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Sharma A, Zhu Y, Spangler EJ, Hoang TB, Laradji M. Highly Ordered Nanoassemblies of Janus Spherocylindrical Nanoparticles Adhering to Lipid Vesicles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12957-12969. [PMID: 38720633 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a heightened interest in the self-assembly of nanoparticles (NPs) that is mediated by their adsorption onto lipid membranes. The interplay between the adhesive energy of NPs on a lipid membrane and the membrane's curvature energy causes it to wrap around the NPs. This results in an interesting membrane curvature-mediated interaction, which can lead to the self-assembly of NPs on lipid membranes. Recent studies have demonstrated that Janus spherical NPs, which adhere to lipid vesicles, can self-assemble into well-ordered nanoclusters with various geometries, including a few Platonic solids. The present study explores the additional effect of geometric anisotropy on the self-assembly of Janus NPs on lipid vesicles. Specifically, the current study utilized extensive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the arrangement of Janus spherocylindrical NPs on lipid vesicles. We found that the additional geometric anisotropy significantly expands the range of NPs' self-assemblies on lipid vesicles. The specific geometries of the resulting nanoclusters depend on several factors, including the number of Janus spherocylindrical NPs adhering to the vesicle and their aspect ratio. The lipid membrane-mediated self-assembly of NPs, demonstrated by this work, provides an alternative cost-effective route for fabricating highly engineered nanoclusters in three dimensions. Such structures, with the current wide range of material choices, have great potential for advanced applications, including biosensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, nanomechanics, and nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abash Sharma
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Eric J Spangler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Thang B Hoang
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Mohamed Laradji
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
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2
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Li Z, Shi H, Li B, Yang S, Zhao J, He Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Xue C, Tai R. Fabrication of large-area photonic crystal-modified X-ray scintillator imager for optical coding imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8877-8886. [PMID: 38571134 DOI: 10.1364/oe.516703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The limited pattern area of periodic nanostructures limits the development of practical devices. This study introduces an X-ray interference lithography (XIL) stitching technique to fabricate a large-area (1.5 cm × 1.5 cm) two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) on the YAG: Ce scintillator, which functions as an encoder in a high numerical aperture optical encoding imaging system to effectively capture high-frequency information. An X-ray imaging experiment revealed a substantial 7.64 dB improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) across a large field of view (2.6 mm × 2.6 mm) and achieved comparable or superior image quality with half the exposure dose. These findings have significant implications for advancing practical applications of X-ray imaging.
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3
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Sala L, Zerolová A, Vizcaino V, Mery A, Domaracka A, Rothard H, Boduch P, Pinkas D, Kocišek J. Ion beam processing of DNA origami nanostructures. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 15:207-214. [PMID: 38379932 PMCID: PMC10877082 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
DNA origami nanostructures are emerging as a bottom-up nanopatterning approach. Direct combination of this approach with top-down nanotechnology, such as ion beams, has not been considered because of the soft nature of the DNA material. Here we demonstrate that the shape of 2D DNA origami nanostructures deposited on Si substrates is well preserved upon irradiation by ion beams, modeling ion implantation, lithography, and sputtering conditions. Structural changes in 2D DNA origami nanostructures deposited on Si are analyzed using AFM imaging. The observed effects on DNA origami include structure height decrease or increase upon fast heavy ion irradiation in vacuum and in air, respectively. Slow- and medium-energy heavy ion irradiation results in the cutting of the nanostructures or crater formation with ion-induced damage in the 10 nm range around the primary ion track. In all these cases, the designed shape of the 2D origami nanostructure remains unperturbed. Present stability and nature of damages on DNA origami nanostructures enable fusion of DNA origami advantages such as shape and positioning control into novel ion beam nanofabrication approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Sala
- Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters Department, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS, Dolejškova 3, Prague, 182 23, Czech Republic
| | - Agnes Zerolová
- Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters Department, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS, Dolejškova 3, Prague, 182 23, Czech Republic
| | - Violaine Vizcaino
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France
| | - Alain Mery
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France
| | - Alicja Domaracka
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France
| | - Hermann Rothard
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France
| | - Philippe Boduch
- Normandie Univ, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, CIMAP, Boulevard Henri Becquerel, BP 5133, 14070, Caen cedex 5, France
| | - Dominik Pinkas
- Electron Microscopy Center, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the CAS, Vídenská 1083, 142 20, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kocišek
- Dynamics of Molecules and Clusters Department, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the CAS, Dolejškova 3, Prague, 182 23, Czech Republic
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Chen Z, Wu L, Li B, Liu R, Ran J, Wang Y, Luo Z, Yu J, Bai Z, Liao C, Wang Y. Tunable Bessel beam generator based on a 3D-printed helical axicon on a fiber tip. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:494-497. [PMID: 38300042 DOI: 10.1364/ol.510554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a tunable and fully enclosed fiber-based Bessel beam generator that has the potential for applications in a tough environment. This generator consists of a few-mode fiber (FMF), a short section of graded index fiber (GIF), and a 3D-printed helical axicon. The FMF provides tunable modes that carry an orbital angular momentum (OAM). The GIF was fused to the FMF to expand and collimate the generated modes. The helical axicon was 3D-printed on the GIF tip without any holes or gaps, which reshapes the OAM modes into Bessel modes and adds an additional helical phase structure to them, resulting in the generation of zeroth-order, first-order, and second-order Bessel beams. The fully enclosed structure provides high mechanical strength and optical stability, which enable the generator to be suitable for imaging or particle manipulation in a complex liquid or air environment.
