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Shunthirasingham C, Hoang M, Lei YD, Gawor A, Wania F. A Decade of Global Atmospheric Monitoring Delivers Mixed Report Card on the Stockholm Convention. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2024; 11:573-579. [PMID: 38882203 PMCID: PMC11172704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Time trends in atmospheric concentrations serve to evaluate how effective the Stockholm Convention is in reducing or eliminating environmental releases of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Twelve years (2005-2016) of continuous monitoring with a global network of 20 sampling sites reveals that concentrations of the pesticide endosulfan began to drop coincident with its listing as POP in 2011. Concentrations of other POPs started to decrease prior to listing and during the sampling period declined very slowly or not at all. Concentrations of some unintentionally produced POPs (hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorobutadiene) increased to become the most abundant and most widely dispersed POPs in the global atmosphere. Their formation processes and release locations need to be identified to facilitate the Convention's goal of curbing releases from unintentional production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chubashini Shunthirasingham
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Michelle Hoang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Ying Duan Lei
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Anya Gawor
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
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2
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Godlewska K, Białk-Bielińska A, Mazierski P, Zdybel S, Sosnowska A, Górzyński D, Puzyn T, Zaleska-Medynska A, Klimczuk T, Paszkiewicz M. Assessment of the application of selected metal-organic frameworks as advanced sorbents in passive extraction used in the monitoring of contaminants of emerging concern in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172215. [PMID: 38580117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Water pollution has become a critical global concern requiring effective monitoring techniques and robust protection strategies. Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are increasingly detected in various water sources, with their harmful effects on humans and ecosystems continually evolving. Based on literature reports highlighting the promising sorption properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), the aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) and UiO-66 (Ce) as sorbents in passive sampling devices (MOFs-PSDs) for the collection and extraction of a wide group of CECs. Solvothermal methods were used to synthesize MOFs, and the characterization of the obtained materials was performed using field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), powder X-ray diffractometry (pXRD) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The research demonstrated the sorption capabilities of the tested MOFs, the ease and rapidity of their chemical regeneration and the possibility of reuse as sorbents. Using chemometric analysis, the structural properties of CECs determining the sorption efficiency on the surface of NH2-MIL-125 (Ti) were identified. The MOFs-PSDs were lab-calibrated to examine the kinetics of analytes sorption and determine the sampling rates (Rs). MOFs-PSDs and CNTs-PSDs (PSDs containing carbon nanotubes as a sorbent) were then placed in the Elbląg River and the Vistula Lagoon to sampling and extraction of the target compounds from the water. CNTs-PSDs were selected, based on our previous research, for the comparison of the effectiveness of the MOFs-PSDs in environmental monitoring. MOFs-PSDs were successfully used in monitoring of CECs in water. The time-weighted average concentrations (CTWA) of 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, p-nitrophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol and caffeine were determined in the Elbląg River and CTWA of metoprolol, diclofenac, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, p-nitrophenol, 3,5-dichlorophenol and caffeine were determine in the Vistula Lagoon using MOFs-PSDs and a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Godlewska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł Mazierski
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Szymon Zdybel
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; QSAR Lab, ul. Trzy Lipy 3, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anita Sosnowska
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; QSAR Lab, ul. Trzy Lipy 3, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Daniel Górzyński
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland; QSAR Lab, ul. Trzy Lipy 3, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adriana Zaleska-Medynska
- Department of Environmental Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klimczuk
- Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdansk University of Technology, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Monika Paszkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
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3
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Xia C, Capozzi SL, Romanak KA, Lehman DC, Dove A, Richardson V, Greenberg T, McGoldrick D, Venier M. The Ins and Outs of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Great Lakes: The Role of Atmospheric Deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9303-9313. [PMID: 38752648 PMCID: PMC11137863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
As part of the Integrated Atmospheric Deposition Network, precipitation (n = 207) and air (n = 60) from five sites and water samples (n = 87) from all five Great Lakes were collected in 2021-2023 and analyzed for 41 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). These measurements were combined with other available data to estimate the mass budget for four representative compounds, PFBA, PFBS, PFOS, and PFOA for the basin. The median Σ41PFAS concentrations in precipitation across the five sites ranged between 2.4 and 4.5 ng/L. The median Σ41PFAS concentration in lake water was highest in Lake Ontario (11 ng/L) and lowest in Lake Superior (1.3 ng/L). The median Σ41PFAS concentration in air samples was highest in Cleveland at 410 pg/m3 and lowest at Sleeping Bear Dunes at 146 pg/m3. The net mass transfer flows were generally negative for Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron and positive for Lakes Erie and Ontario, indicating that the three most northern lakes are accumulating PFAS and the other two are eliminating PFAS. Atmospheric deposition is an important source of PFAS, particularly for Lake Superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Xia
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Staci L. Capozzi
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kevin A. Romanak
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Daniel C. Lehman
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alice Dove
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Violeta Richardson
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tracie Greenberg
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Daryl McGoldrick
- Water
Quality Monitoring and Surveillance, Environment
and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill
School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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4
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Pérez Ballesta P, Baù A, Field RA, Woolfenden E. Using the POD sampler for quantitative diffusive (passive) monitoring of volatile and very volatile organics in ambient air: Sampling rates and analytical performance. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108119. [PMID: 37597498 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
POD diffusive samplers loaded with Carbopack X and Carbograph 5TD were exposed to certified calibration mixtures containing a total of 110 different ozone precursor and air toxic compounds. Constant sampling rates were identified for 39 ozone precursors and 33 air toxics. As 9 of these compounds were included in both mixtures, this meant a total of 63 different volatile and very volatile compounds were sampled using the POD with overall expanded uncertainties below 30 % for the sampling rate associated with the whole range of sampling times from 2 to 24 h. Carbograph 5TD exhibited superior performance for diffusive sampling of oxygenated and halogenated compounds in the air toxics mixture, while Carbopack X showed higher sampling efficiencies for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as halogenated compounds derived from benzene and C2 carbon number hydrocarbons. A model has been developed and applied to estimate sampling rates, primarily for the more volatile and weakly adsorbed compounds, as a function of the collected amount of analyte and the exposure time. For an additional 9 ozone precursors on Carbopack X, and 11 air toxics on Carbograph 5TD, the expanded uncertainties of modelled sampling rates were reduced to below 30 % and have a significantly reduced uncertainty compared to those associated with an averaged sampling rate. The paper provides Freundlich's isotherm parameters for the estimated (modelled) sampling rates and defines a pragmatic approach to their application. It does so by identifying the best sampling time to use for the expected exposure concentrations and associated analyte masses. This allows for expansion of the sampling concentration range from hundreds ng m-3 to mg m-3, while avoiding saturation of the adsorbent. Finally, field measurement comparisons of POD samplers, pumped tube samplers and online gas chromatography (GC), for sampling periods of 3 and 7 days in a semi-rural background area, showed no significant differences between reported concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pérez Ballesta
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy.
