1
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Wang Y, Goudeli E. The onset of aerosol Au nanoparticle crystallization: accretion & explosive nucleation. NANOSCALE 2024. [PMID: 39189868 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02359e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
The crystallization of gold nanoparticles is investigated in the gas-phase by molecular dynamics (MD) that is most relevant to their synthesis by aerosol processes (flame, plasma, or cluster beam deposition). A particle size-dependent metastable region, 200-300 °C wide, is revealed between the melting and freezing points of Au. This region decreases as the MD heating or cooling rates decrease. Two separate stages, subcritical and supercritical cluster formation, are distinguished during isothermal crystallization of 2.5-11 nm Au nanoparticles at 500-1000 K. The degree of Au crystallization (face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packing) is quantified based on the Au atom local crystalline disorder. The onset of crystallization is identified by the steep rise of the fraction of atoms that retain their crystallinity in the largest subcritical cluster, accompanied by a sharp drop of the amorphous fraction of the Au nanoparticle. Crystallization starts from, at least, one atom layer below the surface of the nanoparticle and then quickly expands to its surface and bulk. Two crystallization nucleation pathways are identified: (a) explosive nucleation well below the Au freezing point resulting in many small and broadly distributed crystals; and (b) accretion nucleation near the freezing point where narrowly distributed and larger crystals are formed that grow by accretion and coalescence. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns are generated by MD, from which the dynamics of crystal growth are elucidated, consistent with the literature and in excellent agreement with direct tracing of crystal sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, CH-8092, Switzerland
- Center for Combustion Energy, Key Laboratory of Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Eirini Goudeli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
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2
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Tiberi M, Baletto F. Hierarchical self-assembly of Au-nanoparticles into filaments: evolution and break. RSC Adv 2024; 14:27343-27353. [PMID: 39205934 PMCID: PMC11350402 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04100c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We compare the assembly of individual Au nanoparticles in a vacuum and between two Au(111) surfaces via classical molecular dynamics on a timescale of 100 ns. In a vacuum, the assembly of three nanoparticles used as seeds, initially showing decahedral, truncated octahedral and icosahedral shapes with a diameter of 1.5-1.7 nm, evolves into a spherical object with about 10-12 layers and a gyration radius ∼2.5-2.8 nm. In a vacuum, 42% show just one 5-fold symmetry axis, 33% adopt a defected icosahedral arrangement, and 25% lose all 5-fold symmetry and display a face-centred-cubic shape with several parallel stacking faults. We model a constrained version of the same assembly that takes place between two Au(111) surfaces. During the dynamics, the two Au(111) surfaces are kept fixed at distances of 55 Å, 55.5 Å, 56 Å, and 56.5 Å. The latter distance accommodates 24 Au layers with no strain, while the others correspond to nominal strains of 1.5%, 2.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. In the constrained assembly, each individual seed tends to reorganize into a layered configuration, but the filament may break. The probability of breaking the assembled nanofilament depends on the individual morphology of the seeds. It is more likely to break at the decahedron/icosahedron interface, whilst it is more likely to layer with respect to the (111) orientation when a truncated octahedron sits between the decahedron and the icosahedron. We further observe that nanofilaments between surfaces at 56 Å have a >90% probability of breaking, which decreases to 8% when the surfaces are 55 Å apart. We attribute the dramatic change in probability of breaking to the peculiar decahedron/icosahedron interface and the higher average atomic strain in the nanofilaments. This in silico experiment can shed light on the understanding and control of the formation of metallic nanowires and nanoparticle-assembled networks, which find applications in next-generation electronic devices, such as resistive random access memories and neuromorphic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Tiberi
- Physics Department, King's College London Strand WC2R 2LS UK
- Cambridge Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Francesca Baletto
- Physics Department, King's College London Strand WC2R 2LS UK
- Physics Department, University of Milan 20133 Italy
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3
