1
|
Rafikova K, Meriç N, Binbay NE, Okumuş V, Erdem K, Belyankova Y, Tursynbek S, Dauletbakov A, Bayazit S, Zolotareva D, Yerassyl K, Güzel R, Ocak YS, Aydemir M. Well designed iridium-phosphinite complexes: Biological assays, electrochemical behavior and density functional theory calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124448. [PMID: 38763019 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Mononuclear phosphinite Iridium complexes based on ferrocene group have been prepared and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The complexes were subjected to cyclic voltammetry studies in order to determine the energies of HOMO and LUMO levels and to estimate their electrochemical and some electronic properties. Organic complex-based memory substrates were immobilized using TiO2-modified ITO electrodes, and the memory functions of phosphinite-based organic complexes were verified by chronoamperometry (CA) and open-circuit potential amperometry (OCPA). Extensive theoretical and experimental investigations were directed to gain a more profound understanding of the chemical descriptors and the diverse electronic transitions taking place within the iridium complexes, as well as their electrochemical characteristics. The quantum chemical calculations were carried out for the iridium complexes at the DFT/CAM-B3LYP level of theory in the gas phase. Furthermore, the antioxidant, antimicrobial, DNA binding, and DNA cleavage activities of the complexes were tested. Complex 2 exhibited the highest radical scavenging activity (67.5 ± 2.24 %) at 200.0 mg/L concentration. It was observed that the complexes formed an inhibition zone in the range of 8-15 mm against Gram + bacteria and in the range of 0-13 mm against Gram - bacteria. The agarose gel electrophoresis method was used to determine the DNA binding and DNA cleavage activities of the complexes. All of the tested complexes had DNA binding activity; however, complexes 1, 2, and 8 showed better binding activity than the others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khadichakhan Rafikova
- Satbayev University, Institute of Chemical and Biological Technologies, Almaty, Kazakhstan; Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nermin Meriç
- Dicle University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey; Dicle University, Technical Vocational School, Department of Hair Care and Beauty Services, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Nil Ertekin Binbay
- Dicle University, Technical Vocational School, Department of Electronics, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Veysi Okumuş
- Siirt University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 56100 Siirt, Turkey
| | - Kemal Erdem
- Siirt University, Instution of Science, Department of Biology, Siirt 56100, Turkey
| | - Yelizaveta Belyankova
- Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Saniya Tursynbek
- Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Anuar Dauletbakov
- Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarah Bayazit
- Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Darya Zolotareva
- Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Kamshyger Yerassyl
- Kazakh-British Technical University, School of Chemical Engineering, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Remziye Güzel
- Dicle University, Faculty of Education, Department of Science, Diyarbakir 21280, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Selim Ocak
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Murat Aydemir
- Dicle University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tremlett WDJ, Crowley JD, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG. Towards building blocks for metallosupramolecular structures: non-symmetrically-functionalised ferrocenyl compounds. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:14742-14751. [PMID: 39158552 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Metallosupramolecular architectures formed from metal ions and bridging ligands are increasing in popularity due to their range of applications and ease of self-assembly. Many are able to readily change their shape and/or function in response to an external stimulus and have the ability to encapsulate guest molecules within their internal cavities. Ferrocenyl groups (Fc) have been incorporated previously within the bridging ligands of metallosupramolecular structures due to their ideal attributes brought about by the structural and rotational flexiblity of the two cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings coordinated to the Fe(II) centre. However, the majority of these Fc-based structures contain symmetrically substituted Cp rings. We report the synthesis and characterisation of non-symmetrically functionalised Fc-based ligands incorporating both N,N' and NHC-donor groups chosen for their differing coordination properties. Both substituents were designed to coordinate to a single metal centre with the dissimilar coordination properties of each donor group facilitating stimulus-induced dissociation/association of one of the substituents as an opening/closing mechanism. Preliminary investigations into the coordination of these Fc-based ligands to a [Ru(η6-p-cymene)]2+ moiety indicated complexation through a mixture of either a bi- or tridentate fashion, as alluded by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed the Fc-based ligands adopt a syn conformation driven by H-bonding and π-interactions between the two Cp substituents, which facilitate coordination of both donor groups towards the metal centre.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D J Tremlett
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Christian G Hartinger
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Botter E, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F, Visentin F, Scattolin T. Liposomal Formulations of Metallodrugs for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9337. [PMID: 39273286 PMCID: PMC11394711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The search for new antineoplastic agents is imperative, as cancer remains one of the most preeminent causes of death worldwide. Since the discovery of the therapeutic potential of cisplatin, the study of metallodrugs in cancer chemotherapy acquired increasing interest. Starting from cisplatin derivatives, such as oxaliplatin and carboplatin, in the last years, different compounds were explored, employing different metal centers such as iron, ruthenium, gold, and palladium. Nonetheless, metallodrugs face several drawbacks, such as low water solubility, rapid clearance, and possible side toxicity. Encapsulation has emerged as a promising strategy to overcome these issues, providing both improved biocompatibility and protection of the payload from possible degradation in the biological environment. In this respect, liposomes, which are spherical vesicles characterized by an aqueous core surrounded by lipid bilayers, have proven to be ideal candidates due to their versatility. In fact, they can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, are biocompatible, and their properties can be tuned to improve the selective delivery to tumour sites exploiting both passive and active targeting. In this review, we report the most recent findings on liposomal formulations of metallodrugs, with a focus on encapsulation techniques and the obtained biological results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Botter
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Fabiano Visentin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Università Ca' Foscari Campus Scientifico, Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sadanala BD, Trivedi R. Ferrocenyl Azoles: Versatile N-Containing Heterocycles and their Anticancer Activities. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300347. [PMID: 38984727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The medicinal chemistry of ferrocene has gained its momentum after the discovery of biological activities of ferrocifen and ferroquine. These ferrocenyl drugs have been designed by replacing the aromatic moiety of the organic drugs, tamoxifen and chloroquine respectively, with a ferrocenyl unit. The promising biological activities of these ferrocenyl drugs have paved a path to explore the medicinal applications of several ferrocenyl conjugates. In these conjugates, the ferrocenyl moiety has played a vital role in enhancing or imparting the anticancer activity to the molecule. The ferrocenyl conjugates induce the cytotoxicity by generating reactive oxygen species and thereby damaging the DNA. In medicinal chemistry, the five membered nitrogen heterocycles (azoles) play a significant role due to their rigid ring structure and hydrogen bonding ability with the biomolecules. Several potent drug candidates with azole groups have been in use as chemotherapeutics. Considering the importance of ferrocenyl moiety and azole groups, several ferrocenyl azole conjugates have been synthesized and screened for their biological activities. Hence, in the view of a wide scope in the development of potent drugs based on ferrocenyl azole conjugates, herein we present the details of synthesis and the anticancer activities of ferrocenyl compounds bearing azole groups such as imidazole, triazoles, thiazole and isoxazoles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Deepthi Sadanala