| | - A Baù
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Directorate C-Energy, Mobility and Climate. Clean Air and Climate Unit, I-21027, Ispra, VA, Italy
| | - R A Field
- United Nations Environment Programme, 1 Rue Miollis, 75015 Paris, France
| | - E Woolfenden
- Markes International Ltd. 1000B Central Park, Western Avenue, Bridgend, CF31 3RT, UK
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White K, Kalina J, Scheringer M, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Kohoutek J, Prokeš R, Klánová J. Spatial and Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants across Europe after 15 Years of MONET Passive Air Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11583-11594. [PMID: 37494593 PMCID: PMC10413948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The Global Monitoring Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was established to generate long-term data necessary for evaluating the effectiveness of regulatory measures at a global scale. After 15 years of passive air monitoring (2003-2019), MONET is the first network to produce sufficient data for the analysis of continuous long-term temporal trends of POPs in air across the entire European continent. This study reports long-term concentrations of 20 POPs monitored at 32 sites in 27 European countries. As of January 1, 2019, the concentration ranges (pg/m3) were 1.1-52.8 (∑6PCB), 0.3-8.5 (∑12dl-PCB), 0.007-0.175 (∑17PCDD/F), 0.02-2.2 (∑9PBDE), 0.4-24.7 (BDE 209), 0.5-247 (∑6DDT), 1.7-818 (∑4HCH), 15.8-74.7 (HCB), and 5.9-21.5 (PeCB). Temporal trends indicate that concentrations of most POPs have declined significantly over the past 15 years, with median annual decreases ranging from -8.0 to -11.5% (halving times of 6-8 years) for ∑6PCB, ∑17PCDD/F, HCB, PeCB, and ∑9PBDE. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were observed in either the trends or the concentrations of specific POPs at sites in Western Europe (WEOG) compared to sites in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), which suggests relatively uniform compound-specific distribution and removal at the continental scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin
B. White
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute
of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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6
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Okeme JO, Koelmel JP, Johnson E, Lin EZ, Gao D, Pollitt KJG. Wearable Passive Samplers for Assessing Environmental Exposure to Organic Chemicals: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Curr Environ Health Rep 2023:10.1007/s40572-023-00392-w. [PMID: 36821032 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-023-00392-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We are continuously exposed to dynamic mixtures of airborne contaminants that vary by location. Understanding the compositional diversity of these complex mixtures and the levels to which we are each exposed requires comprehensive exposure assessment. This comprehensive analysis is often lacking in population-based studies due to logistic and analytical challenges associated with traditional measurement approaches involving active air sampling and chemical-by-chemical analysis. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of wearable passive samplers as alternative tools to active samplers in environmental health research. The review highlights the advances and challenges in using wearable passive samplers for assessing personal exposure to organic chemicals and further presents a framework to enable quantitative measurements of exposure and expanded use of this monitoring approach to the population scale. RECENT FINDINGS Overall, wearable passive samplers are promising tools for assessing personal exposure to environmental contaminants, evident by the increased adoption and use of silicone-based devices in recent years. When combined with high throughput chemical analysis, these exposure assessment tools present opportunities for advancing our ability to assess personal exposures to complex mixtures. Most designs of wearable passive samplers used for assessing exposure to semi-volatile organic chemicals are currently uncalibrated, thus, are mostly used for qualitative research. The challenge with using wearable samplers for quantitative exposure assessment mostly lies with the inherent complexity in calibrating these wearable devices. Questions remain regarding how they perform under various conditions and the uncertainty of exposure estimates. As popularity of these samplers grows, it is critical to understand the uptake kinetics of chemicals and the different environmental and meteorological conditions that can introduce variability. Wearable passive samplers enable evaluation of exposure to hundreds of chemicals. The review presents the state-of-the-art of technology for assessing personal exposure to environmental chemicals. As more studies calibrate wearable samplers, these tools present promise for quantitatively assessing exposure at both the individual and population levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph O Okeme
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Dong Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, Room 523, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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Dong H, Wang X, Xu L, Ding J, Wania F. A Flow-through Passive Sampler for Microplastics in Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:2362-2370. [PMID: 36647623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c07016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MP) in air have attracted increasing attention because of their ubiquitous presence. Accurate atmospheric concentrations of MP are essential for evaluating their capacity for long-range transport and for assessing human inhalation risk. In order to sample airborne MP in locations with limited power supply, we adapted a flow-through passive sampler by placing a glass fiber filter in the inner sampling tube. To test the new sampler's performance under field conditions, two sizes of the flow-through sampler (with diameters of 20 and 10 cm) and a conventionally pumped high-volume air sampler were co-deployed on the Lhasa campus of the Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research. Accurate sampling volumes could be estimated from a relationship between wind speeds recorded outside and inside of the flow-through sampler. Atmospheric concentrations and compositions of MP that compared favorably with those obtained by active sampling indicate that the larger version of the flow-through passive sampler can provide reproducible and quantitative information on atmospheric MP at sites with limited or unreliable power supply. This capability should be useful in large-scale and high-temporal resolution air monitoring networks for MP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huike Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- School of Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing100049, China
| | - Li Xu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing100097, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Agriculture Environment Monitoring, Beijing100097, China
| | - Jiannan Ding
- School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi214122, China
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, OntarioM1C 1A4, Canada