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Zhang D, Chen T, Shen T, Zhang Y, He Y, Si J, Hou X. Sub-diffraction limited nanogroove fabrication of 30 nm features on diamond films using 800 nm femtosecond laser irradiation. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24240. [PMID: 38304800 PMCID: PMC10831597 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
By controlling the 800 nm fs laser energy and applying an isopropyl alcohol environment, controlled sub-diffraction limited lithography with a characteristic structure of approximately 30 nm was achieved on the surface of diamond films, and diamond gratings with a period of 200 nm were fabricated. The fabrication of single grooves with a feature size of 30 nm demonstrates the potential for patterning periodic or nonperiodic structures, and the fabrication of 200 nm periodic grating structures demonstrates the ability of the technique to withstand laser proximity effects. This enhances the technology of diamond film nanofabrication and broadens its potential applications in areas such as optoelectronics and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Tianlun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yingsong He
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jinhai Si
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xun Hou
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices, Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Liu M, Lu B, Lv J, Wang J, Li C, Zhang G, Bai J, Stoian R, Cheng G. Polarization-Dependent Anisotropy of LIPSSs' Morphology Evolution on a Single-Crystal Silicon Surface. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:200. [PMID: 38398929 PMCID: PMC10891580 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Utilizing the principle of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs), this research delves into the morphological evolution of single-crystal silicon surfaces irradiated by a near-infrared picosecond laser through a scanning mode. With the increase in laser energy density, the nanostructure morphology on single-crystal silicon surfaces induced by incident lasers with different polarization directions sequentially produces high spatial-frequency LIPSSs (HSFLs) with a period of 220 nm ± 10 nm parallel to the laser polarization, low spatial-frequency LIPSSs (LSFLs) with a period of 770 nm ± 85 nm perpendicular to the direction of the polarization, and groove structures. Furthermore, by varying the angle between the laser polarization and the scanning direction, the study examined the combined anisotropic effects of the laser polarization scanning direction angle and the laser polarization crystal orientation angle on the genesis of LIPSSs on single-crystal silicon (100) surfaces. The experiments revealed polarization-related anisotropic characteristics in the morphology of HSFLs. It was found that when the polarization angle approached 45°, the regularity of the LSFLs deteriorated, the modification width decreased, and the periodicity increased. This is critical for the precise control of the LSFLs' morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Liu
- Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (M.L.); (B.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Baole Lu
- Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (M.L.); (B.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Jing Lv
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Chen Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
| | - Guodong Zhang
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jintao Bai
- Institute of Photonics & Photon Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China; (M.L.); (B.L.); (J.B.)
| | - Razvan Stoian
- Laboratoire Hubert Curien, UMR 5516 CNRS, Université Jean Monnet, 42000 Saint Etienne, France;
| | - Guanghua Cheng
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Optics and Electronics (iOPEN), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (J.L.); (J.W.); (G.Z.)