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC campus Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., 201 002, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shagufta, Ahmad I, Nelson DJ, Hussain MI, Nasar NA. Potential of covalently linked tamoxifen hybrids for cancer treatment: recent update. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:1877-1898. [PMID: 38911170 PMCID: PMC11187546 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00632h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease and the second leading cause of death globally, and breast cancer is still a leading cause of cancer death in women. Tamoxifen is the most commonly used drug for breast cancer (ER-positive) treatment and chemoprevention, saving the lives of millions of patients every year. In addition, the tamoxifen template has been explored extensively for the development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) applicable in breast cancer, osteoporosis, and postmenopausal symptom treatment. Numerous anticancer drugs, including tamoxifen, are in use, but the complexity and heterogeneous nature of cancer complicate the effect of conventional targeted drugs, leading to adverse reactions and resistance. One of the significant approaches to overcome these shortcomings is drug hybrids, generated by covalently linking two or more active pharmacophores. These drug hybrids are remarkably effective in acting on multiple drug targets with higher selectivity and specificity. In recent years, several tamoxifen hybrids have been discovered as potential candidates for cancer treatment. The review highlights the recent progress in developing anticancer hybrids, including organometallic, fluorescent, photocaged, and novel ligand-based tamoxifen hybrids. It also demonstrates the significance of merging various pharmacophores with tamoxifen to produce more potent, precise, and effective anticancer agents. The study offers valuable knowledge to researchers working on cancer research with the hope of enhancing drug potency and reducing drug toxicity to improve cancer patients' lives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shagufta
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| | - Irshad Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| | - Donna J Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Maheen Imtiaz Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| | - Noora Ali Nasar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Ras Al Khaimah Ras Al Khaimah United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gos M, Cebula J, Goszczyński TM. Metallacarboranes in Medicinal Chemistry: Current Advances and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2024; 67:8481-8501. [PMID: 38769934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Metallacarboranes, exemplified by cobalt bis(dicarbollide) ([COSAN]-), have excelled their historical metallocene analogue label to become promising in drug design, medical studies, and fundamental biological research. Serving as a unique platform for conjugation with biomolecules, they also constitute an auspicious building block for biologically active derivatives and a carrier for cellular transport of membrane-impermeable cargos. Modified [COSAN]- exhibits specific antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer actions showing promise for preclinical trials. Contributing to the ongoing development in medicinal chemistry, metallacarboranes offer desirable physicochemical properties and low acute toxicity. This article presents a critical look at metallacarboranes in the context of their application in medicinal chemistry, emphasizing [COSAN]- as a potential game-changer in drug design and biomedical sciences. As medicinal chemistry seeks innovative building blocks, metallacarboranes emerge as an important novelty with versatile solutions and promising implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Gos
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jakub Cebula
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz M Goszczyński
- Laboratory of Biomedical Chemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mbaba M, Golding TM, Omondi RO, Mohunlal R, Egan TJ, Reader J, Birkholtz LM, Smith GS. Exploring the modulatory influence on the antimalarial activity of amodiaquine using scaffold hybridisation with ferrocene integration. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116429. [PMID: 38663284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Amodiaquine (AQ) is a potent antimalarial drug used in combination with artesunate as part of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for malarial treatment. Due to the rising emergence of resistant malaria parasites, some of which have been reported for ACT, the usefulness of AQ as an efficacious therapeutic drug is threatened. Employing the organometallic hybridisation approach, which has been shown to restore the antimalarial activity of chloroquine in the form of an organometallic hybrid clinical candidate ferroquine (FQ), the present study utilises this strategy to modulate the biological performance of AQ by incorporating ferrocene. Presently, we have conceptualised ferrocenyl AQ derivatives and have developed facile, practical routes for their synthesis. A tailored library of AQ derivatives was assembled and their antimalarial activity evaluated against chemosensitive (NF54) and multidrug-resistant (K1) strains of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. The compounds generally showed enhanced or comparable activities to those of the reference clinical drugs chloroquine and AQ, against both strains, with higher selectivity for the sensitive phenotype, mostly in the double-digit nanomolar IC50 range. Moreover, representative compounds from this series show the potential to block malaria transmission by inhibiting the growth of stage II/III and V gametocytes in vitro. Preliminary mechanistic insights also revealed hemozoin inhibition as a potential mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ochiai K, Yonezawa R, Fujii S. Structural Development of Androgen Receptor Antagonists Using Phenylferrocene Framework as a Hydrophobic Pharmacophore. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400040. [PMID: 38291942 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We previously identified nitrophenylferrocenes and cyanophenylferrocenes as promising lead structures of novel androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, based on the structural similarity between ferrocene and the steroidal skeleton. In the present research, we explored the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of phenylferrocene derivatives. Introduction of a hydrophobic substituent such as a chlorine atom at the 2-position or 3-position of phenylferrocene derivatives significantly increased the antagonistic activity toward wild-type AR, and among the synthesized compounds, 3-chloro-4-cyanophenylferrocene (29) exhibited the most potent anti-proliferative activity toward the androgen-dependent growth of SC-3 cells expressing wild-type AR (IC50 14 nM). Like conventional antiandrogens such as hydroxyflutamide, the major active metabolite of flutamide, compound 29 exhibited agonistic activity toward T877A-AR, a mutant AR expressed in human prostate cancer cell line LNCaP. Notably, however, the 2-chloro isomer 27 showed potent antagonistic activity toward wild-type AR (IC50 49 nM) and also exhibited antagonistic activity toward T877A-AR. Our SAR data should prove helpful for the development of new-generation AR antagonists based on phenylferrocene as candidate agents to treat drug-resistant prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ochiai
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Ryo Yonezawa
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shi H, Ponte F, Grewal JS, Clarkson GJ, Imberti C, Hands-Portman I, Dallmann R, Sicilia E, Sadler PJ. Tuning the photoactivated anticancer activity of Pt(iv) compounds via distant ferrocene conjugation. Chem Sci 2024; 15:4121-4134. [PMID: 38487220 PMCID: PMC10935708 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03092j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoactive prodrugs offer potential for spatially-selective antitumour activity with minimal effects on normal tissues. Excited-state chemistry can induce novel effects on biochemical pathways and combat resistance to conventional drugs. Photoactive metal complexes in particular, have a rich and relatively unexplored photochemistry, especially an ability to undergo facile intersystem crossing and populate triplet states. We have conjugated the photoactive octahedral Pt(iv) complex trans, trans, trans-[Pt(N3)2(OH)2(py)2] to ferrocene to introduce novel features into a candidate photochemotherapeutic drug. The X-ray crystal structure of the conjugate Pt-Fe confirmed the axial coordination of a ferrocene carboxylate, with Pt(iv) and Fe(ii) 6.07 Å apart. The conjugation of ferrocene red-shifted the absorption spectrum and ferrocene behaves as a light antenna allowing charge transfer from iron to platinum, promoting the photoactivation of Pt-Fe with light of longer wavelength. Cancer cellular accumulation is enhanced, and generation of reactive species is catalysed after photoirradiation, introducing ferroptosis as a contribution towards the cell-death mechanism. TDDFT calculations were performed to shed light on the behaviour of Pt-Fe when it is irradiated. Intersystem spin-crossing allows the formation of triplet states centred on both metal atoms. The dissociative nature of triplet states confirms that they can be involved in ligand detachment due to irradiation. The Pt(ii) photoproducts mainly retain the trans-{Pt(py)2}2+fragment. Visible light irradiation gives rise to micromolar activity for Pt-Fe towards ovarian, lung, prostate and bladder cancer cells under both normoxia and hypoxia, and some photoproducts appear to retain Pt(iv)-Fe(ii) conjugation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huayun Shi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Cs Italy
| | - Jaspreet S Grewal
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Guy J Clarkson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Cinzia Imberti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School CV4 7AL Coventry UK
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, University of Calabria via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende Cs Italy
