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Young OM, Xu X, Sarker S, Sochol RD. Direct laser writing-enabled 3D printing strategies for microfluidic applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:2371-2396. [PMID: 38576361 PMCID: PMC11060139 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Over the past decade, additive manufacturing-or "three-dimensional (3D) printing"-has attracted increasing attention in the Lab on a Chip community as a pathway to achieve sophisticated system architectures that are difficult or infeasible to fabricate via conventional means. One particularly promising 3D manufacturing technology is "direct laser writing (DLW)", which leverages two-photon (or multi-photon) polymerization (2PP) phenomena to enable high geometric versatility, print speeds, and precision at length scales down to the 100 nm range. Although researchers have demonstrated the potential of using DLW for microfluidic applications ranging from organ on a chip and drug delivery to micro/nanoparticle processing and soft microrobotics, such scenarios present unique challenges for DLW. Specifically, microfluidic systems typically require macro-to-micro fluidic interfaces (e.g., inlet and outlet ports) to facilitate fluidic loading, control, and retrieval operations; however, DLW-based 3D printing relies on a micron-to-submicron-sized 2PP volume element (i.e., "voxel") that is poorly suited for manufacturing these larger-scale fluidic interfaces. In this Tutorial Review, we highlight and discuss the four most prominent strategies that researchers have developed to circumvent this trade-off and realize macro-to-micro interfaces for DLW-enabled microfluidic components and systems. In addition, we consider the possibility that-with the advent of next-generation commercial DLW printers equipped with new dynamic voxel tuning, print field, and laser power capabilities-the overall utility of DLW strategies for Lab on a Chip fields may soon expand dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Young
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Sunandita Sarker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ryan D Sochol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, 2147 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
- Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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2
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Sarker S, Forghani K, Wen Z, Halli RN, Hoag S, Flank S, Sochol RD. TOWARD CONTROLLED-RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY MICROCARRIERS ENABLED BY DIRECT LASER WRITING 3D PRINTING. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 2024; 2024:433-436. [PMID: 38482161 PMCID: PMC10936737 DOI: 10.1109/mems58180.2024.10439600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Controlled-release, and especially long-acting, drug delivery systems hold promise for improving treatments for numerous medical conditions. Previously, we reported an additive manufacturing or "three-dimensional (3D) printing" approach for fabricating liquid-core-shell-cap microcarriers comprising standard photoresists. Here we explore the potential to extend this strategy to achieve microcarriers comprising biodegradable materials as a new pathway to controlled-release drug delivery options. Specifically, we investigate the use of "Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing (DLW)" as a means to 3D print microcarriers composed of: (i) a bottle-shaped "shell" with an orifice, (ii) an aqueous liquid "core", and (iii) a biodegradable "cap". The cap, which is DLW-printed directly onto the shell's orifice, is designed to degrade over time in the body-e.g., with degradation time proportional to cap thickness-to ultimately facilitate release of the liquid core at desired time points. Fabrication results based on the use of a biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) photomaterial for the cap revealed that shell designs incorporating microfluidic obstruction structures appeared to limit undesired entry of the liquid-phase PEGDA into the shell (i.e., directly preceding cap printing), thereby resulting in improved retention of the liquid core after completion of the cap printing process. These results mark an important first step toward evaluating the utility of the presented DLW 3D printing strategy for possible drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunandita Sarker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Kimia Forghani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ziteng Wen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ryan N Halli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Hoag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Ryan D Sochol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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3
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Felix BM, Young OM, Andreou JT, Sarker S, Fuge MD, Krieger A, Weiss CR, Bailey CR, Sochol RD. FABRICATION OF MULTILUMEN MICROFLUIDIC TUBING FOR EX SITU DIRECT LASER WRITING. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 2024; 2024:1158-1161. [PMID: 38516341 PMCID: PMC10955428 DOI: 10.1109/mems58180.2024.10439522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Among the numerous additive manufacturing or "three-dimensional (3D) printing" techniques, two-photon Direct Laser Writing (DLW) is distinctively suited for applications that demand high geometric versatility with micron-to-submicron-scale feature resolutions. Recently, "ex situ DLW (esDLW)" has emerged as a powerful approach for printing 3D microfluidic structures directly atop meso/macroscale fluidic tubing that can be manipulated by hand; however, difficulties in creating custom esDLW-compatible multilumen tubing at such scales has hindered progress. To address this impediment, here we introduce a novel methodology for fabricating submillimeter multilumen tubing for esDLW 3D printing. Preliminary fabrication results demonstrate the utility of the presented strategy for resolving 743 μm-in-diameter tubing with three lumens-each with an inner diameter (ID) of 80 μm. Experimental results not only revealed independent flow of discrete fluorescently labelled fluids through each of the three lumens, but also effective esDLW-printing of a demonstrative 3D "MEMS" microstructure atop the tubing. These results suggest that the presented approach could offer a promising pathway to enable geometrically sophisticated microfluidic systems to be 3D printed with input and/or output ports fully sealed to multiple, distinct lumens of fluidic tubing for emerging applications in fields ranging from drug delivery and medical diagnostics to soft surgical robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey M Felix
