1
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Tu JL, Huang B. Direct C(sp 3)-H functionalization with aryl and alkyl radicals as intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:11450-11465. [PMID: 39268687 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc03383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed the emergence of direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H bond functionalization using in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals as a unique class of hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) agents. A variety of precursors have been exploited to produce these radical HAT agents under photocatalytic, electrochemical or thermal conditions. To date, viable aryl radical precursors have included aryl diazonium salts or aryl azosulfones, diaryliodonium salts, O-benzoyl oximes, aryl sulfonium salts, aryl thioesters, and aryl halides; and applicable alkyl radical sources have included tetrahalogenated methanes (e.g., CCl3Br, CBr4 and CF3I), N-hydroxyphthalimide esters, alkyl bromides, and acetic acid. This review summarizes the current advances in direct intermolecular C(sp3)-H functionalization through key HAT events with in situ generated aryl/alkyl radicals and categorizes the procedures by the specific radical precursors applied. With an emphasis on the reaction conditions, mechanisms and representative substrate scopes of these protocols, this review aims to demonstrate the current trends and future challenges of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Tu
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
- School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519085, China.
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2
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Liu Y, Xue GH, He Z, Yue JP, Pan M, Song L, Zhang W, Ye JH, Yu DG. Visible-Light Photoredox-Catalyzed Direct Carboxylation of Tertiary C(sp 3)-H Bonds with CO 2: Facile Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Carboxylic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39374105 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c09558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
Direct carboxylation of C-H bonds with CO2 represents an attractive strategy to synthesize valuable carboxylic acids with high atom, step, and redox economy. Although great progress has been achieved in this field, catalytic carboxylation of tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds still remains challenging due to their inherent inertness and significant steric hindrance. Herein, we report a direct carboxylation of tertiary benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds with CO2 via visible-light photoredox catalysis. Various all-carbon quaternary carboxylic acids, which are of significant importance in medicinal chemistry, are successfully obtained with high yields. This direct carboxylation is characterized by good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope, and mild operational conditions. Furthermore, our methodology enables the efficient and rapid synthesis of key drug or bioactive molecules, such as carbetapentane, caramiphen, and PRE-084 (σ1 receptor agonist), and facilitates various functionalizations of C(sp2)-H bonds using the directing ability of target carboxylic acids, thus highlighting its practical applications. Mechanistic studies indicate that a carbanion, which serves as the key intermediate to react with CO2, is catalytically generated via a single electron reduction of a benzylic radical through a consecutive photoinduced electron transfer process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Guan-Hua Xue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Zhen He
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Yue
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Min Pan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Lei Song
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Heng Ye
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
| | - Da-Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
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3
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Guo JD, Korsaye FA, Schutz D, Ciofini I, Miesch L. Photocatalyst-free, visible-light-induced regio- and stereoselective synthesis of phosphorylated enamines from N-allenamides via [1,3]-sulfonyl shift at room temperature. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc05190d. [PMID: 39397817 PMCID: PMC11467721 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc05190d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the first visible-light-induced strategy for the rapid synthesis of densely functionalized α- and γ-phosphorylated β-sulfonyl enamines in a regio- and stereoselective manner from N-sulfonyl allenamides and H-phosphine oxides. The transformation displays a broad substrate scope, while operating at room temperature under photocatalyst- and additive-free conditions. In this atom-economical process, either terminal or substituted N-sulfonyl allenamides trigger an unprecedented N-to-C [1,3]-sulfonyl shift, relying on a dual radical allyl resonance and α-heteroatom effect in its triplet excited state. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed which was supported by the outcomes of theoretical approaches based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dong Guo
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Feven-Alemu Korsaye
- Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences F-75005 Paris France
| | - Dorian Schutz
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg France
| | - Ilaria Ciofini
- Chemical Theory and Modelling Group, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences F-75005 Paris France
| | - Laurence Miesch
- Equipe Synthèse Organique et Phytochimie, Institut de Chimie, CNRS-UdS UMR 7177, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, CS 90032 67081 Strasbourg France
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4
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Wang S, Luo X, Wang Y, Liu Z, Yu Y, Wang X, Ren D, Wang P, Chen YH, Qi X, Yi H, Lei A. Radical-triggered translocation of C-C double bond and functional group. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1621-1629. [PMID: 39251841 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01633-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Multi-site functionalization of molecules provides a potent approach to accessing intricate compounds. However, simultaneous functionalization of the reactive site and the inert remote C(sp3)-H poses a formidable challenge, as chemical reactions conventionally occur at the most active site. In addition, achieving precise control over site selectivity for remote C(sp3)-H activation presents an additional hurdle. Here we report an alternative modular method for alkene difunctionalization, encompassing radical-triggered translocation of functional groups and remote C(sp3)-H desaturation via photo/cobalt dual catalysis. By systematically combining radical addition, functional group migration and cobalt-promoted hydrogen atom transfer, we successfully effectuate the translocation of the carbon-carbon double bond and another functional group with precise site selectivity and remarkable E/Z selectivity. This redox-neutral approach shows good compatibility with diverse fluoroalkyl and sulfonyl radical precursors, enabling the migration of benzoyloxy, acetoxy, formyl, cyano and heteroaryl groups. This protocol offers a resolution for the simultaneous transformation of manifold sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengchun Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xu Luo
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yu
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xuejie Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Demin Ren
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Hung Chen
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| | - Hong Yi
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| | - Aiwen Lei
- Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, P. R. China.
