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Wanek T, Raabe M, Alam MNA, Filip T, Stanek J, Loebsch M, Laube C, Mairinger S, Weil T, Kuntner C. Functionalization of 68Ga-Radiolabeled Nanodiamonds with Octreotide Does Not Improve Tumor-Targeting Capabilities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:514. [PMID: 38675474 PMCID: PMC11054832 DOI: 10.3390/ph17040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanodiamonds (NDs) are emerging as a novel nanoparticle class with growing interest in medical applications. The surface coating of NDs can be modified by attaching binding ligands or imaging probes, turning them into multi-modal targeting agents. In this investigation, we assessed the targeting efficacy of octreotide-functionalized 68Ga-radiolabelled NDs for cancer imaging and compared it with the tumor uptake using [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC. In vivo studies in mice bearing AR42J tumors demonstrated the highest accumulation of the radiolabeled functionalized NDs in the liver and spleen, with relatively low tumor uptake compared to [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TOC. Our findings suggest that, within the scope of this study, functionalization did not enhance the tumor-targeting capabilities of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.)
| | - Marco Raabe
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Md Noor A Alam
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Filip
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.)
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.)
| | - Mathilde Loebsch
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.)
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry (CFL), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Laube
- Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanja Weil
- Synthesis of Macromolecules, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Claudia Kuntner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (T.W.)
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria; (T.F.)
- Medical Imaging Cluster (MIC), Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Chauhan P, V R, Kumar M, Molla R, Mishra SD, Basa S, Rai V. Chemical technology principles for selective bioconjugation of proteins and antibodies. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:380-449. [PMID: 38095227 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Proteins are multifunctional large organic compounds that constitute an essential component of a living system. Hence, control over their bioconjugation impacts science at the chemistry-biology-medicine interface. A chemical toolbox for their precision engineering can boost healthcare and open a gateway for directed or precision therapeutics. Such a chemical toolbox remained elusive for a long time due to the complexity presented by the large pool of functional groups. The precise single-site modification of a protein requires a method to address a combination of selectivity attributes. This review focuses on guiding principles that can segregate them to simplify the task for a chemical method. Such a disintegration systematically employs a multi-step chemical transformation to deconvolute the selectivity challenges. It constitutes a disintegrate (DIN) theory that offers additional control parameters for tuning precision in protein bioconjugation. This review outlines the selectivity hurdles faced by chemical methods. It elaborates on the developments in the perspective of DIN theory to demonstrate simultaneous regulation of reactivity, chemoselectivity, site-selectivity, modularity, residue specificity, and protein specificity. It discusses the progress of such methods to construct protein and antibody conjugates for biologics, including antibody-fluorophore and antibody-drug conjugates (AFCs and ADCs). It also briefs how this knowledge can assist in developing small molecule-based covalent inhibitors. In the process, it highlights an opportunity for hypothesis-driven routes to accelerate discoveries of selective methods and establish new targetome in the precision engineering of proteins and antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Ragendu V
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Surya Dev Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Sneha Basa
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, 462 066, India.
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3
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Richard M, Martin Aubert S, Denis C, Dubois S, Nozach H, Truillet C, Kuhnast B. Fluorine-18 and Radiometal Labeling of Biomolecules via Disulfide Rebridging. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:2123-2132. [PMID: 37881943 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecules labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides like fluorine-18 or radiometals like copper-64 and zirconium-89 are increasingly employed in nuclear medicine for diagnosis purposes. Given the fragility and complexity of these compounds, their labeling requires mild conditions. Besides, it is essential to develop methods inducing minimal modification of the tertiary structure, as it is fundamental for the biological activity of such complex entities. Given these requirements, disulfide rebridging represents a promising possibility since it allows protein modification as well as conservation of the tertiary structure. In this context, we have developed an original radiofluorinated dibromopyridazine dione prosthetic group for labeling of disulfide-containing biomolecules via rebridging. We employed it to radiolabel octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, and to radiolabel fragment antigen binding (Fab) targeting programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), whose properties were then evaluated in vitro and in vivo by positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We next extended our strategy to the radiolabeling of cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody, with various radiometals commonly used in PET imaging (zirconium-89, copper-64) by developing various rebridging molecules bearing the appropriate chelators. The stabilities of the radiolabeled antibody conjugates were assessed in biological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène Richard
