1
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Sahraeeazartamar F, Terryn S, Sangma RN, Krack M, Peeters R, Van den Brande N, Deferme W, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G, Brancart J. Diels-Alder Network Blends as Self-Healing Encapsulants for Liquid Metal-Based Stretchable Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:34192-34212. [PMID: 38915136 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Two dynamic covalent networks based on the Diels-Alder reaction were blended to exploit the properties of the dissimilar polymer backbones. Furan-functionalized polyether amines based on poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) FD4000 and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) FS5000 were mixed in a common solvent and reversibly cross-linked with the same bismaleimide DPBM. The morphology of the phase-separated blends is primarily controlled by the concentration of backbones. Increasing the PDMS content of the blends results in a dilute droplet morphology at 25 wt %, with a growing size and concentration of droplets and the formation of two separate PPO- and PDMS-rich layers at 50 wt %. Further increasing the PDMS content to 75 wt % leads to larger droplets and a thicker layer of the secondary phase. The hydrophobic PDMS phase creates a barrier against water, while the more hydrophilic PPO phase enhances the resistance against oxygen diffusion. Lowering the maleimide-to-furan stoichiometric ratio resulted in a decrease in cross-link density and thus more flexible and stretchable encapsulants. Changes in the stoichiometric ratio also affected the phase morphology due to resulting changes in phase separation and network formation kinetics. Lowering the stoichiometric ratio also resulted in enhanced self-healing properties of 96% at room temperature as a consequence of the increased chain mobility in the blended networks. The self-healing blends were used to encapsulate liquid metal circuits to create stretchable strain sensors with a linear electro-mechanical response without much drift or hysteresis, which could be efficiently recovered by 90% after the damage-healing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Sahraeeazartamar
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rathul Nengminza Sangma
- Brubotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maximilian Krack
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) and IMEC (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Roos Peeters
- Materials and Packaging Research & Services (MPR&S), Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wim Deferme
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO) and IMEC (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and IMEC, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Lab of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Sustainable Materials Engineering Research Group (SUME), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Wang T, Gao D, Yin H, Zhao J, Wang X, Niu H. Kinetic Study of the Diels-Alder Reaction between Maleimide and Furan-Containing Polystyrene Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:441. [PMID: 38337328 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Diels-Alder (D-A) reaction between furan and maleimide is a thermally reversible reaction that has become a vital chemical technique for designing polymer structures and functions. The kinetics of this reaction, particularly in polymer bulk states, have significant practical implications. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of utilizing infrared spectroscopy to measure the D-A reaction kinetics in bulk-state polymer. Specifically, we synthesized furan-functionalized polystyrene and added a maleimide small-molecule compound to form a D-A adduct. The intensity of the characteristic absorption peak of the D-A adduct was quantitatively measured by infrared spectroscopy, and the dependence of conversion of the D-A reaction on time was obtained at different temperatures. Subsequently, the D-A reaction apparent kinetic coefficient kapp and the Arrhenius activation energy Ea,D-A were calculated. These results were compared with those determined from 1H-NMR in the polymer solution states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Dali Gao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hua Yin
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xingguo Wang
- SINOPEC (Beijing) Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Beijing 100013, China
| | - Hui Niu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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3
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Lorero I, Rodríguez Á, Campo M, Prolongo SG. Development of an Electroactive and Thermo-Reversible Diels-Alder Epoxy Nanocomposite Doped with Carbon Nanotubes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4715. [PMID: 38139966 PMCID: PMC10747943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing of Diels-Alder (D-A) crosslinked epoxy nanocomposites is an emerging field with several challenges to overcome: the synthesis is complex due to side reactions, the mechanical properties are hindered by the brittleness of these bonds, and the content of carbon nanotubes (CNT) added to achieve electroactivity is much higher than the percolation thresholds of other conventional resins. In this work, we develop nanocomposites with different D-A crosslinking ratios (0, 0.6, and 1.0) and CNT contents (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 wt.