1
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Singaram S, Ramakrishnan K, Selvam J, Senthil M, Narayanamurthy V. Sweat gland morphology and physiology in diabetes, neuropathy, and nephropathy: a review. Arch Physiol Biochem 2024; 130:437-451. [PMID: 36063413 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2022.2114499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Context: Sweat glands (SGs) play a vital role in thermal regulation. The function and structure are altered during the different pathological conditions.Objective: These alterations are studied through three techniques: biopsy, sweat analytes and electrical activity of SG.Methods: The morphological study of SG through biopsy and various techniques involved in quantifying sweat analytes is focussed on here. Electrical activities of SG in diabetes, neuropathy and nephropathy cases are also discussed, highlighting their limitations and future scope.Results and Conclusion: The result of this review identified three areas of the knowledge gap. The first is wearable sensors to correlate pathological conditions. Secondly, there is no device to look for its structure and quantify its associated function. Finally, therapeutic applications of SG are explored, especially for renal failure. With these aspects, this paper provides information collection and correlates SG with pathologies related to diabetes. Hence this could help researchers develop suitable technologies for the gaps identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Singaram
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kalpana Ramakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayashree Selvam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mallika Senthil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vigneswaran Narayanamurthy
- Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia
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2
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Li L, Chen W, Hu X, Tang Z, Wang C, Ju H. Coupled Poly(ethylenimine) Coreactant to Enhance Electrochemiluminescence of Polymer Dots for Array Imaging of Protein Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4308-4313. [PMID: 38418287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Traditional electrochemiluminescent (ECL) bioanalysis suffers from the demand for excessive external coreactants and the damage of reaction intermediates. In this work, a poly(ethylenimine) (PEI)-coupled ECL emitter was proposed by covalently coupling tertiary amine-rich PEI to polymer dots (Pdots). The coupled PEI might act as a highly efficient coreactant to enhance the ECL emission of Pdots through intramolecular electron transfer, reducing the electron transfer distance between emitter and coreactant intermediates and avoiding the disadvantages of traditional ECL systems. Through modification of the PEI-Pdots with tDNA, a sequence partially complementary to cDNA that was complementary to the aptamer of target protein biomarker (aDNA), tDNA-PEI-Pdots were obtained. The biosensors were produced using Au/indium tin oxide (ITO) with an aDNA/cDNA hybrid, and an ECL imaging biosensor array was constructed for ultrasensitive detection of protein biomarkers. Using vascular endothelial growth factor 165 (VEGF165) as a protein model, the proposed ECL imaging method containing two simple incubations with target samples and then tDNA-PEI-Pdots showed a detectable range of 1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.71 pg mL-1, as well as excellent performance such as low toxicity, high sensitivity, excellent selectivity, good accuracy, and acceptable fabrication reproducibility. The PEI-coupled Pdots provide a new avenue for the design of ECL emitters and the application of ECL imaging in disease biomarker detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiangfu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
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3
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Nie W, Zhang R, Hu C, Jin T, Wei X, Cui H. A self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence array chip for portable label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein with smartphone. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 240:115662. [PMID: 37669588 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection plays a key role in the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19. However, current clinically used immunoassays are often limited by assay throughput, sensitivity, accuracy, and field operating conditions. To address these challenges, we constructed a self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) array chip (SE2AC) for highly sensitive and label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N protein) with a facile and portable assay setup. Firstly, the self-enhanced ECL nanomaterials with inherent film-forming properties were synthesized by co-doping Ru(bpy)32+ and polyethyleneimine (PEI) in silica nanoparticles (Ru/PEI@SiO2). Secondly, a resistance-induced potential difference-based single-electrode electrochemical system (SEES) was adapted to serve as the electrode array to facilitate one-step assembly without the need for chip alignment. Thirdly, the chip electrode array was functionalized with the synthesized self-enhanced ECL emitters and captured antibodies. In addition, a portable detection box equipped with a smartphone was 3D-printed to serve as the chip holder and "dark room" for imaging acquisition. The SE2AC performance was validated with N protein with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.47 pg/mL in the range of 1-10,000 pg/mL. Furthermore, the chip successfully detected the viral antigen residue as low as 1.92 pg/mL from diluted rehabilitation patients' serum samples. This is the first study reporting label-free detection of SARS-Cov-2 N protein based on a self-enhanced ECL immunosensor, which provides a novel facile method for highly sensitive diagnosis of COVID-19 with high throughput, portability, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Nie
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Ruoxian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Tengchuan Jin
- Laboratory of Structural Immunology, CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Diseases, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, PR China
| | - Xi Wei
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Hua Cui
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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4
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Yu S, Hu X, Pan J, Lei J, Ju H. Nanoconfined Cathodic Electrochemiluminescence for Self-Sensitized Bioimaging of Membrane Protein. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16593-16599. [PMID: 37902983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL) can be achieved via the confinement of coreactants and ECL emitters in a single nanostructure. This strategy has been used for the design of anodic ECL systems with amine compounds as coreactants. In this work, a novel confinement system was proposed by codoping positively charged ECL emitter tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) and negatively charged coreactant peroxydisulfate (S2O82-) in silica nanoparticles. The codoping process could be performed by introducing S2O82- in cationic poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) to form PDDA@S2O82- and then encapsulating it and Ru(bpy)32+ in the Triton X-100 vesicle followed by the hydrolysis of tetraethyl ortosilicate, surface modification, and demulsification. The obtained RuSSNs exhibited good homogeneity, excellent monodispersity, acceptable biocompatibility, and 2.9-fold stronger ECL emission than Ru(bpy)32+-doped silica nanoparticles at an equal amount of nanoparticles in the presence of 0.1 M K2S2O8. Thus, an in situ self-sensitized cathodic ECL imaging method was designed for the monitoring of glycoprotein on living cell membranes. This work provides a new way for the modification, enhancement, and application of nano-ECL emitters in biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Xiangfu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jianbin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