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Nadalini G, Borghi F, Košutová T, Falqui A, Ludwig N, Milani P. Engineering the structural and electrical interplay of nanostructured Au resistive switching networks by controlling the forming process. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19713. [PMID: 37953278 PMCID: PMC10641076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Networks of random-assembled gold clusters produced in the gas phase show resistive switching (RS) activity at room temperature and they are suitable for the fabrication of devices for neuromorphic data processing and classification. Fully connected cluster-assembled nanostructured Au films are characterized by a granular structure rich of interfaces, grain boundaries and crystalline defects. Here we report a systematic characterization of the electroforming process of the cluster-assembled films demonstrating how this process affects the interplay between the nano- and mesoscale film structure and the neuromorphic characteristics of the resistive switching activity. The understanding and the control of the influence of the resistive switching forming process on the organization of specific structures at different scales of the cluster-assembled films, provide the possibility to engineer random-assembled neuromorphic architectures for data processing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Nadalini
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Borghi
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Tereza Košutová
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, V Holešoviˇck ́ ach 2, 18000, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Andrea Falqui
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Ludwig
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Milani
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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4
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Jekal S, Sa M, Chu YR, Kim CG, Noh J, Kim J, Kim HY, Oh WC, Otgonbayar Z, Yoon CM. A Study on Enhanced Electrorheological Performance of Plate-like Materials via Percolation Gel-like Effect. Gels 2023; 9:891. [PMID: 37998981 PMCID: PMC10671164 DOI: 10.3390/gels9110891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of plate-like materials to induce a percolation gel-like effect in electrorheological (ER) fluids is sparsely documented. Hence, we dispersed plate-like materials, namely natural mica, synthetic mica, and glass, as well as their pulverized particles, in various concentrations in silicone oil to form ER fluids. Subsequently, the rheological properties of the fluids were evaluated and compared to identify the threshold concentration for percolating a gel-like state. The shear stress and viscoelastic moduli under zero-field conditions confirmed that plate-like materials can be used to induce percolation gel-like effects in ER fluids. This is because of the high aspect ratio of the materials, which enhances their physical stability. In practical ER investigations, ER fluids based on synthetic mica (30.0 wt%) showed the highest yield stress of 516.2 Pa under an electric field strength of 3.0 kV mm-1. This was attributed to the formation of large-cluster networks and additional polarization induced by the ions. This study provides a practical approach for developing a new type of gel-like ER fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Jekal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Minki Sa
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ryong Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Gyo Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungchul Noh
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and Texas Material Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chun Oh
- Department of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Hanseo University, Seosan-Si 31962, Republic of Korea
| | - Zambaga Otgonbayar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Min Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
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5
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Yokoyama T, Nakajima A. Bridging the gas and condensed phases for metal-atom encapsulating silicon- and germanium-cage superatoms: electrical properties of assembled superatoms. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:9738-9752. [PMID: 36947064 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp00120b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
With the development of nanocluster (NC) synthesis methods in the gas phase, atomically precise NCs composed of a finite number of metal and semiconductor atoms have emerged. NCs are expected to be the smallest units for nanomaterials with various functions, such as catalysts, optoelectronic materials, and electromagnetic devices. The exploration of a stable NC called a magic number NC has revealed a couple of important factors, such as a highly symmetric geometric structure and an electronic shell closure, and a magic number behavior is often enhanced by mixing additional elements. A synergetic effect between geometric and electronic structures leads to the formation of chemically robust NC units called superatoms (SAs), which act as individual units assembled as thin films. The agglomeration of non-ligated bare SAs is desirable in fabricating the assembled SAs associated with intrinsic SA nature. The recent development of an intensive pulsed magnetron sputtering method opens up the scalable synthesis of SAs in the gas phase, enabling the fabrication of SA assembly coupled with the non-destructive deposition of a soft-landing technique. This perspective describes our recent progress in the investigation of the formation of binary cage SA (BCSA) assembled thin films composed of metal-atom encapsulating silicon-cage SAs (M@Si16) and germanium-cage SAs (M@Ge16), with a focus on their electrical properties associated with a conduction mechanism toward the development of new functional nanoscale materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaho Yokoyama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama 223-8522, Japan.