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
| | | | - Caroline Denis
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Steven Dubois
- CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Hervé Nozach
- CEA, INRAE, Medicines and Healthcare Technologies Department, SIMoS, Paris-Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Charles Truillet
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, SHFJ, Paris-Saclay University, Orsay 91401, France
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4
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Nisavic M, Wørmer GJ, Nielsen CS, Jeppesen SM, Palmfeldt J, Poulsen TB. oxSTEF Reagents Are Tunable and Versatile Electrophiles for Selective Disulfide-Rebridging of Native Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2023. [PMID: 37201197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Site-selective disulfide rebridging has emerged as a powerful strategy to modulate the structural and functional properties of proteins. Here, we introduce a novel class of electrophilic reagents, designated oxSTEF, that demonstrate excellent efficiency in disulfide rebridging via double thiol exchange. The oxSTEF reagents are prepared using an efficient synthetic sequence which may be diverted to obtain a range of derivatives allowing for tuning of reactivity or steric bulk. We demonstrate highly selective rebridging of cyclic peptides and native proteins, such as human growth hormone, and the absence of cross-reactivity with other nucleophilic amino acid residues. The oxSTEF conjugates undergo glutathione-mediated disintegration under tumor-relevant glutathione concentrations, which highlights their potential for use in targeted drug delivery. Finally, the α-dicarbonyl motif of the oxSTEF reagents enables "second phase" oxime ligation, which furthermore increases the thiol stability of the conjugates significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Nisavic
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine─Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Gustav J Wørmer
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie S Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Sofie M Jeppesen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Johan Palmfeldt
- Department of Clinical Medicine─Research Unit for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 82, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Thomas B Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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5
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Chauhan P, V. R, Kumar M, Molla R, V. B. U, Rai V. Dis integrate (DIN) Theory Enabling Precision Engineering of Proteins. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:137-150. [PMID: 36844488 PMCID: PMC9951294 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The chemical toolbox for the selective modification of proteins has witnessed immense interest in the past few years. The rapid growth of biologics and the need for precision therapeutics have fuelled this growth further. However, the broad spectrum of selectivity parameters creates a roadblock to the field's growth. Additionally, bond formation and dissociation are significantly redefined during the translation from small molecules to proteins. Understanding these principles and developing theories to deconvolute the multidimensional attributes could accelerate the area. This outlook presents a disintegrate (DIN) theory for systematically disintegrating the selectivity challenges through reversible chemical reactions. An irreversible step concludes the reaction sequence to render an integrated solution for precise protein bioconjugation. In this perspective, we highlight the key advancements, unsolved challenges, and potential opportunities.
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6
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Exosomes as Novel Delivery Systems for Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227789. [PMID: 36431890 PMCID: PMC9695524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, as gifts of nature derived from various cell types with a size range from ~40 to 160 nm in diameter, have gained attention recently. They are composed of a lipid membrane bilayer structure containing different constituents, such as surface ligands and receptors, from the parental cells. Originating from a variety of sources, exosomes have the ability to participate in a diverse range of biological processes, including the regulation of cellular communication. On account of their ideal native structure and characteristics, exosomes are taken into account as drug delivery systems (DDSs). They can provide profound effects on conveying therapeutic agents with great advantages, including specific targeting, high biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Further, they can also be considered to ameliorate natural compounds, the main constituents of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), which are usually ignored due to the complexity of their structures, poor stability, and unclear mechanisms of action. This review summarizes the classification of exosomes as well as the research progress on exosome-based DDSs for the treatment of different diseases in TCM. Furthermore, this review discusses the advantages and challenges faced by exosomes to contribute to their further investigation and application.
