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Fu X, Li Q, Li H, Xiao W, Xiao Z, Xu G, Chen D, Wu Z, Wang L. Nitrogen-Doped CoP-Co 2P-Supported Ru with Interconnected Channels through a Microwave Quasi-Solid Approach for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction over a Wide pH Range. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15477-15484. [PMID: 39105705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Transition-metal phosphides (TMPs) have attracted extensive attention in energy-related fields, especially for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, it is imperative to develop a facile and time-consuming approach to prepare metal phosphides with satisfactory catalytic performance. Herein, nitrogen-doped CoP-Co2P decorated with Ru (Ru/N-CoP-Co2P) is synthesized (Ru/N-CoP-Co2P) through a hydrothermal route and following an ultrafast and simple microwave avenue within 20 s. The achieved Ru/N-CoP-Co2P possesses an interconnected porous morphology to expose abundant active sites and accelerate the mass transport. Moreover, N doping and Ru-supported decorated Ru/N-CoP-Co2P also play a key role in promoting the electrocatalytic activity. Therefore, the as-designed Ru/N-CoP-Co2P presents good catalytic performance for the HER in a wide pH range. Ru/N-CoP-Co2P merely needs overpotentials of 63, 100, and 65 mV to obtain 10 mA cm-2 in acidic, alkaline, and seawater electrolytes. This research provides a novel and efficient strategy for the synthesis of TMPs with highly efficient catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Qichang Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Hongdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Xiao
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Guangrui Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Dehong Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Zexing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Chemical Engineering, Ministry of Education, International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering and Green Manufacturing, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, 266042 Qingdao, P. R. China
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2
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Zhou MH, Ao X, Islam M, Liu YY, Prolongo SG, Wang DY. Bio-based epoxy vitrimer with inherent excellent flame retardance and recyclability via molecular design. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129363. [PMID: 38244743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The development of biobased fire-safe thermosets with recyclability heralds the switch for a transition towards a circular economy. In this framework, we introduced a novel high-performance bio-epoxy vitrimer (named GVD), which was fabricated by forming a crosslinking network between bio-epoxy glycerol triglycidyl ether (Gte), varying amounts of reactive flame-retardant agent 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) (0-7 wt%) and a vanillin-based hardener (VA) with imine bonds. For instance, the epoxy vitrimer GVD5, featuring a DOPO content of 5 wt%, achieved a V-0 rating in the vertical burning test (UL-94) and obtained a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31 %, surpassing the performance of pristine epoxy. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of GVD5 were reduced by 38.2 % and 26.3 %, respectively, compared to pristine epoxy. The GVD vitrimers further demonstrated exceptional reprocessability and recyclability, attributed to the presence of dynamic imine bonds within the topological crosslinking network. Remarkably, the epoxy vitrimers maintained the mechanical properties of the parent epoxy. Therefore, this work provides a facile strategy for fabricating high-performance and multi-functional bio-epoxy thermosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xiang Ao
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Monsur Islam
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain; E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Calle profesor Aranguren 3, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González Prolongo
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Tecnologías para la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Calle Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - De-Yi Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain.
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3
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Davidson DJ, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Woollins JD, Westwood NJ. The Covalent Linking of Organophosphorus Heterocycles to Date Palm Wood-Derived Lignin: Hunting for New Materials with Flame-Retardant Potential. Molecules 2023; 28:7885. [PMID: 38067614 PMCID: PMC10707890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmentally acceptable and renewably sourced flame retardants are in demand. Recent studies have shown that the incorporation of the biopolymer lignin into a polymer can improve its ability to form a char layer upon heating to a high temperature. Char layer formation is a central component of flame-retardant activity. The covalent modification of lignin is an established technique that is being applied to the development of potential flame retardants. In this study, four novel modified lignins were prepared, and their char-forming abilities were assessed using thermogravimetric analysis. The lignin was obtained from date palm wood using a butanosolv pretreatment. The removal of the majority of the ester groups from this heavily acylated lignin was achieved via alkaline hydrolysis. The subsequent modification of the lignin involved the incorporation of an azide functional group and copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. These reactions enabled novel organophosphorus heterocycles to be linked to the lignin. Our preliminary results suggest that the modified lignins had improved char-forming activity compared to the controls. 31P and HSQC NMR and small-molecule X-ray crystallography were used to analyse the prepared compounds and lignins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Davidson
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Aidan P. McKay
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
| | - David B. Cordes
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
| | - J. Derek Woollins
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (D.J.D.); (A.P.M.); (J.D.W.)