| | - Peter J Sadler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Munnik BL, Kaschula CH, Harding CR, Chellan P. Investigation of new ferrocenyl-artesunate derivatives as antiparasitics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15786-15797. [PMID: 37681434 PMCID: PMC10628858 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02254d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Artesunate (Ars) is a semisynthetic antimalarial drug and is a part of the artemisinin-based combination therapy arsenal employed for malaria treatment. The drug functions mainly by activation of its endoperoxide bridge leading to increased oxidative stress in malaria parasites. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the antiparasitic effects of combining ferrocene and Arsvia short or long chain ester or amide linkages (C1-C4). The compounds were evaluated for growth inhibition activity on the apicomplexan parasites, Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) and Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii). All the complexes demonstrated good activity against T. gondii with IC50 values in the low micromolar range (0.28-1.2 μM) and good to excellent antimalarial activity against a chloroquine sensitive strain of P. falciparum (NF54). Further investigations on T. gondii revealed that the likely mode of action (MoA) is through the generation of reactive oxygen species. Additionally, immunofluorescence microscopy suggested a novel change in the morphology of the parasite by complex C3, an artesunate-ferrocenyl ethyl amide complex. The complexes were not cytotoxic or showed low cytotoxicity to two normal cell lines tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Munnik
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Catherine H Kaschula
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| | - Clare R Harding
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and inflammation, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, Western Cape, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ait Elmachkouri Y, Irrou E, Thiruvalluvar AA, Anouar EH, Varadharajan V, Ouachtak H, Mague JT, Sebbar NK, Essassi EM, Labd Taha M. Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopic characterization, DFT calculations, Hirshfeld surface analysis, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation investigations of novel pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37817543 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2268187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of new pyrazolopyranopyrimidine derivatives (3-9) were synthesized from 5-amino-2,4-dihydro-3-methyl-4-phenylpyrano-[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile (2) by multicomponent reactions (MCR) involving malononitrile, benzaldehyde, and pyrazolone under refluxing ethanol in the presence of piperidine. Compound (2) was then converted to 2-acetylpyrazolopyranopyrimidine (3) through a reaction with acetic anhydride. The deprotection of 3 using ammonium hydroxide in ethanol, leads to 4. Subsequent chlorination of 4 by phosphorus oxychloride affords 5 which was alkylated using methyl iodide and ethyl bromoacetate in DMF, leading to regioisomers 6-9. The products were characterized by spectroscopic techniques (1H and 13C NMR) and confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies for 2, 5, 6, and 9. Moreover, the geometrical parameters, molecular orbital calculations, and spectral data of 2, 5, 6, and 9 were compared by DFT at the B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. There is good agreement between the calculated results and the experimental data. The intermolecular contacts for 2, 5, 6, and 9 were studied by Hirshfeld surface analysis. In addition, the molecular docky study was conducted to investigate the binding patterns of 2, 5, 6, and 9 within the binding site of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and penicillin-binding protein 1 A. After the docking process, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns were performed on CDK2 and PBP 1 A proteins in the complex with 5.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younesse Ait Elmachkouri
- Laboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Ezaddine Irrou
- Laboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | | | - El Hassane Anouar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hassan Ouachtak
- Laboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| | - Joel T Mague
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Nada Kheira Sebbar
- Laboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Pharmacochemistry Competence, Center, Drug Science Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - El Mokhtar Essassi
- Laboratory of Heterocyclic Organic Chemistry, Pharmacochemistry Competence, Center, Drug Science Research Center, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Labd Taha
- Laboratory of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Applied Bioorganic Chemistry Team, Faculty of Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Alsina-Sánchez Á, Montalvo-Vázquez S, Grafals-Ruiz N, Acosta C, Ormé EM, Rodríguez I, Delgado-Rivera SM, Tinoco AD, Dharmawardhane S, Montes-González IC. Synthesis of Novel Heterocyclic Ferrocenyl Chalcones and Their Biological Evaluation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34377-34387. [PMID: 37779926 PMCID: PMC10534901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is currently the most commonly diagnosed cancer, with 287,850 new cases estimated for 2022 as reported by the American Cancer Society. Therefore, finding an effective treatment for this disease is imperative. Chalcones are α,β-unsaturated systems found in nature. These compounds have shown a wide array of biological activities, making them popular synthetic targets. Chalcones consist of two aromatic substituents connected by an enone bridge; this arrangement allows for a large number of derivatives. Given the biological relevance of these compounds, novel ferrocene-heterocycle-containing chalcones were synthesized and characterized based on a hybrid drug design approach. These heterocycles included thiophene, pyrimidine, thiazolyl, and indole groups. Fourteen novel heterocyclic ferrocenyl chalcones were synthesized and characterized. Herein, we also report their cytotoxicity against triple-negative breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and 4T1 and the noncancer lung cell line MRC-5. System 3 ferrocenyl chalcones displayed superior anticancer properties compared to their system 1 analogues. System 3 chalcones bearing five-membered heterocyclic substituents (thiophene, pyrazole, pyrrole, and pyrimidine) were the most active toward the MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line with IC50 values from 6.59 to 12.51 μM. Cytotoxicity of the evaluated compounds in the 4T1 cell line exhibited IC50 values from 13.23 to 213.7 μM. System 3 pyrazole chalcone had consistent toxicity toward both cell lines (IC50 ∼ 13 μM) as well as promising selectivity relative to the noncancer MRC-5 control. Antioxidant activity was also evaluated, where, contrary to anticancer capabilities, system 1 ferrocenyl chalcones were superior to their system 3 analogues. Antioxidant activity comparable to that of ascorbic acid was observed for thiophene-bearing ferrocenyl chalcone with EC50 = 31 μM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ámbar
M. Alsina-Sánchez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Nilmary Grafals-Ruiz
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico
| | - Carmen Acosta
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Emily M. Ormé
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Israel Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Sara M. Delgado-Rivera
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Arthur D. Tinoco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan 00931, Puerto Rico
| | - Suranganie Dharmawardhane
- Department
of Biochemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Science Campus, San Juan 00921, Puerto Rico
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Salmain M, Gaschard M, Baroud M, Lepeltier E, Jaouen G, Passirani C, Vessières A. Thioredoxin Reductase and Organometallic Complexes: A Pivotal System to Tackle Multidrug Resistant Tumors? Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4448. [PMID: 37760418 PMCID: PMC10526406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancers classified as multidrug-resistant (MDR) are a family of diseases with poor prognosis despite access to increasingly sophisticated treatments. Several mechanisms explain these resistances involving both tumor cells and their microenvironment. It is now recognized that a multi-targeting approach offers a promising strategy to treat these MDR tumors. Inhibition of thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), a key enzyme in maintaining redox balance in cells, is a well-identified target for this approach. Auranofin was the first inorganic gold complex to be described as a powerful inhibitor of TrxR. In this review, we will first recall the main results obtained with this metallodrug. Then, we will focus on organometallic complexes reported as TrxR inhibitors. These include gold(I), gold(III) complexes and metallocifens, i.e., organometallic complexes of Fe and Os derived from tamoxifen. In these families of complexes, similarities and differences in the molecular mechanisms of TrxR inhibition will be highlighted. Finally, the possible relationship between TrxR inhibition and cytotoxicity will be discussed and put into perspective with their mode of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Salmain
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| | - Marie Gaschard
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| | - Milad Baroud
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, F-49000 Angers, France; (M.B.); (E.L.)