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5
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Giraldi V, Magagnano G, Giacomini D, Cozzi PG, Gualandi A. Photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular nucleophilic amidation of alkenes with β-lactams. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:2461-2468. [PMID: 39376491 PMCID: PMC11457124 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 10/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The direct nucleophilic addition of amides to unfunctionalized alkenes via photoredox catalysis represents a facile approach towards functionalized alkylamides. Unfortunately, the scarce nucleophilicity of amides and competitive side reactions limit the utility of this approach. Herein, we report an intramolecular photoredox cyclization of alkenes with β-lactams in the presence of an acridinium photocatalyst. The approach uses an intramolecular nucleophilic addition of the β-lactam nitrogen atom to the radical cation photogenerated in the linked alkene moiety, followed by hydrogen transfer from the hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalyst. This process was used to successfully prepare 2-alkylated clavam derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Giraldi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giandomenico Magagnano
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daria Giacomini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Cozzi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, ALMA MATER STUDIORUM - Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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6
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Hu Y, Liu Q, Zhou X, Huang Y, Fernández I, Xiong Y. Lewis-Acid-Promoted Visible-Light-Mediated C(sp 3)-H Bond Functionalization of Arylvinylpyridines via Diradical Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:8005-8010. [PMID: 39109801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
A visible-light-induced intramolecular diradical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (DHAT) of primary, secondary, and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds and subsequent cyclization is described. This transformation is enabled by triplet energy transfer upon Lewis acid coordination to alkyl-substituted arylvinylpyridines and gives access to a variety of benzocyclobutenes (>40 examples, 32-96% yield). Notably, tri- and tetrasubstituted olefins with tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds effectively delivered sterically hindered products with adjacent all-carbon quaternary centers. Mechanistic evidence and density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that Lewis acid coordination was crucial for the success by modulating the reactivity of the diradical intermediates to unlock a challenging carbon-to-carbon DHAT and subsequent cyclization with a rather low barrier, which allows the functionalization of benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds to construct otherwise inaccessible benzocyclobutenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovacion en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yang Xiong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Natural Product Synthesis and Drug Research, Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, People's Republic of China
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7
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Gu X, Shen J, Xu Z, Liu J, Shi M, Wei Y. Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Remote C(sp 3)-H Bonds by Carbon-Centered Biradical via Intramolecular 1,5- or 1,6-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202409463. [PMID: 39031578 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202409463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we introduce a novel intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction that efficiently yields azetidine, oxetane, and indoline derivatives through a mechanism resembling the carbon analogue of the Norrish-Yang reaction. This process is facilitated by excited triplet-state carbon-centered biradicals, enabling the 1,5-HAT reaction by suppressing the critical 1,4-biradical intermediates from undergoing the Norrish Type II cleavage reaction, and pioneering unprecedented 1,6-HAT reactions initiated by excited triplet-state alkenes. We demonstrate the synthetic utility and compatibility of this method across various functional groups, validated through scope evaluation, large-scale synthesis, and derivatization. Our findings are supported by control experiments, deuterium labeling, kinetic studies, cyclic voltammetry, Stern-Volmer experiments, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiahao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ziyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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8
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Hou J, Fan H, Zhang X, Liu X, Chen J, Lv G, He S, Hai L, Yang Z, Wu Y. Organic Photoredox-Catalyzed Site-Selective Alkylation of Glycine Derivatives and Peptides via Infrequent 1,2-Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Amidyl Radicals. Org Lett 2024; 26:7638-7643. [PMID: 39230392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a visible-light-driven photoredox-catalyzed protocol for site-selective alkylation of glycine derivatives via 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer, which is distinguished by metal free and mild conditions, high chemoselectivity, and good functional group compatibility. This protocol provides a unique approach for synthesizing valuable α,β-diamino acid derivatives. Furthermore, the potential synthetic merit of this transformation is proven by a scale-up reaction and late-stage functionalization of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Hou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Provincial Clinical Research Center for Umbilical Cord Blood Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Shiyun He
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongzhen Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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9
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Srinivasu V, Pattanaik S, Sureshkumar D. Photoredox cross-dehydrogenative C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) coupling of heteroarenes with secondary amines through 1,5-HAT. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9757-9760. [PMID: 39150701 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02818j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The functionalization of α-C(sp3)-H bonds in amines has become a focal point of contemporary research. Here, we report a new approach utilizing photocatalysis α-C(sp3)-H bond functionalization in alicyclic and aliphatic secondary amines facilitated by intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). This finding unlocks a sustainable method for rapidly constructing complex heterocyclics via cross-dehydrogenative C-C coupling of protected amines and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. This protocol boasts broad applicability to various substrates, exhibits tolerance to numerous functional groups, and supports the late-stage modification of drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinjamuri Srinivasu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India.
| | - Swadhin Pattanaik
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Berhampur-760010, Odisha, India
| | - Devarajulu Sureshkumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India.
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10
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Huang T, Liu J, Wu Z, Tian Z, Hai L, Wu Y. Photoredox-Catalyzed Alkylamination of Alkenes via Oxidative Radical-Polar Crossover and Site-Selective 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2024; 26:6847-6852. [PMID: 39110700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
We reported the visible-light-mediated photoredox-catalyzed oxidative radical-polar crossover and 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer combined site-selective remote C(sp3)-N cross-coupling alkylamination of alkenes. Various anilines and hydroxamides (1,5-hydrogen atom transfer reagents) could be tolerated. The mechanistic studies indicated the radical nature of the reaction and the indispensability of light and photocatalyst. Stern-Volmer fluorescence quenching and cyclic voltammetry experiments have been used to outline the proposed reaction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenye Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hai
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, 17 Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, People's Republic of China
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11
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Chen J, Tan C, Rodrigalvarez J, Zhang S, Martin R. Site-Selective Distal C(sp 3)-H Bromination of Aliphatic Amines as a Gateway for Forging Nitrogen-Containing sp 3 Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406485. [PMID: 38770612 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we disclose a new strategy that rapidly and reliably incorporates bromine atoms at distal, secondary C(sp3)-H sites in aliphatic amines with an excellent and predictable site-selectivity pattern. The resulting halogenated building blocks serve as versatile linchpins to enable a series of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond-formations at remote C(sp3) sites, thus offering a new modular and unified platform that expediates the access to advanced sp3 architectures possessing valuable nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycles of interest in medicinal chemistry settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Chen
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Clarence Tan
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jesus Rodrigalvarez
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica, c/Marcel ⋅ lí Domingo, 1, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ruben Martin
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluïs Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Li WT, Zhang ZX, Huang J, Jiang HM, Luo ZW, Li JH, Ouyang XH. Photochemical Divergent Ring-Closing Metathesis of 1,7-Enynes: Efficient Synthesis of Spirocyclic Quinolin-2-ones. Org Lett 2024; 26:6664-6669. [PMID: 39078505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
A photocatalytic method for the ring-closing 1,7-enyne metathesis using the α-amino radical as an alkene deconstruction auxiliary is present. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that intramolecular 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer is the key to the generation and β-scission of the α-amino radical, while the dearomatization of arenes and ring opening of cyclopropanes are the key to construct spirocyclic quinolin-2-ones. This approach highlights the potential of ring-closing 1,7-enyne metathesis, providing a green, efficient, and step-economical way for the synthesis of spirocyclic quinolin-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Huang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, People's Republic of China
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13