%), achieving a simplified route and avoiding the use of solvents and side reactions by selecting a two-step curing method (100 °C-6 h + 60 °C-12 h) that generates the thermo-reversible resins. These reversible nanocomposites show ohmic behavior and effective Joule heating, reaching the dissociation temperatures of the D-A bonds. The fully reversible nanocomposites (ratio 1.0) present more homogeneous CNT dispersion compared to the partially reversible nanocomposites (ratio 0.6), showing higher electrical conductivity, as well as higher brittleness. For this study, the nanocomposite with a partially reversible matrix (ratio 0.6) doped with 0.7 CNT wt.% was selected to allow us to study its new smart functionalities and performance due to its reversible network by analyzing self-healing and thermoforming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Lorero
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Álvaro Rodríguez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Mónica Campo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
| | - Silvia G. Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; (Á.R.); (M.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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4
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Safaei A, Brancart J, Wang Z, Yazdani S, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G, Terryn S. Fast Self-Healing at Room Temperature in Diels-Alder Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3527. [PMID: 37688153 PMCID: PMC10490179 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being primarily categorized as non-autonomous self-healing polymers, we demonstrate the ability of Diels-Alder polymers to heal macroscopic damages at room temperature, resulting in complete restoration of their mechanical properties within a few hours. Moreover, we observe immediate partial recovery, occurring mere minutes after reuniting the fractured surfaces. This fast room-temperature healing is accomplished by employing an off-stoichiometric maleimide-to-furan ratio in the polymer network. Through an extensive investigation of seven Diels-Alder polymers, the influence of crosslink density on self-healing, thermal, and (thermo-)mechanical performance was thoroughly examined. Crosslink density variations were achieved by adjusting the molecular weight of the monomers or utilizing the off-stoichiometric maleimide-to-furan ratio. Quasistatic tensile testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, dynamic rheometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were employed to evaluate the individual effects of these parameters on material performance. While lowering the crosslink density in the polymer network via decreasing the off-stoichiometric ratio demonstrated the greatest acceleration of healing, it also led to a slight decrease in (dynamic) mechanical performance. On the other hand, reducing crosslink density using longer monomers resulted in faster healing, albeit to a lesser extent, while maintaining the (dynamic) mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Safaei
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Zhanwei Wang
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Sogol Yazdani
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Department of Materials and Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (A.S.); (J.B.); (S.Y.); (G.V.A.)
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium; (Z.W.); (B.V.)
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5
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van den Tempel P, van der Boon EO, Winkelman JG, Krasnikova AV, Parisi D, Deuss PJ, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Beyond Diels-Alder: Domino reactions in furan-maleimide click networks. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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6
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Understanding the Effect of Side Reactions on the Recyclability of Furan-Maleimide Resins Based on Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051106. [PMID: 36904347 PMCID: PMC10007558 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effect of side reactions on the reversibility of epoxy with thermoreversible Diels-Alder (DA) cycloadducts based on furan and maleimide chemistry. The most common side reaction is the maleimide homopolymerization which introduces irreversible crosslinking in the network adversely affecting the recyclability. The main challenge is that the temperatures at which maleimide homopolymerization can occur are approximately the same as the temperatures at which retro-DA (rDA) reactions depolymerize the networks. Here we conducted detailed studies on three different strategies to minimize the effect of the side reaction. First, we controlled the ratio of maleimide to furan to reduce the concentration of maleimide groups which diminishes the effects of the side reaction. Second, we applied a radical-reaction inhibitor. Inclusion of hydroquinone, a known free radical scavenger, is found to retard the onset of the side reaction both in the temperature sweep and isothermal measurements. Finally, we employed a new trismaleimide precursor that has a lower maleimide concentration and reduces the rate of the side reaction. Our results provide insights into how to minimize formation of irreversible crosslinking by side reactions in reversible DA materials using maleimides, which is important for their application as novel self-healing, recyclable, and 3D-printable materials.