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Olivia M Young
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jordi T Andreou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sunandita Sarker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark D Fuge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Axel Krieger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Clifford R Weiss
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher R Bailey
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan D Sochol
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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4
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Young OM, Felix BM, Fuge MD, Krieger A, Sochol RD. A 3D-MICROPRINTED COAXIAL NOZZLE FOR FABRICATING LONG, FLEXIBLE MICROFLUIDIC TUBING. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICRO ELECTRO MECHANICAL SYSTEMS 2024; 2024:1174-1177. [PMID: 38482160 PMCID: PMC10936740 DOI: 10.1109/mems58180.2024.10439296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
A variety of emerging applications, particularly those in medical and soft robotics fields, are predicated on the ability to fabricate long, flexible meso/microfluidic tubing with high customization. To address this need, here we present a hybrid additive manufacturing (or "three-dimensional (3D) printing") strategy that involves three key steps: (i) using the "Vat Photopolymerization (VPP) technique, "Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)" 3D printing to print a bulk microfluidic device with three inlets and three concentric outlets; (ii) using "Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing (DLW)" to 3D microprint a coaxial nozzle directly atop the concentric outlets of the bulk microdevice, and then (iii) extruding paraffin oil and a liquid-phase photocurable resin through the coaxial nozzle and into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel for UV exposure, ultimately producing the desired tubing. In addition to fabricating the resulting tubing-composed of polymerized photomaterial-at arbitrary lengths (e.g., > 10 cm), the distinct input pressures can be adjusted to tune the inner diameter (ID) and outer diameter (OD) of the fabricated tubing. For example, experimental results revealed that increasing the driving pressure of the liquid-phase photomaterial from 50 kPa to 100 kPa led to fluidic tubing with IDs and ODs of 291±99 μm and 546±76 μm up to 741±31 μm and 888±39 μm, respectively. Furthermore, preliminary results for DLW-printing a microfluidic "M" structure directly atop the tubing suggest that the tubing could be used for "ex situ DLW (esDLW)" fabrication, which would further enhance the utility of the tubing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M Young
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bailey M Felix
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Mark D Fuge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Axel Krieger
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan D Sochol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Hengsteler J, Kanes KA, Khasanova L, Momotenko D. Beginner's Guide to Micro- and Nanoscale Electrochemical Additive Manufacturing. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:71-91. [PMID: 37068744 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical additive manufacturing is an advanced microfabrication technology capable of producing features of almost unlimited geometrical complexity. A unique combination of the capacity to process conductive materials, design freedom, and micro- to nanoscale resolution offered by these electrochemical techniques promises tremendous opportunities for a multitude of future applications spanning microelectronics, sensing, robotics, and energy storage. This review aims to equip readers with the basic principles of electrochemical 3D printing at the small length scale. By describing the basic principles of electrochemical additive manufacturing technology and using the recent advances in the field, this beginner's guide illustrates how controlling the fundamental phenomena that underpin the print process can be used to vary dimensions, morphology, and microstructure of printed structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Hengsteler
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karuna Aurel Kanes
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Liaisan Khasanova
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany;
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6