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Asnaz OH, Drewes J, Elis M, Strunskus T, Greiner F, Polonskyi O, Faupel F, Kienle L, Vahl A, Benedikt J. A novel method for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles for functional applications based on long-term confinement in a radio frequency plasma. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1115-1123. [PMID: 36798508 PMCID: PMC9926887 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00806h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A novel combined setup of a Haberland type gas aggregation source and a secondary radio frequency discharge is used to generate, confine, and coat nanoparticles over much longer time scales than traditional in-flight treatment. The process is precisely monitored using localized surface plasmon resonance and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy as in situ diagnostics. They indicate that both untreated and treated particles can be confined for extended time periods (at least one hour) with minimal losses. During the entire confinement time, the particle sizes do not show considerable alterations, enabling multiple well-defined modifications of the seed nanoparticles in this synthesis approach. The approach is demonstrated by generating Ag@SiO2 nanoparticles with a well-defined surface coating. The in situ diagnostics provide insights into the growth kinetics of the applied coating and are linked to the coating properties by using ex situ transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Surface coating is shown to occur in two phases: first, singular seeds appear on the particle surface which then grow to cover the entire particle surface over 3 to 5 minutes. Afterwards, deposition occurs via surface growth which coincides with lower deposition rates. Our setup offers full control for various treatment options, which is demonstrated by coating the nanoparticles with a SiO2 layer followed by the etching of the part of the applied coating using hydrogen. Thus, complex multi-step nanofabrication, e.g., using different monomers, as well as very large coating thicknesses is possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Han Asnaz
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University Leibnizstr. 19 D-24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Jonas Drewes
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Marie Elis
- Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Franko Greiner
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University Leibnizstr. 19 D-24098 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Institute of Materials Science, Kiel University Kaiserstr. 2 D-24143 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Benedikt
- Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics, Kiel University Leibnizstr. 19 D-24098 Kiel Germany
- Kiel Nano, Surface and Interface Science KiNSIS, Kiel University Christian-Albrechts-Platz 4 D-24118 Kiel Germany
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7
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Grammatikopoulos P, Bouloumis T, Steinhauer S. Gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles: current application challenges and instrumentation development responses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:897-912. [PMID: 36537176 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04068a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles constitute fundamental building blocks required in several fields of application with current global importance. To fully exploit nanoparticle properties specifically determined by the size, shape, chemical composition and interfacial configuration, rigorous nanoparticle growth and deposition control is needed. Gas-phase synthesis, in particular magnetron-sputtering inert-gas condensation, provides unique opportunities to realise engineered nanoparticles optimised for the desired use case. Here, we provide an overview of recent nanoparticle growth experiments via this technique, how the latter can meet application-specific requirements, and what challenges might impede the wide-spread adoption for scalable industrial synthesis. More specifically, we discuss the timely topics of energy, catalysis, and sensing applications enabled by gas-phase synthesised nanoparticles, as well as recently emerging advances in neuromorphic devices for unconventional computing. Having identified the most relevant challenges and limiting factors, we outline how advances in nanoparticle source instrumentation and/or in situ diagnostics can address current shortcomings. Eventually we identify common trends and directions, giving our perspective on the most promising and impactful applications of gas-phase synthesised nanoparticles in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Grammatikopoulos
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.,Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
| | - Theodoros Bouloumis
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate University, 1919-1 Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Stephan Steinhauer
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm SE 106 91, Sweden
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8
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Fan JL, Hu XF, Qin WW, Liu ZY, Liu YS, Gao SJ, Tan LP, Yang JL, Luo LB, Zhang W. UV-light-assisted gas sensor based on PdSe 2/InSe heterojunction for ppb-level NO 2 sensing at room temperature. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13204-13213. [PMID: 36047737 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of van der Waals (vdWs) heterostructures mainly extends to two-dimensional (2D) materials. Nevertheless, the current processes for obtaining high-quality 2D films are mainly exfoliated from their bulk counterparts or by high-temperature chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which limits industrial production and is often accompanied by defects. Herein, we first fabricated the type-II p-PdSe2/n-InSe vdWs heterostructure using the ultra-high vacuum laser molecular beam epitaxy (LMBE) technique combined with the vertical 2D stacking strategy, which is reproducible and suitable for high-volume manufacturing. This work found that the introduction of 365 nm UV light illumination can significantly improve the electrical transport properties and NO2 sensing performance of the PdSe2/InSe heterojunction-based device at room temperature (RT). The detailed studies confirm that the sensor based on the PdSe2/InSe heterojunction delivers the comparable sensitivity (Ra/Rg = ∼2.6 at 10 ppm), a low limit of detection of 52 ppb, and excellent selectivity for NO2 gas under UV light illumination, indicating great potential for NO2 detection. Notably, the sensor possesses fast response and full recovery properties (275/1078 s) compared to the results in the dark. Furthermore, the mechanism of enhanced gas sensitivity was proposed based on the energy band alignment of the PdSe2/InSe heterojunction with the assistance of investigating the surface potential variations. This work may pave the way for the development of high-performance, room-temperature gas sensors based on 2D vdWs heterostructures through the LMBE technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Le Fan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Qin
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Song Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Shou-Jing Gao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Li-Ping Tan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Lei Yang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Bao Luo
- School of Microelectronics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument, School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, Anhui, P. R. China.