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DeLay K, Lin EZ, Koelmel JP, Bornman R, Obida M, Chevrier J, Godri Pollitt KJ. Personal air pollutant exposure monitoring in South African children in the VHEMBE birth cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107524. [PMID: 36260950 PMCID: PMC9982749 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disease associated with environmental exposures disproportionately impacts residents of low- and middle-income countries. Children living in rural regions of these countries may experience higher exposure to insecticides from indoor residual spraying used for malaria control and household air pollution. This study evaluated environmental exposures of children living in a rural region of South Africa. Quantifying exposure levels and identifying characteristics that are associated with exposure in this geographic region has been challenging due to limitations with available monitoring techniques. Wearable passive samplers have recently been shown to be a convenient and reliable tool for assessing personal exposures. In this study, a passive sampler wristband, known as Fresh Air wristband, was worn by 49 children (five-years of age) residing in the Limpopo province of South Africa. The study leveraged ongoing research within the Venda Health Examination of Mothers, Babies, and their Environment (VHEMBE) birth cohort. A wide range of chemicals (35 in total) were detected using the wristbands, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides, phthalates, and organophosphate esters (OPEs) flame retardants. Higher concentrations of PAHs were observed among children from households that fell below the food poverty threshold, did not have access to electric cookstoves/burners, or reported longer times of cooking or burning materials during the sampling period. Concentrations of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDT were also found to be elevated for children from households falling below the food poverty threshold as well as for children whose households were sprayed for malaria control within the previous 1.5 years. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using passive sampler wristbands as a non-invasive method for personal exposure assessment of children in rural regions of South Africa to complex mixtures environmental contaminants derived from a combination of sources. Future studies are needed to further identify and understand the effects of airborne environmental contaminants on childhood development and strategies to mitigate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayley DeLay
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jeremy P Koelmel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Riana Bornman
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Muvhulawa Obida
- University of Pretoria Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control and School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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9
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Monaci F, Ancora S, Paoli L, Loppi S, Wania F. Lichen transplants as indicators of gaseous elemental mercury concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 313:120189. [PMID: 36116569 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lichens play an important role in the biogeochemical cycling of mercury (Hg) and are commonly used as indicators of Hg enrichment in remote and anthropogenically impacted environments. To assess their capacity for Hg uptake and accumulation, we determined the concentration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) in air and the concentration of total Hg (THg) in transplanted thalli of two lichen species. Lichen transplants and passive air samplers (PASs) were concurrently deployed, side by side, at 10 sites within an abandoned mining area, characterized by large gradients in atmospheric Hg contamination. Highly variable time-weighted GEM concentrations determined by the PASs, ranging from 17 to 4,200 ng/m3, were mirrored by generally high Hg concentrations in transplanted thalli of both Xanthoria parietina (174-8,800 ng/g) and Evernia prunastri (143-5,500 ng/g). Hg concentrations in the two species co-varied linearly indicating about 60% greater Hg accumulation in X. parietina than in E. prunastri. Whereas Hg uptake in the fruticose E. prunastri increased linearly with GEM, a power law equation with a fractional exponent described the uptake in the foliose X. parietina. Extrapolating the relationships observed here to higher GEM levels yielded concentrations in lichen that agree very well with those measured in an earlier fumigation experiment performed under laboratory-controlled conditions. The uptake model of X. parietina was further verified by correctly estimating GEM concentrations from the THg measured in autochthonous thalli collected from the urban area adjacent to the mine site. Passive sampling can effectively provide time-weighted data of suitable spatial resolution to quantitatively describe GEM assimilation by lichens. Therefore, the combined use of passive sampling and lichen transplants can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the role of lichens, and potentially also of other cryptogams, in the deposition of atmospheric Hg to terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Monaci
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy.
| | - Stefania Ancora
- Department of Physical Sciences, Earth and Environment, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Paoli
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Luca Ghini, 13, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Loppi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, 53100, Siena, Italy
| | - Frank Wania
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, 1065 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C1A4, Canada
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10
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Samon SM, Hammel SC, Stapleton HM, Anderson KA. Silicone wristbands as personal passive sampling devices: Current knowledge, recommendations for use, and future directions. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 169:107339. [PMID: 36116363 PMCID: PMC9713950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Personal chemical exposure assessment is necessary to determine the frequency and magnitude of individual chemical exposures, especially since chemicals present in everyday environments may lead to adverse health outcomes. In the last decade, silicone wristbands have emerged as a new chemical exposure assessment tool and have since been utilized for assessing personal exposure to a wide range of chemicals in a variety of populations. Silicone wristbands can be powerful tools for quantifying personal exposure to chemical mixtures in a single sample, associating exposure with health outcomes, and potentially overcoming some of the challenges associated with quantifying the chemical exposome. However, as their popularity grows, it is crucial that they are used in the appropriate context and within the limits of the technology. This review serves as a guide for researchers interested in utilizing silicone wristbands as a personal exposure assessment tool. Along with briefly discussing the passive sampling theory behind silicone wristbands, this review performs an in-depth comparison of wristbands to other common exposure assessment tools, including biomarkers of exposure measured in biospecimens, and evaluates their utility in exposure assessments and epidemiological studies. Finally, this review includes recommendations for utilizing silicone wristbands to evaluate personal chemical exposure and provides suggestions on what research is needed to recognize silicone wristbands as a premier chemical exposure assessment tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Samon
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kim A Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States.