| | - Huangxian Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P.R. China
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5
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Futane A, Senthil M, S J, Srinivasan A, R K, Narayanamurthy V. Sweat analysis for urea sensing: trends and challenges. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4405-4426. [PMID: 37646163 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01089a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
With increasing population there is a rise in pathological diseases that the healthcare facilities are grappling with. Sweat-based wearable technologies for continuous monitoring have overcome the demerits associated with sweat sampling and sensing. Hence, sweat as an alternative biofluid holds great promise for the quantification of a host of biomarkers and understanding the functioning of the body, thereby deducing ailments quickly and economically. This comprehensive review accounts for recent advances in sweat-based LOCs (Lab-On-Chips), which are a likely alternative to the existing blood-urea sample testing that is invasive and time-consuming. The present review is focused on the advancements in sweat-based Lab-On-Chips (LOCs) as an alternative to invasive and time-consuming blood-urea sample testing. In addition, different sweat collection methods (direct skin, near skin and microfluidic) and their mechanism for urea sensing are explained in detail. The mechanism of urea in biofluids in protein metabolism, balancing nitrogen levels and a crucial factor of kidney function is described. In the end, research and technological advancements are explained to address current challenges and enable its widespread implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Futane
- Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektronik dan Kejuruteraan Komputer, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
| | - Mallika Senthil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering, College, Chennai, India 602105
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jayashree S
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering, College, Chennai, India 602105
| | - Arthi Srinivasan
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, University Malaysia Pahang (UMP), Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kunatan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Kalpana R
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rajalakshmi Engineering, College, Chennai, India 602105
| | - Vigneswaran Narayanamurthy
- Advance Sensors and Embedded Systems (ASECs), Centre for Telecommunication Research & Innovation, Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Elektrik Dan Elektronik, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka 76100, Malaysia
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India.
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6
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Zhao Y, Jin KQ, Li JD, Sheng KK, Huang WH, Liu YL. Flexible and Stretchable Electrochemical Sensors for Biological Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305917. [PMID: 37639636 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The rise of flexible and stretchable electronics has revolutionized biosensor techniques for probing biological systems. Particularly, flexible and stretchable electrochemical sensors (FSECSs) enable the in situ quantification of numerous biochemical molecules in different biological entities owing to their exceptional sensitivity, fast response, and easy miniaturization. Over the past decade, the fabrication and application of FSECSs have significantly progressed. This review highlights key developments in electrode fabrication and FSECSs functionalization. It delves into the electrochemical sensing of various biomarkers, including metabolites, electrolytes, signaling molecules, and neurotransmitters from biological systems, encompassing the outer epidermis, tissues/organs in vitro and in vivo, and living cells. Finally, considering electrode preparation and biological applications, current challenges and future opportunities for FSECSs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kai-Qi Jin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jing-Du Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Kai-Kai Sheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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7
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Xuan X, Chen C, Molinero-Fernandez A, Ekelund E, Cardinale D, Swarén M, Wedholm L, Cuartero M, Crespo GA. Fully Integrated Wearable Device for Continuous Sweat Lactate Monitoring in Sports. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2401-2409. [PMID: 37289663 PMCID: PMC10294257 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical digitalization of sweat using wearable sensing interfaces is an attractive alternative to traditional blood-based protocols in sports. Although sweat lactate has been claimed to be a relevant biomarker in sports, an analytically validated wearable system to prove that has not yet been developed. We present a fully integrated sweat lactate sensing system applicable to in situ perspiration analysis. The device can be conveniently worn in the skin to monitor real-time sweat lactate during sports, such as cycling and kayaking. The novelty of the system is threefold: advanced microfluidics design for sweat collection and analysis, an analytically validated lactate biosensor based on a rational design of an outer diffusion-limiting membrane, and an integrated circuit for signal processing with a custom smartphone application. The sensor covering the range expected for lactate in sweat (1-20 mM), with appropriate sensitivity (-12.5 ± 0.53 nA mM-1), shows an acceptable response time (<90 s), and the influence of changes in pH, temperature, and flow rate are neglectable. Also, the sensor is analytically suitable with regard to reversibility, resilience, and reproducibility. The sensing device is validated through a relatively high number of on-body tests performed with elite athletes cycling and kayaking in controlled environments. Correlation outcomes between sweat lactate and other physiological indicators typically accessible in sports laboratories (blood lactate, perceived exhaustion, heart rate, blood glucose, respiratory quotient) are also presented and discussed in relation to the sport performance monitoring capability of continuous sweat lactate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xuan
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Chen Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Agueda Molinero-Fernandez
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Emil Ekelund
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniele Cardinale
- Department
of Physiology, Nutrition, and Biomechanics, The Swedish School of
Sport and Health Sciences, GIH, SE-11486 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Swarén
- Swedish
Unit of Metrology in Sports, Institution of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden
| | - Lars Wedholm
- Institution
of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, SE-791 88 Falun, Sweden
| | - Maria Cuartero
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaston A. Crespo
- Department
of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 30, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- UCAM-SENS,
Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, UCAM HiTech, Avda. Andres Hernandez Ros 1, 30107 Murcia, Spain
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8
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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9