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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4
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Davidson DJ, Lu F, Faas L, Dawson DM, Warren GP, Panovic I, Montgomery JRD, Ma X, Bosilkov BG, Slawin AMZ, Lebl T, Chatzifragkou A, Robinson S, Ashbrook SE, Shaw LJ, Lambert S, Van Damme I, Gomez LD, Charalampopoulos D, Westwood NJ. Organosolv Pretreatment of Cocoa Pod Husks: Isolation, Analysis, and Use of Lignin from an Abundant Waste Product. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:14323-14333. [PMID: 37799817 PMCID: PMC10548466 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c03670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa pod husks (CPHs) represent an underutilized component of the chocolate manufacturing process. While industry's current focus is understandably on the cocoa beans, the husks make up around 75 wt % of the fruit. Previous studies have been dominated by the carbohydrate polymers present in CPHs, but this work highlights the presence of the biopolymer lignin in this biomass. An optimized organosolv lignin isolation protocol was developed, delivering significant practical improvements. This new protocol may also prove to be useful for agricultural waste-derived biomasses in general. NMR analysis of the high quality lignin led to an improved structural understanding, with evidence provided to support deacetylation of the lignin occurring during the optimized pretreatment. Chemical transformation, using a tosylation, azidation, copper-catalyzed click protocol, delivered a modified lignin oligomer with an organophosphorus motif attached. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to demonstrate the oligomer's potential as a flame-retardant. Preliminary analysis of the other product streams isolated from the CPHs was also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Davidson
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Fei Lu
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Faas
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel M Dawson
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey P Warren
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Panovic
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - James R D Montgomery
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Boris G Bosilkov
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra M Z Slawin
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Lebl
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Afroditi Chatzifragkou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Robinson
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon E Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Liz J Shaw
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AB, United Kingdom
| | - Smilja Lambert
- Mars Wrigley Australia, Ring Road, Wendouree, VIC 3355, Australia
| | - Isabella Van Damme
- Mars Wrigley Confectionery UK Ltd., Slough, Berkshire, SL1 4LG, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo D Gomez
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, North Yorkshire, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitris Charalampopoulos
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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5
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Li J, Yan Z, Liu M, Han X, Lu T, Liu R, Zhao S, Lv Q, Li B, Zhao S, Wang H. Triple Silicon, Phosphorous, and Nitrogen-Grafted Lignin-Based Flame Retardant and Its Vulcanization Promotion for Styrene Butadiene Rubber. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:21549-21558. [PMID: 37360429 PMCID: PMC10286291 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an innovative environmental silicon-, phosphorus-, and nitrogen-triple lignin-based flame retardant (Lig-K-DOPO). Lig-K-DOPO was successfully prepared by condensation of lignin with flame retardant intermediate DOPO-KH550 synthesized via Atherton-Todd reaction between 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and γ-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (KH550A). The presence of silicon, phosphate, and nitrogen groups was characterized by FTIR, XPS, and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Lig-K-DOPO exhibited advanced thermal stability compared with pristine lignin supported by TGA analysis. The curing characteristic measurement showed that addition of Lig-K-DOPO promoted the curing rate and crosslink density to styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). Moreover, the cone calorimetry results indicated Lig-K-DOPO conferred impressive flame retardancy and smoke suppression. The addition of 20 phr Lig-K-DOPO reduced SBR blends 19.1% peak heat release rate (PHRR), 13.2% total heat release (THR), 53.2% smoke production rate (SPR), and 45.7% peak smoke production rate (PSPR). This strategy provides insights into multifunctional additives and greatly extends the comprehensive utilization of industrial lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxing Li
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zepei Yan
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Tianyun Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Ruiyin Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Shugao Zhao
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qing Lv
- Jiangyin
Haida Rubber and Plastic Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214424, China
| | - Bo Li
- Jiangyin
Haida Rubber and Plastic Co., Ltd., Jiangyin 214424, China
| | - Shengqin Zhao
- Chair
of Composite Engineering (CCe), Technische
Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern 67663, Germany
| | - He Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial
Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
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6
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Mo B, Li Z, Peng J, Chen C. Novel lignin-supported copper complex as a highly efficient and recyclable nanocatalyst for Ullmann reaction. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124263. [PMID: 37004929 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared polyhydroxylated lignin by demethylation and hydroxylation of lignin, and grafted phosphorus-containing groups by nucleophilic substitution reaction, the resulting material could be used as a carrier for the preparation of heterogeneous Cu-based catalysts (PHL-CuI-OPR2). The optimal PHL-CuI-OPtBu2 catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, TGA, BET, XRD, SEM-EDS, ICP-OES, XPS. The catalytic performance of PHL-CuI-OPtBu2 in the Ullmann CN coupling reaction was evaluated using iodobenzene and nitroindole as model substrates under nitrogen atmosphere with DME and H2O as cosolvent at 95 °C for 24 h. The applicability of modified lignin-supported copper catalyst was investigated of various aryl/heteroaryl halides with indoles under optimal conditions, the corresponding products were obtained with high yield. Additionally, it could be easily recovered from the reaction medium by an easy centrifugation and washing.