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Issa A, Ritacco T, Ge D, Broussier A, Lio GE, Giocondo M, Blaize S, Nguyen TH, Dinh XQ, Couteau C, Bachelot R, Jradi S. Quantum Dot Transfer from the Organic Phase to Acrylic Monomers for the Controlled Integration of Single-Photon Sources by Photopolymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37191386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a new strategy for obtaining homogeneous dispersion of grafted quantum dots (QDs) in a photopolymer matrix and their use for the integration of single-photon sources by two-photon polymerization (TPP) with nanoscale precision. The method is based on phase transfer of QDs from organic solvents to an acrylic matrix. The detailed protocol is described, and the corresponding mechanism is investigated and revealed. The phase transfer is done by ligand exchange through the introduction of mono-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl succinate (MES) that replaces oleic acid (OA). Infrared (IR) measurements show the replacement of OA on the QD surface by MES after ligand exchange. This allows QDs to move from the hexane phase to the pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) phase. The QDs that are homogeneously dispersed in the photopolymer without any clusterization do not show any significant broadening in their photoluminescence spectra even after more than 3 years. The ability of the hybrid photopolymer to create micro- and nanostructures by two-photon polymerization is demonstrated. The homogeneity of emission from 2D and 3D microstructures is confirmed by confocal photoluminescence microscopy. The fabrication and integration of a single-photon source in a spatially controlled manner by TPP is achieved and confirmed by auto-correlation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Issa
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tiziana Ritacco
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Cubo 33B, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Dandan Ge
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Aurelie Broussier
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Michele Giocondo
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Sylvain Blaize
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tien Hoa Nguyen
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Xuan Quyen Dinh
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Safi Jradi
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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7
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Amini A, Guijt RM, Themelis T, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Recent developments in digital light processing 3D-printing techniques for microfluidic analytical devices. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1692:463842. [PMID: 36745962 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing is rapidly advancing and has emerged as a powerful additive manufacturing approach to fabricate analytical microdevices. DLP 3D-printing utilizes a digital micromirror device to direct the projected light and photopolymerize a liquid resin, in a layer-by-layer approach. Advances in vat and lift design, projector technology, and resin composition, allow accurate fabrication of microchannel structures as small as 18 × 20 µm. This review describes the latest advances in DLP 3D-printing technology with respect to instrument set-up and resin formulation and highlights key efforts to fabricate microdevices targeting emerging (bio-)analytical chemistry applications, including colorimetric assays, extraction, and separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Amini
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Rosanne M Guijt
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Thomas Themelis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, Brussels B-1050, Belgium.
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8
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Zandrini T, Florczak S, Levato R, Ovsianikov A. Breaking the resolution limits of 3D bioprinting: future opportunities and present challenges. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 41:604-614. [PMID: 36513545 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting aims to produce 3D structures from which embedded cells can receive mechanical and chemical stimuli that influence their behavior, direct their organization and migration, and promote differentiation, in a similar way to what happens within the native extracellular matrix. However, limited spatial resolution has been a bottleneck for conventional 3D bioprinting approaches. Reproducing fine features at the cellular scale, while maintaining a reasonable printing volume, is necessary to enable the biofabrication of more complex and functional tissue and organ models. In this opinion article we recount the emergence of, and discuss the most promising, high-definition (HD) bioprinting techniques to achieve this goal, discussing which obstacles remain to be overcome, and which applications are envisioned in the tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Zandrini
- 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration (https://www.tissue-regeneration.at)
| | - Sammy Florczak
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht and Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration (https://www.tissue-regeneration.at).
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9
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Tan M, Huang L, Cao J, Zhang H, Zhao S, Liu M, Jia Z, Zhai R, Liu H. Microflow multi-layer diffraction optical element processed by hybrid manufacturing technology. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:24689-24702. [PMID: 36237017 DOI: 10.1364/oe.464192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Traditional planar diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are challenged in imaging systems due to diffraction efficiency and chromatic dispersion. In this paper, we have designed a microfluidic diffractive optical element (MFDOE), which is processed by digital micromirror device (DMD) maskless lithography (DMDML) assisted femtosecond laser direct writing (FsLDW). MFDOE is a combination of photoresist-based multi-layer harmonic diffraction surface and liquid, realizing diffraction efficiency of more than 90% in the visible band. And it shows achromatic characteristics in the two bands of 469 nm (±20 nm) and 625 nm (±20 nm). These results show that MFDOE has good imaging performance.