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Chu H, Hu X, Lee CY, Zhang A, Ye Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yan X, Wang X, Wei J, He S, Li Y. A wearable electrochemical fabric for cytokine monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 232:115301. [PMID: 37062203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors monitoring various biomarkers in sweat provide comprehensive and prompt profiling of health states at molecular levels. Cytokines existed in sweat with trace amounts play an important role in cellular activity modulation. Unfortunately, flexible and wearable biosensors for cytokine monitoring have not yet been achieved due to the limitation of membrane-based structure and sensing strategy. Herein, we develop a novel electrochemical fabric based on aptamer-functionalized carbon nanotube/graphene fibers for real-time and in situ monitoring of IL-6, a paramount cytokine biomarker for inflammation and cancer. This fabric system possesses flexibility, anti-fatigue ability and breathability for wearable applications and can apply to different body parts in various forms. Moreover, the electrochemical fabric can track other biomarkers by replacing the coupling aptamer, serving as a universal platform for sweat analysis. This fabric-based platform holds the potential to facilitate an intelligent and personalized health monitoring approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Chu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xiaokang Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Anning Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yangyang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xiao Yan
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, PR China
| | - Xinzhong Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, PR China
| | - Jun Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sisi He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
| | - Yingchun Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Flexible Printed Electronics Technology, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), University Town, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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10
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Liu X, Bai Y, Zhao X, Chen J, Chen X, Yang W. Conductive and self-healing hydrogel for flexible electrochemiluminescence sensor. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:123. [PMID: 36892601 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05706-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
A flexible electrochemiluminescence (ECL) hydrogel sensor exhibiting good self-healing was constructed. A transparent self-healing oxidized sodium alginate/hydrazide polyethylene glycol (OSA/PEG-DH) hydrogel was prepared by crosslinking dynamic covalent acylhydrazone bond. The introduction of 4-amino-DL-phenylalanine, a catalyst with good biocompatibility, allows rapid gelation and self-healing of hydrogel under mild conditions. Using the hydrogel as the sensing substrate, the ionic liquid (IL) 2-hydroxy-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride and the luminescent reagent N-(aminobutyl)-N-(ethylisoluminol) (ABEI) were simultaneously immobilized in the OSA/PEG-DH hydrogel to obtain the ABEI/IL/OSA/PEG-DH hydrogel. The ABEI/IL/OSA/PEG-DH hydrogel can be directly used as a semi-solid electrolyte for constructing a flexible ECL hydrogel sensor for the detection of H2O2, which acted as a coreactant of ABEI. The prepared flexible ECL sensor showed good self-healing performance, can restore ECL signal intensity within 20 min after physical damage, and showed high accuracy in the analysis of complex serum samples. This research shed new light on the development of flexible ECL sensor for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wensheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
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11
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Mustafa Y, Leese HS. Fabrication of a Lactate-Specific Molecularly Imprinted Polymer toward Disease Detection. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8732-8742. [PMID: 36910990 PMCID: PMC9996612 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c08127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of sensitive and selective robust sensor materials for targeted biomarker detection aims to contribute to self-health monitoring and management. Molecularly imprinted polymeric (MIP) materials can perform as biomimetic recognition elements via tailored routes of synthesis for specific target analyte extraction and/or detection. In this work, a sensitive- and selective-lactate MIP has been developed utilizing methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the functional monomer and cross-linker, respectively. The sensitivity of the as-synthesized imprinted species was evaluated by determining the target analyte retention, imprinting factor, and selectivity adsorption of up to 63.5%, 6.86, and 0.82, respectively. MIP selectivity elucidated the imprinting mechanism between the functional monomers and target analyte lactate, further experimentally evidenced by using structurally competitive analytes malic acid and sodium 2-hydroxybutyrate, where retentions of 22.6 and 25.2%, respectively, were observed. Understanding the specific intermolecular mechanisms of both the template analyte and structural interferents with the MIP enables experimentalists to make informed decisions regarding monomer-target and porogen selections and possible sites of interaction for improved molecular imprinting. This imprinting system highlights the potential to be further developed into artificial receptor sensor materials for the detection of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin
L. Mustafa
- Materials
for Health Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Centre
for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Hannah S. Leese
- Materials
for Health Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
- Centre
for Biosensors, Bioelectronics and Biodevices, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
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12
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Chen Y, Li G, Mu W, Wan X, Lu D, Gao J, Wen D. Nonenzymatic Sweat Wearable Uric Acid Sensor Based on N-Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide/Au Dual Aerogels. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3864-3872. [PMID: 36745592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sweat wearable sensors enable noninvasive and real-time metabolite monitoring in human health management but lack accuracy and wearable applicability. The rational design of sensing electrode materials will be critical yet challenging. Herein, we report a dual aerogel-based nonenzymatic wearable sensor for the sensitive and selective detection of uric acid (UA) in human sweat. The three-dimensional porous dual-structural aerogels composed of Au nanowires and N-doped graphene nanosheets (noted as N-rGO/Au DAs) provide a large active surface, abundant access to the target, rapid electron transfer pathways, and a high intrinsic activity. Thus, a direct UA electro-oxidation is demonstrated at the N-rGO/Au DAs with a much higher activity than those at the individual gels (i.e., Au and N-rGO). Moreover, the resulting sensing chip displays high performance with a good anti-interfering ability, long-term stability, and excellent flexibility toward the UA detection. With the assistance of a wireless circuit, a wearable sensor is successfully applied in the real-time UA monitoring on human skin. The obtained result is comparable to that evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography. This dual aerogel-based nonenzymatic biosensing platform not only holds considerable promise for the reliable sweat metabolite monitoring but also opens an avenue for metal-based aerogels as flexible electrodes in wearable sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Guanglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Xinhao Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Lu
