENI group were lower compared with those of piglets in the CON group (P < 0.05). Relative abundance of Lactobacillus in colonic chyme and mucosa of piglets in the ENI group was significantly higher relative to that of piglets in the CON group (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that abundance of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with the relative mRNA expression levels of ZO-1, Claudin4, and GALNT1, and it was negatively correlated with the level of MCP-1 in colonic chyme and mucosa. In summary, the findings of this study showed that early-life nutrition interventions improved growth performance, colonic barrier, and reduced inflammation in the colon by modulating composition of gut microbiota in piglets. Early-life nutrition intervention through supplemental synthetic milk is a feasible measure to improve the health and reduce the number of deaths of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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19
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Zheng J, Wang H, Deng Z, Shan Y, Lü X, Zhao X. Structure and biological activities of glycoproteins and their metabolites in maintaining intestinal health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-16. [PMID: 34619993 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1987857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins formed by covalent links between oligosaccharide and polypeptides are abundant in various food sources. They are less sensitivity to gastrointestinal enzymes, and hence many of them undergo fermentation in the colon by microorganisms. Therefore, the confer various health benefits on the intestinal ecosystem. However, the current understanding of the effect of glycoproteins on intestinal microorganisms and gut health is limited. This is probably due to their heterogeneous structures and complex metabolic programming patterns. The structure and biological activities of glycoproteins and their microbial metabolites were summarized in this review. The metabolic pathways activated by intestinal bacteria were then discussed in relation to their potential benefits on gut health. Food-derived glycoproteins and their metabolites improve gut health by regulating the intestinal bacteria and improving intestinal barrier function, thereby amplifying immune response. The data reviewed here show that food-derived glycoproteins are promising candidates for preventing various gastrointestinal diseases. Further studies should explore the interaction mechanisms between intestinal microorganisms and host metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Zheng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Haotian Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Zhanfei Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Shan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, PR China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Nursing, Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, PR China
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20
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Wang XL, Liu ZY, Li YH, Yang LY, Yin J, He JH, Hou DX, Liu YL, Huang XG. Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii on Gut Microbiome and Intestinal Morphology in Weaned Piglets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:692389. [PMID: 34490392 PMCID: PMC8417114 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.692389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii is a Gram-positive bacterium mostly used in the dairy industry for yogurt and cheese. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Lactobacillus delbrueckii on serum biochemical parameters, intestinal morphology, and performance by supplementing at a dietary level of 0.1% in diets for weaned piglets. Eighty healthy weaned piglets (initial body weight: 7.56 ± 0.2 kg) were randomly divided into two feeding groups with four replicates in each group (n = 10 animals per replicate); piglets were fed with basal diet (CON) or basal diet containing 0.1% Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LAC). The results showed that dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii improved growth performance and increased serum HDL and insulin levels in piglets on the 28th day of the experimental time (p < 0.05). The gut microbe analysis revealed that Lactobacillus delbrueckii significantly decreased the relative abundance of the phyla Bacteroidetes, but increased the relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes. The Lactobacillus delbrueckii also significantly increased the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus at the genus level of the bacterial community in the ileum, but decreased the relative abundance of unclassified Clostridiales. Moreover, Lactobacillus delbrueckii improved mucosal morphology by obtaining higher intestinal villus height (p < 0.05), significantly increasing the concentrations of butyrate, isobutyric acid, and isovaleric acid in colonic chyme of piglets, but decreasing the intestinal pH at the duodenum and ileum on the 28th day of the experimental time. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of Lactobacillus delbrueckii in the diet of weaned piglets can improve intestinal morphology and modulate the microbiota community to promote growth performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhu-Ying Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Yuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Hua He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - De-Xing Hou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ya-Li Liu
- Hunan Pufeike Biotechnology Company, Changsha, China
| | - Xing-Guo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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21