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7
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Thermally remendable, weldable, and recyclable epoxy network crosslinked with reversible Diels-alder bonds. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Cantamessa F, Damonte G, Monticelli O, Arrigo R, Fina A. Thermoreversible Cross-Linked Rubber Prepared via Melt Blending and Its Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2022; 4:4796-4807. [PMID: 35846782 PMCID: PMC9274616 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.2c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A covalent adaptable network based on the thermoreversible cross-linking of an ethylene-propylene rubber through Diels-Alder (DA) reaction was prepared for the first time through melt blending as an environmental-friendly alternative to traditional synthesis in organic solvents. Functionalization of the rubber with furan groups was performed in a melt blender and subsequently mixed with different amounts of bismaleimide in a microextruder. Cross-linking was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy and insolubility at room temperature, while its thermoreversible character was confirmed by a solubility test at 110 °C and by remolding via hot-pressing. Mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the obtained rubbers showed potential to compete with conventionally cross-linked elastomers, with stiffness in the range 1-1.7 MPa and strain at break in the range 200-500%, while allowing recycling via a simple melt processing step. Nanocomposites based on the thermoreversible rubber were prepared with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), showing significantly increasing stiffness up to ca. 8 MPa, ∼2-fold increased strength, and thermal conductivity up to ∼0.5 W/(m K). Results in this paper may open for industrially viable and sustainable applications of thermoreversible elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cantamessa
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giacomo Damonte
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Orietta Monticelli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
di Genova, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Fina
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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9
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Cerdan K, Brancart J, De Coninck H, Van Hooreweder B, Van Assche G, Van Puyvelde P. Laser sintering of self-healable and recyclable thermoset networks. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Terryn S, Brancart J, Roels E, Verhelle R, Safaei A, Cuvellier A, Vanderborght B, Van Assche G. Structure–Property Relationships of Self-Healing Polymer Networks Based on Reversible Diels–Alder Chemistry. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Roels
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Verhelle
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ali Safaei
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Cuvellier
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Chen J, Wang L, Xu X, Liu G, Liu H, Qiao Y, Chen J, Cao S, Cha Q, Wang T. Self-Healing Materials-Based Electronic Skin: Mechanism, Development and Applications. Gels 2022; 8:gels8060356. [PMID: 35735699 PMCID: PMC9222937 DOI: 10.3390/gels8060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) has brought us great convenience and revolutionized our way of life. However, due to physical or chemical aging and damage, they will inevitably be degraded gradually with practical operation. The emergence of self-healing materials enables e-skins to achieve repairment of cracks and restoration of mechanical function by themselves, meeting the requirements of the era for building durable and self-healing electronic devices. This work reviews the current development of self-healing e-skins with various application scenarios, including motion sensor, human–machine interaction and soft robots. The new application fields and present challenges are discussed; meanwhile, thinkable strategies and prospects of future potential applications are conferenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjie Chen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Lei Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Xiangou Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Guming Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Haoyan Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Yuxuan Qiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Honors College, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jialin Chen
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Siwei Cao
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Quanbin Cha
- Queen Mary University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (S.C.); (Q.C.)
| | - Tengjiao Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering (IBME), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi’an 710072, China; (J.C.); (L.W.); (X.X.); (G.L.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Ehrhardt D, Mangialetto J, Van Durme K, Van Mele B, Van den Brande N. UV Stability of Self-Healing Poly(methacrylate) Network Layers. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.109930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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13
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Mangialetto J, Gorissen K, Vermeersch L, Van Mele B, Van den Brande N, De Vleeschouwer F. Hydrogen-Bond-Assisted Diels–Alder Kinetics or Self-Healing in Reversible Polymer Networks? A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061961. [PMID: 35335324 PMCID: PMC8951177 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Diels–Alder (DA) cycloadditions in reversible polymer networks are important for designing sustainable materials with self-healing properties. In this study, the DA kinetics of hydroxyl-substituted bis- and tetrafunctional furans with bis- and tris-functional maleimides, both containing ether-functionalized spacers, is investigated by modelling two equilibria representing the endo and exo cycloadduct formation. Concretely, the potential catalysis of the DA reaction through hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl of the furans and carbonyl of the maleimides or ether of the spacers is experimentally and theoretically scrutinized. Initial reaction rates and forward DA rate constants are determined by microcalorimetry at 20 °C for a model series of reversible networks, extended with (i) a hydroxyl-free network and hydroxyl-free linear or branched systems, and (ii) polypropylene glycol additives, increasing the hydroxyl concentration. A computational density-functional theory study is carried out on the endo and exo cycloadditions of furan and maleimide derivatives, representative for the experimental ones, in the absence and presence of ethylene glycol as additive. Additionally, an ester-substituted furan was investigated as a hydroxyl-free system for comparison. Experiment and theory indicate that the catalytic effect of H-bonding is absent or very limited. While increased concentration of H-bonding could in theory catalyze the DA reaction, the experimental results rule out this supposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mangialetto
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
| | - Kiano Gorissen
- General Chemistry–Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Lise Vermeersch
- General Chemistry–Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.G.); (L.V.)
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (J.M.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
| | - Freija De Vleeschouwer
- General Chemistry–Algemene Chemie (ALGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (K.G.); (L.V.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Chitosan Hydrogels Based on the Diels-Alder Click Reaction: Rheological and Kinetic Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061202. [PMID: 35335533 PMCID: PMC8955920 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Diels–Alder reaction is recognized to generate highly selective and regiospecific cycloadducts. In this study, we carried out a rheological and kinetic study of N-furfuryl chitosan hydrogels based on the Diels–Alder click reaction with different poly(ethylene)glycol-maleimide derivatives in dilute aqueous acidic solutions. It was possible to prepare clear and transparent hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties. Applying the Winter and Chambon criterion the gel times were estimated at different temperatures, and the activation energy was calculated. The higher the temperature of gelation, the higher the reaction rate. The crosslinking density and the elastic properties seem to be controlled by the diffusion of the polymer segments, rather than by the kinetics of the reaction. An increase in the concentration of any of the two functional groups is accompanied by a higher crosslinking density regardless maleimide:furan molar ratio. The hydrogel showed an improvement in their mechanical properties as the temperature increases up to 70 °C. Above that, there is a drop in G’ values indicating that there is a process opposing to the Diels–Alder reaction, most likely the retro-Diels–Alder.