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering, and Digital Media Technology, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an710048, P. R. China
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
| | - Dan Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene, Xi'an710072, P. R. China
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13
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Feng D, Xiao M, Yang P. A Sensitive Electrochemiluminescence Urea Sensor for Dynamic Monitoring of Urea Transport in Living Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:766-773. [PMID: 36525268 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A multiple signal-amplified electrochemiluminescence (ECL) urea sensor was designed based on a self-enhanced probe and SiO2 photonic crystals for dynamic tracking of urea transmembrane transport. The self-enhanced probe (AuNR@Ru-LA) prepared by loading polyethyleneimine (PEI), lactobionic acid (LA), and Ru(dcbpy)32+ on gold nanorods (AuNRs) generated an initial ECL signal, and then the intensity was multiple-amplified by the enhanced light-scattering effect of SiO2 photonic crystals and the co-reaction with urea. The as-prepared sensor exhibited excellent performance for the detection of urea in the range of 1.0 × 10-10 to 1.0 × 10-4 M with a detection limit of 8.8 × 10-11 M at (3σ)/S. The AuNR@Ru-LA probes were labeled on HepG2 cells to construct a cytosensor with a detection range of 1.0 × 103 to 2.0 × 106 cells mL-1. In addition, the dynamic changes of the extracellular urea concentration were tracked by monitoring the ECL signal of the cytosensor to study urea transmembrane transport. The developed strategy realized the amplification of multiple ECL signals and the tracking of urea transmembrane transport, which provided a novel dynamic detection method for small biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Defen Feng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong511443, China
| | - Mingxing Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong511443, China
| | - Peihui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong511443, China
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14
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Shen Y, Liu C, He H, Zhang M, Wang H, Ji K, Wei L, Mao X, Sun R, Zhou F. Recent Advances in Wearable Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Human Lactate. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1164. [PMID: 36551131 PMCID: PMC9776101 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Lactate, a crucial product of the anaerobic metabolism of carbohydrates in the human body, is of enormous significance in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and scientific exercise management. The level of lactate in the bio-fluid is a crucial health indicator because it is related to diseases, such as hypoxia, metabolic disorders, renal failure, heart failure, and respiratory failure. For critically ill patients and those who need to regularly control lactate levels, it is vital to develop a non-invasive wearable sensor to detect lactate levels in matrices other than blood. Due to its high sensitivity, high selectivity, low detection limit, simplicity of use, and ability to identify target molecules in the presence of interfering chemicals, biosensing is a potential analytical approach for lactate detection that has received increasing attention. Various types of wearable lactate biosensors are reviewed in this paper, along with their preparation, key properties, and commonly used flexible substrate materials including polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), paper, and textiles. Key performance indicators, including sensitivity, linear detection range, and detection limit, are also compared. The challenges for future development are also summarized, along with some recommendations for the future development of lactate biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Shen
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Chengkun Liu
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Haijun He
- Engineering Research Center for Knitting Technology of the Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Keyu Ji
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Liang Wei
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Xue Mao
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Runjun Sun
- School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Material and Product of the Ministry of Education, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
- Shaanxi College Engineering Research Center of Functional Micro/Nano Textile Materials, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Fenglei Zhou
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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15
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Feng Y, Wang N, Ju H. Electrochemiluminescence biosensing and bioimaging with nanomaterials as emitters. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Sailapu SK, Menon C. Engineering Self-Powered Electrochemical Sensors Using Analyzed Liquid Sample as the Sole Energy Source. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203690. [PMID: 35981885 PMCID: PMC9561779 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many healthcare and environmental monitoring devices use electrochemical techniques to detect and quantify analytes. With sensors progressively becoming smaller-particularly in point-of-care (POC) devices and wearable platforms-it creates the opportunity to operate them using less energy than their predecessors. In fact, they may require so little power that can be extracted from the analyzed fluids themselves, for example, blood or sweat in case of physiological sensors and sources like river water in the case of environmental monitoring. Self-powered electrochemical sensors (SPES) can generate a response by utilizing the available chemical species in the analyzed liquid sample. Though SPESs generate relatively low power, capable devices can be engineered by combining suitable reactions, miniaturized cell designs, and effective sensing approaches for deciphering analyte information. This review details various such sensing and engineering approaches adopted in different categories of SPES systems that solely use the power available in liquid sample for their operation. Specifically, the categories discussed in this review cover enzyme-based systems, battery-based systems, and ion-selective electrode-based systems. The review details the benefits and drawbacks with these approaches, as well as prospects of and challenges to accomplishing them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar Sailapu
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology (BMHT) labDepartment of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
| | - Carlo Menon
- Biomedical and Mobile Health Technology (BMHT) labDepartment of Health Sciences and TechnologyETH ZürichZürich8008Switzerland
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17