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10
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Shaukat U, Rossegger E, Schlögl S. A Review of Multi-Material 3D Printing of Functional Materials via Vat Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122449. [PMID: 35746024 PMCID: PMC9227803 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing or 3D printing of materials is a prominent process technology which involves the fabrication of materials layer-by-layer or point-by-point in a subsequent manner. With recent advancements in additive manufacturing, the technology has excited a great potential for extension of simple designs to complex multi-material geometries. Vat photopolymerization is a subdivision of additive manufacturing which possesses many attractive features, including excellent printing resolution, high dimensional accuracy, low-cost manufacturing, and the ability to spatially control the material properties. However, the technology is currently limited by design strategies, material chemistries, and equipment limitations. This review aims to provide readers with a comprehensive comparison of different additive manufacturing technologies along with detailed knowledge on advances in multi-material vat photopolymerization technologies. Furthermore, we describe popular material chemistries both from the past and more recently, along with future prospects to address the material-related limitations of vat photopolymerization. Examples of the impressive multi-material capabilities inspired by nature which are applicable today in multiple areas of life are briefly presented in the applications section. Finally, we describe our point of view on the future prospects of 3D printed multi-material structures as well as on the way forward towards promising further advancements in vat photopolymerization.
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11
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Sarabia-Vallejos MA, Rodríguez-Umanzor FE, González-Henríquez CM, Rodríguez-Hernández J. Innovation in Additive Manufacturing Using Polymers: A Survey on the Technological and Material Developments. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071351. [PMID: 35406226 PMCID: PMC9003383 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the most recent advances from technological and physico-chemical perspectives to improve several remaining issues in polymeric materials’ additive manufacturing (AM). Without a doubt, AM is experimenting with significant progress due to technological innovations that are currently advancing. In this context, the state-of-the-art considers both research areas as working separately and contributing to developing the different AM technologies. First, AM techniques’ advantages and current limitations are analyzed and discussed. A detailed overview of the efforts made to improve the two most extensively employed techniques, i.e., material extrusion and VAT-photopolymerization, is presented. Aspects such as the part size, the possibility of producing parts in a continuous process, the improvement of the fabrication time, the reduction of the use of supports, and the fabrication of components using more than one material are analyzed. The last part of this review complements these technological advances with a general overview of the innovations made from a material perspective. The use of reinforced polymers, the preparation of adapted high-temperature materials, or even the fabrication of metallic and ceramic parts using polymers as supports are considered. Finally, the use of smart materials that enable the fabrication of shape-changing 3D objects and sustainable materials will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando E. Rodríguez-Umanzor
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Programa Doctorado en Ciencia de Materiales e Ingeniería de Procesos, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940000, Chile
| | - Carmen M. González-Henríquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemáticas y del Medio Ambiente, Departamento de Química, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8940000, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
- Polymer Functionalization Group, Departamento de Química Macromolecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICTP-CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain;
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12
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Mea H, Wan J. Microfluidics-enabled functional 3D printing. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:021501. [PMID: 35282033 PMCID: PMC8896890 DOI: 10.1063/5.0083673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic technology has established itself as a powerful tool to enable highly precise spatiotemporal control over fluid streams for mixing, separations, biochemical reactions, and material synthesis. 3D printing technologies such as extrusion-based printing, inkjet, and stereolithography share similar length scales and fundamentals of fluid handling with microfluidics. The advanced fluidic manipulation capabilities afforded by microfluidics can thus be potentially leveraged to enhance the performance of existing 3D printing technologies or even develop new approaches to additive manufacturing. This review discusses recent developments in integrating microfluidic elements with several well-established 3D printing technologies, highlighting the trend of using microfluidic approaches to achieve functional and multimaterial 3D printing as well as to identify potential future research directions in this emergent area.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Mea
- Also at: Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - J. Wan
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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13