| | - Anne Vessières
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France; (M.S.); (M.G.); (G.J.); (A.V.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Diaz de Greñu B, Fernández-Aroca DM, Organero JA, Durá G, Jalón FA, Sánchez-Prieto R, Ruiz-Hidalgo MJ, Rodríguez AM, Santos L, Albasanz JL, Manzano BR. Ferrozoles: Ferrocenyl derivatives of letrozole with dual effects as potent aromatase inhibitors and cytostatic agents. J Biol Inorg Chem 2023; 28:531-547. [PMID: 37458856 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of hormone-dependent cancers, aromatase inhibitors (AI) are receiving increased attention due to some undesirable effects such as the risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolism of SERMs (selective estrogen receptor modulators). Letrozole is the most active AI with 99% aromatase inhibition. Unfortunately, this compound also exhibits some adverse effects such as hot flashes and fibromyalgias. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new types of AIs that retain the same-or even increased-antitumor ability. Inspired by the letrozole structure, a set of new derivatives has been synthesized that include a ferrocenyl moiety and different heterocycles. The derivative that contains a benzimidazole ring, namely compound 6, exhibits a higher aromatase inhibitory activity than letrozole and it also shows potent cytostatic behavior when compared to other well-established aromatase inhibitors, as demonstrated by dose-response, cell cycle, apoptosis and time course experiments. Furthermore, 6 promotes the inhibition of cell growth in both an aromatase-dependent and -independent fashion, as indicated by the study of A549 and MCF7 cell lines. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics calculations on the interaction of 6 or letrozole with the aromatase binding site revealed that the ferrocene moiety increases the van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions, thus resulting in an increase in binding affinity. Furthermore, the iron atom of the ferrocene fragment can form a metal-acceptor interaction with a propionate fragment, and this results in a stronger coupling with the heme group-a possibility that is consistent with the strong aromatase inhibition of 6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Borja Diaz de Greñu
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Diego M Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - Juan A Organero
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímicas and INAMOL, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Gema Durá
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Felix Angel Jalón
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
| | - M José Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Albacete, Spain
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- Departamento de Q. Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, IRICA, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, 3, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Lucia Santos
- Departamento de Q. Física, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J. Cela, S/N, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José L Albasanz
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Regional Center of Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Blanca R Manzano
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Orgánica y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, IRICA, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. C. J Cela, 10, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Seidenath S, Seeber P, Kupfer S, Grӓfe S, Weigand W, Mlostoń G, Matczak P. Theoretical insights into the spectroscopic properties of ferrocenyl hetaryl ketones. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 296:122635. [PMID: 36996518 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations have been carried out to elucidate the electronic structure as well as to draw structure-property relationships for a series of ferrocenyl hetaryl ketones by means of simulated NMR, IR and UV-vis spectra. In this series, the list of hetaryl groups included furan-2-yl, thiophen-2-yl, selenophen-2-yl, 1H-pyrrol-2-yl and N-methylpyrrol-2-yl. Density functional theory was employed to determine the ground-state properties of the five ketones while their excited-state properties were modeled using a broad range of theoretical methods, namely from time-dependent density functional theory to multiconfigurational and multireference ab initio approaches. The patterns in the 13C and 17O chemical shifts of the carbonyl group were explained by the geometrical twist of hetaryl rings and by the electronic parameters corresponding to π-bonds conjugation and group hardness. Furthermore, the corresponding 13C and 17O shielding constants were analyzed in terms of both their dia/paramagnetic and Lewis/non-Lewis contributions within the framework of natural chemical shielding theory. The pattern in the vibrational frequency of the carbonyl bond was connected with changes in its bond length and bond order. It was established that the electronic absorption spectra of the studied ketones are largely characterized by low-intensity d → π* transitions in the visible region and the dominant high-intensity π → π* transition in the UV region. Finally, the theoretical methods best suited for modeling the excited-state properties of such ketones were designated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Seidenath
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Phillip Seeber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Grӓfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Tamka 12, 91403 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Matczak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, Pomorska 163/165, 90236 Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ornelas C, Astruc D. Ferrocene-Based Drugs, Delivery Nanomaterials and Fenton Mechanism: State of the Art, Recent Developments and Prospects. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2044. [PMID: 37631259 PMCID: PMC10458437 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocene has been the most used organometallic moiety introduced in organic and bioinorganic drugs to cure cancers and various other diseases. Following several pioneering studies, two real breakthroughs occurred in 1996 and 1997. In 1996, Jaouen et al. reported ferrocifens, ferrocene analogs of tamoxifen, the chemotherapeutic for hormone-dependent breast cancer. Several ferrocifens are now in preclinical evaluation. Independently, in 1997, ferroquine, an analog of the antimalarial drug chloroquine upon the introduction of a ferrocenyl substituent in the carbon chain, was reported by the Biot-Brocard group and found to be active against both chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum. Ferroquine, in combination with artefenomel, completed phase IIb clinical evaluation in 2019. More than 1000 studies have been published on ferrocenyl-containing pharmacophores against infectious diseases, including parasitic, bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, but the relationship between structure and biological activity has been scarcely demonstrated, unlike for ferrocifens and ferroquines. In a majority of ferrocene-containing drugs, however, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in particular the OH. radical, produced by Fenton catalysis, plays a key role and is scrutinized in this mini-review, together with the supramolecular approach utilizing drug delivery nanosystems, such as micelles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymers, and dendrimers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catia Ornelas
- ChemistryX, R&D Department, R&D and Consulting Company, 9000-160 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Didier Astruc
- University of Bordeaux, ISM, UMR CNRS, No. 5255, 351 Cours de la Libération, CEDEX, 33405 Talence, France
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Mohammed SM, Shehab WS, Emwas AHM, Jaremko M, Abdellattif MH, Zordok WA, Tantawy ES. Eco-Friendly Synthesis of 1 H-benzo[ d]imidazole Derivatives by ZnO NPs Characterization, DFT Studies, Antioxidant and Insilico Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:969. [PMID: 37513881 PMCID: PMC10385378 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzimidazoles are classified as a category of heterocyclic compounds. Molecules having benzimidazole motifs show promising utility in organic and scientific studies. A series of mono-substituted benzimidazoles were synthesized by ZnO-NPs via cyclocondensation between substituted aromatic aldehydes and o-phenylene diamine. The synthesized compounds were characterized and compared with the traditional methods. The nano-catalyzed method displayed a higher yield, shorter time and recyclable catalyst. The DFT study and antioxidant activity were investigated for benzo[d]imidazole derivatives. Compound 2a exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among the tested compounds. We focused on the catalytic activity of ZnO in the synthesis of heterocyclic structures with the goal of stimulating further progress in this field. The superiorities of this procedure are high yield of product, low amounts of catalyst and short reaction time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Wesam S Shehab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Abdul-Hamid M Emwas
- Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda H Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, Sciences College, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael A Zordok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Eman S Tantawy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bashir M, Mantoo IA, Arjmand F, Tabassum S, Yousuf I. An overview of advancement of organoruthenium(II) complexes as prospective anticancer agents. Coord Chem Rev 2023; 487:215169. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2023.215169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
|
19
|
Philipova I, Mihaylova R, Momekov G, Angelova R, Stavrakov G. Ferrocene modified analogues of imatinib and nilotinib as potent anti-cancer agents. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:880-889. [PMID: 37252096 PMCID: PMC10211329 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00030c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The unique features of ferrocene and the need for development of targeted anticancer drugs inspired the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of ferrocenyl modified tyrosine kinase inhibitors by replacing the pyridyl moiety in imatinib and nilotinib generalized structures with a ferrocenyl group. A series of seven new ferrocene analogues were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity in a panel of bcr-abl positive human malignant cell lines using imatinib as a reference drug. The metallocenes exhibited a dose-dependent inhibition on malignant cell growth with varying antileukemic activity. The most potent analogues were compounds 9 and 15a showing comparable or even superior efficacy to the reference. Their cancer selectivity indices suggest a favorable selectivity profile, indicating a 250 times higher preferential activity of 15a towards malignantly transformed K-562 cells and an even twice greater one (500) of 9 in the LAMA-84 leukemic model as compared to the normal murine fibroblast cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Philipova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad. G. Bontchev str. Bl. 9 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Rositsa Mihaylova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University - Sofia Dunav str. 2 Sofia 1000 Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Momekov