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Zhou Y, Wu Z, Xu J, Zhang Z, Zheng H, Zhu G. Fluorine-Effect-Enabled Photocatalytic 4-Exo-Trig Cyclization Cascade to Access Fluoroalkylated Cyclobutanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405678. [PMID: 38739309 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Cyclobutanes are popular structural units in bioactive compounds and versatile intermediates in synthetic chemistry, but their synthesis is challenging owing to high ring strain. In this study, a novel method for highly regio- and diastereoselective synthesis of fluoroalkylcyclobutanes bearing vicinal quaternary and tertiary stereocenters is realized by a photocatalytic 4-exo-trig cyclization cascade of thioalkynes or trifluoromethylalkenes. Density functional theory calculations reveal that a unique fluorine effect, arising from hyperconjugative π→σ*C-F interactions, accounts for the regio-reversed radical addition at the sterically hindered alkene carbon, which facilitates an unprecedented 4-exo-trig ring closure. This chemistry enables the direct and controllable construction of medicinally valuable quaternary-carbon-containing cyclobutanes from readily available raw materials, nicely complementing the existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Zuxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Hanliang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
| | - Gangguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321004, P. R. China
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14
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Meng F, Sun L, Liu Y, Li X, Tan H, Yuan C, Li X. Theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanism of THP oxidative rearrangement catalysed by BBOX. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024. [PMID: 39015023 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase (BBOX) is a non-heme FeII/2OG dependent enzyme that is able to perform two different kinds of catalytic reactions on 3-(2,2,2-trimethylhydrazinium) propionate (THP) to produce distinct catalytic products. Although the structure of BBOX complexed with THP has been resolved, the details of its catalytic mechanism are still elusive. In this study, by employing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the mechanism of the THP oxidative rearrangement reactions catalysed by BBOX was investigated. Our calculations revealed how the enzyme undergoes a conformational conversion to initiate the catalytic reactions. In the first catalytic step, BBOX performs hydrogen abstraction from the substrate THP as a common non-heme iron enzyme. Due to the structure of the substrate stabilizing the radical species and polarizing the adjacent N-N bond, in the next step, THP takes the pathway for N-N bond homolysis but not regular hydroxyl rebounding. The cleaved ammonium radical could either react with the hydroxyl group on the iron centre of the enzyme or recombine with the other cleaved fragment of the substrate to generate the rearranged product. This study revealed the catalytic mechanism of BBOX, detailing how the enzyme and the substrate regulated the hydroxyl rebound process to generate various products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Meng
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yueying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Chang Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xichen Li
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
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15
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Mondal M, Ghosh S, Lai D, Hajra A. C-H Functionalization of Heteroarenes via Electron Donor-Acceptor Complex Photoactivation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202401114. [PMID: 38975970 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202401114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
C-H Functionalization of heteroarenes stands as a potent instrument in organic synthesis, and with the incorporation of visible light, it emerged as a transformative game-changer. In this domain, electron donor-acceptor (EDA) complex, formed through the pairing of an electron-rich substrate with an electron-accepting molecule, has garnered substantial consideration in recent years due to the related avoidance of the requirement of photocatalyst as well as oxidant. EDA complexes can undergo photoactivation under mild conditions and exhibit high functional group tolerance, making them potentially suitable for the functionalization of biologically relevant heteroarenes. This review article provides an overview of recent advancements in the field of C-H functionalization of heteroarenes via EDA complex photoactivation with literature coverage up to April, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhusudan Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Dipti Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
| | - Alakananda Hajra
- Department of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati (A Central University), Santiniketan, 731235, India
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16
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Ruan XY, Wu DX, Li WA, Lin Z, Sayed M, Han ZY, Gong LZ. Photoinduced Decatungstate Anion-Catalyzed 1,4-Difunctionalization of 1,3-Butadienes via C-H Activation. Org Lett 2024; 26:5528-5533. [PMID: 38901007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
This paper outlines an innovative three-component coupling strategy for the 1,4-difunctionalization of 1,3-butadiene, utilizing sodium decatungstate (NaDT) as a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) photocatalyst. The photoinduced process efficiently generates homoallylic amino acid esters with 100% atom economy, employing readily available components under mild reaction conditions. This light-induced protocol eliminates the need for an additional transition metal catalysts, additives, or equivalent reducing agents. The study explored various C(sp3)-H bearing partners, butadienes, and α-iminoesters, demonstrating the versatility and synthetic utility of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Ruan
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dan-Xing Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Ao Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zihan Lin
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Mostafa Sayed
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yong Han
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
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17
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Jiang Q, Bao H, Peng Y, Zhou Y, Chen L, Liu Y. Demethylenative cyclization of 1,7-enynes using α-amino radicals as a traceless initiator enabled by Cu(I)-photosensitizers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6399-6402. [PMID: 38780373 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A rare type of demethylenative intramolecular cyclization of 1,7-enynes to access quinoline-2-(1H)-ones has been successfully developed under the catalysis of P/N-heteroleptic Cu(I)-photosensitizers. Preliminary mechanistic experiments revealed that the key to the success of this protocol lay in the α-amino radical addition-triggered tandem process of intramolecular radical cyclization/1,5-HAT/β-fragmentation. This protocol provides a new avenue for the deconstructive cyclization of alkene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinfang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Hanyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Lang Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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18
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Hanania N, Eghbarieh N, Masarwa A. PolyBorylated Alkenes as Energy-Transfer Reactive Groups: Access to Multi-Borylated Cyclobutanes Combined with Hydrogen Atom Transfer Event. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405898. [PMID: 38603554 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
While polyborylated alkenes are being recognized for their elevated status as highly valuable reagents in modern organic synthesis, allowing efficient access to a diverse array of transformations, including the formation of C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, their potential as energy-transfer reactive groups has remained unexplored. Yet, this potential holds the key to generating elusive polyborylated biradical species, which can be captured by olefins, thereby leading to the construction of new highly-borylated scaffolds. Herein, we report a designed energy-transfer strategy for photosensitized [2+2]-cycloadditions of poly-borylated alkenes with various olefins enabling the regioselective synthesis of diverse poly-borylated cyclobutane motifs, including the 1,1-di-, 1,1,2-tri-, and 1,1,2,2-tetra-borylated cyclobutanes. In fact, these compounds belong to a family that presently lacks efficient synthetic pathways. Interestingly, when α-methylstyrene was used, the reaction involves an interesting 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Mechanistic deuterium-labeling studies have provided insight into the outcome of 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer process. In addition, the polyborylated cyclobutanes are then demonstrated to be useful in selective oxidation processes resulting in the formation of cyclobutanones and γ-lactones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hanania
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Nadim Eghbarieh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Ahmad Masarwa
- Institute of Chemistry, The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, and Casali Center for Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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19
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Wang C, Chen Z, Sun J, Tong L, Wang W, Song S, Li J. Sulfonamide-directed site-selective functionalization of unactivated C(sp 3)-H enabled by photocatalytic sequential electron/proton transfer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5087. [PMID: 38876986 PMCID: PMC11178871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49337-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The generation of alkyl radical from C(sp3)-H substrates via hydrogen atom abstraction represents a desirable yet underexplored strategy in alkylation reaction since involving common concerns remain adequately unaddressed, such as the harsh reaction conditions, limited substrate scope, and the employment of noble metal- or photo-catalysts and stoichiometric oxidants. Here, we utilize the synergistic strategy of photoredox and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalysis to accomplish a general and practical functionalization of unactived C(sp3)-H centers with broad reaction scope, high functional group compatibility, and operational simplicity. A combination of validation experiments and density functional theory reveals that the N-centered radicals, generated from free N - H bond in a stepwise electron/proton transfer event, are the key intermediates that enable an intramolecular 1,5-HAT or intermolecular HAT process for nucleophilic carbon-centered radicals formation to achieve heteroarylation, alkylation, amination, cyanation, azidation, trifluoromethylthiolation, halogenation and deuteration. The practical value of this protocol is further demonstrated by the gram-scale synthesis and the late-stage functionalization of natural products and drug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Luwei Tong
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Wenjian Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Shengjie Song
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China
| | - Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. of China.
- Taizhou Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Taizhou Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Taizhou, P. R. of China.