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Del Pozo M, Sol JAHP, Schenning APHJ, Debije MG. 4D Printing of Liquid Crystals: What's Right for Me? ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104390. [PMID: 34716625 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen major advances in the developments of both additive manufacturing concepts and responsive materials. When combined as 4D printing, the process can lead to functional materials and devices for use in health, energy generation, sensing, and soft robots. Among responsive materials, liquid crystals, which can deliver programmed, reversible, rapid responses in both air and underwater, are a prime contender for additive manufacturing, given their ease of use and adaptability to many different applications. In this paper, selected works are compared and analyzed to come to a didactical overview of the liquid crystal-additive manufacturing junction. Reading from front to back gives the reader a comprehensive understanding of the options and challenges in the field, while researchers already experienced in either liquid crystals or additive manufacturing are encouraged to scan through the text to see how they can incorporate additive manufacturing or liquid crystals into their own work. The educational text is closed with proposals for future research in this crossover field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Del Pozo
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A H P Sol
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Albert P H J Schenning
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Michael G Debije
- Laboratory for Stimuli-Responsive Functional Materials & Devices (SFD), Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), Groene Loper 3, Eindhoven, 5612 AE, The Netherlands
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14
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Xiang N, Ni Z. Electricity-free hand-held inertial microfluidic sorter for size-based cell sorting. Talanta 2021; 235:122807. [PMID: 34517664 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Conventional batch-top cell sorters are often bulky and expensive, and miniaturized microfluidic sorters available mostly require field generators and electricity-powered pumping systems. Therefore, the development of a low-cost, portable cell sorter that can be used in low resource settings is essential. In this study, we propose such an electricity-free hand-held inertial microfluidic sorter that can be used for the high-efficiency sorting of differently sized cells in a continuous and passive manner. The proposed hand-held sorter is composed of a wheel-shaped all-in-one syringe inertial microfluidic sorter (i-sorter) with flow stabilizer units and two spring-driven mechanical syringe drivers. The release of the compression spring in the mechanical syringe driver through a one-click operation provides the flow driving force. Passive flow stabilizer units in the i-sorter enable flow-rate-sensitive inertial cell separation for the unstable driving flow rate generated by the low-cost mechanical syringe driver. We successfully achieved sorting of differently sized particles and high-efficiency separation of rare tumor cells from the blood using the fabricated prototype. Our hand-held inertial microfluidic cell sorter has many advantages, including low device cost, simple electricity-free operation, compactness, and portability; additionally, samples do not need to be pre-labelled. Therefore, it has potential for use in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
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15
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Hasselmann S, Hahn L, Lorson T, Schätzlein E, Sébastien I, Beudert M, Lühmann T, Neubauer JC, Sextl G, Luxenhofer R, Heinrich D. Freeform direct laser writing of versatile topological 3D scaffolds enabled by intrinsic support hydrogel. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:3334-3344. [PMID: 34617095 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00925g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel approach to create arbitrarily shaped 3D hydrogel objects is presented, wherein freeform two-photon polymerization (2PP) is enabled by the combination of a photosensitive hydrogel and an intrinsic support matrix. This way, topologies without physical contact such as a highly porous 3D network of concatenated rings were realized, which are impossible to manufacture with most current 3D printing technologies. Micro-Raman and nanoindentation measurements show the possibility to control water uptake and hence tailor the Young's modulus of the structures via the light dosage, proving the versatility of the concept regarding many scaffold characteristics that makes it well suited for cell specific cell culture as demonstrated by cultivation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hasselmann
- Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Lukas Hahn
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
| | - Thomas Lorson
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
| | - Eva Schätzlein
- East Bavarian Technical University of Applied Sciences, Prüfeninger Str. 58, Regensburg 93049, Germany
| | - Isabelle Sébastien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Matthias Beudert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Julia C Neubauer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Fraunhofer Project Center for Stem Cell Process Engineering, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sextl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
| | - Robert Luxenhofer
- Functional Polymer Materials, Chair for Advanced Materials Synthesis, Institute for Functional Materials and Biofabrication, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Germany
- Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, Faculty of Science University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
| | - Doris Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Neunerplatz 2, Würzburg 97082, Germany.
