1
|
Chavda VP, Balar PC, Bezbaruah R, Vaghela DA, Rynjah D, Bhattacharjee B, Sugandhi VV, Paiva-Santos AC. Nanoemulsions: Summary of a Decade of Research and Recent Advances. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2024; 19:519-536. [PMID: 38293801 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2023-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions consist of a combination of several components such as oil, water, emulsifiers, surfactants and cosurfactants. Various techniques for producing nanoemulsions include high-energy and low-energy approaches such as high-pressure homogenization, microfluidization, jet disperser and phase inversion methods. The properties of a formulation can be influenced by elements such as the composition, concentration, size and charge of droplets, which in turn can affect the technique of manufacture. Characterization is conducted by the assessment of several factors such as physical properties, pH analysis, viscosity measurement and refractive index determination. This article offers a thorough examination of the latest developments in nanoemulsion technology, with a focus on their wide-ranging applications and promising future possibilities. It also discusses the administration of nanoemulsions through several methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India, 380009
| | - Pankti C Balar
- Pharmacy Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India, 380009
| | - Rajashri Bezbaruah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science & Engineering, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786004, India
- Institute of Pharmacy, Assam Medical College & Hospital, Dibrugarh, Assam, 786002, India
| | - Dixa A Vaghela
- Pharmacy Section, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, India, 380009
| | - Damanbhalang Rynjah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science - Tezpur, Sonitpur, Assam, 784501, India
| | - Bedanta Bhattacharjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Girijananda Chowdhury Institute of Pharmaceutical Science - Tezpur, Sonitpur, Assam, 784501, India
| | - Vrashabh V Sugandhi
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences St. John's University, New York, 11439, USA
| | - Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 3000-370
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, 3000-548
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Borghei YS, Hosseinkhani S, Ganjali MR. "Plasmonic Nanomaterials": An emerging avenue in biomedical and biomedical engineering opportunities. J Adv Res 2022; 39:61-71. [PMID: 35777917 PMCID: PMC9263747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmonic nanomaterials asnoble metal-based materials have unique optical characteristic upon exposure to incident light with an appropriate wavelength. Today, generated plasmon by nanoparticles has receivedincreasingattention in nanomedicine; from diagnosis, tissue and tumor imaging to therapeutic and biomedical engineering. AIM OF REVIEW Due to rapid growing of knowledge in the inorganic nanomaterial field, this paper aims to be a comprehensive and authoritative, critical, and broad interest to the scientific community. Here, we introduce basic physicochemical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical and tissue engineering The first part of each division explain the basic physico-chemical properties of each nanomaterial with a graphical abstract. In the second part, concepts by describing classic examples taken from the biomedical and biomedical engineering literature are illustrated. The selected case studies are intended to give an overview of the different systems and mechanisms utilized in nanomedicine. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this communication, we have tried to introduce the needed concepts of plasmonic nanomaterials and their implication in a particular part of biomedical over the last 20 years. Moreover, in each part with insist on limitations, a perspective is presented which can guide a researcher how they can develop or modify new scaffolds for biomedical engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman-Sadat Borghei
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saman Hosseinkhani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Andreou C, Weissleder R, Kircher MF. Multiplexed imaging in oncology. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:527-540. [PMID: 35624151 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00891-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In oncology, technologies for clinical molecular imaging are used to diagnose patients, establish the efficacy of treatments and monitor the recurrence of disease. Multiplexed methods increase the number of disease-specific biomarkers that can be detected simultaneously, such as the overexpression of oncogenic proteins, aberrant metabolite uptake and anomalous blood perfusion. The quantitative localization of each biomarker could considerably increase the specificity and the accuracy of technologies for clinical molecular imaging to facilitate granular diagnoses, patient stratification and earlier assessments of the responses to administered therapeutics. In this Review, we discuss established techniques for multiplexed imaging and the most promising emerging multiplexing technologies applied to the imaging of isolated tissues and cells and to non-invasive whole-body imaging. We also highlight advances in radiology that have been made possible by multiplexed imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hanna J, Yücel YH, Zhou X, Kim N, Irving H, Gupta N. Beta-adrenergic glaucoma drugs reduce lymphatic clearance from the eye: A sequential photoacoustic imaging study. Exp Eye Res 2021; 212:108775. [PMID: 34599970 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2021.108775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Our study aims to determine whether the beta-adrenergic system is involved in the regulation of lymphatic drainage from the eye. For this purpose, we assessed the effect of 2 topical beta-adrenergic blockers, timolol and betaxolol, commonly used as glaucoma drugs, on lymphatic clearance of albumin from the aqueous humor to neck lymph nodes. Adult mice were treated with either topical timolol, a non-selective β-blocker, 0.5% (n = 8), or topical betaxolol, a selective β1-adrenergic blocker, 0.5% (n = 6) twice daily for 14 days and compared to respective control groups (n = 5 and n = 7). Changes in lymphatic clearance from the eye were assessed using a quantitative in vivo photoacoustic imaging approach. In all subjects, right eye and neck lymph nodes were longitudinally assessed by sequential photoacoustic imaging just prior to near-infrared dye injection into the anterior chamber of the eye, and 20 min, 2 and 4 h after injection. Repeat measurements of mean pixel intensities (MPIs) of right eyes and nodes were performed at all timepoints. The areas under the curves (AUC) were calculated and the AUC of the treated-group was compared to that of controls using the Mann-Whitney U test. The slopes of MPI of each region of interest over time were compared using the linear mixed model after adjusting for IOP decrease after treatment and other parameters such as sex and body weight. In the timolol-treated group, right neck nodes showed significant decrease in AUC signal intensity compared with controls (P = 0.003), and significant decrease in slope of MPI compared with controls (P = 0.0025). In the betaxolol-treated group, right neck nodes showed significant decrease in AUC signal intensity compared with controls (P = 0.02), and significant decrease in slope of MPI compared with controls (P = 0.0069). Topical treatment with timolol and betaxolol reduced lymphatic clearance of albumin from the aqueous humor to the neck lymph nodes. This finding may be relevant for the management of secondary glaucomas and inflammatory eye disease in which the clearance of accumulated proteins and antigen from the eye is important to disease recovery and sight protection. This study suggests that the beta-adrenergic system plays a role in the regulation of lymphatic clearance from the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Hanna
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yeni H Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael's Hospital, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xun Zhou
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nayeon Kim
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyacinth Irving
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Glaucoma and Nerve Protection Unit, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu Y, Zeng F, Zhao Y, Wu S. Emerging contrast agents for multispectral optoacoustic imaging and their biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7924-7940. [PMID: 34114588 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00358e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Optoacoustic imaging is a hybrid biomedical imaging modality which collects ultrasound waves generated via photoexciting contrast agents in tissues and produces images of high resolution and penetration depth. As a functional optoacoustic imaging technique, multispectral optoacoustic imaging, which can discriminate optoacoustic signals from different contrast agents by illuminating samples with multi-wavelength lasers and then processing the collected data with specific algorithms, assists in the identification of a specific contrast agent in target tissues and enables simultaneous molecular and physiological imaging. Moreover, multispectral optoacoustic imaging can also generate three-dimensional images for biological tissues/samples with high resolution and thus holds great potential in biomedical applications. Contrast agents play essential roles in optoacoustic imaging, and they have been widely explored and applied as probes and sensors in recent years, leading to the emergence of a variety of new contrast agents. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest advances in emerging contrast agents, especially the activatable ones which can respond to specific biological stimuli, as well as their preclinical and clinical applications. We highlight their design strategies, discuss the challenges and prospects in multispectral optoacoustic imaging, and outline the possibility of applying it in clinical translation and public health services using synthetic contrast agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinglong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, College of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roberts S, Khera E, Choi C, Navaratna T, Grimm J, Thurber GM, Reiner T. Optoacoustic Imaging of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor with a Near-Infrared Exendin-4 Analog. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:839-848. [PMID: 33097631 PMCID: PMC8729860 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.252262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Limitations in current imaging tools have long challenged the imaging of small pancreatic islets in animal models. Here, we report the first development and in vivo validation testing of a broad-spectrum and high-absorbance near-infrared optoacoustic contrast agent, E4x12-Cy7. Our near-infrared tracer is based on the amino acid sequence of exendin-4 and targets the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). Cell assays confirmed that E4x12-Cy7 has a high-binding affinity (dissociation constant, Kd, 4.6 ± 0.8 nM). Using the multispectral optoacoustic tomography, we imaged E4x12-Cy7 and optoacoustically visualized β-cell insulinoma xenografts in vivo for the first time. In the future, similar optoacoustic tracers that are specific for β-cells and combines optoacoustic and fluorescence imaging modalities could prove to be important tools for monitoring the pancreas for the progression of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Eshita Khera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Crystal Choi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tejas Navaratna
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jan Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Program of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Pharmacology Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; and
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cardinell K, Gupta N, Koivisto BD, Kumaradas JC, Zhou X, Irving H, Luciani P, Yücel YH. A novel photoacoustic-fluorescent contrast agent for quantitative imaging of lymphatic drainage. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2021; 21:100239. [PMID: 33520651 PMCID: PMC7820935 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2021.100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In vivo near-infrared (NIR) photoacoustic imaging (PAI) studies using novel contrast agents require validation, often via fluorescence imaging. Bioconjugation of NIR dyes to proteins is a versatile platform to obtain contrast agents for specific biomedical applications. Nonfluorescent NIR dyes with higher photostability present advantages for quantitative PAI, compared to most fluorescent NIR dyes. However, they don't provide a fluorescence signal required for fluorescence imaging. Here, we designed a hybrid PA-fluorescent contrast agent by conjugating albumin with a NIR nonfluorescent dye (QC-1) and a visible spectrum fluorescent dye, a BODIPY derivative. The new hybrid tracer QC-1/BSA/BODIPY (QBB) had a low minimum detectable concentration (2.5μM), a steep linear range (2.4-54.4 μM; slope 3.39 E -5), and high photostability. Tracer signal was measured in vivo using PAI to quantify its drainage from eye to the neck and its localization in the neck lymph node was validated with postmortem fluorescence imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Cardinell
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neeru Gupta
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Glaucoma Unit, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan D. Koivisto
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J. Carl Kumaradas
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xun Zhou
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hyacinth Irving
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paola Luciani
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yeni H. Yücel
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Technology (iBEST), St. Michael’s Hospital, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architectural Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Corresponding author at: Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond Street, 209 LKSKI Room 409, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1W8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nicolson F, Kircher MF. Theranostics: Agents for Diagnosis and Therapy. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00040-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
|
9
|
Pirovano G, Roberts S, Kossatz S, Reiner T. Optical Imaging Modalities: Principles and Applications in Preclinical Research and Clinical Settings. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1419-1427. [PMID: 32764124 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.238279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With the ability to noninvasively image and monitor molecular processes within tumors, molecular imaging represents a fundamental tool for cancer scientists. In the current review, we describe emergent optical technologies for molecular imaging. We aim to provide the reader with an overview of the fundamental principles on which each imaging strategy is based, to introduce established and future applications, and to provide a rationale for selecting optical technologies for molecular imaging depending on disease location, biology, and anatomy. To accelerate clinical translation of imaging techniques, we also describe examples of practical applications in patients. Elevating these techniques into standard-of-care tools will transform patient stratification, disease monitoring, and response evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Pirovano