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15
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van den Tempel P, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Designing End-of-life Recyclable Polymers via Diels-Alder Chemistry: A Review on the Kinetics of Reversible Reactions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200023. [PMID: 35238107 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to critically assess the kinetic behaviour of the furan/maleimide Diels-Alder click reaction. The popularity of this reaction is evident and still continues to grow, which is likely attributed to its reversibility at temperatures above 100°C, and due to its bio-based "roots" in terms of raw materials. This chemistry has been used to form thermo-reversible crosslinks in polymer networks, and thus allows the polymer field to design strong, but also end-of-life recyclable thermosets and rubbers. In this context, the rate at which the forward reaction (Diels-Alder for crosslinking) and its reverse (retro Diels-Alder for de-crosslinking) proceed as function of temperature is of crucial importance in assessing the feasibility of the design in real-life products. Differences in kinetics based from various studies are not well understood, but are potentially caused by chemical side groups, mass transfer limitations, and on the analysis methods being employed. In this work we attempt to place all the relevant studies in perspective with respect to each other, and thereby offer a general guide on how to assess their recycling kinetics. This review sheds light on the kinetics on the furan/maleimide Diels-Alder reaction. This popular reaction opens up a path to develop end-of-life recyclable polymer networks with self-healing properties. The factors affecting reaction kinetics are discussed, and the importance of accurate reaction kinetics in the context of polymer reprocessing is highlighted. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul van den Tempel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Ranjita K Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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16
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Ji J, Yuan J, Wei Y. In situ observation of heterogeneous catalytic organic reactions via aggregation-induced emission luminogens. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1601-1604. [PMID: 35018923 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06706k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrated for the first time that customized aggregation-induced emission luminogens can be utilized to directly visualize heterogeneous catalytic organic reactions, which further enables catalyst screening. We used the retro-Diels-Alder reaction as a model reaction for illustration, and identified montmorillonite K10 as the best catalyst in our catalyst screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinying Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yen Wei
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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17
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Roels E, Terryn S, Iida F, Bosman AW, Norvez S, Clemens F, Van Assche G, Vanderborght B, Brancart J. Processing of Self-Healing Polymers for Soft Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104798. [PMID: 34610181 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots are, due to their softness, inherently safe and adapt well to unstructured environments. However, they are prone to various damage types. Self-healing polymers address this vulnerability. Self-healing soft robots can recover completely from macroscopic damage, extending their lifetime. For developing healable soft robots, various formative and additive manufacturing methods have been exploited to shape self-healing polymers into complex structures. Additionally, several novel manufacturing techniques, noted as (re)assembly binding techniques that are specific to self-healing polymers, have been created. Herein, the wide variety of processing techniques of self-healing polymers for robotics available in the literature is reviewed, and limitations and opportunities discussed thoroughly. Based on defined requirements for soft robots, these techniques are critically compared and validated. A strong focus is drawn to the reversible covalent and (physico)chemical cross-links present in the self-healing polymers that do not only endow healability to the resulting soft robotic components, but are also beneficial in many manufacturing techniques. They solve current obstacles in soft robots, including the formation of robust multi-material parts, recyclability, and stress relaxation. This review bridges two promising research fields, and guides the reader toward selecting a suitable processing method based on a self-healing polymer and the intended soft robotics application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Roels
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Seppe Terryn
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Fumiya Iida
- Machine Intelligence Lab, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ, UK
| | - Anton W Bosman
- SupraPolix B. V., Horsten 1.29, Eindhoven, 5612 AX, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Norvez
- Chimie Moléculaire, Macromoléculaire, Matériaux, École Supérieure de Physique et de Chimie (ESPCI), 10 Rue Vauquelin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Frank Clemens
- Laboratory for High Performance Ceramics, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Bram Vanderborght
- Brubotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB) and Imec, Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels, 1050, Belgium
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18
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Zhou Q, Sang Z, Rajagopalan KK, Sliozberg Y, Gardea F, Sukhishvili SA. Thermodynamics and Stereochemistry of Diels–Alder Polymer Networks: Role of Crosslinker Flexibility and Crosslinking Density. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Zhen Sang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Kartik Kumar Rajagopalan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Yelena Sliozberg
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Frank Gardea
- Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory South, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Svetlana A. Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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19
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Ehrhardt D, Mangialetto J, Van Durme K, Van Mele B, Van den Brande N. From Slow to Fast Self-Healing at Ambient Temperature of High-Modulus Reversible Poly(methacrylate) Networks. Single- and Dual-Dynamics and the Effect of Phase Separation. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Ehrhardt