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7
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Scinto SL, Reagle TR, Fox JM. Affinity Bioorthogonal Chemistry (ABC) Tags for Site-Selective Conjugation, On-Resin Protein-Protein Coupling, and Purification of Protein Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207661. [PMID: 36058881 PMCID: PMC10029600 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The site-selective functionalization of proteins has broad application in chemical biology, but can be limited when mixtures result from incomplete conversion or the formation of protein containing side products. It is shown here that when proteins are covalently tagged with pyridyl-tetrazines, the nickel-iminodiacetate (Ni-IDA) resins commonly used for His-tags can be directly used for protein affinity purification. These Affinity Bioorthogonal Chemistry (ABC) tags serve a dual role by enabling affinity-based protein purification while maintaining rapid kinetics in bioorthogonal reactions. ABC-tagging works with a range of site-selective bioconjugation methods with proteins tagged at the C-terminus, N-terminus or at internal positions. ABC-tagged proteins can also be purified from complex mixtures including cell lysate. The combination of site-selective conjugation and clean-up with ABC-tagged proteins also allows for facile on-resin reactions to provide protein-protein conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Scinto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Tyler R Reagle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Joseph M Fox
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, Newark, DE 19713, USA
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8
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Thoreau F, Chudasama V. Enabling the next steps in cancer immunotherapy: from antibody-based bispecifics to multispecifics, with an evolving role for bioconjugation chemistry. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:140-169. [PMID: 35360884 PMCID: PMC8826860 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00082a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, immunotherapy has established itself as one of the leading strategies for cancer treatment, as illustrated by the exponentially growing number of related clinical trials. This trend was, in part, prompted by the clinical success of both immune checkpoint modulation and immune cell engagement, to restore and/or stimulate the patient's immune system's ability to fight the disease. These strategies were sustained by progress in bispecific antibody production. However, despite the decisive progress made in the treatment of cancer, toxicity and resistance are still observed in some cases. In this review, we initially provide an overview of the monoclonal and bispecific antibodies developed with the objective of restoring immune system functions to treat cancer (cancer immunotherapy), through immune checkpoint modulation, immune cell engagement or a combination of both. Their production, design strategy and impact on the clinical trial landscape are also addressed. In the second part, the concept of multispecific antibody formats, notably MuTICEMs (Multispecific Targeted Immune Cell Engagers & Modulators), as a possible answer to current immunotherapy limitations is investigated. We believe it could be the next step to take for cancer immunotherapy research and expose why bioconjugation chemistry might play a key role in these future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Thoreau
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - Vijay Chudasama
- Department of Chemistry, University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
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9
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Guo Z. Research advances in UV-curable self-healing coatings. RSC Adv 2022; 12:32429-32439. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06089b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-healing is the ability of a material to recover from physical damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Industrial Development Promotion Center of Weifang, Sunshine Building, No. 6396, Dongfeng East Street, Weifang, 261061, China
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10
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Lin H, Bai H, Yang Z, Shen Q, Li M, Huang Y, Lv F, Wang S. Conjugated Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7232-7244. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02177c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers (CPs) are a series of organic semiconductor materials with large π-conjugated backbones and delocalized electronic structures. Due to their specific photophysical properties and photoelectric effects, plenty of CPs...
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11
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Sornay C, Vaur V, Wagner A, Chaubet G. An overview of chemo- and site-selectivity aspects in the chemical conjugation of proteins. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211563. [PMID: 35116160 PMCID: PMC8790347 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The bioconjugation of proteins-that is, the creation of a covalent link between a protein and any other molecule-has been studied for decades, partly because of the numerous applications of protein conjugates, but also due to the technical challenge it represents. Indeed, proteins possess inner physico-chemical properties-they are sensitive and polynucleophilic macromolecules-that make them complex substrates in conjugation reactions. This complexity arises from the mild conditions imposed by their sensitivity but also from selectivity issues, viz the precise control of the conjugation site on the protein. After decades of research, strategies and reagents have been developed to address two aspects of this selectivity: chemoselectivity-harnessing the reacting chemical functionality-and site-selectivity-controlling the reacting amino acid residue-most notably thanks to the participation of synthetic chemistry in this effort. This review offers an overview of these chemical bioconjugation strategies, insisting on those employing native proteins as substrates, and shows that the field is active and exciting, especially for synthetic chemists seeking new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Sornay
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Valentine Vaur
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Alain Wagner
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
| | - Guilhem Chaubet
- Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, Illkirch-Graffenstaden 67400, France
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12
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Dimasi N, Kumar A, Gao C. Generation of bispecific antibodies using chemical conjugation methods. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 40:13-24. [PMID: 34916015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies combine the specificity of two antibodies into one molecule. During the past two decades, advancement in protein engineering enabled the development of more than 100 bispecific formats, three of which are approved by the FDA for clinical use. In parallel to protein engineering methods, advancement in conjugation chemistries have spurred the use of chemical engineering approaches to generate bispecific antibodies. Herein, we review selected chemical strategies employed to generate bispecific antibodies that cannot be made using protein engineering methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Dimasi
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Amit Kumar
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA
| | - Changshou Gao
- Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca, One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, USA.