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Lee JJ, Kyoung H, Cho JH, Choe J, Kim Y, Liu Y, Kang J, Lee H, Kim HB, Song M. Dietary Yeast Cell Wall Improves Growth Performance and Prevents of Diarrhea of Weaned Pigs by Enhancing Gut Health and Anti-Inflammatory Immune Responses. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082269. [PMID: 34438727 PMCID: PMC8388398 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Post-weaning stress can substantially affect performance of weaned pigs as well as overall pig production, and thus, a practical approach is needed to improve their performance by alleviating the stress that can cause intestinal barrier dysfunction of weaned pigs. There are potential ways to solve the concern in swine production, but dietary yeast cell wall in weaner diets may be one possible solution. The results of the present study suggest that dietary yeast cell wall improves growth performance of weaned pigs by enhancing gut health and provide its potential mechanism. Abstract Dietary yeast cell wall products (YCW) are recognized as a feed additive due to multifunctional benefits by the biological response modulators. Thus, this study was conducted to verify a potential advantage of YCW for improving growth performance, nutrient digestibility, immune responses, and intestinal health and microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 112 weaned pigs (7.99 ± 1.10 kg of body weight; 28 days old) were arbitrarily allocated to two experimental treatments with eight pigs (four barrows and four gilts) per pen and seven replicate pens per treatment in a completely randomized block design (block = BW and sex): (1) a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and (2) CON + 0.05% YCW. The experimental period was for 4 weeks. There were no differences in final body weight, average daily feed intake, and gain-to-feed ratio between dietary treatments. In contrast, pigs fed YCW had higher average daily gain (p = 0.088) and apparent ileal digestibility of DM (p < 0.05) and energy (p = 0.052) and lower diarrhea frequency (p = 0.083) than those fed control diet (CON). Pigs fed YCW also had a higher (p < 0.05) ratio between villus height and crypt depth, villus width and area, and goblet cell counts in the duodenum and/or jejunum than those fed CON. Dietary YCW decreased (p < 0.05) serum TNF-α and IL–1β of weaned pigs on day 7 and 14, respectively, compared with CON. Furthermore, pigs fed YCW had higher (p < 0.05) ileal gene expression of claudin family, occludin, MUC1, INF-γ, and IL-6 and lower (p < 0.05) that of TNF-α than those fed CON. Lastly, there were no differences in the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum level between CON and YCW. However, dietary YCW increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of genera Prevotella and Roseburia compared with CON. This study provided that dietary YCW improved growth rate, nutritional digestibility, and intestinal health and modified immune responses and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Jae Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jin Ho Cho
- Division of Food and Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea;
| | - Jeehwan Choe
- Department of Beef Science, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, Jeonju 54874, Korea;
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Joowon Kang
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Hanbae Lee
- Pathway Intermediates, Seoul 06253, Korea;
| | - Hyeun Bum Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.B.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.J.L.); (H.K.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.B.K.); (M.S.)
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22
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Fu Q, Tan Z, Shi L, Xun W. Resveratrol Attenuates Diquat-Induced Oxidative Stress by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Characteristics in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695155. [PMID: 34322107 PMCID: PMC8312259 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that dietary resveratrol (RES) reduces diarrhea and attenuates oxidative stress in piglets challenged with diquat. However, the effect of dietary resveratrol on the gut microbiota of these piglets, as well as the potential relationships between intestinal microflora and metabolites, remain unclear. Here, 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and metabolome analyses were performed to investigate the effect of RES on the gut microbiota and metabolome of diquat-challenged piglets. A total of 18 weaned piglets (aged 28 ± 2 days) were divided into the control group (basal diet), diquat group (basal diet + diquat challenge), and RES group (basal diet containing 90 mg/kg RES + diquat challenge). Compared with the control group, piglets in the diquat group showed enriched relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, and members of the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group. Noteworthy, RES supplementation significantly reduced the levels of these microorganisms. In contrast, the relative abundance of some beneficial bacterial species in the RES group, such as the genera Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Lachnospiraceae unclassified were significantly higher than in the diquat and control groups. Metabolomic analysis indicated that some metabolites, including indole-3-carbinol, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, and uridine, were significantly upregulated upon RES supplementation. In particular, the relative abundance of uridine, indole, and alpha- and beta-dihydroresveratrol was significantly higher in the RES group than in the control group. Moreover, most gut bacterial genera were found to be highly correlated with altered gut microbiota-related metabolites. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with resveratrol may alter the composition and metabolites of colonic microbiota in diquat-challenged piglets, which provides important insights into the use of resveratrol as a feed additive for gut microbial regulation in piglets with inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyao Fu
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction and Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction and Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liguang Shi
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Xun
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction and Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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23