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J. Mangialetto
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - K. Van Durme
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- DSM Advanced Solar, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - B. Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - N. Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Thys M, Brancart J, Van Assche G, Vendamme R, Van den Brande N. Reversible Lignin-Containing Networks Using Diels–Alder Chemistry. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Thys
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- 2Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Joost Brancart
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Vendamme
- 2Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- 1Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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21
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Hui E, Sumey JL, Caliari SR. Click-functionalized hydrogel design for mechanobiology investigations. MOLECULAR SYSTEMS DESIGN & ENGINEERING 2021; 6:670-707. [PMID: 36338897 PMCID: PMC9631920 DOI: 10.1039/d1me00049g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of click-functionalized hydrogels in recent years has coincided with rapid growth in the fields of mechanobiology, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Click chemistries represent a group of reactions that possess high reactivity and specificity, are cytocompatible, and generally proceed under physiologic conditions. Most notably, the high level of tunability afforded by these reactions enables the design of user-controlled and tissue-mimicking hydrogels in which the influence of important physical and biochemical cues on normal and aberrant cellular behaviors can be independently assessed. Several critical tissue properties, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, and biomolecule presentation, are known to regulate cell mechanobiology in the context of development, wound repair, and disease. However, many questions still remain about how the individual and combined effects of these instructive properties regulate the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing physiologic and pathologic processes. In this review, we discuss several click chemistries that have been adopted to design dynamic and instructive hydrogels for mechanobiology investigations. We also chart a path forward for how click hydrogels can help reveal important insights about complex tissue microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Hui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jenna L Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Steven R Caliari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, 102 Engineer's Way, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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22
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The Influence of the Furan and Maleimide Stoichiometry on the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Polymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13152522. [PMID: 34372124 PMCID: PMC8347837 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent work, the thermoreversible Diels–Alder reaction between furan and maleimide functional groups has been studied extensively in the context of self-healing elastomers and thermosets. To elaborate the influence of the stoichiometric ratio between the maleimide and furan reactive groups on the thermomechanical properties and viscoelastic behavior of formed reversible covalent polymer networks, a series of Diels–Alder-based networks with different stoichiometric ratios was synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and dynamic rheology measurements were performed on the reversible polymer networks, to relate the reversible network structure to the material properties and reactivity. Such knowledge allows the design and optimization of the thermomechanical behavior of the reversible networks for intended applications. Lowering the maleimide-to-furan ratio creates a deficit of maleimide functional groups, resulting in a decrease in the crosslink density of the system, and a consequent decrease in the glass transition temperature, Young’s modulus, and gel transition temperature. The excess of unreacted furan in the system results in faster reaction and healing kinetics and a shift of the reaction equilibrium.
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23
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Platonova E, Chechenov I, Pavlov A, Solodilov V, Afanasyev E, Shapagin A, Polezhaev A. Thermally Remendable Polyurethane Network Cross-Linked via Reversible Diels-Alder Reaction. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1935. [PMID: 34200958 PMCID: PMC8230680 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We prepared a series of thermally remendable and recyclable polyurethanes crosslinked via reversible furan-maleimide Diels-Alder reaction based on TDI end-caped branched Voranol 3138 terminated with difurfurylamine and 4,4'-bis(maleimido)diphenylmethane (BMI). We showed that Young modulus strongly depends on BMI content (from 8 to 250 MPa) that allows us to obtain materials of different elasticity as simple as varying BMI content. The ability of DA and retro-DA reactions between furan and maleimide to reversibly bind material components was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and recycle testing. All polymers obtained demonstrated high strengths and could be recovering without significant loss in mechanical properties for at least five reprocessing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Platonova
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Islam Chechenov
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
| | - Alexander Pavlov
- Laboratory for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Vavilova str., 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vitaliy Solodilov
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
- Laboratory of Reinforced Plastics, Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Egor Afanasyev
- Laboratory for Polymer Materials, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Vavilova str., 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Shapagin
- Laboratory of Structural and Morphological Investigations, Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leninsky Prospect 31, bld.4, 119071 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Polezhaev
- Laboratory of Functional Composite Materials, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 2nd Baumanskaya str., 5/1, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (E.P.); (I.C.); (V.S.)