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University - Sofia Dunav str. 2 Sofia 1000 Bulgaria
| | - Rostislava Angelova
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University - Sofia Dunav str. 2 Sofia 1000 Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Stavrakov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Acad. G. Bontchev str. Bl. 9 1113 Sofia Bulgaria
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University - Sofia Dunav str. 2 Sofia 1000 Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Koszytkowska-Stawińska M, Buchowicz W. Ferrocene-triazole conjugates: do we know why they are biologically active? Dalton Trans 2023; 52:1501-1517. [PMID: 36651023 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03161b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bioorganometallic chemistry of ferrocene has been gaining significance in recent years. This review presents ferrocene-triazole conjugates displaying significant biological properties. The conjugates have been synthesized via azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions. The data are summarized according to the type of activity (anticancer, antibacterial and/or antifungal, antiprotozoal, and other effects). The results of studies concerning the understanding of the role of the ferrocene core in their biological activity are highlighted. While generally the mode of action of these organometallic species remains unclear, the importance of redox properties of ferrocene has been postulated in several cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Koszytkowska-Stawińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Włodzimierz Buchowicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abdel Hamid AM, Amer AH, Assy MG, Zordok WA, Mouneir SM, El-Kalyoubi S, Shehab WS. Synthesis, pharmacological evaluation, DFT calculation, and theoretical investigation of spirocyclohexane derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106280. [PMID: 36436418 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic structures fused at a central carbon are of great interest due to their appealing conformational features and their structural implications in biological systems. Although progress in the development of synthetic methodologies toward such structures has been impressive, the stereo selective construction of such quaternary stereo centers remains a significant challenge in the total synthesis of natural products. From the computational calculations by Density Functional Theory along with the B3LYP as basis set, It is obvious that the all studied compounds are soft molecules and η varied from 0.069 for compound (10) to 0.087 for compound (15), while the compound (14) is treated as hard molecule, the value of η is 0.102, also the electronic transition within the soft compounds is easy as indicated from the △E, the compound (10) is absolute soft according to the (σ = 14.49 eV), while the compound (14) is treated as hard compounds (σ = 9.804 eV). The newly formed compounds exhibited both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities on HRBC homolytic and membrane stabilization and DPPH scavenging percent, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atef M Abdel Hamid
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Asmaa H Amer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Mohamed G Assy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Wael A Zordok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Samar M Mouneir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Samar El-Kalyoubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Wesam S Shehab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Peluso P, Mamane V. Ferrocene derivatives with planar chirality and their enantioseparation by liquid-phase techniques. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:158-189. [PMID: 35946562 PMCID: PMC10087518 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, planar chiral ferrocenes have attracted a growing interest in several fields, particularly in asymmetric catalysis, medicinal chemistry, chiroptical spectroscopy and electrochemistry. In this frame, the access to pure or enriched enantiomers of planar chiral ferrocenes has become essential, relying on the availability of efficient asymmetric synthesis procedures and enantioseparation methods. Despite this, in enantioseparation science, these metallocenes were not comprehensively explored, and very few systematic analytical studies were reported in this field so far. On the other hand, enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography has been frequently used by organic and organometallic chemists in order to measure the enantiomeric purity of planar chiral ferrocenes prepared by asymmetric synthesis. On these bases, this review aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview on the enantioseparation of planar chiral ferrocenes by discussing liquid-phase enantioseparation methods developed over time, integrating this main topic with the most relevant aspects of ferrocene chemistry. Thus, the main structural features of ferrocenes and the methods to model this class of metallocenes will be briefly summarized. In addition, planar chiral ferrocenes of applicative interest as well as the limits of asymmetric synthesis for the preparation of some classes of planar chiral ferrocenes will also be discussed with the aim to orient analytical scientists towards 'hot topics' and issues which are still open for accessing enantiomers of ferrocenes featured by planar chirality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Peluso
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare ICB CNR, Sede secondaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Victor Mamane
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sonkaya Ö, Soylukan C, Pamuk Algi M, Algi F. Aza-BODIPY-based Fluorescent and Colorimetric Sensors and Probes. Curr Org Synth 2023; 20:20-60. [PMID: 35170414 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220216123033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aza-boron-dipyrromethenes (Aza-BODIPYs) represent an important class of chromophores absorbing and emitting in the near-infrared (NIR) region. They have unique optical and electronic features and higher physiological and photo stability than other NIR dyes. Especially after the development of facile synthetic routes, Aza-BODIPYs have become indispensable fluors that can find various applications ranging from chemosensors, bioimaging, phototherapy, solar energy materials, photocatalysis, photon upconversion, lasers, and optoelectronics. Herein, we review Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors. We show the potential and untapped toolbox of Aza-BODIPY based fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors. Hence, we divide the fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors and probes into five sections according to the target analytes. The first section begins with the chemosensors developed for pH. Next, we discuss Aza-BODIPY based ion sensors, including metal ions and anions. Finally, we present the chemosensors and probes concerning reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) along with biologically relevant species in the last two sections. We believe that Aza-BODIPYs are still in their infancy, and they have a promising future for translation from the bench to real biomedical and materials science applications. After two decades of intensive research, it seems that there are many more to come in this already fertile field. Overall, we hope that future work will further expand the applications of Aza-BODIPY in many areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ömer Sonkaya
- Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Caner Soylukan
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Melek Pamuk Algi
- Department of Chemistry, Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| | - Fatih Algi
- ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology & ASUBTAM Memduh Bilmez BioNanoTech Lab., Aksaray University, TR-68100 Aksaray, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Farh MK, Louzi I, Abul-Futouh H, Görls H, Häfner N, Runnebaum IB, Weigand W. Platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes mediated by β-hydroxy-dithioesters ferrocenyl derivatives: synthesis, characterization and antiproliferative activity. J Sulphur Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/17415993.2022.2152285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Micheal K. Farh
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ikrame Louzi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Hassan Abul-Futouh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Helmar Görls
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Häfner
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ingo B. Runnebaum
- Department of Gynecology, Jena University Hospital- Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weigand
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry (IAAC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Synthesis of Novel Ferrocene-Benzofuran Hybrids via Palladium- and Copper-Catalyzed Reactions. INORGANICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10110205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of the ferrocene skeleton with pharmacophores often leads to molecules with interesting biological properties. Five ferrocene-benzofuran hybrids of different structures were synthesized by transition metal catalyzed reactions. The efficiency of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic methods was tested. The products were characterized using 1H, 13C NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, HRMS and cyclic voltammetry. The structure of one of the new compounds was also proved with X-ray crystallography. The new hybrids showed moderate cytotoxicity on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. It is remarkable that the less curable MDA-MB-231 cell line was more sensitive to treatment with three ferrocene derivatives.