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Saha T, Songkakul T, Knisely CT, Yokus MA, Daniele MA, Dickey MD, Bozkurt A, Velev OD. Wireless Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Platform with Zero-Power Osmotic Sweat Extraction for Continuous Lactate Monitoring. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2037-2048. [PMID: 35820167 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and wireless monitoring of biomarkers such as lactate in sweat can provide a deeper understanding of a subject's metabolic stressors, cardiovascular health, and physiological response to exercise. However, the state-of-the-art wearable and wireless electrochemical systems rely on active sweat released either via high-exertion exercise, electrical stimulation (such as iontophoresis requiring electrical power), or chemical stimulation (such as by delivering pilocarpine or carbachol inside skin), to extract sweat under low-perspiring conditions such as at rest. Here, we present a continuous sweat lactate monitoring platform combining a hydrogel for osmotic sweat extraction, with a paper microfluidic channel for facilitating sweat transport and management, a screen-printed electrochemical lactate sensor, and a custom-built wireless wearable potentiostat system. Osmosis enables zero-electrical power sweat extraction at rest, while continuous evaporation at the end of a paper channel allows long-term sensing from fresh sweat. The positioning of the lactate sensors provides near-instantaneous sensing at low sweat volume, and the custom-designed potentiostat supports continuous monitoring with ultra-low power consumption. For a proof of concept, the prototype system was evaluated for continuous measurement of sweat lactate across a range of physiological activities with changing lactate concentrations and sweat rates: for 2 h at the resting state, 1 h during medium-intensity exercise, and 30 min during high-intensity exercise. Overall, this wearable system holds the potential of providing comprehensive and long-term continuous analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body during rest and under exercising conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Tanner Songkakul
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Charles T Knisely
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Murat A Yokus
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael A Daniele
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 911 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Alper Bozkurt
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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18
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Yin Y, Guo C, Li H, Yang H, Xiong F, Chen D. The Progress of Research into Flexible Sensors in the Field of Smart Wearables. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5089. [PMID: 35890768 PMCID: PMC9319532 DOI: 10.3390/s22145089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In modern society, technology associated with smart sensors made from flexible materials is rapidly evolving. As a core component in the field of wearable smart devices (or 'smart wearables'), flexible sensors have the advantages of excellent flexibility, ductility, free folding properties, and more. When choosing materials for the development of sensors, reduced weight, elasticity, and wearer's convenience are considered as advantages, and are suitable for electronic skin, monitoring of health-related issues, biomedicine, human-computer interactions, and other fields of biotechnology. The idea behind wearable sensory devices is to enable their easy integration into everyday life. This review discusses the concepts of sensory mechanism, detected object, and contact form of flexible sensors, and expounds the preparation materials and their applicability. This is with the purpose of providing a reference for the further development of flexible sensors suitable for wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Yin
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Hong Li
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Hongying Yang
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- Henan Province Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry, Zhengzhou 450007, China
| | - Fan Xiong
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Dongyi Chen
- College of Textile, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China; (C.G.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (F.X.); (D.C.)
- College of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 611731, China
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19
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Salatiello S, Spinelli M, Cassiano C, Amoresano A, Marini F, Cinti S. Sweat urea bioassay based on degradation of Prussian Blue as the sensing architecture. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1210:339882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Hong X, Wu H, Wang C, Zhang X, Wei C, Xu Z, Chen D, Huang X. Hybrid Janus Membrane with Dual-Asymmetry Integration of Wettability and Conductivity for Ultra-Low-Volume Sweat Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9644-9654. [PMID: 35133787 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive and selective analysis of sweat at ultra-low sample volume remains a major challenge in the field of biosensing. Manipulation of small volumes of liquid for efficient sampling is essential to address this challenge. A hybrid Janus membrane with dual-asymmetry integration of wettability and conductivity is developed for regulated micro-volume liquid transport in wearable sweat biosensing. Unlike the uncontrollable liquid diffusion in a conventional porous membrane, the asymmetric wettability of porous Janus membrane leads to unique unidirectional liquid transport with high breakthrough pressure (1737.66 Pa) and fast self-pumping rate (35.94 μL/min) for micro-volume liquid sampling. The asymmetric conductive layer shows excellent flexible conductivity, anti-interference of friction, and efficient electrochemical interface due to the in situ generation of gold nanoparticles on one side of the membrane. The fabricated Pt-enzyme electrodes on the membrane promises effective testing range, great selectivity, and high sensitivity and accuracy (correlation efficiency, glucose: R2 = 0.999, lactate: R2 = 0.997), enabling ultra-low volume (∼0.15 μL) real time measurements on the skin surface. The innovative Janus membrane with unidirectional, self-pumping, and anti-interference performance provides a new strategy for miniaturized wearable microfluidic sweat electrochemical biosensor preparation in athletic performance evaluation, health monitoring, disease diagnosis, intelligent medicine, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hong
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huimin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chengcheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xinran Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chenjie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhikang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dajing Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, MOE Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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21
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Osmotically Enabled Wearable Patch for Sweat Harvesting and Lactate Quantification. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12121513. [PMID: 34945363 PMCID: PMC8705979 DOI: 10.3390/mi12121513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Lactate is an essential biomarker for determining the health of the muscles and oxidative stress levels in the human body. However, most of the currently available sweat lactate monitoring devices require external power, cannot measure lactate under low sweat rates (such as in humans at rest), and do not provide adequate information about the relationship between sweat and blood lactate levels. Here, we discuss the on-skin operation of our recently developed wearable sweat sampling patch. The patch combines osmosis (using hydrogel discs) and capillary action (using paper microfluidic channel) for long-term sweat withdrawal and management. When subjects are at rest, the hydrogel disc can withdraw fluid from the skin via osmosis and deliver it to the paper. The lactate amount in the fluid is determined using a colorimetric assay. During active sweating (e.g., exercise), the paper can harvest sweat even in the absence of the hydrogel patch. The captured fluid contains lactate, which we quantify using a colorimetric assay. The measurements show the that the total number of moles of lactate in sweat is correlated to sweat rate. Lactate concentrations in sweat and blood correlate well only during high-intensity exercise. Hence, sweat appears to be a suitable biofluid for lactate quantification. Overall, this wearable patch holds the potential of providing a comprehensive analysis of sweat lactate trends in the human body.