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20
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Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Xue XS, Li C. Photoinduced Remote C(sp 3)-H Phosphonylation of Amides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400856. [PMID: 38570332 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The present study reports an unprecedented protocol for the phosphonylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. By utilizing 1 mol % 4DPAIPN (1,2,3,5-tetrakis(diphenylamino)-4,6-dicyanobenzene) as the catalyst, satisfactory yields of γ-phosphonylated amides are obtained through a visible-light-induced reaction between N-((4-cyanobenzoyl)oxy)alkanamides and 9-fluorenyl o-phenylene phosphite at room temperature. This protocol demonstrates broad substrate scope and wide functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Song Xue
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chaozhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Nitrogen Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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21
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Li YB, Wang YL, Gao Q, Dai JC, Jin RX, Wang XS. Photoredox Catalyzed Synthesis of gem-Difluoroalkenes and Monofluorinated Cyclooctenes via 1,5-HAT Process. Org Lett 2024; 26:4548-4553. [PMID: 38757610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
gem-Difluoroalkenes and monofluorinated cycloalkenes have emerged as basic structural units in a variety of bioactive molecules and natural products. Thus, developing straightforward and efficient methods for synthesizing fluorinated alkene compounds is of considerable significance. Herein, we disclose a visible-light-induced defluorination of 2-trifluoromethyl-1-alkene via a 1,5-HAT process using N-alkoxyphtalimides as both radical precursor and potential nucleophile. The mild and stepwise reaction leads to a variety of structurally diverse gem-difluoroalkenes and monofluorinated cyclooctenes with high efficiency, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yu-Lin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Jing-Cheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Ruo-Xing Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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22
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Qian P, Zhu D, Wang X, Sun Q, Zhang S. Electrochemical Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Imidation Enabled by Benzoic Acid Derived Radicals. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6395-6404. [PMID: 38621116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We developed an electrochemical approach for benzylic C(sp3)-H imidation by virtue of the in situ generated oxygen-centered radicals (OCRs). The electrochemical imidation provides a complementary approach to giving distinct imide products compared with previous acyloxylation products. This protocol exhibits good site selectivity and broad substrate generality. Moreover, the utility of the OCR-mediated protocol was extended to the electrochemical oxidation of silane, and its robustness was also highlighted by the imidation of complex substrates, which would otherwise be inaccessible for previous approaches. A plausible reaction mechanism was proposed to rationalize the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qian
- Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Biomass-Derived, Functional Oligosaccharides Engineering Technology Research Center of Anhui Province, School of Chemistry and Material Engineering, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, Anhui 236037, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
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23
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Zeng L, Xu CH, Zou XY, Sun Q, Hu M, Ouyang XH, He DL, Li JH. Iodoarene-directed photoredox β-C(sp 3)-H arylation of 1-( o-iodoaryl)alkan-1-ones with cyanoarenes via halogen atom transfer and hydrogen atom transfer. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6522-6529. [PMID: 38699280 PMCID: PMC11062093 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06637a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Site selective functionalization of inert remote C(sp3)-H bonds to increase molecular complexity offers vital potential for chemical synthesis and new drug development, thus it has been attracting ongoing research interest. In particular, typical β-C(sp3)-H arylation methods using chelation-assisted metal catalysis or metal-catalyzed oxidative/photochemical in situ generated allyl C(sp3)-H bond processes have been well developed. However, radical-mediated direct β-C(sp3)-H arylation of carbonyls remains elusive. Herein, we describe an iodoarene-directed photoredox β-C(sp3)-H arylation of 1-(o-iodoaryl)alkan-1-ones with cyanoarenes via halogen atom transfer (XAT) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The method involves diethylaminoethyl radical-mediated generation of an aryl radical intermediate via XAT, then directed 1,5-HAT to form the remote alkyl radical intermediate and radical-radical coupling with cyanoarenes, and is applicable to a broad scope of unactivated remote C(sp3)-H bonds like β-C(sp3)-H bonds of o-iodoaryl-substituted alkanones and α-C(sp3)-H bonds of o-iodoarylamides. Experimental findings are supported by computational studies (DFT calculations), revealing that this method operates via a radical-relay stepwise mechanism involving multiple SET, XAT, 1,5-HAT and radical-radical coupling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Chong-Hui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Xiu-Yuan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Ming Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University Nanchang 330063 China
| | - De-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University Changsha 410082 China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 475004 China
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24
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Ruan XY, Wu DX, Li WA, Lin Z, Sayed M, Han ZY, Gong LZ. Photoinduced Pd-Catalyzed Enantioselective Carboamination of Dienes via Aliphatic C-H Bond Elaboration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:12053-12062. [PMID: 38622809 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Three-component diene carboaminations offer a potent means to access synthetically valuable allylic amines with rapid molecular complexity escalation. The existing literature primarily discloses racemic examples, necessitating the use of halides/pseudohalides as substrates. This paper introduces a photoinduced Pd-catalyzed enantioselective three-component carboamination of aryl-substituted 1,3-dienes, leveraging aliphatic C-H bonds for rapid synthesis. The reaction employs 10 mol % of chiral palladium catalyst and an excess aryl bromide as the HAT reagent. This approach yields diverse chiral allylamines with moderate to excellent enantioselectivities. Notably, it stands as the first instance of an asymmetric three-component diene carboamination reaction, directly utilizing abundant C(sp3)-H bearing partners, such as toluene-type substrates, ethers, amines, esters, and ketones. The protocol exhibits versatility across amines, encompassing aliphatic, aromatic, primary, and secondary derivatives. This method could serve as a versatile platform for stereoselective incorporation of various nucleophiles, dienes, and C(sp3)-H bearing partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yun Ruan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Dan-Xing Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wen-Ao Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihan Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mostafa Sayed
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Han
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liu-Zhu Gong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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25
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Požgan F, Grošelj U, Svete J, Štefane B, Al Mamari HH. Recent Advances in the Nickel-Catalyzed Alkylation of C-H Bonds. Molecules 2024; 29:1917. [PMID: 38731408 PMCID: PMC11085484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Functionalization of C-H bonds has emerged as a powerful strategy for converting inert, nonfunctional C-H bonds into their reactive counterparts. A wide range of C-H bond functionalization reactions has become possible by the catalysis of metals, typically from the second row of transition metals. First-row transition metals can also catalyze C-H functionalization, and they have the merits of greater earth-abundance, lower cost and better environmental friendliness in comparison to their second-row counterparts. C-H bond alkylation is a particularly important C-H functionalization reaction due to its chemical significance and its applications in natural product synthesis. This review covers Ni-catalyzed C-H bond alkylation reactions using alkyl halides and olefins as alkyl sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franc Požgan
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Uroš Grošelj
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Jurij Svete
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Bogdan Štefane
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (F.P.); (U.G.); (J.S.); (B.Š.)