Collapse
|
26
|
Duró C, Jernei T, Szekeres KJ, Láng GG, Oláh-Szabó R, Bősze S, Szabó I, Hudecz F, Csámpai A. Synthesis and SAR Analysis of Novel 4-Hydroxytamoxifen Analogues Based on Their Cytotoxic Activity and Electron-Donor Character. Molecules 2022; 27:6758. [PMID: 36235291 PMCID: PMC9573586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing McMurry reactions of 4,4'-dihydroxybenzophenone with appropriate carbonyl compounds, a series of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen analogues were synthesized. Their cytotoxic activity was evaluated in vitro on four human malignant cell lines (MCF-7, MDA-MB 231, A2058, HT-29). It was found that some of these novel Tamoxifen analogues show marked cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner. The relative ROS-generating capability of the synthetized analogues was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and DFT modeling studies. The results of cell-viability assays, CV measurements and DFT calculations suggest that the cytotoxicity of the majority of the novel compounds is mainly elicited by their interactions with cellular targets including estrogen receptors rather than triggered by redox processes. However, three novel compounds could be involved in ROS-production and subsequent formation of quinone-methide preventing proliferation and disrupting the redox balance of the treated cells. Among the cell lines studied, HT-29 proved to be the most susceptible to the treatment with compounds having ROS-generating potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Duró
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Jernei
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/C, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina J. Szekeres
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Győző G. Láng
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Electroanalytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rita Oláh-Szabó
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilvia Bősze
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Szabó
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Hudecz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antal Csámpai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/A, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ghoneim AA, Zordok WA. An Efficient Procedure of Synthesis, DFT Calculation and Theoretical Investigation of 4‐Thiazolidinone Fused Thiopyrimidine Derivatives as Antimicrobial Agents. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2021.1934491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amira Atef Ghoneim
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, Aljouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Wael A. Zordok
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Quanfudha, Umm Al -Qura University, Umm Al Quwain, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gupta A, Das R, Chamoli A, Choithramani A, Kumar H, Patel S, Khude D, Bothra G, Wangdale K, Ghosh Chowdhury M, Rathod R, Mandoli A, Shard A. A Series of Ferrocene-Containing Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines Induce a Strong Antiproliferative Effect against Oral Cancer Cells. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Astha Gupta
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Rudradip Das
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ambika Chamoli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Asmita Choithramani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hansal Kumar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Sagarkumar Patel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Datta Khude
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Gourav Bothra
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Khushal Wangdale
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Moumita Ghosh Chowdhury
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Rajeshwari Rathod
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Amit Shard
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research−Ahmedabad, Opposite Airforce Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Investigation of the Antitumor Effects of Tamoxifen and Its Ferrocene-Linked Derivatives on Pancreatic and Breast Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030314. [PMID: 35337112 PMCID: PMC8950591 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen is a long-known anti-tumor drug, which is the gold standard therapy in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer patients. According to previous studies, the conjugation of the original tamoxifen molecule with different functional groups can significantly improve its antitumor effect. The purpose of this research was to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity of different ferrocene-linked tamoxifen derivates. Tamoxifen and its ferrocene-linked derivatives, T5 and T15 were tested in PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 cells, where the incorporation of the ferrocene group improved the cytotoxicity on all cell lines. PANC1, MCF7, and MDA-MB-231 express ERα and GPER1 (G-protein coupled ER 1). However, ERβ is only expressed by MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. Tamoxifen is a known agonist of GPER1, a receptor that can promote tumor progression. Analysis of the protein expression profile showed that while being cytotoxic, tamoxifen elevated the levels of different tumor growth-promoting factors (e.g., Bcl-XL, Survivin, EGFR, Cathepsins, chemokines). On the other hand, the ferrocene-linked derivates were able to lower these proteins. Further analysis showed that the ferrocene-linked derivatives significantly elevated the cellular oxidative stress compared to tamoxifen treatment. In conclusion, we were able to find two molecules possessing better cytotoxicity compared to their unmodified parent molecule while also being able to counter the negative effects of the presence of the GPER1 through the ER-independent mechanism of oxidative stress induction.
Collapse
|
30
|
Scattolin T, Moro G, Serena A, Pattaro AG, Rizzolio F, Canzonieri V, Demitri N, Bortolamiol E, Moretto LM, Visentin F. Synthesis, characterization and anticancer activity of Ferrocenyl complexes bearing different organopalladium fragments. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Scattolin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| | - Giulia Moro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| | - Anita Serena
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| | - Alessia Guadagnin Pattaro
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 Trieste Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Area Science Park, Elettra‐Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste Italy
| | - Enrica Bortolamiol
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| | - Ligia Maria Moretto
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| | - Fabiano Visentin
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Università Ca’ Foscari, Campus Scientifico Via Torino 155, 30174 Venezia‐Mestre Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ferrocene-functionalized anilines as potent anticancer and antidiabetic agents: Synthesis, spectroscopic elucidation, and DFT calculations. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
32
|
Cyrhetrenyl and Cymantrenyl N-acylhydrazone Complexes Based on Isoniazid: Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Crystal Structures and Antitubercular Activity Evaluation. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
33
|
Mazur M, Ziemkiewicz K, Rawiak K, Kisiel K, Wińska P, Deresz K, Jarzembska KN, Buchowicz W. N ‐Allyl‐N‐ferrocenylmethylamines and ansa‐ferrocenylmethylamines: Synthesis, Structure, and Biological Evaluation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202101098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mazur
- Warsaw University of Technology: Politechnika Warszawska Faculty of Chemistry Noakowskiego 3Warsaw 00-664 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Kamil Ziemkiewicz
- Warsaw University of Technology: Politechnika Warszawska Faculty of Chemistry Noakowskiego 3Warsaw 00-664 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Karol Rawiak
- Warsaw University of Technology: Politechnika Warszawska Faculty of Chemistry Noakowskiego 3Warsaw 00-664 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Kacper Kisiel
- Warsaw University of Technology: Politechnika Warszawska Faculty of Chemistry Noakowskiego 3Warsaw 00-664 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Patrycja Wińska
- Warsaw University of Technology: Politechnika Warszawska Faculty of Chemistry Noakowskiego 3Warsaw 00-664 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Krystyna Deresz
- University of Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski Department of Chemistry Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Katarzyna N. Jarzembska
- University of Warsaw: Uniwersytet Warszawski Department of Chemistry Zwirki i Wigury 101 02-089 Warsaw POLAND
| | - Włodzimierz Buchowicz
- Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Chemistry Noakowskiego 3 00-664 Warszawa POLAND
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Moriuchi T. Helical Chirality of Ferrocene Moieties in Cyclic Ferrocene‐Peptide Conjugates. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Moriuchi
- Division of Molecular Materials Science Graduate School of Science Osaka City University 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sharma B, Kumar V. Has Ferrocene Really Delivered Its Role in Accentuating the Bioactivity of Organic Scaffolds? J Med Chem 2021; 64:16865-16921. [PMID: 34792350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene is an important structural core in bioorganometallic chemistry because of its inherent stability, excellent redox properties, and low toxicity. Ferroquine and ferrocifen are two of the most notable contributions of ferrocene to medicinal chemistry with remarkable antimalarial and anticancer properties. The improved medicinal properties of these drug candidates highlight the impact that ferrocene can have on the molecular and biological properties of the bioactive compounds. In this Perspective, we investigate the scope and limitations of ferrocene incorporation into organic compounds/natural products on their mode of action and biological activities. We have also discussed the detailed role of ferrocene modifications in influencing the anticancer, antimalarial, and antimicrobial properties of various bioactive moieties to design safer and promising ferrocene-based drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharvi Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab 143005, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wieczorek-Błauż A, Błauż A, Rychlik B, Plażuk D. The synthesis and biological activity of the 3-ferrocenylpropenamides derived from 5(4H)-oxazolones. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
37
|
El-Kalyoubi S, Agili F, Zordok WA, El-Sayed ASA. Synthesis, In Silico Prediction and In Vitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity, DFT Calculation and Theoretical Investigation of Novel Xanthines and Uracil Containing Imidazolone Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10979. [PMID: 34681643 PMCID: PMC8539769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel xanthine and imidazolone derivatives were synthesized based on oxazolone derivatives 2a-c as a key intermediate. The corresponding xanthine 3-5 and imidazolone derivatives 6-13 were obtained via reaction of oxazolone derivative 2a-c with 5,6-diaminouracils 1a-e under various conditions. Xanthine compounds 3-5 were obtained by cyclocondensation of 5,6-diaminouracils 1a-c with different oxazolones in glacial acetic acid. Moreover, 5,6-diaminouracils 1a-e were reacted with oxazolones 2a-c in presence of drops of acetic acid under fused condition yielding the imidazolone derivatives 6-13. Furthermore, Schiff base of compounds 14-16 were obtained by condensing 5,6-diaminouracils 1a,b,e with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde in acetic acid. The structural identity of the resulting compounds was resolved by IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR and Mass spectral analyses. The novel synthesized compounds were screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activities. Compounds 3, 6, 13 and 16 displayed the highest activity against Escherichia coli as revealed from the IC50 values (1.8-1.9 µg/mL). The compound 16 displayed a significant antifungal activity against Candia albicans (0.82 µg/mL), Aspergillus flavus (1.2 µg/mL) comparing to authentic antibiotics. From the TEM microgram, the compounds 3, 12, 13 and 16 exhibited a strong deformation to the cellular entities, by interfering with the cell membrane components, causing cytosol leakage, cellular shrinkage and irregularity to the cell shape. In addition, docking study for the most promising antimicrobial tested compounds depicted high binding affinity against acyl carrier protein domain from a fungal type I polyketide synthase (ACP), and Baumannii penicillin- binding protein (PBP). Moreover, compound 12 showed high drug- likeness, and excellent pharmacokinetics, which needs to be in focus for further antimicrobial drug development. The most promising antimicrobial compounds underwent theoretical investigation using DFT calculation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samar El-Kalyoubi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls), Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Fatimah Agili
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Female Section), Jazan University, Jazan 82621, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael A. Zordok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf S. A. El-Sayed
- Enzymology and Fungal Biotechnology, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Structure-property and structure-activity relationships of phenylferrocene derivatives as androgen receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 46:128141. [PMID: 34048883 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ferrocene is a representative organometallic compound having a sandwich structure with high stability and hydrophobicity. In this study, we determined the physicochemical properties of a series of nitro- and cyanophenylferrocenes, and evaluated their biological activity as androgen receptor (AR) antagonists. Ferrocene derivatives exhibited hydrophobicity parameter π values in the range between 2.54 and 3.23, depending on the substituents, indicating that the hydrophobicity of ferrocene is suitable for its application as a hydrophobic core structure of nuclear receptor ligands. The synthesized ferrocene derivatives showed AR-antagonistic activity, and among them, 3-nitrophenylferrocene 14 exhibited the most potent activity with an IC50 value of 0.28 μM. The developed compounds may be candidates for further structural development as AR antagonists. These findings also support the utility of organometallic species as structural options for drug discovery.