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Central Institute for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York .,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; and.,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Photoacoustic Imaging Probes Based on Tetrapyrroles and Related Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093082. [PMID: 32349297 PMCID: PMC7247687 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a rapidly evolving field in molecular imaging that enables imaging in the depths of ultrasound and with the sensitivity of optical modalities. PAI bases on the photoexcitation of a chromophore, which converts the absorbed light into thermal energy, causing an acoustic pressure wave that can be captured with ultrasound transducers, in generating an image. For in vivo imaging, chromophores strongly absorbing in the near-infrared range (NIR; > 680 nm) are required. As tetrapyrroles have a long history in biomedical applications, novel tetrapyrroles and inspired mimics have been pursued as potentially suitable contrast agents for PAI. The goal of this review is to summarize the current state of the art in PAI applications using tetrapyrroles and related macrocycles inspired by it, highlighting those compounds exhibiting strong NIR-absorption. Furthermore, we discuss the current developments of other absorbers for in vivo photoacoustic (PA) applications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gorain B, Choudhury H, Nair AB, Dubey SK, Kesharwani P. Theranostic application of nanoemulsions in chemotherapy. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1174-1188. [PMID: 32344042 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theranostics has the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancer, where novel drug delivery systems could be used to detect the disease at an early stage with instantaneous treatment. Various preclinical approaches of nanoemulsions with entrapped contrast and chemotherapeutic agents have been documented to act specifically on the tumor microenvironment (TME) for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. However, bringing these theranostic nanoemulsions through preclinical trials to patients requires several fundamental hurdles to be overcome, including the in vivo behavior of the delivery tool, degradation, and clearance from the system, as well as long-term toxicities. Here, we discuss recent advances in the application of nanoemulsions in molecular imaging with simultaneous therapeutic efficacy in a single delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Hira Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Jalan Jalil Perkasa, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Long YT, Meade TJ. Advances in optical and electrochemical techniques for biomedical imaging. Chem Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0sc90119a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Yi-Tao Long and Thomas J. Meade introduce the Chemical Science retrospective themed collection on advances in optical and electrochemical techniques for biomedical imaging.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang S, Qi L, Li X, Liu J, Huang S, Wu J, Liu R, Feng Y, Feng Q, Chen W. Photoacoustic imaging of living mice enhanced with a low-cost contrast agent. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:5744-5754. [PMID: 31799044 PMCID: PMC6865121 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.005744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the advantages of photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is that its image contrast may come from exogenous agents. Such advantage leads to the development of a great number of exogenous probes. However, the biosafety of most of these contrast agents has not yet been confirmed, thus hindering their clinical translation. In this work, we report on the utilization of a clinically commonly used nutritional medicine, the Intralipid, as a new contrast agent for photoacoustic imaging. Intralipid consists of soybean oil, lecithin and glycerin and has long been adapted in clinical practices, mainly as a parenteral nutrition. In our study, we found that with Intralipid, the imaging sensitivity of PAI can be effectively enhanced, as demonstrated in in vivo imaging of different organs of nude mice. Further imaging studies on cancerous mice showed not only a twofold PA signal enhancement, but also a strong and long-lasting signal aggregation in the tumor region. Our result revealed the potential of Intralipid to be used in clinical PAI applications, since it is clinically safe, and can be easily prepared at very low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Li Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Xipan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shixian Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Ruiyuan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yanqiu Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Qianjin Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Wufan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Image Processing, School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang J, Wu Y, Zeng F, Wu S. An Activatable Near-Infrared Chromophore for Multispectral Optoacoustic Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia and for Tumor Inhibition. Theranostics 2019; 9:7313-7324. [PMID: 31695770 PMCID: PMC6831286 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a key hallmark of solid tumors and tumor hypoxia usually contributes to cancer progression, therapeutic resistance and poor outcome. Accurately detecting and imaging tumor hypoxia with high spatial resolution would be conducive to formulating optimized treatment plan and thus achieving better patient outcome. Methods: Tumor hypoxia can cleave the azo linker and release a NIR