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof, Heilbad Heiligenstadt 37308, Germany
- Faculty for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
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16
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Lemaillet P, Takeda K, Lamont AC, Agrawal A. Colorimetrical uncertainty estimation for the performance assessment of whole slide imaging scanners. J Med Imaging (Bellingham) 2021; 8:057501. [PMID: 34660844 DOI: 10.1117/1.jmi.8.5.057501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Whole slide imaging (WSI) scanners produce tissue slide images with a large field of view and a high resolution for pathologists to use in diagnoses. Color performance tests of these color imaging devices are necessary and can use stained tissue slides if the color truth is established using a hyperspectral imaging microscopy system (HIMS). The purpose of this study was to estimate the reproducibility uncertainty of CIELAB coordinates for a reference tissue slide measured by both the HIMS and a WSI scanner. Approach: We compared the color performances of the WSI scanner to those of the reference established by the HIMS using the International Commission on Illumination (Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage, or CIE) 1976 Δ E a b * color difference with the just noticeable color difference (JNCD, Δ E a b * ≤ 2 ), and the results from the overlap of the CIELAB coordinates' uncertainty within the error bar, with a coverage factor k = 2 . The reported uncertainty results from measurements and image registration uncertainties. Results: For the blank area common to the HIMS and the WSI average images, the color agreement was higher using the JNCD condition versus the CIELAB uncertainty overlap criterion (82% and 20% of the pixels in the images, respectively). This difference is explained by the fact that numerous pixels have CIELAB coordinates near one another but corresponding to CIELAB uncertainty values small enough not to overlap. In the colored area of the images, the JNCD condition was met for 0.19% of the pixels in the images, compared with 4.3% for the CIELAB uncertainty overlap criterion. Conclusions: The distribution of uncertainties on the CIELAB coordinates was broader for the HIMS compared with the WSI scanner. The WSI scanner had a systemic error in the color reproduction, which pointed to a potential inadequate color calibration of this device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lemaillet
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Microscopy and Imaging Core Facility, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Andrew C Lamont
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Imaging, Diagnostics, and Software Reliability, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States.,Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States.,Uniformed Services University, 4D Bio3, Rockville, Maryland, United States
| | - Anant Agrawal
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Division of Biomedical Physics, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
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17
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Water-Soluble Visible Light Sensitive Photoinitiating System Based on Charge Transfer Complexes for the 3D Printing of Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183195. [PMID: 34578096 PMCID: PMC8470713 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of visible-light 3D printing technology by using water-soluble initiating systems has attracted widespread attention due to their potential applications in the manufacture of hydrogels. Besides, at present, the preparation of water-soluble photoinitiators suitable for visible light irradiation (such as LEDs) still remains a challenge. Therefore, this work is devoted to developing water-soluble photoinitiators (PI)/photoinitiating systems (PIS) upon irradiation with a LED @ 405 nm. In detail, a new water-slightly-soluble chalcone derivative dye [(E)-3-(4-(dimethylamino) phenyl)-1-(4-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) ethoxy) phenyl) prop-2-en-1-one] was synthesized here and used as a PI with a water-soluble coinitiator, i.e., triethanolamine (TEA) which was also used as an electron donor. When combined together, a charge transfer complex (CTC) formed immediately which exhibited excellent initiating ability for the free radical photopolymerization of poly(ethyleneglycol)diacrylate (PEG-DA). In light of the powerful CTC effect, the [dye-TEA] CTC could not only exhibit enhanced water solubility and mechanical properties but could also be effectively applied for 3D printing. This CTC system is environmentally friendly and cost-saving which demonstrates a great potential to prepare hydrogels via photopolymerization.
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18
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Balani SB, Ghaffar SH, Chougan M, Pei E, Şahin E. Processes and materials used for direct writing technologies: A review. RESULTS IN ENGINEERING 2021; 11:100257. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
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19
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Balani SB, Ghaffar SH, Chougan M, Pei E, Şahin E. Processes and materials used for direct writing technologies: A review. RESULTS IN ENGINEERING 2021; 11:100257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2021.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
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20
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Buchegger B, Tanzer A, Posch S, Gabriel C, Klar TA, Jacak J. STED lithography in microfluidics for 3D thrombocyte aggregation testing. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:23. [PMID: 33461577 PMCID: PMC7814651 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional photopolymerization techniques such as multiphoton polymerization lithography (MPL) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) lithography are powerful tools for fabricating structures in the sub-µm range. Combining these techniques with microfluidics enables us to broaden the range of their applications. In this study, we show a microfluidic device enhanced with MPL structures carrying STED-lithographically written nanoanchors that promote binding of the von Willebrand factor (vWF). The density of vWF is adjusted by varying the number of the nanoanchors on the 3D structures. This allows us to study the impact of the density of vWF on the activation of thrombocytes. The activation of the thrombocytes seems to decrease with the density of vWF on the 3D scaffolds inside the microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Buchegger
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,University of Applied Sciences, Upper Austria School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Tanzer
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Posch
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Gabriel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- University of Applied Sciences, Upper Austria School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria.