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Xie C, Zhang Y, Niu K, Liang X, Wang H, Shan J, Wu X. Enteromorpha polysaccharide -zinc replacing prophylactic antibiotics contributes to improving gut health of weaned piglets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:641-649. [PMID: 34401542 PMCID: PMC8340054 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This research aimed to study whether Enteromorpha polysaccharide-zinc (EP-Zn) can act as an alternative to antibiotics in weaned piglet feeds. Two hundred and twenty-four weaned piglets from 14 pens were randomly assigned into 1 of 2 groups according to their body weight and litter size (7 pens/group). The piglets in the antibiotics group were fed with olaquindox at 400 mg/kg and enduracidin at 800 mg/kg basal diet, and piglets in the EP-Zn group were fed with EP-Zn at 800 mg/kg basal diet. One piglet per pen was selected to collect samples after 14 d of feeding. Results showed that EP-Zn supplementation significantly increased the plasma anti-oxidants level compared with the antibiotics group. However, a nonsignificant difference was observed in growth performance between treatment groups. Additionally, the intestinal tight junction (TJ) protein expression and the histopathologic evaluation data showed that EP-Zn contributed to improving intestinal development. Further, piglets in the EP-Zn group had a lower level of intestinal inflammation-related cytokines including IL-6 (P < 0.001), IL-8 (P < 0.05), IL-12 (P < 0.05) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) (P < 0.001), and showed an inhibition of the phosphorylation nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (p–NF–κB) (P < 0.05) and total NF-κB (P < 0.001) level in the jejunal mucosa. Taken together, it is supposed that EP-Zn, to some extent, would be a potent alternative to prophylactic antibiotics in improving the health status of weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Xie
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.,Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Kaimin Niu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liang
- Henan Zhongke Ground Food Co., Ltd. Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Haihua Wang
- Qingdao Seawin BioteSch Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Junwei Shan
- Qingdao Seawin BioteSch Group Co., Ltd, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xin Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.,Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China.,Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
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24
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Liu F, Kong A, Fu P, Cao QQ, Tao KS, Liu DY, Wang XB, Tong ZX, Rehman MU, Huang SC. Lactobacillus rhamnosus JYLR-005 Prevents Thiram-Induced Tibial Dyschondroplasia by Enhancing Bone-Related Growth Performance in Chickens. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:19-31. [PMID: 32504282 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09670-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a leg disorder caused by the abnormal development of the tibia in fast-growing poultry. Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus) strains have been reported to have effects on increasing bone growth and improving osteoporosis in animals. However, whether L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 can improve bone growth in TD chickens remains unclear. In this study, we noted that L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 could not reduce the suppression of the production performance of TD broilers (p > 0.05) but had a slight protective effect on the broiler survival rate (χ2 = 5.571, p = 0.062). However, for thiram-induced TD broiler chickens, L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 could promote tibia growth by increasing tibia-related parameters, including the tibia weight (day 11, p = 0.040), tibia length (day 15, p = 0.013), and tibia mean diameter (day 15, p = 0.035). Moreover, L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 supplementation improved the normal growth and development of the tibial growth plate by maintaining the morphological structure of the chondrocytes and restored the balance of calcium and phosphorus. Taken together, these findings provide a proof of principle that L. rhamnosus JYLR-005 may represent a therapeutic strategy to treat leg disease in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Anan Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Fu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin-Qin Cao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun-Sheng Tao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Di-Yi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Bing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zong-Xi Tong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman
- Research Center of Avian Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Cheng Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 95# Wenhua Road, Jinshui District, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Han D, Pi Y, Tao S, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhao J, Chen L, Wang J. Early life administration of milk fat globule membrane promoted SCFA-producing bacteria colonization, intestinal barriers and growth performance of neonatal piglets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:346-355. [PMID: 34258422 PMCID: PMC8245794 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) possesses various nutritional and biological benefits for mammals, whereas its effects on neonatal gut microbiota and barrier integrity remained unclear. This study investigated the effects of MFGM administration on microbial compositions and intestinal barrier functions of neonatal piglets. Sixteen newborn piglets were randomly allocated into a CON group or MFGM group, orally administered with saline or MFGM solution (1 g/kg body weight) respectively during the first postnatal week, and all piglets were breastfed during the whole neonatal period. The present study found that the MFGM oral administration during the first postnatal week increased the plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) G level, body weight and average daily gain of piglets (P < 0.05) on 21 d. Additionally, MFGM administration enriched fecal SCFA-producing bacteria (Ruminococ aceae_UCG-002, Ruminococ aceae_UCG-010, Ruminococ aceae_UCG-004, Ruminococ aceae_UCG-014 and [Ruminococcus]_gauvrearuii_group), SCFA concentrations (acetate, propionate and butyrate; P < 0.05) and their receptor (G-protein