fluorophore (NR-NH2) and release the active drug as well. NR-NH2 shows a strong absorption band at around 680 nm and a strong fluorescence band at 710 nm, allowing for both multispectral optoacoustic tomography imaging (MSOT) and fluorescent imaging of tumor hypoxia in a tumor-bearing mouse model. Results: Liposome encapsulated with the activatable chromophore (NR-azo) for detecting/imaging tumor hypoxia and for tumor inhibition was demonstrated. For this chromophore, a xanthene-based NIR fluorophore acts as the optoacoustic and fluorescent reporter, an azo linker serves as the hypoxia-responsive moiety and a nitrogen mustard as the therapeutic drug. NR-azo shows an absorption at around 575 nm but exhibits negligible fluorescence due to the existence of the strong electron-withdrawing azo linker. Conclusion: We demonstrated an optoacoustic and fluorescent system for not only imaging tumor hypoxia in vivo but also achieving tumor inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, College of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuizhu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials & Devices, College of Materials Science & Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roberts S, Strome A, Choi C, Andreou C, Kossatz S, Brand C, Williams T, Bradbury M, Kircher MF, Reshetnyak YK, Grimm J, Lewis JS, Reiner T. Acid specific dark quencher QC1 pHLIP for multi-spectral optoacoustic diagnoses of breast cancer. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8550. [PMID: 31189972 PMCID: PMC6561946 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignant growth in women. Early detection of breast cancer, as well as the identification of possible metastatic spread poses a significant challenge because of the structural and genetic heterogeneity that occurs during the progression of the disease. Currently, mammographies, biopsies and MRI scans are the standard of care techniques used for breast cancer diagnosis, all of which have their individual shortfalls, especially when it comes to discriminating tumors and benign growths. With this in mind, we have developed a non-invasive optoacoustic imaging strategy that targets the acidic environment of breast cancer. A pH low insertion peptide (pHLIP) was conjugated to the dark quencher QC1, yielding a non-fluorescent sonophore with high extinction coefficient in the near infrared that increases signal as a function of increasing amounts of membrane insertion. In an orthotopic murine breast cancer model, pHLIP-targeted optoacoustic imaging allowed us to differentiate between healthy and breast cancer tissues with high signal/noise ratios. In vivo, the sonophore QC1-pHLIP could detect malignancies at higher contrast than its fluorescent analog ICG-pHLIP, which was developed for fluorescence-guided surgical applications. PHLIP-type optoacoustic imaging agents in clinical settings are attractive due to their ability to target breast cancer and a wide variety of other malignant growths for diagnostic purposes. Intuitively, these agents could also be used for visualization during surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Arianna Strome
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Crystal Choi
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Chrysafis Andreou
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Travis Williams
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Michelle Bradbury
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Department of Imaging, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yana K Reshetnyak
- Department of Physics, University of Rhode Island, 2 Lippitt Rd, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Jan Grimm
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason S Lewis
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Radiochemistry and Molecular Imaging Probes Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, New York, 10065, USA. .,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY, 10065, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Andreou C, Oseledchyk A, Nicolson F, Berisha N, Pal S, Kircher MF. Surface-enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Nanoprobe Ratiometry for Detecting Microscopic Ovarian Cancer via Folate Receptor Targeting. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30958459 DOI: 10.3791/58389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer represents the deadliest gynecologic malignancy. Most patients present at an advanced stage (FIGO stage III or IV), when local metastatic spread has already occurred. However, ovarian cancer has a unique pattern of metastatic spread, in that tumor implants are initially contained within the peritoneal cavity. This feature could enable, in principle, the complete resection of tumor implants with curative intent. Many of these metastatic lesions are microscopic, making them hard to identify and treat. Neutralizing such micrometastases is believed to be a major goal towards eliminating tumor recurrence and achieving long-term survival. Raman imaging with surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering nanoprobes can be used to delineate microscopic tumors with high sensitivity, due to their bright and bioorthogonal spectral signatures. Here, we describe the synthesis of two 'flavors' of such nanoprobes: an antibody-functionalized one that targets the folate receptor - overexpressed in many ovarian cancers - and a non-targeted control nanoprobe, with distinct spectra. The nanoprobes are co-administered intraperitoneally