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11
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Avila BS, Mendoza DP, Ramírez A, Peñuela GA. Occurrence and distribution of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of the Andean city of Medellin, Colombia. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135648. [PMID: 35839990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling (PAS) was used to evaluate organochlorine pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polybrominated biphenyl, hexabromocyclododecane, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and perfluoroalkane substances in the atmosphere of Medellin, Colombia. PAS was carried out for three months (four quarters per year) over two consecutive years (2017 and 2018). This study allowed establishing the baseline of some pollutants in the city against which future temporal trends can be assessed. Furthermore, monitoring results suggested releases of DDT in the city or surrounding areas despite this pollutant was banned many years ago in the country. Moreover, this study evidenced the limited scope of the national laboratories to analyze persistent organic pollutants, specially brominated and fluorinated contaminants. However, there is an installed capacity to analyze organochlorine pesticide and indicator PCB in future national monitoring plans. Therefore, it is essential to realize efforts to improve the analytical capacity and increase the scope of the national laboratories. Furthermore, the PAS strategy was valuable for monitoring these pollutants in air. Finally, the results provide an overall view of persistent organic pollutants levels and represent an initial attempt to monitor and surveillance the releases of these pollutants in the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Santiago Avila
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Calle 70 No 52 -21, Postal Code: 050010, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Diana Pemberthy Mendoza
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Calle 70 No 52 -21, Postal Code: 050010, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Ramírez
- Programa de las Naciones Unidas para El Desarrollo, Proyecto PNUD-COL 98842/94749, Bogotá DC, Colombia
| | - Gustavo A Peñuela
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Grupo Diagnóstico y Control de la Contaminación - GDCON, Calle 70 No 52 -21, Postal Code: 050010, Medellín, Colombia
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12
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Hao Y, Xiong S, Wang P, Yang R, Pei Z, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Novel brominated and organophosphate flame retardants in the atmosphere of Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica: Continuous observations from 2011 to 2020. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129776. [PMID: 35988490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely detected in various environmental matrices worldwide and raised public concerns in recent years. However, few studies reported their occurrence and temporal trend in Antarctic air. In this study, concentrations, distribution, and temporal trends of NBFRs and OPEs in the air of Fildes Peninsula, West Antarctica, were investigated using XAD resin-based passive air sampling from January 2011 to January 2020. Air concentrations of the total OPEs (Σ7OPEs) were one to two orders of magnitude higher than those of the total NBFRs (Σ6NBFRs). Decabromodiphenyl ethane and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate were the most abundant NBFR and OPE congeners, respectively. Significant positive correlations were observed among hexabromobenzene, pentabromoethylbenzene, and pentabromotoluene, indicating that their occurrence in Antarctic air may be affected by similar sources. No spatial differences in any of the NBFR and OPE congeners were observed, implying minor impact from local scientific research stations. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the temporal trends of NBFRs and OPEs in Antarctic air, with decreasing trends observed for Σ6NBFRs and Σ7OPEs. This is one of the rare studies providing a comprehensive investigation of the temporal trends in NBFRs and OPEs in Antarctic air and highlights concern regarding the contamination of these chemicals in remote polar regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Siyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiguo Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Alshemmari H. Past, present and future trends of selected pesticidal and industrial POPs in Kuwait. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:3191-3214. [PMID: 34661833 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Given the background of current global initiatives for controlling persistent organic pollutants (POPs), an overview of the scientific knowledge about the POPs issues in Kuwait is presented in this study. Both acute and chronic exposure to POPs can be associated with a wide range of deleterious health effects, including illness and death. POPs have drawn significant political and scientific interest in their fate and actions, particularly where local releases have resulted in dispersed contamination far from the source regions. These concerns inevitably led to the establishment of the Stockholm Convention (SC) on POPs. In recent years, Kuwait has carried out a wide variety of environmental research, in particular, on the monitoring of POPs in different matrices. The technological development facilitated to achieve the opposite monitoring of pesticidal and industrial POPs. The majority of these POPs are from a point source. Kuwait does not have pesticide manufacturing facilities and has not produced pesticides for POPs in the past. In the agriculture sector, Kuwait primarily imports pesticides for pest and disease control. This review encompasses the historical presence and current status of (pesticidal) organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and (industrial POPs) PCBs and PBDEs in Kuwait based on the export, import, consumption and usage. This research also contrasts pesticide and industrial POP data from various Kuwaiti environmental matrices with data from other parts of Asia, the EU, the USA and Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, State of Kuwait.
- Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, State of Kuwait.
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14
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Revelsky AI, Kozyr’ AS, Samokhin AS, Anaev EK, Revelsky IA. Lyophilization with Subsequent Derivatization vs Microextraction by Packed Sorbent (MEPS) in the Analysis of Exhaled Breath Condensate by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822100136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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15
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Ninyà N, Vallecillos L, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Evaluation of air quality in indoor and outdoor environments: Impact of anti-COVID-19 measures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155611. [PMID: 35504390 PMCID: PMC9057935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study monitors the presence of 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs) at the gas phase of seven indoor settings in a school in the city of Tarragona, Spain, and five outdoor locations around the city. The VOCs and semi-VOCs monitored were solvents (∑Solvents), aldehydes (∑Aldehydes), emerging organic compounds (∑EOCs), and other VOCs and semi-VOCs (∑Others). Passive sampling campaigns were performed using Carbopack X tubes followed by thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Overall, 70 of the target compounds included in the method were determined in the indoor air samples analysed, and 42 VOCs and semi-VOCs in the outdoor air samples. Our results showed that solvents were ubiquitous throughout the school at concentrations ranging from 272 μg m-3 to 423 μg m-3 and representing 68%-83% of total target compounds (∑Total). The values of ∑Total in 2021 were three times as high as those observed at the same indoor settings in 2019, with solvents experiencing the greatest increase. A plausible explanation for these observations is the implementation of anti-COVID-19 measures in the indoor settings, such as the intensification of cleaning activities and the use of hydroalcoholic gels as personal hygiene. The ∑Total values observed in the indoor settings evaluated were twenty times higher than those found outdoors. ∑Solvents were the most representative compounds found indoors (74% of the ∑Total). The concentrations of VOCs and semi-VOCs observed in the outdoors were strictly related to combustion processes from automobile traffic and industrial activities, with ∑Others contributing 58%, ∑Solvents 31%, and ∑Aldehydes 11% of the ∑Total. EOCs, on the other hand, were not detected in any outdoor sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ninyà