| | - Hamad H. Al Mamari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman
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26
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Hu SP, Gao CH, Liu TM, Miao BY, Wang HC, Yu W, Han B. Integrating Olefin Carboamination and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag Reaction by Radical Deconstruction of Hydrazonyl N-N Bond. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202400168. [PMID: 38380865 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202400168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
As a type of elementary organic compounds containing N-N single bond, hydrazone involved chemical conversions are extremely extensive, but they are mainly limited to N2-retention and N2-removal modes. We report herein an unprecedented protocol for the realization of division utilization of the N2-moiety of hydrazone by a radical facilitated N-N bond deconstruction strategy. This new conversion mode enables the successful combination of alkene carboamination and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction by the reaction of N-homoallyl mesitylenesulfonyl hydrazones with ethyl difluoroiodoacetate under photocatalytic redox neutral conditions. Mechanism studies reveal that the reaction undergoes a radical relay involving addition, crucial remote imino-N migration and H-atom transfer. Consequently, a series of structurally significant ϵ-N-sulphonamide-α,α-difluoro-γ-amino acid esters are efficiently produced via continuous C-C bond and dual C-N bonds forging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chen-Hui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tu-Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bing-Yang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hong-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry (SKLAOC), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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27
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Hu Y, Hervieu C, Merino E, Nevado C. Asymmetric, Remote C(sp 3)-H Arylation via Sulfinyl-Smiles Rearrangement. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319158. [PMID: 38506603 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
An efficient asymmetric remote arylation of C(sp3)-H bonds under photoredox conditions is described here. The reaction features the addition radicals to a double bond followed by a site-selective radical translocation (1,n-hydrogen atom transfer) as well as a stereocontrolled aryl migration via sulfinyl-Smiles rearrangement furnishing a wide range of chiral α-arylated amides with up to >99 : 1 er. Mechanistic studies indicate that the sulfinamide group governs the stereochemistry of the product with the aryl migration being the rate determining step preceded by a kinetically favored 1,n-HAT process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Hervieu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Estíbaliz Merino
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica Instituto de Investigación Química "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR). Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Alcalá Alcalá de Henares, 28805, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km. 9.100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Nevado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Xiao W, Liu S, Lin Y, Zhou X, Wu J. Arenethiolate-Catalyzed 1,5-HAT of Aryl Halides: Synthesis of γ-Spirolactams. Org Lett 2024; 26:3081-3085. [PMID: 38568750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
γ-Spirolactam is a privileged building block that is found in a wide range of natural products and bioactive compounds. Herein, we report an arenethiolate-catalyzed 1,5-HAT of aryl halides to obtain γ-spirolactams through a SET reduction/intramolecular 1,5-HAT/cyclization/HAT process. This protocol features metal-free conditions and a broad substrate scope, furnishing the γ-spirolactams in moderate to excellent yields. Notably, aryl bromides, aryl chlorides and even aryl fluorides are well tolerated in this transformation. A mechanism involving arenethiolate as a SET catalyst is proposed based on DFT calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Shengyun Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Yuhui Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jie Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering & Institute for Advanced Studies, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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29
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Luan YY, Li JY, Shi WY, Zhang Z, Jiao RQ, Chen X, Liu XY, Liang YM. Ruthenium-Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Vinyl Cyclopropanes for Double m-C(sp 2)-H/C-5(sp 3)-H Functionalization. Org Lett 2024; 26:3213-3217. [PMID: 38573591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
With in-depth research on 1,2-difunctionalization, remote difunctionalization has garnered widespread attention for achieving multifunctionality. Herein, we report a strategy for achieving remote difunctionalization under mild conditions. This strategy exhibited good substrate suitability and functional group tolerance. In addition, the significance of this method is further evidenced by its successful application in scaling up and conducting additional transformations of target compounds. Mechanistic studies showed that a radical might be involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yong Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Yu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Rui-Qiang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Min Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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30
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Peng Y, Bao H, Zheng L, Zhou Y, Ni Q, Chen X, Li Y, Yan P, Yang YF, Liu Y. Cu(I)-Photosensitizer-Catalyzed Olefin-α-Amino Radical Metathesis/Demethylenative Cyclization of 1,7-Enynes. Org Lett 2024; 26:3218-3223. [PMID: 38587936 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
A demethylenative En-Yne radical cyclization of 1,7-enynes has been successfully developed to chemoselectively afford 3,4-dihyroquinolin-2-ones or quinolin-2-ones under the catalysis of Cu(I) photosensitizers PS3 and PS6 with different redox potentials. The preliminary mechanistic experiments revealed that the reaction underwent an unprecedented olefin-α-amino radical metathesis-type process. A reasonable mechanism was proposed to illustrate the catalyst-controlled chemoselectivity of the reaction based on preliminary mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Peng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Hanyang Bao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
- Raybow (Hangzhou) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Limeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
- Raybow (Hangzhou) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Qibo Ni
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiahe Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuanqiang Li
- Raybow (Hangzhou) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Pucha Yan
- Raybow (Hangzhou) Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Fang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yunkui Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry-Synthesis Technology, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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31
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Delcaillau T, Yang B, Wang Q, Zhu J. Editing Tetrasubstituted Carbon: Dual C-O Bond Functionalization of Tertiary Alcohols Enabled by Palladium-Based Dyotropic Rearrangement. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38587988 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Many elegant asymmetric syntheses of enantioenriched tertiary alcohols have been developed, and both the transition metal-catalyzed and the radical-based peripheral functionalization of tertiary alcohols have attracted intensive research interest in recent years. However, directly editing tetrasubstituted carbons remains challenging. Herein, we report a Pd-catalyzed migratory fluoroarylation reaction that converts tertiary alcohols to α-fluorinated tertiary alkyl ethers in good to excellent yields. An unprecedented 1,2-aryl/PdIV dyotropic rearrangement along the C-O bond, integrated in a PdII-catalyzed domino process, is key to the dual functionalization of both the hydroxyl group and the tetrasubstituted carbon. This reaction, which is compatible with a broad range of functional groups, generates a tertiary alkyl fluoride and an alkyl-aryl ether functional group with inversion of the absolute configuration at the tetrasubstituted stereocenter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Delcaillau
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Baochao Yang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jieping Zhu
- Laboratory of Synthesis and Natural Products (LSPN), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, EPFL-SB-ISIC-LSPN, BCH5304, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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32
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Zubčić G, You J, Zott FL, Ashirbaev SS, Kolympadi Marković M, Bešić E, Vrček V, Zipse H, Šakić D. Regioselective Rearrangement of Nitrogen- and Carbon-Centered Radical Intermediates in the Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag Reaction. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:2574-2583. [PMID: 38516723 PMCID: PMC11000220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag (HLF) reaction serves as a late-stage functionalization technique for generating pyrrolidine heterocyclic ring systems. Contemporary HLF protocols utilize in situ halogenated sulfonamides as precursors in the radical-mediated rearrangement cycle. Despite its well-established reaction mechanism, experiments toward the detection of radical intermediates using EPR techniques have only recently been attempted. However, the obtained spectra lack the distinct features of the N-centered radicals expected for the employed reactants. This paper presents phenylbutylnitrone spin-trapped C-centered and N-centered radicals, generated via light irradiation from N-halogen-tosyl-sulfonamide derivatives and detected using EPR spectroscopy. NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations are used to explain the observed regioselectivity of the HLF reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrijel Zubčić