to mouse models of metastatic human ovarian adenocarcinoma. All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. The peritoneal cavity of the animals is surgically exposed, washed, and scanned with a Raman microphotospectrometer. Subsequently, the Raman signatures of the two nanoprobes are decoupled using a Classical Least Squares fitting algorithm, and their respective scores divided to provide a ratiometric signal of folate-targeted over untargeted probes. In this way, microscopic metastases are visualized with high specificity. The main benefit of this approach is that the local application into the peritoneal cavity - which can be done conveniently during the surgical procedure - can tag tumors without subjecting the patient to systemic nanoparticle exposure. False positive signals stemming from non-specific binding of the nanoprobes onto visceral surfaces can be eliminated by following a ratiometric approach where targeted and non-targeted nanoprobes with distinct Raman signatures are applied as a mixture. The procedure is currently still limited by the lack of a commercial wide-field Raman imaging camera system, which once available will allow for the application of this technique in the operating theater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fay Nicolson
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Naxhije Berisha
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Department of Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Suchetan Pal
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Moritz F Kircher
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Center for Molecular Imaging and Nanotechnology (CMINT), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical Center;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang S, Yu G, Ma Y, Yang Z, Liu Y, Wang J, Chen X. Ratiometric Photoacoustic Nanoprobe for Bioimaging of Cu 2. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1917-1923. [PMID: 30575388 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant copper contents implicate numerous diseases including Alzheimer's disease and Wilson's disease. Conventional copper detection technologies are difficult to offer non-invasive and accurate deep tissue detection of copper. Here, we report a photoacoustic (PA) nanoprobe (NRh-IR-NMs) for ratiometric PA imaging of Cu2+. The nanoprobe consists of a selective Cu2+-responsive probe (NRh) as the indicator and a nonresponsive dye (IR) as the internal reference. In the presence of Cu2+, a selective Cu2+-induced structure change of NRh would take place, resulting in the increase of PA signal intensity increment at 716 nm (ΔPA716). However, the ΔPA834 which attributes to IR shows negligible change. Therefore, the ratiometric PA signal (ΔPA716/ΔPA834) could be used as an indicator for Cu2+ detection. This ratiometric PA detection method offers a noninvasive technology with high selectivity and tissue penetration depth, which is a promising tool for deep-tissue detection of Cu2+ in living organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Guocan Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Ying Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Zhen Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Xijing Hospital , Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an 710032 , China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gonzales J, Kossatz S, Roberts S, Pirovano G, Brand C, Pérez-Medina C, Donabedian P, de la Cruz MJ, Mulder WJM, Reiner T. Nanoemulsion-Based Delivery of Fluorescent PARP Inhibitors in Mouse Models of Small Cell Lung Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:3776-3782. [PMID: 30354077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The preclinical potential of many diagnostic and therapeutic small molecules is limited by their rapid washout kinetics and consequently modest pharmacological performances. In several cases, these could be improved by loading the small molecules into nanoparticulates, improving blood half-life, in vivo uptake and overall pharmacodynamics. In this study, we report a nanoemulsion (NE) encapsulated form of PARPi-FL. As a proof of concept, we used PARPi-FL, which is a fluorescently labeled sensor for olaparib, a FDA-approved small molecule inhibitor of the nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 (PARP1). Encapsulated PARPi-FL showed increased blood half-life, and delineated subcutaneous xenografts of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), a fast-progressing disease where efficient treatment options remain an unmet clinical need. Our study demonstrates an effective method for expanding the circulation time of a fluorescent PARP inhibitor, highlighting the pharmacokinetic benefits of nanoemulsions as nanocarriers and confirming the value of PARPi-FL as an imaging agent targeting PARP1 in small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junior Gonzales
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Susanne Kossatz
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Giacomo Pirovano
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Christian Brand
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Patrick Donabedian
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - M Jason de la Cruz
- Structural Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems , Eindhoven University of Technology , Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Department of Radiology , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| |
Collapse
|