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Laura Vallecillos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
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16
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Li Y, Xiong S, Hao Y, Yang R, Zhang Q, Wania F, Jiang G. Organophosphate esters in Arctic air from 2011 to 2019: Concentrations, temporal trends, and potential sources. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 434:128872. [PMID: 35429759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of seven organophosphate ethers (OPEs) were quantified in passive air samples deployed for eight consecutive one-year periods from August 2011 to August 2019 at seven sampling sites in the area of Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, Arctic. Non-chlorinated and chlorinated OPEs were approximately equally abundant and the mean atmospheric concentration for the sum of OPEs was around 300 pg/m3. Levels of OPEs were two orders of magnitude higher than those of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sampling regions, likely a result of efficient long-range transport and higher environmental release rates. For the two most abundant compounds, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate and tris-n-butyl phosphate, increasing temporal trends in atmospheric concentrations were observed, with estimated doubling times of 2.9 and 4.2 years, respectively. Slightly elevated OPE levels at two sampling sites in the vicinity of a research station and the local airport suggest the possible influence of local contamination sources. Re-volatilization from glaciers may also influence levels of OPE in the Arctic atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyuan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Kalina J, White KB, Scheringer M, Přibylová P, Kukučka P, Audy O, Martiník J, Klánová J. Comparability of semivolatile organic compound concentrations from co-located active and passive air monitoring networks in Europe. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:898-909. [PMID: 35546533 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Passive air sampling (PAS) has been used to monitor semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) for the past 20 years, but limitations and uncertainties persist in the derivation of effective sampling volumes, sampling rates, and concentrations. As a result, the comparability of atmospheric levels measured by PAS and concentrations measured by active air sampling (AAS) remains unclear. Long-term PAS data, without conversion into concentrations, provide temporal trends that are similar to, and consistent with, trends from AAS data. However, for more comprehensive environmental and human health assessments of SVOCs, it is also essential to harmonize and pool air concentration data from the major AAS and PAS monitoring networks in Europe. To address this need, we calculated and compared concentration data for 28 SVOCs (including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)) at the six monitoring sites in Europe with 10 years of co-located AAS (EMEP) and PAS (MONET) data: Birkenes, Košetice, Pallas, Råö, Stórhöfði, and Zeppelin. Atmospheric SVOC concentrations were derived from PAS data using the two most common computation models. Long-term agreement between the AAS and PAS data was strong for most SVOCs and sites, with 79% of the median PAS-derived concentrations falling within a factor of 3 of their corresponding AAS concentrations. However, in both models it is necessary to set a sampler-dependent correction factor to prevent underestimation of concentrations for primarily particle-associated SVOCs. In contrast, the models overestimate concentrations at sites with wind speeds that consistently exceed 4 m s-1. We present two recommendations that, if followed, allow MONET PAS to provide sufficiently accurate estimates of SVOC concentrations in air so that they can be deployed together with AAS in regional and global monitoring networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Kevin B White
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondřej Audy
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Martiník
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic.
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18
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Hamzai L, Lopez Galvez N, Hoh E, Dodder NG, Matt GE, Quintana PJ. A systematic review of the use of silicone wristbands for environmental exposure assessment, with a focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:244-258. [PMID: 34302044 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure assessment is critical for connecting environmental pollutants to health outcomes and evaluating impacts of interventions or environmental policies. Silicone wristbands (SWBs) show promise for multi-pollutant exposure assessment, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a ubiquitous class of toxic environmental pollutants. OBJECTIVE To review published studies where SWBs were worn on the wrist for human environmental exposure assessments and evaluate the ability of SWBs to capture personal exposures, identify gaps which need to be addressed to implement this tool, and make recommendations for future studies to advance the field of exposure science through utilization of SWBs. METHODS We performed a systematic search and a cited reference search in Scopus and extracted key study descriptions. RESULTS Thirty-nine unique studies were identified, with analytes including PAHs, pesticides, flame retardants, and tobacco products. SWBs were shipped under ambient conditions without apparent analyte loss, indicating utility for global exposure and health studies. Nineteen articles detected a total of 60 PAHs in at least one SWB. Correlations with other concurrent biological and air measurements indicate the SWB captures exposure to flame retardants, tobacco products, and PAHs. SIGNIFICANCE SWBs show promise as a simple-to-deploy tool to estimate environmental and occupational exposures to chemical mixtures, including PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Hamzai
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Eunha Hoh
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Nathan G Dodder
- San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Georg E Matt
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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19
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Angel DM, Gao D, DeLay K, Lin EZ, Eldred J, Arnold W, Santiago R, Redlich C, Martinello RA, Sherman JD, Peccia J, Godri Pollitt KJ. Development and Application of a Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Passive Air Sampler to Assess Personal Exposure to SARS-CoV-2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2022; 9:153-159. [PMID: 37566382 PMCID: PMC8768000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exhaled respiratory droplets and aerosols can carry infectious viruses and are an important mode of transmission for COVID-19. Recent studies have been successful in detecting airborne SARS-CoV-2 RNA in indoor settings using active sampling methods. The cost, size, and maintenance of these samplers, however, limit their long-term monitoring ability in high-risk transmission areas. As an alternative, passive samplers can be small, lightweight, and inexpensive and do not require electrical power or maintenance for continual operation. Integration of passive samplers into wearable designs can be used to better understand personal exposure to the respiratory virus. This study evaluated the use of a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based passive sampler to assess personal exposure to aerosol and droplet SARS-CoV-2. The rate of uptake of virus-laden aerosol on PDMS was determined in lab-based rotating drum experiments to estimate time-weighted averaged airborne viral concentrations from passive sampler viral loading. The passive sampler was then embedded in a wearable clip design and distributed to community members across Connecticut to surveil personal SARS-CoV-2 exposure. The virus was detected on clips worn by five of the 62 participants (8%) with personal exposure ranging from 4 to 112 copies of SARS-CoV-2 RNA/m3, predominantly in indoor restaurant settings. Our findings demonstrate that PDMS-based passive samplers may serve as a useful exposure assessment tool for airborne viral exposure in real-world high-risk settings and provide avenues for early detection of potential cases and guidance on site-specific infection control protocols that preempt community transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl M. Angel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Dong Gao