coupled receptor 41, GPR41). Furthermore, MFGM administration promoted intestinal villus morphology (P < 0.05) and barrier functions by upregulating genes of tight junctions (E-cadherin, claudin-1, occludin and zonula occludin 1 [ZO-1]), mucins (mucin-13 and mucin-20) and interleukin (IL)-22 (P < 0.05). Positive correlation was found between the beneficial microbes and SCFA levels pairwise with the intestinal barrier genes (P < 0.05). In conclusion, orally administrating MFGM during the first postnatal week stimulated SCFA-producing bacteria colonization and SCFA generation, enhanced intestinal barrier functions and consequently improved growth performance of neonatal piglets on 21 d. Our findings will provide new insights about MFGM intervention for microbial colonization and intestinal development of neonates during their early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shilan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Early Life Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National Engineering Center of Dairy for Early Life Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing, 100163, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Gut health: The results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:282-294. [PMID: 34258416 PMCID: PMC8245825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract. These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity, which is of great importance to the health of the host. The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal microorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors, such as mucin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), regenerating islet-derived III (RegIII)γ, and defensin. Conversely, intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites. Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function, affecting the health of the body. This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity, discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity, as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary nutritional composition, probiotics and prebiotics of pig intestinal microecology. Finally, this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.
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Cao C, Li J, Ma Q, Zhang L, Shan A. Effects of dietary supplementation with the antimicrobial peptide WK3 on growth performance and intestinal health in diarrheic weanling piglets. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2021.1916507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianan Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuyuan Ma
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Licong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang H, Li J, Cao C, Zhang B, Yang W, Shi B, Shan A. Pyrroloquinoline quinone inhibits the production of inflammatory cytokines via the SIRT1/NF-κB signal pathway in weaned piglet jejunum. Food Funct 2020; 11:2137-2153. [PMID: 32073012 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02609f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine is an important digestive organ and plays a vital role in the life of a pig. In this study, we explored the regulatory role and molecular mechanism of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) on intestinal health and to discussed the interaction between PQQ and vitamin C (VC). A total of 160 healthy piglets weaned at 21 d were randomly divided into four treatment groups according to 2 × 2 factoring. The results showed that dietary PQQ could significantly decrease the levels of plasma globulin, albumin/globulin (A/G), indirect bilirubin (IBIL), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (CREA) (P < 0.05 for each), total bilirubin, (TBIL) (P < 0.01), diamine oxidase (DAO) (P < 0.01) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) (P < 0.0001) and increase the levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) (P < 0.0001) in the plasma of weaned piglets. Similarly, dietary VC could significantly decrease the levels of plasma globulin, A/G, DAO (P < 0.05 for each) and IgG (P < 0.0001) and increase the levels of IgA and IgM (P < 0.0001) in the plasma of weaned piglets. In addition, dietary PQQ increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA levels of antioxidant genes (NQO1, UGT1A1, and EPHX1), thereby enhancing (oxidized) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) concentration and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity in tissues. However, the addition of 200 mg kg-1 VC to the diet containing PQQ reduced most of the effects of PQQ. We further show that PQQ reduced (P < 0.05) the expression of inflammation-related genes (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and COX-2) via the SIRT1/NF-κB deacetylation signaling. In conclusion, our data reveals that PQQ exerts a certain protective effect on the intestines of piglets, but higher concentrations of VC react with PQQ, which inhibits the regulatory mechanism of PQQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinze Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chunyu Cao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Boru Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Yang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Baoming Shi
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Zhang X, Han D, Ye H, Tao S, Pi Y, Zhao J, Chen L, Wang J. Short Administration of Combined Prebiotics Improved Microbial Colonization, Gut Barrier, and Growth Performance of Neonatal Piglets. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:20506-20516. [PMID: 32832803 PMCID: PMC7439367 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of short administration with the combination (GMF) of galactooligosaccharides (GOS), milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) on microbiota, intestinal barriers, and growth performance of neonatal piglets. Sixteen newborn piglets were divided into two groups: GMF group and CON group; GMF solution (5 mL) and saline (5 mL) were, respectively, administered to piglets in the GMF group and CON group once a day during the first week after birth. The results showed that GMF administration improved the growth performance of neonatal piglets on day 8 and day 21, coupled with the enriched genus Lactobacillus on day 8 and the increased genera norank_f__Muribaculaceae, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Enterococcus, and Romboutsia on day 21. Additionally, GMF administration increased luminal acetate and propionate levels, upregulated the gene expressions of intestinal tight junctions (Occludin, Claudins, and ZO-1), mucins (Mucin-1, Mucin-2, Mucin-4, and Mucin-20), and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-22) while decreased the plasma diamine oxidase (DAO) level on day 21. The correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between the colonized beneficial microbiota and the modified intestinal barrier genes. In conclusion, the first week administration of GMF facilitated the colonization of beneficial bacteria, promoted intestinal development by enhancing microbiota-associated intestinal barrier functions, and improved the growth performance of the piglets during the whole neonatal period. Our findings provide guidelines for combined prebiotics application in modulating the microbial colonization and intestinal development of the neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Dandan Han
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hao Ye
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiyu Tao
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Pi
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junying Zhao
- National
Engineering Center of Dairy for Early Life Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Lijun Chen
- National
Engineering Center of Dairy for Early Life Health, Beijing Sanyuan Foods Co. Ltd, Beijing 100163, China
| | - Junjun Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and
Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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30
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Wu R, Shen J, Tian D, Yu J, He T, Yi J, Li Y. A potential alternative to traditional antibiotics in aquaculture: Yeast glycoprotein exhibits antimicrobial effect in vivo and in vitro on Aeromonas caviae isolated from Carassius auratus gibelio. Vet Med Sci 2020; 6:639-648. [PMID: 32207876 PMCID: PMC7397907 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In aquaculture, antibiotics are commonly used to provide protection against pathogens; however, this practice has become controversial due to increased occurrences of microbial resistance, and alternatives are needed. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of yeast glycoprotein (YG) against Aeromonas caviae. Pathogens were isolated from liver of diseased Carassius auratus gibelio. Based on morphological and biochemical analysis, together with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the isolated strains were identified as A. caviae and concluded as clones of a single strain and named L2. Further pathogenicity analysis revealed that A. caviae possessed β‐haemolysis, and its median lethal dose for C. gibelio was 1.33 × 106 CFU/ml. Hepatic adenylate kinase and pyruvate kinase activities of C. gibelio were inhibited post–A. caviae infection. Antimicrobial drug test suggested that A. caviae was a multidrug‐resistant organism but could be inhibited by YG in vitro. Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of YG was 83.3 mg/ml and 166.7 mg/ml, respectively. Microbiota sequencing results showed that YG supplement could obviously decrease the relative abundance of Aeromonas and increase the microbial diversity. Our study revealed that A. caviae from C. gibelio was a multidrug‐resistant bacteria strain, and could be significantly inhibited by YG in vivo and in vitro, thus providing important insights into ecological control and pathogenesis of A. caviae in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Junyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Dandan Tian
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jiaqian Yu
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Tao He
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | | | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and DevelopmentMinistry of EducationSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
- College of Animal Science and TechnologyInstitute of Three Gorges Ecological Fisheries of ChongqingSouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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31
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Wang T, Yao W, Li J, Shao Y, He Q, Xia J, Huang F. Dietary garcinol supplementation improves diarrhea and intestinal barrier function associated with its modulation of gut microbiota in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:12. [PMID: 32140225 PMCID: PMC7050124 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-0426-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of dietary garcinol on diarrhea and intestinal barrier function associated with its modulation of gut microbiota in weaned piglets were investigated. Method One hundred forty four weaned piglets (Duroc × Yorkshire × Landrace) from 16 pens (9 piglets per pen) were randomly divided into four treatment groups: controls (CON) or those supplemented with 200 mg/kg (LOW), 400 mg/kg (MID), or 600 mg/kg (HIGH) diet garcinol. After 14-day trial, three piglets per pen were chosen to collect plasma, intestinal tissue and colonic digesta samples. Results We demonstrated for the first time that garcinol promoted growth performance, as increased average daily feed intake (ADFI) and decreased feed/gain ratio (F/G); and reduced diarrhea incidence (P < 0.05); and strengthened antioxidant capacity, as an increased antioxidative index (P < 0.05). Additionally, garcinol ameliorated intestinal barrier dysfunction, as an increased villus height to crypt depth ratio, increased zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), occludin and claudin-1 expression in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05), and decreased intestinal permeability (P < 0.05); and reduced inflammation, as decreased cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the mucosa of the jejunum and ileum, and NF-κB p65 translocation (P < 0.05). Moreover, garcinol inhibited the growth of most harmful bacteria in the gut, especially Escherichia coli, and increased the growth of the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus. Conclusion This work provides a fundamental basis for the future development of garcinol-functional food use for improving diarrhea and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets and for understanding the biological effects of garcinol and its potential as a functional feed additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxin Wang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Weilei Yao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Yafei Shao