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22
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Ji W, Tang X, Du W, Lu Y, Wang N, Wu Q, Wei W, Liu J, Yu H, Ma B, Li L, Huang W. Optical/electrochemical methods for detecting mitochondrial energy metabolism. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 51:71-127. [PMID: 34792041 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01610a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the biological importance of mitochondrial energy metabolism and the applications of multiple optical/electrochemical approaches to determine energy metabolites. Mitochondria, the main sites of oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosynthesis, provide the majority of energy required by aerobic cells for maintaining their physiological activity. They also participate in cell growth, differentiation, information transmission, and apoptosis. Multiple mitochondrial diseases, caused by internal or external factors, including oxidative stress, intense fluctuations of the ionic concentration, abnormal oxidative phosphorylation, changes in electron transport chain complex enzymes and mutations in mitochondrial DNA, can occur during mitochondrial energy metabolism. Therefore, developing accurate, sensitive, and specific methods for the in vivo and in vitro detection of mitochondrial energy metabolites is of great importance. In this review, we summarise the mitochondrial structure, functions, and crucial energy metabolic signalling pathways. The mechanism and applications of different optical/electrochemical methods are thoroughly reviewed. Finally, future research directions and challenges are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Xiao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Yao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Nanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research & The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Haidong Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China. .,Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China.,The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Yan J, Qin Y, Fan WT, Wu WT, Lv SW, Yan LP, Liu YL, Huang WH. Plasticizer and catalyst co-functionalized PEDOT:PSS enables stretchable electrochemical sensing of living cells. Chem Sci 2021; 12:14432-14440. [PMID: 34880994 PMCID: PMC8580016 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04138j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, stretchable electrochemical sensors have stood out as a powerful tool for the detection of soft cells and tissues, since they could perfectly comply with the deformation of living organisms and synchronously monitor mechanically evoked biomolecule release. However, existing strategies for the fabrication of stretchable electrochemical sensors still face with huge challenges due to scarce electrode materials, demanding processing techniques and great complexity in further functionalization. Herein, we report a novel and facile strategy for one-step preparation of stretchable electrochemical biosensors by doping ionic liquid and catalyst into a conductive polymer (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS). Bis(trifluoromethane) sulfonimide lithium salt as a small-molecule plasticizer can significantly improve the stretchability and conductivity of the PEDOT:PSS film, and cobalt phthalocyanine as an electrocatalyst endows the film with excellent electrochemical sensing performance. Moreover, the functionalized PEDOT:PSS retained good cell biocompatibility with two extra dopants. These satisfactory properties allowed the real-time monitoring of stretch-induced transient hydrogen peroxide release from cells. This work presents a versatile strategy to fabricate conductive polymer-based stretchable electrodes with easy processing and excellent performance, which benefits the in-depth exploration of sophisticated life activities by electrochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yu Qin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wen-Ting Fan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wen-Tao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Song-Wei Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Li-Ping Yan
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Yan-Ling Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Wei-Hua Huang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China
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24
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Ma X, Gao W, Du F, Yuan F, Yu J, Guan Y, Sojic N, Xu G. Rational Design of Electrochemiluminescent Devices. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2936-2945. [PMID: 34165296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is a light-emitting process which combines the intriguing merits of both electrochemical and chemiluminescent methods. It is an extensively used method especially in clinical analysis and biological research due to its high sensitivity, wide dynamic range, and good reliability. ECL devices are critical for the development and applications of ECL. Much effort has been expended to improve the sensitivity, portability, affordability, and throughput of new ECL devices, which allow ECL to adapt broad usage scenarios.In this Account, we summarize our efforts on the recent development of ECL devices including new electrodes, ECL devices based on a wireless power transfer (WPT) technique, and novel bipolar electrochemistry. As the essential components in the ECL devices, electrodes play an important role in ECL detection. We have significantly improved the sensitivity of luminol ECL detection of H2O2 by using a stainless steel electrode. By using semiconductor materials (e.g., silicon and BiVO4), we have exploited photoinduced ECL to generate intense emission at much lower potentials upon illumination. For convenience, portability, and disposability, ECL devices based on cheap WPT devices have been designed. A small diode has been employed to rectify alternating current into direct current to dramatically enhance ECL intensity, enabling sensitive ECL detection using a smart phone as a detector. Finally, we have developed several ECL devices based on bipolar electrochemistry in view of the convenience of multiplex ECL sensing using a bipolar electrode (BPE). On the basis of the wireless feature of BPE, we have employed movable BPEs (e.g., BPE swimmers and magnetic rotating BPE) for deep exploration of the motional and ECL properties of dynamic BPE systems. To make full use of the ECL solution, we have dispersed numerous micro-/nano-BPEs in solution to produce intense 3D ECL in the entire solution, instead of 2D ECL in conventional ECL devices. In addition, the interference of ECL noise from driving electrodes was minimized by introducing the stainless steel with a passivation layer as the driving electrode. To eliminate the need for the fabrication of electrode arrays and the interference from the driving electrode and to decrease the applied voltage, we develop a new-type BPE device consisting of a single-electrode electrochemical system (SEES) based on a resistance-induced potential difference. The SEES is fabricated easily by attaching a multiperforated plate to a single film electrode. It enables the simultaneous detection of many samples and analytes using only a single film electrode (e.g., screen-printed electrode) instead of electrode arrays. It is of great potential in clinical analysis especially for multiple-biomarker detection, drug screening, and biological studies. Looking forward, we believe that more ECL devices and related ECL materials and detection methods will be developed for a wide range of applications, such as in vitro diagnosis, point-of-care testing, high-throughput analysis, drug screening, biological study, and mechanism investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Wenyue Gao