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
| | - Kayley DeLay
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
| | - Elizabeth Z. Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
| | - Jacob Eldred
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials
Science, Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United
States
| | - Wyatt Arnold
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Romero Santiago
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale
School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United
States
| | - Carrie Redlich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale
School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United
States
| | - Richard A. Martinello
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale
School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United
States
- Department of Infection Prevention, Yale
New Haven Health System, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United
States
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United
States
| | - Jodi D. Sherman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of
Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United
States
| | - Jordan Peccia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
| | - Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,
Yale School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale
University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United
States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences,
Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06520,
United States
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20
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Prats RM, van Drooge BL, Fernández P, Grimalt JO. Field comparison of passive polyurethane foam and active air sampling techniques for analysis of gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds at a remote high-mountain site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149738. [PMID: 34481164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) are good candidates for the determination of gas-phase semi-volatile organic compound (SVOC) air concentrations in high-mountain areas over long periods because they do not require an energy supply. However, the harsh meteorological conditions present in such locations can increase the uncertainties inherently associated to PAS sampling rates due to the many variables involved in their calculation and to the assumptions made regarding PUF diffusive uptake mechanics, which can considerably bias the resulting concentrations. Therefore, we studied the performance of PUF-PASs in a remote location in the Pyrenees mountain range for the analysis of several SVOCs in air, including polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the less studied emerging organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). An in-situ PUF-PAS calibration using Performance Reference Compounds (PRCs) provided compound- and sampler-specific sampling rates, showing mean experimental errors (12%) that adequately conformed to an estimate of their expanded theoretical uncertainties (15%). This showcases the suitability of this calibration strategy in an area with conditions beyond those typically considered in calibration efforts available to date. Moreover, gas-phase concentrations of the studied pollutants from PUF-PAS samples showed very good agreement (R2 up to 0.91, p < 0.01) when compared to those obtained using a conventional high-volume active air sampler (PUF-AAS), with some minor deviations observed for PAHs caused by the seasonality in their atmospheric concentrations. No relevant levels of pollutants preferentially bound to the particle phase were detected in the PUF-PASs, the particle infiltration efficiency of the sampler configuration used was found to be low, and compounds typically distributed between the gas and particle phases of AAS samples revealed profiles consistent with their vapor pressures, except for some OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimon M Prats
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pilar Fernández
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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Yiantzi E, Murtada K, Terzidis K, Pawliszyn J, Psillakis E. Vacuum-assisted headspace thin-film microextraction: Theoretical formulation and method optimization for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1189:339217. [PMID: 34815047 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The thin films used in headspace thin-film microextraction (HS-TFME) enable higher sensitivity and superior extraction rates compared to other microextraction approaches, largely due to their greater surface area-to-volume ratio and extraction-phase volume. Nonetheless, analytes exhibiting a low affinity for the headspace and/or large partitioning between the extraction phase and headspace will still require more time to reach equilibrium. In this paper, we detail the development of a new method, termed as vacuum-assisted HS-TFME (Vac-HS-TFME), and we demonstrate how its use of vacuum conditions can accelerate the extraction kinetics of analytes with long equilibration times. The pressure-dependence of the extraction process was formulated and related to improvements in gas-phase diffusivity when lowering the total pressure. Four low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were used to experimentally verify the improvements in extraction efficiencies enabled by Vac-HS-TFME (vs. HS-TFME). To this end, the effects of temperature and extraction time on Vac-HS-TFME were investigated, with the results being compared to those obtained via regular HS-TFME. Furthermore, the use of a high-capacity sorbent in TFME allowed the positive effects of temperature and vacuum conditions to be combined successfully. Extraction-time profiles constructed at 30 and 50 °C revealed substantial acceleration in the overall extraction kinetics when sampling under vacuum conditions. At 50 °C, all of the analytes extracted via Vac-HS-TFME reached equilibrium within 45 min, whereas only two reached this state under atmospheric pressure. Vac-HS-TFME's analytical performance was evaluated under optimized conditions, and the results were compared to those obtained with regular HS-TFME. The findings revealed that for the two lighter PAHs, the performance of the two methods was similar since they were extracted close or at equilibrium. However, the calibration models for the two heavier PAHs tested here were linear over a wider concentration range (50-10000 ng L-1) when using Vac-HS-TFME, had superior intra-day repeatability (7.4% and 6.7% vs. 11% and 9.3% with regular HS-TFME), and the limits of detection were lower compared to regular HS-TFME (15 and 11 ng L-1 compared to 136 to 100 ng L-1 with regular HS-TFME). Finally, the analysis of spiked wastewater effluent samples showed that the matrix did not affect extraction. The proposed Vac-HS-TFME approach combines the advantages of low-pressure sampling and high-capacity sorbent, and has a great potential for future applications in food, flavour, environmental, and biological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Yiantzi
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Khaled Murtada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, N2L3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Konstantinos Terzidis
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, N2L3G1, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elefteria Psillakis
- Laboratory of Aquatic Chemistry, School of Environmental Engineering, Polytechnioupolis, Technical University of Crete, GR-73100, Chania, Crete, Greece.