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21
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del Pozo M, Delaney C, Bastiaansen CWM, Diamond D, Schenning APHJ, Florea L. Direct Laser Writing of Four-Dimensional Structural Color Microactuators Using a Photonic Photoresist. ACS NANO 2020; 14:9832-9839. [PMID: 32574044 PMCID: PMC7450659 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of direct laser writing using two-photon polymerization, the generation of high-resolution three-dimensional microstructures has increased dramatically. However, the development of stimuli-responsive photoresists to create four-dimensional (4D) microstructures remains a challenge. Herein, we present a supramolecular cholesteric liquid crystalline photonic photoresist for the fabrication of 4D photonic microactuators, such as pillars, flowers, and butterflies, with submicron resolution. These micron-sized features display structural color and shape changes triggered by a variation of humidity or temperature. These findings serve as a roadmap for the design and creation of high-resolution 4D photonic microactuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc del Pozo
- Stimuli-responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Colm Delaney
- School
of Chemistry and AMBER, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials
and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Cees W. M. Bastiaansen
- Stimuli-responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- School
of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Diamond
- Insight
Centre for Data Analytics, National Centre for Sensor Research, School
of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Albert P. H. J. Schenning
- Stimuli-responsive
Functional Materials and Devices, Department of Chemical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Larisa Florea
- School
of Chemistry and AMBER, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Materials
and BioEngineering Research, Trinity College
Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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22
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Pradhan S, Banda OA, Farino CJ, Sperduto JL, Keller KA, Taitano R, Slater JH. Biofabrication Strategies and Engineered In Vitro Systems for Vascular Mechanobiology. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901255. [PMID: 32100473 PMCID: PMC8579513 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The vascular system is integral for maintaining organ-specific functions and homeostasis. Dysregulation in vascular architecture and function can lead to various chronic or acute disorders. Investigation of the role of the vascular system in health and disease has been accelerated through the development of tissue-engineered constructs and microphysiological on-chip platforms. These in vitro systems permit studies of biochemical regulation of vascular networks and parenchymal tissue and provide mechanistic insights into the biophysical and hemodynamic forces acting in organ-specific niches. Detailed understanding of these forces and the mechanotransductory pathways involved is necessary to develop preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting the vascular system. This review describes vascular structure and function, the role of hemodynamic forces in maintaining vascular homeostasis, and measurement approaches for cell and tissue level mechanical properties influencing vascular phenomena. State-of-the-art techniques for fabricating in vitro microvascular systems, with varying degrees of biological and engineering complexity, are summarized. Finally, the role of vascular mechanobiology in organ-specific niches and pathophysiological states, and efforts to recapitulate these events using in vitro microphysiological systems, are explored. It is hoped that this review will help readers appreciate the important, but understudied, role of vascular-parenchymal mechanotransduction in health and disease toward developing mechanotherapeutics for treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Pradhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Omar A. Banda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Cindy J. Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John L. Sperduto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Keely A. Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Ryan Taitano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - John H. Slater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, 161 Colburn Lab, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, 15 Innovation Way, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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23
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Kim MG, Brown DK, Brand O. Nanofabrication for all-soft and high-density electronic devices based on liquid metal. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1002. [PMID: 32081910 PMCID: PMC7035367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14814-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in soft material synthesis and fabrication technologies have led to the development of integrated soft electronic devices. Such soft devices offer opportunities to interact with biological cells, mimicking their soft environment. However, existing fabrication technologies cannot create the submicron-scale, soft transducers needed for healthcare and medical applications involving single cells. This work presents a nanofabrication strategy to create submicron-scale, all-soft electronic devices based on eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn) using a hybrid method utilizing electron-beam lithography and soft lithography. The hybrid lithography process is applied to a biphasic structure, comprising a metallic adhesion layer coated with EGaIn, to create soft nano/microstructures embedded in elastomeric materials. Submicron-scale EGaIn thin-film patterning with feature sizes as small as 180 nm and 1 μm line spacing was achieved, resulting in the highest resolution EGaIn patterning technique to date. The resulting soft and stretchable EGaIn patterns offer a currently unrivaled combination of resolution, electrical conductivity, and electronic/wiring density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Gu Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Devin K Brown
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Oliver Brand
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
- Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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24