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Qiongyu He
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Feiruo Huang
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
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32
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Li G, Xie C, Wang Q, Wan D, Zhang Y, Wu X, Yin Y. Uridine/UMP metabolism and their function on the gut in segregated early weaned piglets. Food Funct 2020; 10:4081-4089. [PMID: 31231750 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00360f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Uridine monophosphate (UMP) is a major nucleotide analogue in mammalian milk and uridine (UR) is its gastro-intestinal metabolite in vivo. This study aims to investigate the functional effects of UMP and UR on the gut in vitro and in vivo. Twenty-one piglets were randomly allotted into three groups, the control group, UMP group and UR group, and orally administered UMP or UR for 10 days. Results showed that UMP and UR supplements improved the ADG of piglets, and decreased the diarrhea rate. UR increased the jejunum villus length/crypt depth ratio, Claudin-3 and E-cadherin expression, and the pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic enzymes including CMPK1, RRM2, UPRT, CTPS1 and CTPS2 in the duodenal mucosa. Both the UMP and UR decreased the expression of CAD and RRM2 at the jejunal mucosa. Moreover, UMP and UR increased the apoptosis ratio of intestinal epithelial cells in in vivo and in vitro experiments. Taken together, oral administration of UR and UMP could improve the small intestinal morphology, promote epithelial cell apoptosis and renewal of intestinal villus tips, and benefit intestinal development and health thus improving the growth performance and reducing the risk of diarrhea in early-weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanya Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. and Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunyan Xie
- Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Qinhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. and Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Dan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Meiya Haian pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Hai'an 226600, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. and Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China and Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, the Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production, Changsha 410125, China. and Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Safety Animal Production; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
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Zhang Y, Guo S, Xie C, Wang R, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Wu X. Short-Term Oral UMP/UR Administration Regulates Lipid Metabolism in Early-Weaned Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9090610. [PMID: 31461833 PMCID: PMC6770922 DOI: 10.3390/ani9090610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Uridine monophosphate (UMP) and uridine (UR) are rich in sow’s milk. The results from this study showed that UMP and UR affect the lipid profile and lipid metabolism in weanling piglets. It is suggested that UMP and UR improve the energy status in early-weaned piglets. Abstract As a main ingredient of milk, the nucleotides content is about 12–58 mg/g, which plays a critical role in maintaining cellular function and lipid metabolism. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of short-term uridine monophosphate (UMP) and uridine (UR) administration on lipid metabolism in early-weaned piglets. Twenty-one weaned piglets (7 d of age; 3.32 ± 0.20 kg average body weight) were randomly assigned into three groups: The control (CON), UMP, and UR group, and oral administered UMP or UR for 10 days, respectively. The results showed that supplementation with UMP significantly increased (p < 0.05) serum low density lipoprotein (LDL) and tended to increase (p = 0.062) serum total cholesterol (TC) content of piglets when compared with the other two groups. Oral administration with UMP and UR significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the serum total bile acid (TBA) and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) of piglets, and significantly reduced the fatty acid content of C12:0 (p < 0.01) and C14:0 (p < 0.05) in liver. Experiments about key enzymes that are involved in de novo synthesis of fatty acid showed that the gene expression of liver X receptors (LXRα), sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1c), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and fatty acid elongase 5 (ELOVL5) were remarkably down-regulated (p < 0.05) with UMP and UR treatment, and key factors of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 (CPT-1α) involved in fatty acid catabolism were also decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, the protein expression of phosphorylated-mTOR was not affected while phosphorylation of AKT was repressed (p < 0.05). In conclusion, short-term oral UMP or UR administration could regulate fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism, thus providing energy for early-weaned piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Songge Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Chunyan Xie
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, Hunan, China
| | - Ruxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Meiya Hai'an pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hai'an 226600, China
| | - Xihong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production; Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Healthy Livestock and Poultry Production; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha 410125, China.
- Institute of Biological Resources, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China.
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