Collapse
|
39
|
Lin Y, Betts H, Keller S, Cariou K, Gasser G. Recent developments of metal-based compounds against fungal pathogens. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10346-10402. [PMID: 34313264 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00945h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insight into the rapidly expanding field of metal-based antifungal agents. In recent decades, the antibacterial resistance crisis has caused reflection on many aspects of public health where weaknesses in our medicinal arsenal may potentially be present - including in the treatment of fungal infections, particularly in the immunocompromised and those with underlying health conditions where mortality rates can exceed 50%. Combination of organic moieties with known antifungal properties and metal ions can lead to increased bioavailability, uptake and efficacy. Development of such organometallic drugs may alleviate pressure on existing antifungal medications. Prodigious antimicrobial moieties such as azoles, Schiff bases, thiosemicarbazones and others reported herein lend themselves easily to the coordination of a host of metal ions, which can vastly improve the biocidal activity of the parent ligand, thereby extending the library of antifungal drugs available to medical professionals for treatment of an increasing incidence of fungal infections. Overall, this review shows the impressive but somewhat unexploited potential of metal-based compounds to treat fungal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Harley Betts
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Sarah Keller
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Kevin Cariou
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 75005 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Amer MMK, Abdellattif MH, Mouneir SM, Zordok WA, Shehab WS. Synthesis, DFT calculation, pharmacological evaluation, and catalytic application in the synthesis of diverse pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2021; 114:105136. [PMID: 34328860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Pyranopyrazole and its derivatives are classified to be a pharmacologically significant active scaffold for almost all modes of biological activities. In this work, An efficient, green, and facile three-component reaction for preparing pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives via the condensation reaction of 5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, ethyl acetoacetate, and malononitrile in the presence of ZnO Nanoparticle. The products are produced with high yields and in shorter reaction times. It also is mild, safe, green, and environmentally friendly. The geometric parameters such as dipole moment, bond length, dihedral angles, total energy, heat of formation, atomic charges and energies at a highly accurate for prepared compounds were computed by Denisty Functional Theory along with the B3LYP functional. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Some of the tested compounds displayed promising activities. The newly prepared compounds were found to be potent towards the antioxidant activity. Results indicated that compounds 11 and 12 exhibited significant (p ≥ 0.05) in vitro total antioxidant activity as 44.93 ± 0.15 and 39.60 ± 0.10 U/ML, respectively higher than standard ascorbic acid (29.40 ± 0.62).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa M K Amer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Magda H Abdellattif
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samar M Mouneir
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Wael A Zordok
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Wesam S Shehab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Babu B, Ochappan T, Asraf Ali T, Mack J, Nyokong T, Gopalakrishnan Sethuraman M. Photodynamic activity and photoantimicrobial chemotherapy studies of ferrocene-substituted 2-thiobarbituric acid. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 40:127922. [PMID: 33705910 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A ferrocene-substituted thiobarbituric acid (FT) has been synthesized to explore its photophysical properties and photodynamic and photoantimicrobial chemotherapy activities. FT has an intense metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band at ca. 575 nm. The ferrocene moiety of FT undergoes photooxidation to form a ferrocenium species which in turn produces hydroxyl radical in an aqueous environment, which was confirmed via the bleaching reaction of p-nitrosodimethylaniline (RNO). FT exhibits efficient PDT activity against MCF-7 cancer cells with an IC50 value of 5.6 μM upon irradiation with 595 nm for 30 min with a Thorlabs M595L3 LED (240 mW cm-2). Photodynamic inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by FT shows significant activity with log reduction values of 6.62 and 6.16 respectively, under illumination for 60 min at 595 nm. These results demonstrate that ferrocene-substituted thiobarbituric acids merit further study for developing novel bioorganometallic PDT agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Babu
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu 624 302, India; Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Thivagar Ochappan
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu 624 302, India
| | - Thaslima Asraf Ali
- Department of Chemistry, The Gandhigram Rural Institute - Deemed to be University, Tamil Nadu 624 302, India
| | - John Mack
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Idlas P, Lepeltier E, Jaouen G, Passirani C. Ferrocifen Loaded Lipid Nanocapsules: A Promising Anticancer Medication against Multidrug Resistant Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2291. [PMID: 34064748 PMCID: PMC8151583 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance of cancer cells to current chemotherapeutic drugs has obliged the scientific community to seek innovative compounds. Ferrocifens, lipophilic organometallic compounds composed of a tamoxifen scaffold covalently bound to a ferrocene moiety, have shown very interesting antiproliferative, cytotoxic and immunologic effects. The formation of ferrocenyl quinone methide plays a crucial role in the multifaceted activity of ferrocifens. Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs), meanwhile, are nanoparticles obtained by a free organic solvent process. LNCs consist of an oily core surrounded by amphiphilic surfactants and are perfectly adapted to encapsulate these hydrophobic compounds. The different in vitro and in vivo experiments performed with this ferrocifen-loaded nanocarrier have revealed promising results in several multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines such as glioblastoma, breast cancer and metastatic melanoma, alone or in combination with other therapies. This review provides an exhaustive summary of the use of ferrocifen-loaded LNCs as a promising nanomedicine, outlining the ferrocifen mechanisms of action on cancer cells, the nanocarrier formulation process and the in vivo results obtained over the last two decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Idlas
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; (P.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Elise Lepeltier
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; (P.I.); (E.L.)