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24
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Magli S, Rossi L, Consentino C, Bertini S, Nicotra F, Russo L. Combined Analytical Approaches to Standardize and Characterize Biomaterials Formulations: Application to Chitosan-Gelatin Cross-Linked Hydrogels. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050683. [PMID: 34062918 PMCID: PMC8147276 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol based on the combination of different analytical methodologies is proposed to standardize the experimental conditions for reproducible formulations of hybrid hydrogels. The final hybrid material, based on the combination of gelatin and chitosan functionalized with methylfuran and cross-linked with 4-arm-PEG-maleimide, is able to mimic role, dynamism, and structural complexity of the extracellular matrix. Physical-chemical properties of starting polymers and finals constructs were characterized exploiting the combination of HP-SEC-TDA, UV, FT-IR, NMR, and TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Magli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Consentino
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabrina Bertini
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0264483462
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25
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Orozco F, Niyazov Z, Garnier T, Migliore N, Zdvizhkov AT, Raffa P, Moreno-Villoslada I, Picchioni F, Bose RK. Maleimide Self-Reaction in Furan/Maleimide-Based Reversibly Crosslinked Polyketones: Processing Limitation or Potential Advantage? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082230. [PMID: 33924288 PMCID: PMC8069175 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymers crosslinked via furan/maleimide thermo-reversible chemistry have been extensively explored as reprocessable and self-healing thermosets and elastomers. For such applications, it is important that the thermo-reversible features are reproducible after many reprocessing and healing cycles. Therefore, side reactions are undesirable. However, we have noticed irreversible changes in the mechanical properties of such materials when exposing them to temperatures around 150 °C. In this work, we study whether these changes are due to the self-reaction of maleimide moieties that may take place at this rather low temperature. In order to do so, we prepared a furan-grafted polyketone crosslinked with the commonly used aromatic bismaleimide (1,1'-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide), and exposed it to isothermal treatments at 150 °C. The changes in the chemistry and thermo-mechanical properties were mainly studied by infrared spectroscopy, 1H-NMR, and rheology. Our results indicate that maleimide self-reaction does take place in the studied polymer system. This finding comes along with limitations over the reprocessing and self-healing procedures for furan/maleimide-based reversibly crosslinked polymers that present their softening (decrosslinking) point at relatively high temperatures. On the other hand, the side reaction can also be used to tune the properties of such polymer products via in situ thermal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Orozco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Zafarjon Niyazov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Timon Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Nicola Migliore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Alexander T. Zdvizhkov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Patrizio Raffa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Laboratorio de Polímeros, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile;
| | - Francesco Picchioni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
| | - Ranjita K. Bose
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Product Technology, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands; (F.O.); (Z.N.); (T.G.); (N.M.); (A.T.Z.); (P.R.); (F.P.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Mangialetto J, Verhelle R, Van Assche G, Van den Brande N, Van Mele B. Time-Temperature-Transformation, Temperature-Conversion-Transformation, and Continuous-Heating-Transformation Diagrams of Reversible Covalent Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mangialetto
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Robrecht Verhelle
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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27
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Ehrhardt D, Mangialetto J, Bertouille J, Van Durme K, Van Mele B, Van den Brande N. Self-Healing in Mobility-Restricted Conditions Maintaining Mechanical Robustness: Furan-Maleimide Diels-Alder Cycloadditions in Polymer Networks for Ambient Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112543. [PMID: 33143135 PMCID: PMC7692822 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two reversible polymer networks, based on Diels–Alder cycloadditions, are selected to discuss the opportunities of mobility-controlled self-healing in ambient conditions for which information is lacking in literature. The main methods for this study are (modulated temperature) differential scanning calorimetry, microcalorimetry, dynamic rheometry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and kinetic simulations. The reversible network 3M-3F630 is chosen to study the conceptual aspects of diffusion-controlled Diels–Alder reactions from 20 to 65 °C. Network formation by gelation is proven and above 30 °C gelled glasses are formed, while cure below 30 °C gives ungelled glasses. The slow progress of Diels–Alder reactions in mobility-restricted conditions is proven by the further increase of the system’s glass transition temperature by 24 °C beyond the cure temperature of 20 °C. These findings are employed in the reversible network 3M-F375PMA, which is UV-polymerized, starting from a Diels–Alder methacrylate pre-polymer. Self-healing of microcracks in diffusion-controlled conditions is demonstrated at 20 °C. De-gelation measurements show the structural integrity of both networks up to at least 150 °C. Moreover, mechanical robustness in 3M-F375PMA is maintained by the poly(methacrylate) chains to at least 120 °C. The self-healing capacity is simulated in an ambient temperature window between −40 and 85 °C, supporting its applicability as self-healing encapsulant in photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Ehrhardt
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.E.); (K.V.D.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
| | - Jessica Mangialetto
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.E.); (K.V.D.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Jolien Bertouille
- Organic Chemistry (ORGC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Kurt Van Durme
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.E.); (K.V.D.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
- DSM Advanced Solar, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.E.); (K.V.D.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science (FYSC), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium; (D.E.); (K.V.D.); (B.V.M.); (N.V.d.B.)