- Shandong Provincial Center for In-Situ Marine Sensors, Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fangxin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jing Yu
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Yiran Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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25
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Asbaghian-Namin H, Karami P, Naghshara H, Gholamin D, Johari-Ahar M. Electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for the determination of CA15-3 and CA72-4 using graphene oxide nanocomposite modified with CdSe quantum dots and Ru(bpy) 3 complex. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:238. [PMID: 34184115 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04890-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel immunoassay is introduced based on co-reactant enhancing strategy for the electrochemiluminescent (ECL) determination of CA15-3 and CA72-4 tumor markers in real samples. For the preparation of the signaling probe, CA15-3 and CA72-4 antibodies first were labeled using Ru(bpy)32+-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Ru(bpy)32+-NHS) and conjugated with L-cysteine capped cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots. Finally, it was cross-linked with chitosan-grafted graphene oxide (GO@CS) nanocomposite. The capture probe was constructed by deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) at the surface of dual-working gold screen-printed electrodes (MWCNT-dwSPE) and covalent attachment of capture CA15-3 and CA72-4 antibodies to MWCNT-dwSPE. ECL signals were recorded by applying cyclic potential ranging from 0.3 to 1.1 V (vs. pseudo-reference Ag/AgCl) at the scan rate of 100 mV.s-1. This immunoassay was used for determination of CA15-3 and CA72-4 in real samples the detection limits of 9.2 μU.ml-1 and 89 μU.ml-1 within linear ranges of 10 μU.ml-1-500 U.ml-1 and 100 μU.ml-1-150 U.ml-1, respectively. This immunoassay also showed acceptable accuracy with recoveries in the range 96.5-108 % and high reproducibility with RSD of 3.1 and 4.9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosein Asbaghian-Namin
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Pari Karami
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Hamid Naghshara
- School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Johari-Ahar
- Biosensor Sciences and Technologies Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. .,School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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26
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Hou H, Jin Y, Xu K, Sheng L, Huang Y, Zhao R. Selective recognition of a cyclic peptide hormone in human plasma by hydrazone bond-oriented surface imprinted nanoparticles. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338301. [PMID: 33736805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
As a kind of artificial recognition material, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) offer a promising perspective to be developed as synthetic chemical binders capable of selectively recognize biomacromolecules. However, owing to the large size and conformational flexibility of proteins and peptides, imprinting of these biomacromolecules remains a challenge. Novel imprinting strategies still need exploration for the improvement of recognition performance of MIPs. Herein, we developed a hydrazone bond-oriented surface imprinting strategy for an endogenous peptide hormone, human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Surface-oriented imprinting of peptide via reversible covalent bond anchoring approach increased the orientation homogeneity of imprinted cavities as well as the utility of templates. The prepared nanoparticles exhibited high selectivity and fast recognition kinetics for ANP epitope. The dissociation constant between ANP epitope and MIP was measured as 5.3 μM. The applicability of the material in real samples was verified by the selective magnetic extraction of ANP from human plasma samples. This hydrazone bond-oriented surface imprinting strategy provides an alternative approach for the separation of peptides or proteins in complex bio-samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqing Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yulong Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Le Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanyan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China; School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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27
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Li G, Wen D. Wearable biochemical sensors for human health monitoring: sensing materials and manufacturing technologies. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:3423-3436. [PMID: 32022089 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02474c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Wearable biochemical sensors are of great interest nowadays due to their powerful potential in personalized medicine and continuous monitoring of human health. Thus, a great deal of effort has been put into the development of such sensors to enable real-time and non-invasive quantification of various chemical constituents in the human body such as sweat, saliva, and tears. Owing to the advances in materials science and mechanical engineering, wearable biochemical sensors have been developed to probe various biomarkers and have been subsequently considered as wearable electronic devices for practical applications. In this review, we present a broad overview on the recent advances in electrochemical wearable sensors towards various organic components and ions closely linked to human health. With an emphasis on materials and manufacturing technologies of the sensing electrodes, the research status is summarized, and the challenges and opportunities in this growing field are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University and Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China.