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7
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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8
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Lee J, Jang D, Yang I, Jo SM, Lee S. Effect of phosphorylated lignin on flame retardancy of polypropylene‐based composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jung‐Hun Lee
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Dawon Jang
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Yang
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Mu Jo
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Lee
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Wanju‐gun Republic of Korea
- Department of Quantum System Engineering Jeonbuk National University Jeonju Republic of Korea
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9
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He T, Chen F, Zhu W, Yan N. Functionalized lignin nanoparticles for producing mechanically strong and tough flame-retardant polyurethane elastomers. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 209:1339-1351. [PMID: 35460757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a strong interest in developing environmentally friendly synthesis approaches for making polyurethane elastomers (PUE) with desirable mechanical performance and flame retardancy suitable for a variety of applications. Hence, in this study, a novel nano functionalized lignin nanoparticle (Nano-FL) containing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) moieties was developed via mild grafting reactions combined with the ultrasound method. The Nano-FL incorporated in the PUE acted as both crosslinking agents and flame retardants. The novel Nano-FL showed good compatibility and dispersibility in the PUE matrix, thereby overcoming the weakening effect of adding traditional lignin flame retardants on the mechanical properties of the PUE materials. PUE/Nano-FL exhibited strong tensile properties. Compared with control neat PUE, with 10 wt% of Nano-FL addition, the PUE attained a limiting oxygen index as high as 29.8% and it also passed the UL-94 V-0 rating. Furthermore, Cone Calorimetry Test (CCT) showed that the addition of Nano-FL not only reduced the heat release rate and the total heat release but also decreased the total smoke production rate during combustion. The char residues of PUEs with Nano-FL showed a high oxidation resistance with dense and continuous structural morphologies. The combined barrier and quenching effects of the char layer provided excellent flame retardancy performance. The novel Nano-FL developed in this study showed excellent promises as green functional additives for enhancing mechanical, thermal and flame retardancy performance of a wide range of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian He
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada
| | - Fangeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China.
| | - Wenxiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulping and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China
| | - Ning Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B3, Canada.