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A novel approach for the closure of large damage in self-healing elastomers using magnetic particles. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yadav VK, Prasad DL, Yadav A, Yadav K. On the solvent‐ and temperature‐driven stereoselectivity of the Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions of furan with maleic anhydride and maleimide. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.4131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, UIET CSJM University Kanpur India
| | - Kedar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur India
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30
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Self-healing UV-curable polymer network with reversible Diels-Alder bonds for applications in ambient conditions. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Lu C, Guo X, Wang C, Wang J, Chu F. Integration of metal-free ATRP and Diels-Alder reaction toward sustainable and recyclable cellulose-based thermoset elastomers. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 242:116404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Diels-Alder-based thermo-reversibly crosslinked polymers: Interplay of crosslinking density, network mobility, kinetics and stereoisomerism. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Li X, Becquart F, Taha M, Majesté JC, Chen J, Zhang S, Mignard N. Tuning the thermoreversible temperature domain of PTMC-based networks with thermosensitive links concentration. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2815-2828. [PMID: 32104829 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01882d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, thermoreversible poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) based networks with different crosslinking densities were obtained by Diels-Alder (DA) reaction between furan-functionalized PTMC precursors and a bismaleimide. Furan-grafted PTMC with various functionalities determined by 1H-NMR analyses were prepared from telechelic PTMC oligomer, glycerol, 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) (H12MDI) and furfuryl alcohol. The formation of network structures by DA reaction between furan and maleimide groups were proved by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Although both exo and endo DA adduct forms exist, the thermally more stable exo form dominates. The thermoreversibility of networks was evidenced by FT-IR, solubility, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and rheology experiments at different temperatures. By increasing furan functionality or node concentration, denser and stiffer networks could be formed with higher Young's modulus and true stress at break in tensile tests, as well as higher crossover temperature, which indicates a nominal transition from elastic behavior to viscous state. The disruption of networks was found to occur in high temperature ranges from 130 to 160 °C, depending on their crosslinking density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Université de Lyon, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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Carneiro de Oliveira J, Laborie MP, Roucoules V. Thermodynamic and Kinetic Study of Diels-Alder Reaction between Furfuryl Alcohol and N-Hydroxymaleimides-An Assessment for Materials Application. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020243. [PMID: 31936088 PMCID: PMC7024143 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of Diels–Alder reactions in materials science is of increasing interest. The main reason for that is the potential thermoreversibility of the reaction. Aiming to predict the behavior of a material modified with maleimido and furyl moieties, 1H NMR and UV-Vis solution studies of the Diels–Alder reaction between furfuryl alcohol and two N-hydroxymaleimides are explored in the present study. Rate constants, activation energy, entropy, and enthalpy of formation were determined from each technique for both reacting systems. Endo and exo isomers were distinguished in 1H NMR, and the transition from a kinetic, controlled Diels–Alder reaction to a thermodynamic one could be observed in the temperature range studied. A discussion on the effect of that on the application in a material was performed. The approach selected considers a simplified equilibrium of the Diels–Alder reaction as the kinetic model, allowing materials scientists to evaluate the suitability of using the reacting molecules for the creation of thermoresponsive materials. The proposed approach determines the kinetic constants without the direct influence of the equilibrium constant value, thereby allowing a more objective data analysis. The effects of the selection of kinetic model, analytical method, and data treatment are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamerson Carneiro de Oliveira
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; (J.C.d.O.); (M.-P.L.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marie-Pierre Laborie
- Chair of Forest Biomaterials, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany; (J.C.d.O.); (M.-P.L.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vincent Roucoules
- IS2M, UMR 7361, CNRS, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Correspondence:
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Yuan T, Zhang L, Li T, Tu R, Sodano HA. 3D Printing of a self-healing, high strength, and reprocessable thermoset. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00819b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A furan-maleimide based 3D printing ink for the fabrication of a self-healing and high strength thermoset with recycling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yuan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Tony Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Ruowen Tu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Henry A. Sodano
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
- Department of Aerospace Engineering
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36
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Han F, Shi Q, Zhang L, Liu B, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Jia R, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Stereoisomeric furan/maleimide adducts as latent monomers for one-shot sequence-controlled polymerization. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Two stereoisomeric latent monomers were used for one-shot sequence-controlled polymerization to create diverse sequence structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fufu Han