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13
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Xu L, Silva MJSA, Gois PMP, Kuan SL, Weil T. Chemoselective cysteine or disulfide modification via single atom substitution in chloromethyl acryl reagents. Chem Sci 2021; 12:13321-13330. [PMID: 34777751 PMCID: PMC8528048 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03250j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bioconjugation chemistry has enabled the combination of various synthetic functionalities to proteins, giving rise to new classes of protein conjugates with functions well beyond what Nature can provide. Despite the progress in bioconjugation chemistry, there are no reagents developed to date where the reactivity can be tuned in a user-defined fashion to address different amino acid residues in proteins. Here, we report that 2-chloromethyl acryl reagents can serve as a simple yet versatile platform for selective protein modification at cysteine or disulfide sites by tuning their inherent electronic properties through the amide or ester linkage. Specifically, the 2-chloromethyl derivatives (acrylamide or acrylate) can be obtained via a simple and easily implemented one-pot reaction based on the coupling reaction between commercially available starting materials with different end-group functionalities (amino group or hydroxyl group). 2-Chloromethyl acrylamide reagents with an amide linkage favor selective modification at the cysteine site with fast reaction kinetics and near quantitative conversations. In contrast, 2-chloromethyl acrylate reagents bearing an ester linkage can undergo two successive Michael reactions, allowing the selective modification of disulfides bonds with high labeling efficiency and good conjugate stability. 2-Chloromethyl acryl derivatives (acrylamides and acrylates) can serve as simple and versatile bioconjugation reagents to achieve site-selective cysteine and disulfide modification on demand and with high efficiency.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Maria J S A Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Pedro M P Gois
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa 1649-003 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I, Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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14
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Xu L, Kuan SL, Weil T. Contemporary Approaches for Site-Selective Dual Functionalization of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13757-13777. [PMID: 33258535 PMCID: PMC8248073 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Site-selective protein functionalization serves as an invaluable tool for investigating protein structures and functions in complicated cellular environments and accomplishing semi-synthetic protein conjugates such as traceable therapeutics with improved features. Dual functionalization of proteins allows the incorporation of two different types of functionalities at distinct location(s), which greatly expands the features of native proteins. The attachment and crosstalk of a fluorescence donor and an acceptor dye provides fundamental insights into the folding and structural changes of proteins upon ligand binding in their native cellular environments. Moreover, the combination of drug molecules with different modes of action, imaging agents or stabilizing polymers provides new avenues to design precision protein therapeutics in a reproducible and well-characterizable fashion. This review aims to give a timely overview of the recent advancements and a future perspective of this relatively new research area. First, the chemical toolbox for dual functionalization of proteins is discussed and compared. The strengths and limitations of each strategy are summarized in order to enable readers to select the most appropriate method for their envisaged applications. Thereafter, representative applications of these dual-modified protein bioconjugates benefiting from the synergistic/additive properties of the two synthetic moieties are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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15
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Xu L, Kuan SL, Weil T. Contemporary Approaches for Site‐Selective Dual Functionalization of Proteins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lujuan Xu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Ulm University Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Germany
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Kuan SL, Raabe M. Solid-Phase Protein Modifications: Towards Precision Protein Hybrids for Biological Applications. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:94-104. [PMID: 32667697 PMCID: PMC7818443 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have attracted increasing attention as biopharmaceutics and diagnostics due to their high specificity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. The biopharmaceutical sector in particular is experiencing rapid growth, which has led to an increase in the production and sale of protein drugs and diagnostics over the last two decades. Since the first-generation biopharmaceutics dominated by native proteins, both recombinant and chemical technologies have evolved and transformed the outlook of this rapidly developing field. This review article presents updates on the fabrication of covalent and supramolecular fusion hybrids, as well as protein-polymer hybrids using solid-phase approaches that hold great promise for preparing protein hybrids with precise control at the macromolecular level to incorporate additional features. In addition, the applications of the resultant protein hybrids in medicine and diagnostics are highlighted where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seah Ling Kuan
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marco Raabe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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17
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Johann K, Svatunek D, Seidl C, Rizzelli S, Bauer TA, Braun L, Koynov K, Mikula H, Barz M. Tetrazine- and trans-cyclooctene-functionalised polypept(o)ides for fast bioorthogonal tetrazine ligation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00375a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tetrazine- and trans-cyclooctene-functionalised polypeptides and polypetoids were prepared by ring-opening polymerisation of N-carboxyanhydrides using the respective functional initiators and shown to react in fast bioorthogonal tetrazine ligations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Johann
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Dennis Svatunek
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Christine Seidl
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Silvia Rizzelli
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Tobias A. Bauer
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Lydia Braun
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Kaloian Koynov
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- Technische Universität Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Matthias Barz
- Department of Chemistry
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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18
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Reddy NC, Kumar M, Molla R, Rai V. Chemical methods for modification of proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:4669-4691. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00857e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The field of protein bioconjugation draws attention from stakeholders in chemistry, biology, and medicine. This review provides an overview of the present status, challenges, and opportunities for organic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelesh C. Reddy
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Mohan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Rajib Molla
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
| | - Vishal Rai
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- India
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