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jiangyang You
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Rud̵er Bošković
Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fabian L. Zott
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Salavat S. Ashirbaev
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Maria Kolympadi Marković
- Faculty
of Physics, and Centre for Micro- and Nanosciences and Technologies, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Erim Bešić
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valerije Vrček
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hendrik Zipse
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität
München, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 München, Germany
| | - Davor Šakić
- Faculty
of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University
of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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33
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Sennari G, Yamagishi H, Sarpong R. Remote C-H Amination and Alkylation of Camphor at C8 through Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7850-7857. [PMID: 38447162 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Camphor continues to serve as a versatile chiral building block for chemical synthesis. We have developed a novel method to functionalize the camphor skeleton at C8 using an intramolecular hydrogen atom abstraction. The key advance involves the use of a camphor-derived aminonitrile, which is converted to the corresponding nitrogen-centered radical under photoredox conditions to effect the 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer at C8. The resulting carbon-centered radical at C8 was utilized in a C-H amination to access topologically complex proline derivatives. Furthermore, the total synthesis of several sesquiterpenoids was accomplished by engaging the radical generated at C8 in alkylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goh Sennari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute and Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamagishi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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34
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Zeng L, Ren HZ, Lv GF, Ouyang XH, He DL, Li JH. Electroreductive Remote Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Arylation of Aliphatic Ethers Using Cyanoarenes for the Synthesis of α-(Hetero)aryl Ethers. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 38502576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
An iodoarene-driven electroreductive remote C(sp3)-H arylation of unsymmetrical 1-(o-iodoaryl)alkyl ethers with cyanoarenes for the site selective synthesis of α-(hetero)aryl ethers is developed. With the introduction of cyanoarenes as both aryl sources and electron transfer mediators, this method includes an iodoarene-driven strategy to enable the regiocontrollable formation of two new bonds, one C(sp2)-H bond, and one C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond, in a single reaction step through the sequence of halogen atom transfer (XAT), hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), radical-radical coupling, and decyanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Hua-Zhan Ren
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Gui-Fen Lv
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - De-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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35
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Wang W, Xuan L, Chen Q, Fan R, Zhao F, Dong J, Wang H, Yan Q, Zhou H, Chen FE. Copper-Catalyzed Asymmetric Remote C(sp 3)-H Alkylation of N-Fluorocarboxamides with Glycine Derivatives and Peptides. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6307-6316. [PMID: 38381876 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Saturated hydrocarbon bonds are ubiquitous in organic molecules; to date, the selective functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds continues to pose a notorious difficulty, thereby garnering significant attention from the synthetic chemistry community. During the past several decades, a wide array of powerful new methodologies has been developed to enantioselectively modify C(sp3)-H bonds that is successfully applied in asymmetric formation of diverse bonds, including C-C, C-N, and C-O bonds; nevertheless, the asymmetric C(sp3)-H alkylation is elusive and, therefore, far less explored. In this work, we report a direct and robust strategy to construct highly valuable enantioenriched unnatural α-amino acid (α-AA) cognates and peptides by a copper-catalyzed enantioselective remote C(sp3)-H alkylation of N-fluorocarboxamides and readily accessible glycine esters under ambient conditions. The key to success lies in the optically active Cu catalyst generated through the coordination of glycine derivatives to enantiopure bisphosphine/Cu(I) species, which is beneficial to the single electronic reduction of N-fluorocarboxamides and the subsequent stereodetermining alkylation. More importantly, all types (primary, secondary, tertiary, and even α-oxy) of δ-C(sp3)-H bonds could be site- and stereospecifically activated by the kinetically favored 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT) step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Liangming Xuan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Qinlin Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Rundong Fan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jianghu Dong
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Qiongjiao Yan
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), Wuhan, Hubei 430079, P. R. China
| | - Fen-Er Chen
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering & Pharmacy, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430205, P. R. China
- Engineering Center of Catalysis and Synthesis for Chiral Molecules, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Engineering Center of Industrial Catalysis for Chiral Drugs, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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36
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Ding S, Wang W, Germann A, Wei Y, Du T, Meisner J, Zhu R, Liu Y. Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexene: A Multicyclic Mechanophore with Reactivity Diversified by External Forces. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:6104-6113. [PMID: 38377579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry has been established as an enabling tool in accessing chemical reactivity and reaction pathways that are distinctive from their thermal counterparts. However, eliciting diversified reaction pathways by activating different constituent chemical bonds from the same mechanophore structure remains challenging. Here, we report the design of a bicyclo[2.2.0]hexene (BCH) mechanophore to leverage its structural simplicity and relatively low molecular symmetry to demonstrate this idea of multimodal activation. Upon changing the attachment points of pendant polymer chains, three different C-C bonds in bicyclo[2.2.0]hexene are specifically activated via externally applied force by sonication. Experimental characterization confirms that in different scenarios of polymer attachment, the regioisomers of BCH undergo different activation reactions, entailing retro-[2+2] cycloreversion, 1,3-allylic migration, and retro-4π ring-opening reactions, respectively. Control experiments with small-molecule analogues reveal that the observed diversified reactivity of BCH regioisomers is possible only with mechanical force. Theoretical studies further elucidate that the differences in the positions of substitution between regioisomers have a minimal impact on the potential energy surface of the parent BCH scaffold. The mechanochemical selectivity between different C-C bonds in each constitutional isomer is a result of selective and effective coupling of force to the aligned C-C bond in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihao Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenkai Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Anne Germann
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Yiting Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tianyi Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jan Meisner
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Rong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, and College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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37
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Li WF, Xu QH, Miao QY, Xiao B. Dual Photoredox/Nickel Catalysis Enables Diastereoselective Synthesis of Multisubstituted γ-Lactams Using Alkyl-GeMe 3 as Radical Precursors. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38323758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a single-step, multicomponent approach to versatile γ-lactams through dual photoredox/nickel-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of α,β-unsaturated γ-butyrolactam. This reaction utilized alkyl trimethylgermanium as a radical precursor and acyl chloride as the electrophile, demonstrating remarkable functional group compatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Feng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qing-Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi-Yue Miao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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38
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Xu GQ, Wang WD, Xu PF. Photocatalyzed Enantioselective Functionalization of C(sp 3)-H Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1209-1223. [PMID: 38170467 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Owing to its diverse activation processes including single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT), visible-light photocatalysis has emerged as a sustainable and efficient platform for organic synthesis. These processes provide a powerful avenue for the direct functionalization of C(sp3)-H bonds under mild conditions. Over the past decade, there have been remarkable advances in the enantioselective functionalization of the C(sp3)-H bond via photocatalysis combined with conventional asymmetric catalysis. Herein, we summarize the advances in asymmetric C(sp3)-H functionalization involving visible-light photocatalysis and discuss two main pathways in this emerging field: (a) SET-driven carbocation intermediates are followed by stereospecific nucleophile attacks; and (b) photodriven alkyl radical intermediates are further enantioselectively captured by (i) chiral π-SOMOphile reagents, (ii) stereoselective transition-metal complexes, and (iii) another distinct stereoscopic radical species. We aim to summarize key advances in reaction design, catalyst development, and mechanistic understanding, to provide new insights into this rapidly evolving area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Wei David Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Peng-Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Frontiers Science Center for Rare Isotopes, Lanzhou Magnetic Resonance Center, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