- Academy of Optoelectronic Technology, Special Display and Imaging Technology Innovation Center of Anhui Province, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, P. R. China
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9
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Mambretti F, Mirigliano M, Tentori E, Pedrani N, Martini G, Milani P, Galli DE. Dynamical stochastic simulation of complex electrical behavior in neuromorphic networks of metallic nanojunctions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12234. [PMID: 35851078 PMCID: PMC9294002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostructured Au films fabricated by the assembling of nanoparticles produced in the gas phase have shown properties suitable for neuromorphic computing applications: they are characterized by a non-linear and non-local electrical behavior, featuring switches of the electric resistance whose activation is typically triggered by an applied voltage over a certain threshold. These systems can be considered as complex networks of metallic nanojunctions where thermal effects at the nanoscale cause the continuous rearrangement of regions with low and high electrical resistance. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the electrical properties of this nano granular system, we developed a model based on a large three dimensional regular resistor network with non-linear conduction mechanisms and stochastic updates of conductances. Remarkably, by increasing enough the number of nodes in the network, the features experimentally observed in the electrical conduction properties of nanostructured gold films are qualitatively reproduced in the dynamical behavior of the system. In the activated non-linear conduction regime, our model reproduces also the growing trend, as a function of the subsystem size, of quantities like Mutual and Integrated Information, which have been extracted from the experimental resistance series data via an information theoretic analysis. This indicates that nanostructured Au films (and our model) possess a certain degree of activated interconnection among different areas which, in principle, could be exploited for neuromorphic computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mambretti
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, and INFN - Sezione di Padova, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - M Mirigliano
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - E Tentori
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - N Pedrani
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - G Martini
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - P Milani
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - D E Galli
- CIMAINA and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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10
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Piezoresistive Memories Based on Two-Dimensional Nano-Scale Electromechanical Systems. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12070968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work we present piezoresistive memory-bits based on two-dimensional nano-scale electro-mechanical systems. We demonstrate it is possible to achieve different electrical responses by fine control of micro-structural asymmetries and that information can be encoded in the geometrical configuration of the device and read as in classical ReRAM memories by measuring the current flowing across it. Based on the potential energy landscape of the device, we estimate the energy cost to operate the proposed memories. The estimated energy requirements for a single bit compete with existing technologies.
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11
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Nakajima M, Minegishi K, Shimizu Y, Usami Y, Tanaka H, Hasegawa T. In-materio reservoir working at low frequencies in a Ag 2S-island network. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:7634-7640. [PMID: 35545216 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01439d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A Ag2S-island network is fabricated with surrounding electrodes to enable it to be used as a reservoir for unconventional computing. Local conductance change occurs due to the growth/shrinkage of Ag filaments from/into each Ag2S island in the reservoir. The growth/shrinkage of Ag filaments is caused by the drift of Ag+ cations in each Ag2S island, which results in a unique non-linear response as a reservoir, especially at lower frequencies. The response of the reservoir is shown to depend on the frequency and amplitude of the input signals. So as to evaluate its capability as a reservoir, logical operations were performed using the subject Ag2S-island network, with the results showing an accuracy of greater than 99%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoharu Nakajima
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Minegishi
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Shimizu
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuki Usami
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Human Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hasegawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan.