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22
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Guida Y, Pozo K, Carvalho GOD, Capella R, Targino AC, Torres JPM, Meire RO. Occurrence of pyrethroids in the atmosphere of urban areas of Southeastern Brazil: Inhalation exposure and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118020. [PMID: 34450491 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) used decades ago for vector control in urban areas is still reported as a threat to human health. Pyrethroids emerged as a replacement for OCPs in sanitary campaigns and are currently the main insecticides used for vector control worldwide, with prominent use as agricultural and household insecticides, for veterinary and gardening purposes, and as wood preservative. This study aimed to assess the occurrence, seasonal variation, and potential sources of pyrethroids in ambient air of two urban regions of Southeastern Brazil, along with the potential health risks to local populations via inhalation exposure. Pyrethroids were sampled by polyurethane foam passive air samplers and their concentrations were determined by gas chromatography coupled with electron capture negative ionization mass spectrometry (GC/ECNI-MS). Atmospheric pyrethroid concentrations (hereinafter reported in pg m-3) were considerably higher than those reported by previous studies worldwide. Cypermethrin (median: 2446; range: 461-15 125) and permethrin (655; 19-10 328) accounted for 95% of the total measured pyrethroids in ambient air. The remaining fraction comprised smaller amounts of bifenthrin (46; <limit of detection (LOD)-5171), deltamethrin (58; <LOD-564), phenothrin (7; <LOD-22) and fenvalerate (0.3; <LOD-3). Bifenthrin, deltamethrin and permethrin were linked to local sources, while cypermethrin, fenvalerate and phenothrin had more prominent regional contributions. In broad terms, most pyrethroids showed no clear seasonal trend. The concentrations and hazard quotients (HQs) showed the following order of occurrence and magnitude: urban > urban-industrial > background areas. HQs increased with decreasing age group, but deterministic and probabilistic estimates did not identify direct health risks for any group. Nevertheless, since only inhalation exposure was considered in this work, other pathways should be investigated to provide a more comprehensive risk assessment of the human exposure to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yago Guida
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Karla Pozo
- RECETOX, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Facultad de Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad San Sebastián, Lientur 1457, Concepción, Bío Bío, Chile
| | - Gabriel Oliveira de Carvalho
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Raquel Capella
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Machado Torres
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Ornellas Meire
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Micropoluentes Jan Japenga, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, 21941-902, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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23
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Melymuk L, Nizzetto PB, Harner T, White KB, Wang X, Tominaga MY, He J, Li J, Ma J, Ma WL, Aristizábal BH, Dreyer A, Jiménez B, Muñoz-Arnanz J, Odabasi M, Dumanoglu Y, Yaman B, Graf C, Sweetman A, Klánová J. Global intercomparison of polyurethane foam passive air samplers evaluating sources of variability in SVOC measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & POLICY 2021; 125:1-9. [PMID: 34733112 PMCID: PMC8525512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) are the most common type of passive air sampler used for a range of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), including regulated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and emerging contaminants (e.g., novel flame retardants, phthalates, current-use pesticides). Data from PUF-PAS are key indicators of effectiveness of global regulatory actions on SVOCs, such as the Global Monitoring Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. While most PUF-PAS use similar double-dome metal shielding, there is no standardized dome size, shape, or deployment configuration, with many different PUF-PAS designs used in regional and global monitoring. Yet, no information is available on the comparability of data from studies using different PUF-PAS designs. We brought together 12 types of PUF-PAS used by different research groups around the world and deployed them in a multi-part intercomparison to evaluate the variability in reported concentrations introduced by different elements of PAS monitoring. PUF-PAS were deployed for 3 months in outdoor air in Kjeller, Norway in 2015-2016 in three phases to capture (1) the influence of sampler design on data comparability, (2) the influence of analytical variability when samplers are analyzed at different laboratories, and (3) the overall variability in global monitoring data introduced by differences in sampler configurations and analytical methods. Results indicate that while differences in sampler design (in particular, the spacing between the upper and lower sampler bowls) account for up to 50 % differences in masses collected by samplers, the variability introduced by analysis in different laboratories far exceeds this amount, resulting in differences spanning orders of magnitude for POPs and PAHs. The high level of variability due to analysis in different laboratories indicates that current SVOC air sampling data (i.e., not just for PUF-PAS but likely also for active air sampling) are not directly comparable between laboratories/monitoring programs. To support on-going efforts to mobilize more SVOC data to contribute to effectiveness evaluation, intercalibration exercises to account for uncertainties in air sampling, repeated at regular intervals, must be established to ensure analytical comparability and avoid biases in global-scale assessments of SVOCs in air caused by differences in laboratory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Beatriz H. Aristizábal
- Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Research Group (GTAIHA), Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Annekatrin Dreyer
- Eurofins GfA GmbH (Now Operating Under the Name ANECO Institut für Umweltschutz GmbH & Co), Germany
| | - Begoña Jiménez
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Arnanz
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, IQOG-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Baris Yaman
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Buca-Izmir, Turkey
| | - Carola Graf
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, UK
| | | | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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24
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White KB, Sáňka O, Melymuk L, Přibylová P, Klánová J. Application of land use regression modelling to describe atmospheric levels of semivolatile organic compounds on a national scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148520. [PMID: 34328963 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of passive sampler-based monitoring networks in capturing global atmospheric distributions of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs), their limited spatial resolution remains a challenge. Adequate spatial coverage is necessary to better characterize concentration gradients, identify point sources, estimate human exposure, and evaluate the effectiveness of chemical regulations such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Land use regression (LUR) modelling can be used to integrate land use characteristics and other predictor variables (industrial emissions, traffic intensity, demographics, etc.) to describe or predict the distribution of air concentrations at unmeasured locations across a region or country. While LUR models are frequently applied to data-rich conventional air pollutants such as particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen oxides, they are rarely applied to SVOCs. The MONET passive air sampling network (RECETOX, Masaryk University) continuously measures atmospheric SVOC levels across Czechia in monthly intervals. Using monitoring data from 29 MONET sites over a two-year period (2015-2017) and a variety of predictor variables, we developed LUR models to describe atmospheric levels and identify sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and DDT across the country. Strong and statistically significant (R2 > 0.6; p < 0.05) models were derived for PAH and PCB levels on a national scale. The PAH model retained three predictor variables - heating emissions represented by domestic fuel consumption, industrial PAH point sources, and the hill:valley index, a measure of site topography. The PCB model retained two predictor variables - site elevation, and secondary sources of PCBs represented by soil concentrations. These models were then applied to Czechia as a whole, highlighting the spatial variability of atmospheric SVOC levels, and providing a tool that can be used for further optimization of sampling network design, as well as evaluating potential human and environmental chemical exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B White
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia.