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39
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Wei Y, Wang Z, Wang K, Qiu JK, Wang Z, Li H, Duan X, Guo K, Bao X, Wu X. Copper-Catalyzed Radical Allene C(sp 2 )-H Cyanation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317132. [PMID: 38038249 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
While the hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) from C(sp3 )-H bond has been well explored, the radical-mediated chemo- and regio-selective functionalization of allenic C(sp2 )-H bond via direct HAA from C(sp2 )-H bond of allene remains an unsolved challenge in synthetic chemistry. This is primarily due to inherent challenges with addition of radical intermediates to allenes, regioselectivity of HAA process, instability of allenyl radical toward propargyl radical et al. Herein, we report a copper catalyzed allenic C(sp2 )-H cyanation of an array of tri- and di-substituted allenes with exceptional site-selectivity, while mono-substituted allene was successfully cyanated, albeit with a low yield. In the developed strategy, steric N-fluoro-N-alkylsulfonamide, serving as precursor of hydrogen atom abstractor, plays a crucial role in achieving the desired regioselectivity and avoiding addition of N-centered radical to allene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Kaifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jiang-Kai Qiu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhaoshan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiu Duan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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40
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Li W, Sun B, Zhang L, Mo F. Visible-Light-Induced Transition-Metal-Free Redox-Neutral Carboxylation of Remote Benzylic C(sp 3)-H Bonds via 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Org Chem 2024; 89:521-526. [PMID: 38088918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The direct carboxylation of the benzylic C-H bonds under mild conditions is of great importance and is quite challenging. Herein, we report an approach for the carboxylation of remote benzylic C(sp3)-H bonds by integrating the redox-neutral visible-light photoredox catalysis and the nitrogen-centered 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. The chemical transformation progresses via consecutive single electron transfer, 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer, formation of benzylic carbanion, and nucleophilic attack on the CO2 steps, thereby enabling access to the desired carboxylation products with moderate to high yields. We also endeavor to recover the CO2 groups generated in situ intramolecularly to achieve carboxylation under a nitrogen atmosphere, resulting in moderate yields of corresponding carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Beiqi Sun
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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41
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Pradhan S, Kweon J, Sahoo MK, Jung H, Heo J, Kim YB, Kim D, Park JW, Chang S. A Formal γ-C-H Functionalization of Carboxylic Acids Guided by Metal-Nitrenoids as an Unprecedented Mechanistic Motif. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28251-28263. [PMID: 38100053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Harnessing the key intermediates in metal-catalyzed reactions is one of the most essential strategies in the development of selective organic transformations. The nitrogen group transfer reactivity of metal-nitrenoids to ubiquitous C-H bonds allows for diverse C-N bond formation to furnish synthetically valuable aminated products. In this study, we present an unprecedented reactivity of iridium and ruthenium nitrenoids to generate remote carbocation intermediates, which subsequently undergo nucleophile incorporation, thus developing a formal γ-C-H functionalization of carboxylic acids. Mechanistic investigations elucidated a unique singlet metal-nitrenoid reactivity to initiate an abstraction of γ-hydride to form the carbocation intermediate that eventually reacts with a broad range of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen nucleophiles, as well as biorelevant molecules. Alternatively, the same intermediate can lead to deprotonation to afford β,γ-unsaturated amides in a less nucleophilic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Pradhan
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeonguk Kweon
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Manoj Kumar Sahoo
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Hoimin Jung
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Joon Heo
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Yeong Bum Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Park
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukbok Chang
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
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42
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Li H, Qiu X, Zhang X, Wu X. Sulfonyl Group-Induced Remote C(sp 3)-N Bond Construction through Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2023. [PMID: 38054933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates sulfonyl group-induced remote C(sp3)-N bond construction using a strategy of merging aryl radical-mediated halogen atom transfer and intramolecularly regioselective hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). A plethora of aliphatic sulfones, sulfonamides, and sulfonates are amenable and undergo regioselective C(sp3)-H amination by utilizing an iron salt at room temperature. This protocol involves iodine atom transfer, a HAT process enabled by an alkyl radical adjacent to a sulfonyl group, and amination mediated by an aryl diazonium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiancheng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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43
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Ouyang JY, Shen FF, Zhao HQ, Chen JJ, Wen ZD, Jiang HM, Qin JH, Sun Q, Li JH, Ouyang XH. Aryldiazonium Salt-Triggered [2 + 2 + 1] Heteroannulation of Indoles by an Arylhydrazone Radical-Relayed 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Org Lett 2023; 25:6549-6554. [PMID: 37615297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented three-component [2 + 2 + 1] annulation cascade of indoles with aryldiazonium salts and polyhalomethanes or acetone is presented by dual hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and C-H functionalization. By employing readily accessible aryldiazonium salts as the radical initiators and electrophiles and polyhalomethanes and acetone as the C1 units, this method unprecedentedly constructs a pyrazole ring on an indole ring skeleton through the formation of two C-N bonds and a C-C bond in a single reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yao Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Fang-Fang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Han-Qing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhu-Dong Wen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Hui-Min Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jing-Hao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Qing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- State Key Laboratory Base of Eco-Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuan-Hui Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
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44
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Wang R, Wang CY, Liu P, Bian KJ, Yang C, Wu BB, Wang XS. Enantioselective catalytic radical decarbonylative azidation and cyanation of aldehydes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh5195. [PMID: 37656788 PMCID: PMC10854440 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Empowered by the ubiquity of carbonyl functional groups in organic compounds, decarbonylative functionalization was prevalent in the construction of complex molecules. Under this context, asymmetric decarbonylative functionalization has emerged as an efficient pathway to accessing chiral motifs. However, ablation of enantiomeric control in a conventional 2e transition metal-catalyzed process was notable because of harsh conditions (high temperatures, etc.) that are usually required. To address this challenge and use readily accessible aldehyde directly, we report the asymmetric radical decarbonylative azidation and cyanation. Diverse aldehydes were directly used as alkyl radical precursor, engaging in the subsequent inner-sphere or outer-sphere ligand transfer where functional motifs (CN and N3) could be incorporated in excellent site- and enantioselectivity. Mild conditions, broad scope, excellent regioselectivity (driven by polarity-matching strategy), and enantioselectivity were shown for both transformations. This radical decarbonylative strategy using aldehydes as alkyl radical precursor has offered a powerful reaction manifold in asymmetric radical transformations to construct functional motifs regio- and stereoselectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Kang-Jie Bian
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chi Yang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bing-Bing Wu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xi-Sheng Wang
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Environment-friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
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45