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28
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Ji W, Zhu J, Wu W, Wang N, Wang J, Wu J, Wu Q, Wang X, Yu C, Wei G, Li L, Huo F. Wearable Sweat Biosensors Refresh Personalized Health/Medical Diagnostics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:9757126. [PMID: 34778790 PMCID: PMC8557357 DOI: 10.34133/2021/9757126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Sweat contains a broad range of critical biomarkers including ions, small molecules, and macromolecules that may indirectly or directly reflect the health status of the human body and thereby help track disease progression. Wearable sweat biosensors enable the collection and analysis of sweat in situ, achieving real-time, continuous, and noninvasive monitoring of human biochemical parameters at the molecular level. This review summarizes the physiological/pathological information of sweat and wearable sweat biosensors. First, the production of sweat pertaining to various electrolytes, metabolites, and proteins is described. Then, the compositions of the wearable sweat biosensors are summarized, and the design of each subsystem is introduced in detail. The latest applications of wearable sweat biosensors for outdoor, hospital, and family monitoring are highlighted. Finally, the review provides a summary and an outlook on the future developments and challenges of wearable sweat biosensors with the aim of advancing the field of wearable sweat monitoring technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ji
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jingyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Wanxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Nanxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jiansheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Changmin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Gaofeng Wei
- Naval Medical Department, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- The Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE, Future Technologies), Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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29
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Hussain S, Park SY. Sweat-Based Noninvasive Skin-Patchable Urea Biosensors with Photonic Interpenetrating Polymer Network Films Integrated into PDMS Chips. ACS Sens 2020; 5:3988-3998. [PMID: 33259201 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c01757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A wearable noninvasive biosensor for in situ urea detection and quantification was developed using a urease-immobilized photonic interpenetrating polymer network (IPNurease) film. The photonic IPN film was intertwined with solid-state cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCsolid) and a poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network on a flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) substrate adhered to a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chip that was fabricated using an aluminum mold. The presence of urea in the chemical matrix of human sweat red-shifted the reflected color of the photonic IPNurease film, and quantification was achieved by observing the wavelength at the photonic band gap (λPBG) with a limit of detection of 0.4 mM and a linear range of 0.9-50 mM. The color changes observed in the photonic IPN film were digitalized using the CIE 1931 xy coordinates on a cell phone image, thereby enabling fast, direct diagnosis via a downloadable app. This novel PDMS chip can be expanded for use with other biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saddam Hussain
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-young Park
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Polymeric Nano Materials Laboratory, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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30
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Shu Y, Lu Q, Yuan F, Tao Q, Jin D, Yao H, Xu Q, Hu X. Stretchable Electrochemical Biosensing Platform Based on Ni-MOF Composite/Au Nanoparticle-Coated Carbon Nanotubes for Real-Time Monitoring of Dopamine Released from Living Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49480-49488. [PMID: 33100007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Existing electrochemical biosensing platforms, using traditional rigid and unstretchable electrodes, cannot monitor the biological signaling molecules released by cells in a mechanically deformed state in real time. Here, a stretchable and flexible electrochemical sensor was developed based on nickel metal-organic framework composite/Au nanoparticle-coated carbon nanotubes (Ni-MOF composite/AuNPs/CNTs) for sensitive detection of dopamine (DA) released by C6 living cells in real time. A Ni-MOF composite was obtained by introducing Ni, NiO, and a carbon frame onto the surface of two-dimensional (2D) Ni-MOF nanosheets using an efficient one-step calcination method. The hybrid of Ni-MOF composite/AuNPs/CNTs that deposited on the poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film endowed the sensor with excellent electrochemical performance with a wide linear range of 50 nM to 15 μM and a high sensitivity of 1250 mA/(cm2 M) and also provided the sensor with desirable stability against mechanical deformation. Furthermore, the stretchable electrode also displayed good cellular compatibility while C6 living cells can be cultured and proliferated on it with strong adhesion. Then, the DA released by C6 living cells with chemical induction in both natural and stretched states was monitored using our stretchable and flexible electrochemical sensor in real time. This indicates that our new design of flexible Ni-MOF composite/AuNPs/CNTs/PDMS (NACP) film electrodes provides more opportunities for the detection of chemical signals released from cells and soft living organisms even under mechanically deformed states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Qin Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yuan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Qi Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Dangqin Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, P. R. China
| | - Hang Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, P. R. China
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31
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Point-of-Care Diagnostics: Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and Nanomaterials for Enhanced Biosensor Selectivity and Transduction. EUROBIOTECH JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/ebtj-2020-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Significant healthcare disparities resulting from personal wealth, circumstances of birth, education level, and more are internationally prevalent. As such, advances in biomedical science overwhelmingly benefit a minority of the global population. Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) can contribute to societal equilibrium by making medical diagnostics affordable, convenient, and fast. Unfortunately, conventional POCT appears stagnant in terms of achieving significant advances. This is attributed to the high cost and instability associated with conventional biorecognition: primarily antibodies, but nucleic acids, cells, enzymes, and aptamers have also been used. Instead, state-of-the-art biosensor researchers are increasingly leveraging molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for their high selectivity, excellent stability, and amenability to a variety of physical and chemical manipulations. Besides the elimination of conventional bioreceptors, the incorporation of nanomaterials has further improved the sensitivity of biosensors. Herein, modern nanobiosensors employing MIPs for selectivity and nanomaterials for improved transduction are systematically reviewed. First, a brief synopsis of fabrication and wide-spread challenges with selectivity demonstration are presented. Afterward, the discussion turns to an analysis of relevant case studies published in the last five years. The analysis is given through two lenses: MIP-based biosensors employing specific nanomaterials and those adopting particular transduction strategies. Finally, conclusions are presented along with a look to the future through recommendations for advancing the field. It is hoped that this work will accelerate successful efforts in the field, orient new researchers, and contribute to equitable health care for all.
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32
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Brown K, Jacquet C, Biscay J, Allan P, Dennany L. Electrochemiluminescent sensors as a screening strategy for psychoactive substances within biological matrices. Analyst 2020; 145:4295-4304. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00846j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescent sensors for point-of-care devices; a screening strategy for the direct detection of hallucinogens within a variety of biological matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Brown
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Charlotte Jacquet
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Julien Biscay
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Pamela Allan
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
| | - Lynn Dennany
- WESTChem Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry
- University of Strathclyde
- Technology and Innovation Centre
- Glasgow
- UK
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33
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Li L, Zhou L, Liu X, You T. Ultrasensitive self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence sensor based on novel PAN@Ru@PEI@Nafion nanofiber mat. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:3590-3597. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02287b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A novel self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence nanofiber mat was for the first time prepared by one-step electrospinning a mixture of polyacrylonitrile, Ru(bpy)32+, poly(ethylenimine) and Nafion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering
- Jiangsu University
| | - Limin Zhou
- Anyang Institute of Technology
- Anyang
- China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering
- Jiangsu University
| | - Tianyan You
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology
- Ministry of Education
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering
- Jiangsu University
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