| | - Gérard Jaouen
- Sorbonne Universités, Université IPCM, Paris 6, UMR 8232, IPCM, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France;
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Passirani
- Micro & Nanomedecines Translationnelles (MINT), University of Angers, Inserm, The National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France; (P.I.); (E.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Replacing the Z-phenyl Ring in Tamoxifen ® with a para-Connected NCN Pincer-Pt-Cl Grouping by Post-Modification †. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071888. [PMID: 33810499 PMCID: PMC8038112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-modification of a series of NCN-pincer platinum(II) complexes [PtX(NCN-R-4)] (NCN = [C6H2(CH2NMe2)2-2,6]–, R = C(O)H, C(O)Me and C(O)Et), X = Cl– or Br–) at the para-position using the McMurry reaction was studied. The synthetic route towards two new [PtCl(NCN-R-4)] (R = C(O)Me and C(O)Et) complexes used above is likewise described. The utility and limitations of the McMurry reaction involving these pincer complexes was systematically evaluated. The predicted “homo-coupling” reaction of [PtBr(NCN-C(O)H-4)] led to the unexpected formation of 3,3′,5,5′-tetra[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4,4′-bis(platinum halide)-benzophenone (halide = Br or Cl), referred to hereafter as the bispincer-benzophenone complex 13. This material was further characterized using X-ray crystal structure determination. The applicability of the pincer complexes in the McMurry reaction is shown to open a route towards the synthesis of tamoxifen-type derivatives of which one phenyl ring of Tamoxifen® itself is replaced by an NCN arylplatinum pincer fragment. The newly synthesized derivatives can be used as potential candidates in anti-cancer drug screening protocols. Two NCN-arylpincer platinum tamoxifen type derivatives, 5 and 6, were successfully synthesized and of 5 the separation of the diastereomeric E-/Z-forms was achieved. Compound 6, which is the pivaloyl protected NCN pincer platinum hydroxy-Tamoxifen® derivative, was obtained as a mixture of E-/Z-isomers. The new derivatives were further analyzed and characterized with 1H-, 13C{1H}- and 195Pt{1H}-NMR, IR, exact mass MS and elemental analysis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Mbaba M, Dingle LMK, Zulu AI, Laming D, Swart T, de la Mare JA, Hoppe HC, Edkins AL, Khanye SD. Coumarin-Annulated Ferrocenyl 1,3-Oxazine Derivatives Possessing In Vitro Antimalarial and Antitrypanosomal Potency. Molecules 2021; 26:1333. [PMID: 33801371 PMCID: PMC7958634 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tailored series of coumarin-based ferrocenyl 1,3-oxazine hybrid compounds was synthesized and investigated for potential antiparasitic activity, drawing inspiration from the established biological efficacy of the constituent chemical motifs. The structural identity of the synthesized compounds was confirmed by common spectroscopic techniques: NMR, HRMS and IR. Biological evaluation studies reveal that the compounds exhibit higher in vitro antiparasitic potency against the chemosensitive malarial strain (3D7 P. falciparum) over the investigated trypanosomiasis causal agent (T. b. brucei 427) with mostly single digit micromolar IC50 values. When read in tandem with the biological performance of previously reported structurally similar non-coumarin, phenyl derivatives (i.e., ferrocenyl 1,3-benzoxazines and α-aminocresols), structure-activity relationship analyses suggest that the presence of the coumarin nucleus is tolerated for biological activity though this may lead to reduced efficacy. Preliminary mechanistic studies with the most promising compound (11b) support hemozoin inhibition and DNA interaction as likely mechanistic modalities by which this class of compounds may act to produce plasmocidal and antitrypanosomal effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.M.); (A.I.Z.)
| | - Laura M. K. Dingle
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Ayanda I. Zulu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.M.); (A.I.Z.)
| | - Dustin Laming
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Tarryn Swart
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Jo-Anne de la Mare
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C. Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L. Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (L.M.K.D.); (D.L.); (T.S.); (J.-A.d.l.M.); (H.C.H.); (A.L.E.)
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D. Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; (M.M.); (A.I.Z.)
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Allison M, Caramés-Méndez P, Pask CM, Phillips RM, Lord RM, McGowan PC. Bis(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Ferrocenyl β-Diketonate Complexes: Exhibiting Nanomolar Potency against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Chemistry 2021; 27:3737-3744. [PMID: 33073884 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of new bis(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ferrocenyl β-diketonate complexes, [(bpy)2 Ru(Fc-acac)][PF6 ] (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine; Fc-acac=functionalized ferrocenyl β-diketonate ligand) are reported. Alongside clinical platinum drugs, these bimetallic ruthenium-iron complexes have been screened for their cytotoxicity against MIA PaCa-2 (human pancreatic carcinoma), HCT116 p53+/+ (human colon carcinoma, p53-wild type) and ARPE-19 (human retinal pigment epithelial) cell lines. With the exception of one complex, the library exhibit nanomolar potency against cancerous cell lines, and their relative potencies are up to 40x, 400x and 72x more cytotoxic than cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, respectively. Under hypoxic conditions, the complexes remain cytotoxic (sub-micromolar range), highlighting their potential in targeting hypoxic tumor regions. The Comet assay was used to determine their ability to damage DNA, and results show dose dependent damage which correlates well with the cytotoxicity results. Their potential to treat bacterial and fungal strains has been determined, and highlight complexes have selective growth inhibition of up to 87-100 % against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Allison
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pablo Caramés-Méndez
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Christopher M Pask
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Roger M Phillips
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Rianne M Lord
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Patrick C McGowan
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Koh WX, Gomez AP, Lee J, Mohameed JBH, Leong WK. Relative reactivity of the dinuclear ruthenium complex [CpRu(CO)2]2 with diphenylselenyl sulphide and diphenyl disulphide. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2021.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
47
|
Liu L, Liu H, Zuo Z, Zhang AA, Li Z, Meng T, Wu W, Hua Y, Mao G. Synthesis of planar chiral isoquinolinone-fused ferrocenes through palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization reaction. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
48
|
Lee JJY, Leong WK. Towards understanding the mode of action of the cytotoxic triosmium carbonyl cluster Os3(CO)10(NCCH3)2: Its reactivity with amino acids and oligopeptides. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
49
|
In vitro nematicidal activity of two ferrocenyl chalcones against larvae of Haemonchus contortus (L 3) and Nacobbus aberrans (J 2). J Helminthol 2020; 94:e190. [PMID: 32912343 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x2000070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of this work was to evaluate the in vitro biological activity of two ferrocenyl chalcones (FcC-1 and FcC-2) against Haemonchus contortus (third-stage larvae (L3)) and Nacobbus aberrans (second-stage juveniles (J2)). Both compounds were synthesized and characterized by usual spectroscopic methods and their molecular structures were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. Nematode strains were examined in terms of percentage mortality of H. contortus (L3) by the action of FcC-1, which showed an effectivity of 100% at a concentration of 342 μM in 24 h, with EC50 = 20.33 μM and EC90 = 162.76 μM, whereas FcC-2 had an effectivity of 72% at a concentration of 342 μM in 24 h, with EC50 = 167.39 μM and EC90 = 316.21 μM. The effect of FcC-1 against nematode phytoparasite N. aberrans showed a better percentage of 95% at a concentration of 342 μM, with EC50 = 7.18 μM and EC90 = 79.25 μM, whereas the effect of FcC-2 was 87% at 342 μM, with EC50 = 168 μM and EC90 = 319.56 μM at 36 h. After treatment, the scanning electron micrographs revealed deformities in the dorsal flank and posterior part close to the tail of H. contortus L3. They showed moderate in vitro nematicidal activity against H. contortus L3 and N. aberrans J2.
Collapse
|
50
|
Chellan P, Sadler PJ. Enhancing the Activity of Drugs by Conjugation to Organometallic Fragments. Chemistry 2020; 26:8676-8688. [PMID: 32452579 PMCID: PMC7496994 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a current clinical problem, especially in the treatment of microbial infections and cancer. One strategy to overcome this is to make new derivatives of existing drugs by conjugation to organometallic fragments, either by an appropriate linker, or by direct coordination of the drug to a metal. We illustrate this with examples of conjugated organometallic metallocene sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, RuII and OsII arene, and RhIII and IrIII cyclopentadienyl half-sandwich complexes. Ferrocene conjugates are particularly promising. The ferrocene-chloroquine conjugate ferroquine is in clinical trials for malaria treatment, and a ferrocene-tamoxifen derivative (a ferrocifen) seems likely to enter anticancer trails soon. Several other examples illustrate that organometallic conjugation can restore the activity of drugs to which resistance has developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch University7600Matieland, Western CapeSouth Africa
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| |
Collapse
|