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Meger FS, Murphy JA. Recent Advances in C-H Functionalisation through Indirect Hydrogen Atom Transfer. Molecules 2023; 28:6127. [PMID: 37630379 PMCID: PMC10459052 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The functionalisation of C-H bonds has been an enormous achievement in synthetic methodology, enabling new retrosynthetic disconnections and affording simple synthetic equivalents for synthons. Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) is a key method for forming alkyl radicals from C-H substrates. Classic reactions, including the Barton nitrite ester reaction and Hofmann-Löffler-Freytag reaction, among others, provided early examples of HAT. However, recent developments in photoredox catalysis and electrochemistry have made HAT a powerful synthetic tool capable of introducing a wide range of functional groups into C-H bonds. Moreover, greater mechanistic insights into HAT have stimulated the development of increasingly site-selective protocols. Site-selectivity can be achieved through the tuning of electron density at certain C-H bonds using additives, a judicious choice of HAT reagent, and a solvent system. Herein, we describe the latest methods for functionalizing C-H/Si-H/Ge-H bonds using indirect HAT between 2018-2023, as well as a critical discussion of new HAT reagents, mechanistic aspects, substrate scopes, and background contexts of the protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip S. Meger
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 16 Avinguda dels Països Catalans, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - John A. Murphy
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, UK
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Jiang Y, Liu D, Rotella ME, Deng G, Liu Z, Chen W, Zhang H, Kozlowski MC, Walsh PJ, Yang X. Net-1,2-Hydrogen Atom Transfer of Amidyl Radicals: Toward the Synthesis of 1,2-Diamine Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:16045-16057. [PMID: 37441806 PMCID: PMC10411589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) processes are among the most useful approaches for the selective construction of C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds. 1,5-HAT with heteroatom-centered radicals (O•, N•) have been well established and are favored relative to other 1,n-HAT processes. In comparison, net 1,2-HAT processes have been observed infrequently. Herein, the first amidyl radicalls are reported that preferentially undergo a net 1,2-HAT over 1,5-HAT. Beginning with single electron transfer from 2-azaallyl anions to N-alkyl N-aryloxy amides, the latter generate amidyl radicals. The amidyl radical undergoes a net-1,2-HAT to generate a C-centered radical that participates in an intermolecular radical-radical coupling with the 2-azaallyl radical to generate 1,2-diamine derivatives. Mechanistic and EPR experiments point to radical intermediates. Density functional theory calculations provide support for a base-assisted, stepwise-1,2-HAT process. It is proposed that the generation of amidyl radicals under basic conditions can be greatly expanded to access α-amino C-centered radicals that will serve as valuable synthetic intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Dongxiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Madeline E. Rotella
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Guogang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Zhengfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
| | - Marisa C. Kozlowski
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J. Walsh
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Penn/Merck Laboratory for High-Throughput Experimentation, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Pharmacy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, P. R. China
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Sun B, Li W, Liu Q, Zhang G, Mo F. Transition metal-free visible light photoredox-catalyzed remote C(sp 3)-H borylation enabled by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer. Commun Chem 2023; 6:156. [PMID: 37488210 PMCID: PMC10366130 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00960-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The borylation of unreactive carbon-hydrogen bonds is a valuable method for transforming feedstock chemicals into versatile building blocks. Here, we describe a transition metal-free method for the photoredox-catalyzed borylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bond, initiated by 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). The remote borylation was directed by 1,5-HAT of the amidyl radical, which was generated by photocatalytic reduction of hydroxamic acid derivatives. The method accommodates substrates with primary, secondary and tertiary C(sp3)-H bonds, yielding moderate to good product yields (up to 92%) with tolerance for various functional groups. Mechanistic studies, including radical clock experiments and DFT calculations, provided detailed insight into the 1,5-HAT borylation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beiqi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenke Li
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qianyi Liu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Gaoge Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Fanyang Mo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road, Beijing, 100871, China.
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48
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Singh J, Jones SA, Nelson TJ, Botello JA, Castle SL. Formal γ-C(sp 3)-H Activation of Ketones via Microwave-Promoted and Iminyl-Radical-Mediated 1,5-Hydrogen Atom Transfer. J Org Chem 2023; 88:10287-10297. [PMID: 37390469 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Microwave irradiation of O-phenyloximes triggers N-O homolysis and 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), resulting in formal γ-C-H functionalization of ketones after trapping of the radical intermediate and in situ imine hydrolysis. The Lewis acid InCl3·H2O facilitated HAT, enabling functionalization of benzylic and nonbenzylic secondary carbon atoms. Functionalization of primary carbons was feasible but afforded low yields, requiring ClCH2CO2H instead of InCl3·H2O as an additive. C-O and C-C bond formation could both be accomplished by this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Spencer A Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Tanner J Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Jesus A Botello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
| | - Steven L Castle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, United States
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49
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Wang HY, Wang XH, Zhou BA, Zhang CL, Ye S. Ketones from aldehydes via alkyl C(sp 3)-H functionalization under photoredox cooperative NHC/palladium catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4044. [PMID: 37422483 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39707-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct synthesis of ketones from aldehydes features high atom- and step-economy. Yet, the coupling of aldehydes with unactivated alkyl C(sp3)-H remains challenging. Herein, we develop the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes via alkyl C(sp3)-H functionalization under photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis. The two-component reaction of iodomethylsilyl alkyl ether with aldehydes gave a variety of β-, γ- and δ-silyloxylketones via 1,n-HAT (n = 5, 6, 7) of silylmethyl radicals to generate secondary or tertiary alkyl radicals and following coupling with ketyl radicals from aldehydes under photoredox NHC catalysis. The three-component reaction with the addition of styrenes gave the corresponding ε-hydroxylketones via the generation of benzylic radicals by the addition of alkyl radicals to styrenes and following coupling with ketyl radicals. This work demonstrates the generation of ketyl radical and alkyl radical under the photoredox cooperative NHC/Pd catalysis, and provides two and three component reactions for the synthesis of ketones from aldehydes with alkyl C(sp3)-H functionalization. The synthetic potential of this protocol was also further illustrated by the late-stage functionalization of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Ying Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Han Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Bang-An Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Lin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
| | - Song Ye
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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50
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Peng P, Zhong Y, Zhou C, Tao Y, Li D, Lu Q. Unlocking the Nucleophilicity of Strong Alkyl C-H Bonds via Cu/Cr Catalysis. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:756-762. [PMID: 37122460 PMCID: PMC10141608 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Direct functionalization of inert C-H bonds is one of the most attractive yet challenging strategies for constructing molecules in organic chemistry. Herein, we disclose an unprecedented and Earth abundant Cu/Cr catalytic system in which unreactive alkyl C-H bonds are transformed into nucleophilic alkyl-Cr(III) species at room temperature, enabling carbonyl addition reactions with strong alkyl C-H bonds. Various aryl alkyl alcohols are furnished under mild reaction conditions even on a gram scale. Moreover, this new radical-to-polar crossover approach is further applied to the 1,1-difunctionalization of aldehydes with alkanes and different nucleophiles. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the aldehyde not only acts as a reactant but also serves as a photosensitizer to recycle the Cu and Cr catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Peng
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yifan Zhong
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cong Zhou
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yongsheng Tao
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
| | - Dandan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Micro-Nano Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion
of Henan Province, Institute of Surface Micro and Nano Materials,
College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, Henan 461000, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The
Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan
University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China
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