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12
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Wu W, Pavloudis T, Verkhovtsev AV, Solov'yov AV, Palmer RE. Molecular dynamics simulation of nanofilament breakage in neuromorphic nanoparticle networks. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:275602. [PMID: 35412471 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac5e6d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing systems may be the future of computing and cluster-based networks are a promising architecture for the realization of these systems. The creation and dissolution of synapses between the clusters are of great importance for their function. In this work, we model the thermal breakage of a gold nanofilament located between two gold nanoparticles via molecular dynamics simulations to study on the mechanisms of neuromorphic nanoparticle-based devices. We employ simulations of Au nanowires of different lengths (20-80 Å), widths (4-8 Å) and shapes connecting two Au1415nanoparticles (NPs) and monitor the evolution of the system via a detailed structural identification analysis. We found that atoms of the nanofilament gradually aggregate towards the clusters, causing the middle of wire to gradually thin and then break. Most of the system remains crystalline during this process but the center is molten. The terminal NPs increase the melting point of the NWs by fixing the middle wire and act as recrystallization areas. We report a strong dependence on the width of the NWs, but also their length and structure. These results may serve as guidelines for the realization of cluster-based neuromorphic computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Wu
- Nanomaterials Lab, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, SA1 8EN, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Theodoros Pavloudis
- Nanomaterials Lab, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, SA1 8EN, Swansea, United Kingdom
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexey V Verkhovtsev
- MBN Research Center gGmbH, Frankfurter Innovationszentrum Biotechnologie, Altenhöferallee 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrey V Solov'yov
- MBN Research Center gGmbH, Frankfurter Innovationszentrum Biotechnologie, Altenhöferallee 3, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard E Palmer
- Nanomaterials Lab, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Fabian Way, SA1 8EN, Swansea, United Kingdom
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13
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Bose SK, Mallinson JB, Galli E, Acharya SK, Minnai C, Bones PJ, Brown SA. Neuromorphic behaviour in discontinuous metal films. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:437-445. [PMID: 35262143 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00620g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physical systems that exhibit brain-like behaviour are currently under intense investigation as platforms for neuromorphic computing. We show that discontinuous metal films, comprising irregular flat islands on a substrate and formed using simple evaporation processes, exhibit correlated avalanches of electrical signals that mimic those observed in the cortex. We further demonstrate that these signals meet established criteria for criticality. We perform a detailed experimental investigation of the atomic-scale switching processes that are responsible for these signals, and show that they mimic the integrate-and-fire mechanism of biological neurons. Using numerical simulations and a simple circuit model, we show that the characteristic features of the switching events are dependent on the network state and the local position of the switch within the complex network. We conclude that discontinuous films provide an interesting potential platform for brain-inspired computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K Bose
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Joshua B Mallinson
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Edoardo Galli
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Susant K Acharya
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Chloé Minnai
- Molecular Cryo-Electron Microscopy Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Kunigami-gun, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Philip J Bones
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Simon A Brown
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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14
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Benetti G, Banfi F, Cavaliere E, Gavioli L. Mechanical Properties of Nanoporous Metallic Ultrathin Films: A Paradigmatic Case. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3116. [PMID: 34835879 PMCID: PMC8624309 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanoporous ultrathin films, constituted by a slab less than 100 nm thick and a certain void volume fraction provided by nanopores, are emerging as a new class of systems with a wide range of possible applications, including electrochemistry, energy storage, gas sensing and supercapacitors. The film porosity and morphology strongly affect nanoporous films mechanical properties, the knowledge of which is fundamental for designing films for specific applications. To unveil the relationships among the morphology, structure and mechanical response, a comprehensive and non-destructive investigation of a model system was sought. In this review, we examined the paradigmatic case of a nanoporous, granular, metallic ultrathin film with comprehensive bottom-up and top-down approaches, both experimentals and theoreticals. The granular film was made of Ag nanoparticles deposited by gas-phase synthesis, thus providing a solvent-free and ultrapure nanoporous system at room temperature. The results, bearing generality beyond the specific model system, are discussed for several applications specific to the morphological and mechanical properties of the investigated films, including bendable electronics, membrane separation and nanofluidic sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Benetti