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Qiunan Shi
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Liuqiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Baolei Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Yajie Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Yang Gao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Rui Jia
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
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37
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Mangialetto J, Cuvellier A, Verhelle R, Brancart J, Rahier H, Van Assche G, Van den Brande N, Van Mele B. Diffusion- and Mobility-Controlled Self-Healing Polymer Networks with Dynamic Covalent Bonding. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Mangialetto
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Audrey Cuvellier
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Robrecht Verhelle
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Joost Brancart
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Hubert Rahier
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Guy Van Assche
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Niko Van den Brande
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
| | - Bruno Van Mele
- Physical Chemistry and Polymer Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050, Brussels
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Madl CM, Heilshorn SC. Rapid Diels-Alder Cross-linking of Cell Encapsulating Hydrogels. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019; 31:8035-8043. [PMID: 32410775 PMCID: PMC7224313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts in the design of hydrogel biomaterials have focused on better mimicking the native cellular microenvironment to direct cell fate. To simultaneously control multiple material parameters, several orthogonal chemistries may be needed. However, present strategies to prepare cell-encapsulating hydrogels make use of relatively few chemical reactions. To expand this chemical toolkit, we report the preparation of hydrogels based on a Diels-Alder reaction between fulvenes and maleimides with markedly improved gelation kinetics and hydrolytic stability. Fulvene-maleimide gels cross-link up to 10-times faster than other commonly used DA reaction pairs and remain stable for months under physiological conditions. Furthermore, fulvene-maleimide gels presenting relevant biochemical cues, such as cell-adhesive ligands and proteolytic degradability, support the culture of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Finally, this rapid DA reaction was combined with an orthogonal click reaction to demonstrate how the use of selective chemistries can provide new avenues to incorporate multiple functionalities in hydrogel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Madl
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Baxter Laboratory for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive CCSR 4215, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sarah C. Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Strachota B, Morand A, Dybal J, Matějka L. Control of Gelation and Properties of Reversible Diels-Alder Networks: Design of a Self-Healing Network. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060930. [PMID: 31141918 PMCID: PMC6630651 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible Diels-Alder (DA) type networks were prepared from furan and maleimide monomers of different structure and functionality. The factors controlling the dynamic network formation and their properties were discussed. Evolution of structure during both dynamic nonequilibrium and isothermal equilibrium network formation/breaking was followed by monitoring the modulus and conversion of the monomer. The gelation, postgel growth, and properties of the thermoreversible networks from tetrafunctional furan (F4) and different bismaleimides (M2) were controlled by the structure of the maleimide monomer. The substitution of maleimides with alkyl (hexamethylene bismaleimide), aromatic (diphenyl bismaleimide), and polyether substituents affects differently the kinetics and thermodynamics of the thermoreversible DA reaction, and thereby the formation of dynamic networks. The gel-point temperature was tuned in the range Tgel = 97-122 °C in the networks of the same functionality (F4-M2) with different maleimide structure. Theory of branching processes was used to predict the structure development during formation of the dynamic networks and the reasonable agreement with the experiment was achieved. The experimentally inaccessible information on the sol fraction in the reversible network was received by applying the theory. Based on the acquired results, the proper structure of a self-healing network was designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Strachota
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Adama Morand
- Sigma Clermont, Campus des Cezeaux, 63178 Aubiere, France.
| | - Jiří Dybal
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Libor Matějka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Coupling the Microscopic Healing Behaviour of Coatings to the Thermoreversible Diels-Alder Network Formation. COATINGS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While thermally reversible polymer network coatings based on the Diels-Alder reaction are widely studied, the mechanisms responsible for the heating-mediated healing of damage is still not well understood. The combination of microscopic evaluation techniques and fundamental insights for the thermoreversible network formation in the bulk and coating shed light on the mechanisms behind the damage healing events. The thermomechanical properties of thermoset and elastomer coatings, crosslinked by the furan-maleimide Diels-Alder cycloaddition reaction, were studied in bulk and compared to the thermal behaviour applied as coatings onto aluminium substrates. The damage sealing of thermoset (Tg = 79 °C) and elastomer (Tg = −49 °C) coatings were studied using nano-lithography and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The sealing event is studied and modelled at multiple temperatures and correlated to the changes in the network structure and corresponding thermomechanical properties.
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