| | - Petra Přibylová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czechia
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25
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Camoiras González P, Sadia M, Baabish A, Sobhanei S, Fiedler H. Air monitoring with passive samplers for perfluoroalkane substances in developing countries (2017-2019). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131069. [PMID: 34470153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To support the global monitoring plan on persistent organic pollutants (GMP) under the Stockholm Convention, 41 countries have exposed passive air samplers equipped with polyurethane foam disks (PUFs) to monitor perfluoroalkane substances (PFAS). The recommended procedure had PUFs exposed for three months during two years; analysis was performed in one expert laboratory to generate harmonized results. Chemical analysis using Soxhlet extraction with methanol or a 60:40 MTBE:methanol mixture, solid-phase extraction and UPLC/MSMS detection posed challenges as to matrix interference and sensitivity. Single PUFs as quarterly samples and combination of up to 4 PUFs as annual samples were analyzed; all concentrations were normalized to one PUF and 3 months exposure. Exceptionally high values (up to 36 000 pg SPFOS/PUF) were observed in nine samples from Zambia where a local source was identified. For the remaining 308 PUFs, PFOA had a higher median value (188 pg/PUF) than SPFOS (125 pg/PUF) whereas the mean value of SPFOS (254 pg/PUF) was slightly higher than the mean value for PFOA (230 pg/PUF). PFHxS concentrations were much lower in concentration and detection frequency and FOSA, as the only relevant PFOS precursor compound, showed a median value of zero. No clear regional differentiation was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Camoiras González
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Mohammad Sadia
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Abeer Baabish
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Siamak Sobhanei
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- Örebro University, School of Science and Technology, MTM Research Centre, SE-701 82, Örebro, Sweden.
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26
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Lunder Halvorsen H, Bohlin-Nizzetto P, Eckhardt S, Gusev A, Krogseth IS, Moeckel C, Shatalov V, Skogeng LP, Breivik K. Main sources controlling atmospheric burdens of persistent organic pollutants on a national scale. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 217:112172. [PMID: 33873078 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
National long-term monitoring programs on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in background air have traditionally relied on active air sampling techniques. Due to limited spatial coverage of active air samplers, questions remain (i) whether active air sampler monitoring sites are representative for atmospheric burdens within the larger geographical area targeted by the monitoring programs, and thus (ii) if the main sources affecting POPs in background air across a nation are understood. The main objective of this study was to explore the utility of spatial and temporal trends in concert with multiple modelling approaches to understand the main sources affecting polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in background air across a nation. For this purpose, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in summer 2016, measuring POPs in background air across Norway using passive air sampling. Results were compared to a similar campaign in 2006 to assess possible changes over one decade. We furthermore used the Global EMEP Multi-media Modeling System (GLEMOS) and the Flexible Particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to predict and evaluate the relative importance of primary emissions, secondary emissions, long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) and national emissions in controlling atmospheric burdens of PCB-153 on a national scale. The concentrations in air of both PCBs and most of the targeted OCPs were generally low, with the exception of hexachlorobenzene (HCB). A limited spatial variability for all POPs in this study, together with predictions by both models, suggest that LRAT dominates atmospheric burdens across Norway. Model predictions by the GLEMOS model, as well as measured isomeric ratios, further suggest that LRAT of some POPs are dictated by secondary emissions. Our results illustrate the utility of combining observations and mechanistic modelling approaches to help identify the main factors affecting atmospheric burdens of POPs across a nation, which, in turn, may be used to inform both national monitoring and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Lunder Halvorsen
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Sabine Eckhardt
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Alexey Gusev
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Claudia Moeckel
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Victor Shatalov
- Meteorological Synthesizing Centre-East, 115419 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - Knut Breivik
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway; University of Oslo, 0351 Oslo, Norway
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27
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Liquid crystal display screens as a source for indoor volatile organic compounds. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105067118. [PMID: 34074793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105067118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have profoundly shaped the lifestyle of humans. However, despite extensive use, their impacts on indoor air quality are unknown. Here, we perform flow cell experiments on three different LCDs, including a new computer monitor, a used laptop, and a new television, to investigate whether their screens can emit air constituents. We found that more than 30 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were emitted from LCD screens, with a total screen area-normalized emission rate of up to (8.25 ± 0.90) × 109 molecules ⋅ s-1 ⋅ cm-2 In addition to VOCs, 10 liquid crystal monomers (LCMs), a commercial chemical widely used in LCDs, were also observed to be released from those LCD screens. The structural identification of VOCs is based on a "building block" hypothesis (i.e., the screen-emitted VOCs originate from the "building block chemicals" used in the manufacturing of liquid crystals), which are the key components of LCD screens. The identification of LCMs is based upon the detailed information of 362 currently produced LCMs. The emission rates of VOCs and LCMs increased by up to a factor of 9, with an increase of indoor air humidity from 23 to 58% due to water-organic interactions likely facilitating the diffusion rates of organics. These findings indicate that LCD screens are a potentially important source for indoor VOCs that has not been considered previously.
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28
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Zheng H, Cai M, Zhao W, Khairy M, Chen M, Deng H, Lohmann R. Net volatilization of PAHs from the North Pacific to the Arctic Ocean observed by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116728. [PMID: 33611202 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The North Pacific-Arctic Oceans are important compartments for semi-volatile organic compounds' (SVOCs) global marine inventory, but whether they act as a "source" or "sink" remains controversial. To study the air-sea exchange and fate of SVOCs during their poleward long-range transport, low-altitude atmosphere and surface seawater were measured for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by passive sampling from July to September in 2014. Gaseous PAH concentrations (0.67-13 ng m-3) were dominated by phenanthrene (Phe) and fluorene (Flu), which displayed an inverse correlation with latitude, as well as a significant linear relationship with partial pressure and inverse temperature. Concentrations of PAHs in seawater (1.8-16 ng L-1) showed regional characteristics, with higher levels near the East Asia and lower values in the Bering Strait. The potential impact from the East Asian monsoon was suggested for gaseous PAHs, which - similar to PAHs in surface seawater - were derived from combustion sources. In addition, the data implied net volatilization of PAHs from seawater into the air along the entire cruise; fluxes displayed a similar pattern to regional and monthly distribution of PAHs in seawater. Our results further emphasized that air-sea exchange is an important process for PAHs in the open marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Minggang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Wenlu Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Mohammed Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Hengxiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; College of Ocean and Earth Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, 02882-1197, United States.
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