- Medical Physics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, P.le Stefani 1, 37126 Verona, Italy;
| | - Francesco Banfi
- FemtoNanoOptics Group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;
| | - Emanuele Cavaliere
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (i-LAMP), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 46, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Luca Gavioli
- FemtoNanoOptics Group, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Institut Lumière Matière, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France;
- Interdisciplinary Laboratories for Advanced Materials Physics (i-LAMP), Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via della Garzetta 46, 25121 Brescia, Italy;
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15
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Acharya SK, Galli E, Mallinson JB, Bose SK, Wagner F, Heywood ZE, Bones PJ, Arnold MD, Brown SA. Stochastic Spiking Behavior in Neuromorphic Networks Enables True Random Number Generation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52861-52870. [PMID: 34719914 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a great deal of interest in the use of nanoscale devices to emulate the behaviors of neurons and synapses and to facilitate brain-inspired computation. Here, it is shown that percolating networks of nanoparticles exhibit stochastic spiking behavior that is strikingly similar to that observed in biological neurons. The spiking rate can be controlled by the input stimulus, similar to "rate coding" in biology, and the distributions of times between events are log-normal, providing insights into the atomic-scale spiking mechanism. The stochasticity of the spiking behavior is then used for true random number generation, and the high quality of the generated random bit-streams is demonstrated, opening up promising routes toward integration of neuromorphic computing with secure information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susant K Acharya
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Edoardo Galli
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Joshua B Mallinson
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Saurabh K Bose
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Ford Wagner
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Zachary E Heywood
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philip J Bones
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew D Arnold
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia
| | - Simon A Brown
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Te Kura Matu, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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16
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Borghi F, Mirigliano M, Lenardi C, Milani P, Podestà A. Nanostructure Determines the Wettability of Gold Surfaces by Ionic Liquid Ultrathin Films. Front Chem 2021; 9:619432. [PMID: 33614601 PMCID: PMC7892474 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.619432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are employed in energy storage/harvesting devices, in catalysis and biomedical technologies, due to their tunable bulk and interfacial properties. In particular, the wettability and the structuring of the ionic liquids at the interface are of paramount importance for all those applications exploiting ionic liquids tribological properties, their double layer organization at electrified interfaces, and interfacial chemical reactions. Here we report an experimental investigation of the wettability and organization at the interface of an imidazolium-based ionic liquid ([Bmim][NTf2]) and gold surfaces, that are widely used as electrodes in energy devices, electronics, fluidics. In particular, we investigated the role of the nanostructure on the resulting interfacial interactions between [Bmim][NTf2] and atom-assembled or cluster-assembled gold thin films. Our results highlight the presence of the solid-like structured ionic liquid domains extending several tens of nanometres far from the gold interfaces, and characterized by different lateral extension, according to the wettability of the gold nanostructures by the IL liquid-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Borghi
- CIMaINa and Dipartimento di Fisica “Aldo Pontremoli”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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17
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Schwartzkopf M, Wöhnert SJ, Waclawek V, Carstens N, Rothkirch A, Rubeck J, Gensch M, Drewes J, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Hinz AM, Schaper SJ, Körstgens V, Müller-Buschbaum P, Faupel F, Roth SV. Real-time insight into nanostructure evolution during the rapid formation of ultra-thin gold layers on polymers. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2021; 6:132-138. [PMID: 33290482 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin metal layers on polymer thin films attract tremendous research interest for advanced flexible optoelectronic applications, including organic photovoltaics, light emitting diodes and sensors. To realize the large-scale production of such metal-polymer hybrid materials, high rate sputter deposition is of particular interest. Here, we witness the birth of a metal-polymer hybrid material by quantifying in situ with unprecedented time-resolution of 0.5 ms the temporal evolution of interfacial morphology during the rapid formation of ultra-thin gold layers on thin polystyrene films. We monitor average non-equilibrium cluster geometries, transient interface morphologies and the effective near-surface gold diffusion. At 1 s sputter deposition, the polymer matrix has already been enriched with 1% gold and an intermixing layer has formed with a depth of over 3.5 nm. Furthermore, we experimentally observe unexpected changes in aspect ratios of ultra-small gold clusters growing in the vicinity of polymer chains. For the first time, this approach enables four-dimensional insights at atomic scales during the gold growth under non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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18