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10
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Khan RJ, Lau CY, Guan J, Lam CH, Zhao J, Ji Y, Wang H, Xu J, Lee DJ, Leu SY. Recent advances of lignin valorization techniques toward sustainable aromatics and potential benchmarks to fossil refinery products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126419. [PMID: 34838966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic compounds are important fuels and key chemical precursors for organic synthesis, however the current aromatics market are mainly relying on fossil resources which will eventually contribute to carbon emissions. Lignin has been recognized as a drop-in substitution to conventional aromatics, with its values gradually realized after tremendous research efforts in the recent five years. To facilitate the development of a possible lignin economics, this study overviewed the recent advances of various biorefinery techniques and the remaining challenging for lignin valorization. Starting with recent discovery of unexplored lignin structures, the potential functions of lignin related chemical structures were emphasized. The important breakthrough of lignin-first pretreatment, catalytic lignin depolymerization, and the high value products with possible benchmark with modern aromatics were reviewed with possible future targets. Possible retrofit of conventional petroleum refinery for lignin products were also introduced and hopefully paving a way to progressively migrate the industry towards carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Jalil Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Yin Lau
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jianyu Guan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Ji
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Huaimin Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yuan Leu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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11
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Du W, Zhang Z, Yin C, Ge X, Shi L. Preparation of shape memory polyurethane/modified cellulose nanocrystals composites with balanced comprehensive performances. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weining Du
- Research Department of Fire Resistant Material Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management Chengdu China
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Zejiang Zhang
- Research Department of Fire Resistant Material Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management Chengdu China
| | - Chaolu Yin
- Research Department of Fire Resistant Material Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management Chengdu China
| | - Xinguo Ge
- Research Department of Fire Resistant Material Sichuan Fire Research Institute of Ministry of Emergency Management Chengdu China
| | - Liangjie Shi
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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12
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Zhang C, Zhang J, Liu B, Liu B, Wang Q, Hu W, Zhao W, Liu B, Sun Z, Zhang N. Lignin doped epoxy acrylate sandwich electromagnetic shielding material synergized with Fe3O4 and CNT. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2021.1929286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Biying Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Bairun Liu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Qiunan Wang
- Changchun Kinwa High Technology Co. Ltd, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
- College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Baijun Liu
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Niaona Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, P.R. China
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13
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Zhou Y, Lin Y, Tawiah B, Sun J, Yuen RKK, Fei B. DOPO-Decorated Two-Dimensional MXene Nanosheets for Flame-Retardant, Ultraviolet-Protective, and Reinforced Polylactide Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:21876-21887. [PMID: 33939405 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c05587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a novel and facile strategy for fabricating fire-resistant, ultraviolet (UV)-shielding, and tensile-enhanced polylactide (PLA) composites using two-dimensional (2D) MXene (Ti3C2) flakes chemically modified with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The thermal and burning performances of PLA composites were demonstrated by the limiting oxygen index, UL-94 test, and cone calorimetry. The UV-shielding and tensile performances were also examined. The results revealed that PLA/Ti3C2-DOPO (3 wt %) displayed a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. The enhancement against fire hazard was reflected by the significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (33.7%), total heat release (47%), peak CO production (58.8%), and total smoke production (41.7%). The improved fire-safety performance of the composites is attributed to the interplay of catalytic, barrier, and condensed effects of the Ti3C2-DOPO nanosheets in the PLA matrix. PLA/Ti3C2-DOPO also showed an increase (∼9%) in tensile strength and an "Excellent" level (UPF 50+) in the UV-protection assessment. In all, this study introduces a novel chemical modification strategy for 2D MXene flakes to fabricate multifunctional PLA composites, which are promising candidates for next-generation sustainable and protective plastic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zhou
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology (MNMT-Dublin), School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin D04 KW52, Ireland
| | - Yichao Lin
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
| | - Benjamin Tawiah
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Industrial Art (Textiles), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi 00000, Ghana
| | - Jun Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Richard K K Yuen
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Bin Fei
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China
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14
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Ko HS, Lee S, Jho JY. Synthesis and Modification of Hydroxyapatite Nanofiber for Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites with Enhanced Mechanical Strength and Bioactivity. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:213. [PMID: 33467645 PMCID: PMC7829994 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To enhance the bioactivity of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), a potential bone repair material, without the lowering of mechanical strength, hydroxyapatite (HA) was introduced in the form of nanofibers as the filler for application in spinal implant materials. HA nanofibers (HANF) with aspect ratio as high as ~100 were synthesized by controlling the starting pH of the reaction. While the tensile and flexural strength of PLA/HANF composites were enhanced compared with those of PLA resin, and were higher for the composites with HANF of higher aspect ratio. To further strengthen the composites, HANF was grafted with PLA chain to form HANF-g-PLA, which could improve the interface between the HANF and matrix PLA. PLA/HANF-g-PLA composites showed even higher tensile and flexural strength than PLA/HANF composites, apparently due to the better dispersion and interfacial adhesion. The composite containing 10 wt% HANF-g-PLA showed the flexural strength of 124 MPa, which was 25% higher than that of PLA resin. In the bioactivity test using a simulated body fluid solution, the rate and uniformity of the apatite growth were observed to be higher for the composites with HANF, and were even higher for those with HANF-g-PLA. This study suggested the possibility of using the PLA/HANF-g-PLA composite in the field of spinal implant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jae Young Jho
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; (H.-S.K.); (S.L.)