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Song J, Michas C, Chen CS, White AE, Grinstaff MW. From Simple to Architecturally Complex Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cell and Tissue Engineering Applications: Opportunities Presented by Two-Photon Polymerization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901217. [PMID: 31746140 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (2PP) is an emerging micro- and nanofabrication technique to prepare predetermined and architecturally precise hydrogel scaffolds with high resolution and spatial complexity. As such, these scaffolds are increasingly being evaluated for cell and tissue engineering applications. This article first discusses the basic principles and photoresists employed in 2PP fabrication of hydrogels, followed by an in-depth introduction of various mechanical and biological characterization techniques used to assess the fabricated structures. The design requirements for cell and tissue related applications are then described to guide the engineering, physicochemical, and biological efforts. Three case studies in bone, cancer, and cardiac tissues are presented that illustrate the need for structured materials in the next generation of clinical applications. This paper concludes by summarizing the progress to date, identifying additional opportunities for 2PP hydrogel scaffolds, and discussing future directions for 2PP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Christos Michas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | | | - Alice E. White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Medicine Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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25
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Balčiūnas E, Dreižė N, Grubliauskaitė M, Urnikytė S, Šimoliūnas E, Bukelskienė V, Valius M, Baldock SJ, Hardy JG, Baltriukienė D. Biocompatibility Investigation of Hybrid Organometallic Polymers for Sub-Micron 3D Printing via Laser Two-Photon Polymerisation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E3932. [PMID: 31783647 PMCID: PMC6926539 DOI: 10.3390/ma12233932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid organometallic polymers are a class of functional materials which can be used to produce structures with sub-micron features via laser two-photon polymerisation. Previous studies demonstrated the relative biocompatibility of Al and Zr containing hybrid organometallic polymers in vitro. However, a deeper understanding of their effects on intracellular processes is needed if a tissue engineering strategy based on these materials is to be envisioned. Herein, primary rat myogenic cells were cultured on spin-coated Al and Zr containing polymer surfaces to investigate how each material affects the viability, adhesion strength, adhesion-associated protein expression, rate of cellular metabolism and collagen secretion. We found that the investigated surfaces supported cellular growth to full confluency. A subsequent MTT assay showed that glass and Zr surfaces led to higher rates of metabolism than did the Al surfaces. A viability assay revealed that all surfaces supported comparable levels of cell viability. Cellular adhesion strength assessment showed an insignificantly stronger relative adhesion after 4 h of culture than after 24 h. The largest amount of collagen was secreted by cells grown on the Al-containing surface. In conclusion, the materials were found to be biocompatible in vitro and have potential for bioengineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evaldas Balčiūnas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Nadežda Dreižė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Monika Grubliauskaitė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Silvija Urnikytė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Egidijus Šimoliūnas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Virginija Bukelskienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
| | - Sara J. Baldock
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of Chemistry, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK;
- Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, UK
| | - Daiva Baltriukienė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (E.B.); (N.D.); (M.G.); (S.U.); (E.Š.); (V.B.); (M.V.)
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Alsharhan AT, Acevedo R, Warren R, Sochol RD. 3D microfluidics via cyclic olefin polymer-based in situ direct laser writing. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2799-2810. [PMID: 31334525 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00542k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In situ direct laser writing (isDLW) strategies that facilitate the printing of three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured components directly inside of, and fully sealed to, enclosed microchannels are uniquely suited for manufacturing geometrically complex microfluidic technologies. Recent efforts have demonstrated the benefits of using micromolding and bonding protocols for isDLW; however, the reliance on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) leads to limited fluidic sealing (e.g., operational pressures <50-75 kPa) and poor compatibility with standard organic solvent-based developers. To bypass these issues, here we explore the use of cyclic olefin polymer (COP) as an enabling microchannel material for isDLW by investigating three fundamental classes of microfluidic systems corresponding to increasing degrees of sophistication: (i) "2.5D" functionally static fluidic barriers (10-100 μm in height), which supported uncompromised structure-to-channel sealing under applied input pressures of up to 500 kPa; (ii) 3D static interwoven microvessel-inspired structures (inner diameters < 10 μm) that exhibited effective isolation of distinct fluorescently labelled microfluidic flow streams; and (iii) 3D dynamically actuated microfluidic transistors, which comprised bellowed sealing elements (wall thickness = 500 nm) that could be actively deformed via an applied gate pressure to fully obstruct source-to-drain fluid flow. In combination, these results suggest that COP-based isDLW offers a promising pathway to wide-ranging fluidic applications that demand significant architectural versatility at submicron scales with invariable sealing integrity, such as for biomimetic organ-on-a-chip systems and integrated microfluidic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah T Alsharhan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ruben Acevedo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Roseanne Warren
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ryan D Sochol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA and Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA and Robert E. Fischell Institute of Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA and Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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