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Mirigliano M, Radice S, Falqui A, Casu A, Cavaliere F, Milani P. Anomalous electrical conduction and negative temperature coefficient of resistance in nanostructured gold resistive switching films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19613. [PMID: 33184326 PMCID: PMC7665002 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the observation of non-metallic electrical conduction, resistive switching, and a negative temperature coefficient of resistance in nanostructured gold films above the electrical percolation and in strong-coupling regime, from room down to cryogenic temperatures (24 K). Nanostructured continuous gold films are assembled by supersonic cluster beam deposition of Au aggregates formed in the gas phase. The structure of the cluster-assembled films is characterized by an extremely high density of randomly oriented crystalline nanodomains, separated by grain boundaries and with a large number of lattice defects. Our data indicates that space charge limited conduction and Coulomb blockade are at the origin of the anomalous electrical behavior. The high density of extended defects and grain boundaries causes the localization of conduction electrons over the entire investigated temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mirigliano
- CIMAINA and Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - S Radice
- CIMAINA and Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - A Falqui
- NABLA Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Casu
- NABLA Lab, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - F Cavaliere
- CIMAINA and Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - P Milani
- CIMAINA and Department of Physics, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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19
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Migliorini L, Santaniello T, Borghi F, Saettone P, Comes Franchini M, Generali G, Milani P. Eco-Friendly Supercapacitors Based on Biodegradable Poly(3-Hydroxy-Butyrate) and Ionic Liquids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2062. [PMID: 33086532 PMCID: PMC7603249 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interest for biodegradable electronic devices is rapidly increasing for application in the field of wearable electronics, precision agriculture, biomedicine, and environmental monitoring. Energy storage devices integrated on polymeric substrates are of particular interest to enable the large-scale on field use of complex devices. This work presents a novel class of eco-friendly supercapacitors based on biodegradable poly(3-hydroxybutyrrate) PHB, ionic liquids, and cluster-assembled gold electrodes. By electrochemical characterization, we demonstrate the possibility of tuning the supercapacitor energetic performance according to the type and amount of the ionic liquid employed. Our devices based on hydrophobic plastic materials are stable under cyclic operation and resistant to moisture exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Migliorini
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (T.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Tommaso Santaniello
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (T.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Francesca Borghi
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (T.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Paolo Saettone
- Bio-On spa, Via Santa Margherita al Colle 10/3, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Mauro Comes Franchini
- Bio-On spa, Via Santa Margherita al Colle 10/3, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.S.); (G.G.)
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianluca Generali
- Bio-On spa, Via Santa Margherita al Colle 10/3, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (P.S.); (G.G.)
| | - Paolo Milani
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Nanostructured Materials and Interfaces (CIMaINa), Physics Department, University of Milan, 20133 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (T.S.); (F.B.)
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20
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Mirigliano M, Decastri D, Pullia A, Dellasega D, Casu A, Falqui A, Milani P. Complex electrical spiking activity in resistive switching nanostructured Au two-terminal devices. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:234001. [PMID: 32202254 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab76ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Networks of nanoscale objects are the subject of increasing interest as resistive switching systems for the fabrication of neuromorphic computing architectures. Nanostructured films of bare gold clusters produced in gas phase with thickness well beyond the electrical percolation threshold, show a non-ohmic electrical behavior and resistive switching, resulting in groups of current spikes with irregular temporal organization. Here we report the systematic characterization of the temporal correlations between single spikes and spiking rate power spectrum of nanostructured Au two-terminal devices consisting of a cluster-assembled film deposited between two planar electrodes. By varying the nanostructured film thickness we fabricated two different classes of devices with high and low initial resistance respectively. We show that the switching dynamics can be described by a power law distribution in low resistance devices whereas a bi-exponential behavior is observed in the high resistance ones. The measured resistance of cluster-assembled films shows a [Formula: see text] scaling behavior in the range of analyzed frequencies. Our results suggest the possibility of using cluster-assembled Au films as components for neuromorphic systems where a certain degree of stochasticity is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mirigliano
- CIMAINA and Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, I-20133, Milano, Italy
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