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15
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Vahabi H, Brosse N, Latif NA, Fatriasari W, Solihat N, Hashim R, Hazwan Hussin M, Laoutid F, Saeb M. Nanolignin in materials science and technology— does flame retardancy matter? BIOPOLYMERIC NANOMATERIALS 2021:515-559. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-824364-0.00003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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16
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Podkościelna B, Wnuczek K, Goliszek M, Klepka T, Dziuba K. Flammability Tests and Investigations of Properties of Lignin-Containing Polymer Composites Based on Acrylates. Molecules 2020; 25:E5947. [PMID: 33334041 PMCID: PMC7765523 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper flammability tests and detailed investigations of lignin-containing polymer composites' properties are presented. Composites were obtained using bisphenol A glycerolate (1 glycerol/phenol) diacrylate (BPA.GDA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and kraft lignin (lignin alkali, L) during UV curing. In order to evaluate the influence of lignin modification and the addition of flame retardant compounds on the thermal resistance of the obtained biocomposites, flammability tests have been conducted. After the modification with phosphoric acid (V) lignin, as well as diethyl vinylphosphonate, were used as flame retardant additives. The changes in the chemical structures (ATR-FTIR), as well as the influence of the different additives on the hardness, thermal (TG) and mechanical properties were discussed in detail. The samples after the flammability test were also studied to assess their thermal destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Podkościelna
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Krystyna Wnuczek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
| | - Marta Goliszek
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland; (K.W.); (M.G.)
- Analytical Laboratory, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klepka
- Department of Technology and Polymer Processing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 36, 20-618 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Kamil Dziuba
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie-Sklodowska Sq. 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland;
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17
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Hajibeygi M, Habibnejad N, Shabanian M, Khonakdar HA. Fabrication and study of thermal and combustion resistance of
DOPO
‐functionalized polyamide reinforced with organo‐modified Mg(
OH
)
2
nanoparticles. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meisam Shabanian
- Faculty of Chemistry and Petrochemical Engineering Standard Research Institute (SRI) Karaj Iran
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18
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Guo Y, Cheng C, Huo T, Ren Y, Liu X. Highly effective flame retardant lignin/polyacrylonitrile composite prepared via solution blending and phosphorylation. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Liao JJ, Latif NHA, Trache D, Brosse N, Hussin MH. Current advancement on the isolation, characterization and application of lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:985-1024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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Gao C, Zhou L, Yao S, Qin C, Fatehi P. Phosphorylated kraft lignin with improved thermal stability. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1642-1652. [PMID: 32795583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The low cost, environmental friendliness, and reproducibility of kraft lignin (KL) make it a potential candidate for the development of new green material. The phosphorylation of KL can extend its application as a flame-retardant material. Herein, the phosphorylated kraft lignin (PKL) was systematically fabricated in a sustainable process by utilizing a green phosphating reagent, NH4H2PO4, in the presence of urea. The influence of the reaction parameters, i.e., reaction time and temperature, and NH4H2PO4/lignin ratio on the phosphorylation process were investigated. Advanced characterization techniques including 1H NMR, 31P NMR, and XPS confirmed that the phosphorus groups were successfully introduced to lignin molecules. The active phenolic and aliphatic hydroxy groups of kraft lignin underwent a nucleophilic substitution reaction with the phosphate group to generate phosphorylated lignin. Compared with KL, PKL showed excellent thermal stability, and its maximum decomposition temperature was 620 °C compared with 541 °C for KL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Gao
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China; Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Long Zhou
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- Department of Light Industrial and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada.
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21
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Zhang X, Zhang W, Zhang W, Yang R. Enhanced mechanical and flame retardancy properties of vinyl ester resin systems with the synthesis of two flame retardants with vinyl group. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing China
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22
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Vahabi H, Rastin H, Movahedifar E, Antoun K, Brosse N, Saeb MR. Flame Retardancy of Bio-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities and Challenges. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1234. [PMID: 32485825 PMCID: PMC7361950 DOI: 10.3390/polym12061234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustainable polymers are emerging fast and have received much more attention in recent years compared to petro-sourced polymers. However, they inherently have low-quality properties, such as poor mechanical properties, and inadequate performance, such as high flammability. In general, two methods have been considered to tackle such drawbacks: (i) reinforcement of sustainable polymers with additives; and (ii) modification of chemical structure by architectural manipulation so as to modify polymers for advanced applications. Development and management of bio-based polyurethanes with flame-retardant properties have been at the core of attention in recent years. Bio-based polyurethanes are currently prepared from renewable, bio-based sources such as vegetable oils. They are used in a wide range of applications including coatings and foams. However, they are highly flammable, and their further development is dependent on their flame retardancy. The aim of the present review is to investigate recent advances in the development of flame-retardant bio-based polyurethanes. Chemical structures of bio-based flame-retardant polyurethanes have been studied and explained from the point of view of flame retardancy. Moreover, various strategies for improving the flame retardancy of bio-based polyurethanes as well as reactive and additive flame-retardant solutions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Hadi Rastin
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran;
| | - Karina Antoun
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Nicolas Brosse
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, LERMAB, F-54000 Nancy, France; (K.A.); (N.B.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran 16765-654, Iran
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23
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Zhou W, Hao SJ, Feng GD, Jia PY, Ren XL, Zhang M, Zhou YH. Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Modified by Tung Oil-Based Polyol and Flame-Retardant Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E119. [PMID: 31948034 PMCID: PMC7023429 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although tung oil is renewable, with an abundant production and low price in China, and it is used to synthesize different polyols for rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), it remains a challenge to improve the properties of RPUF by redesigning the formula. Therefore, we propose four novel compounds to strengthen the properties of RPUF, such as the catalyst-free synthesis of tung oil-based polyol (PTOK), aluminum phosphate micro-capsule (AM), silica micro-capsule (SiM), and grafted epoxidized monoglyceride of tung oil on the surface of SiO2 (SiE), which were designed and introduced into the RPUF. Because of the PTOK with a catalytic function, the foaming process of some RPUF samples was catalyst-free. The results show that the incorporation of AM, SiM, and SiE, respectively, endow RPUF with a better thermal stability at a high temperature, and the T5%, Tmax1, and Tmax2 of RPUF appeared to be reduced, however, the Tmax3 and residue rate at 800 °C were improved, which may have a positive effect on the extension of the rescue time in case of fire, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value was increased to 22.6%. The formula, containing 25% PTOK made the RPUF environment-friendly. The results were obtained by comparing the pore size and mechanical properties of the RPUF-the AM had a better dispersion in the foam, and the foam obtained a better mechanical, thermal, and flame retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Shu-Jie Hao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Guo-Dong Feng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pu-You Jia
- Key Lab of Biomass Energy and Materials, Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ren
- Key Lab of Forest Chemical Engineering, SFA, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
| | - Yong-Hong Zhou
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Nanjing 210042, China; (W.Z.); (Y.-H.Z.)
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24
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Wang H, Li S, Yuan Y, Liu X, Sun T, Wu Z. Study of the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio on thermal properties, cryogenic mechanical properties, and liquid oxygen compatibility of the bisphenol A epoxy resin containing phosphorus. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008319871340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin is successfully prepared by changing the epoxy/amine equivalent ratio (SR) of a phosphorus-containing epoxy resin. The liquid oxygen impact test results showed that the modified resin was compatible with liquid oxygen only when the SR was 0.8. The mechanical properties at 90 K showed that the strain energy and impact toughness reached the maximum when the SR was 0.8, which suggested that the reduced rigidity might be beneficial to improve the liquid oxygen compatibility of the polymer. The thermomechanical and thermal results showed that the cross-linking density and thermal stability was proportional to SR. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the P=O group in the resin decomposed into phosphoric oxidative solids and P–N intermediates to inhibit the resin from decomposing and contacting with liquid oxygen during impact. Overall, this study provides a new idea for the design of liquid oxygen-compatible epoxy resin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Shichao Li
- College of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Yuhuan Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Zhanjun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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