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Huang Y, Yin K, Li B, Zheng A, Wu B, Sun L, Nie M. Microelectromechanical system for in situ quantitative testing of tension-compression asymmetry in nanostructures. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:254-263. [PMID: 38014510 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Tension-compression asymmetry is a topic of current interest in nanostructures, especially in strain engineering. Herein, we report a novel on-chip microelectromechanical system (MEMS) that can realize in situ quantitative mechanical testing of nanostructures under tension-compression functions. The mechanical properties of three kinds of nanostructures fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) techniques were systematically investigated with the presented on-chip testing system. The results declare that both Pt nanopillars and C nanowires exhibit plastic deformation behavior under tension testing, with average Young's moduli of 70.06 GPa and 58.32 GPa, respectively. However, the mechanical deformation mechanisms of the two nanostructures changed in compression tests. The Pt nanopillar exhibited in-plane buckling behavior, while the C nanowire displayed 3D twisting behavior with a maximum strain of 25.47%, which is far greater than the tensile strain. Moreover, asymmetric behavior was also observed in the C nanospring during five loading-unloading tension-compression deformation tests. This work provides a novel insight into the asymmetric mechanical properties of nanostructures, with potential applications in nanotechnology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Huang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Binghui Li
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Anqi Zheng
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Bozhi Wu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Meng Nie
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Lou Z, Yan Y, Wang J, Zhang A, Cui H, Li C, Geng Y. Exploring the structural color of micro-nano composite gratings with FDTD simulation and experimental validation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:2432-2451. [PMID: 38297773 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The significance of micro-nano composite gratings (MNCGs) resides in their applications, including optical devices, sensors, and diffractive elements, which drive research interest in their diffraction characteristics. This study investigates both the diffraction characteristics of MNCGs and the factors that influence them by employing both Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) methods and experimental validation. The initial focus lies in deciphering the differences in diffraction characteristics between micro-gratings (MGs) and MNCGs by analyzing the coupling effects, diffraction order, color distribution, and intensity variation. Additionally, this research emphatically investigates five aspects to discover the influencing factors of MNCG's diffraction characteristics, such as the height, groove angle of MGs and the period, blaze angle, and height of nano-gratings (NGs). Results show that the structural coloration and saturation of MNCG surpass that of MG. NG plays the actual spectral role, and a reduction in the period of NG leads to enhanced splitting light capability of the white light. The optical detection tests validated the simulation results. The present study reveals the diffractive properties of MNCGs, providing technical insights for the design and processing of optically variable devices.
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Ahn J, Jang H, Jeong Y, Choi S, Ko J, Hwang SH, Jeong J, Jung YS, Park I. Illuminating Recent Progress in Nanotransfer Printing: Core Principles, Emerging Applications, and Future Perspectives. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303704. [PMID: 38032705 PMCID: PMC10767444 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
As the demand for diverse nanostructures in physical/chemical devices continues to rise, the development of nanotransfer printing (nTP) technology is receiving significant attention due to its exceptional throughput and ease of use. Over the past decade, researchers have attempted to enhance the diversity of materials and substrates used in transfer processes as well as to improve the resolution, reliability, and scalability of nTP. Recent research on nTP has made continuous progress, particularly using the control of the interfacial adhesion force between the donor mold, target material, and receiver substrate, and numerous practical nTP methods with niche applications have been demonstrated. This review article offers a comprehensive analysis of the chronological advancements in nTP technology and categorizes recent strategies targeted for high-yield and versatile printing based on controlling the relative adhesion force depending on interfacial layers. In detail, the advantages and challenges of various nTP approaches are discussed based on their working mechanisms, and several promising solutions to improve morphological/material diversity are presented. Furthermore, this review provides a summary of potential applications of nanostructured devices, along with perspectives on the outlook and remaining challenges, which are expected to facilitate the continued progress of nTP technology and to inspire future innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseong Ahn
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Hanhwi Jang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Yongrok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
- Radioisotope Research DivisionKorea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)Daejeon34057Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsu Choi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Ko
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Hyoung Hwang
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Jun‐Ho Jeong
- Department of Nano Manufacturing TechnologyKorea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM)Daejeon34103Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Sik Jung
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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Onuh G, Bar-On R, Manor O. Particle Network Self-Assembly of Similar Size Sub-Micron Calcium Alginate and Polystyrene Particles Atop Glass. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300219. [PMID: 37551162 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Particle-mediated self-assembly, such as nanocomposites, microstructure formation in materials, and core-shell coating of biological particles, offers precise control over the properties of biological materials for applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and biosensing. The assembly of similar-sized calcium alginate (CAG) and polystyrene sub-micron particles is studied in an aqueous sodium nitrate solution as a model for particle-mediated self-assembly of biological and synthetic mixed particle species. The objective is to reinforce biological matrices by incorporating synthetic particles to form hybrid particulate networks with tailored properties. By varying the ionic strength of the suspension, the authors alter the energy barriers for particle attachment to each other and to a glass substrate that result from colloidal surface forces. The particles do not show monotonic adsorption trend to glass with ionic strength. Hence, apart from DLVO theory-van der Waals and electrostatic interactions-the authors further consider solvation and bridging interactions in the analysis of the particulate adsorption-coagulation system. CAG particles, which support lower energy barriers to attachment relative to their counterpart polystyrene particles, accumulate as dense aggregates on the glass substrate. Polystyrene particles adsorb simultaneously as detached particles. At high electrolyte concentrations, where electrostatic repulsion is largely screened, the mixture of particles covers most of the glass substrate; the CAG particles form a continuous network throughout the glass substrate with pockets of polystyrene particles. The particulate structure is correlated with the adjustable energy barriers for particle attachment in the suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Onuh
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Roi Bar-On
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ofer Manor
- Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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Wang X, Cui H, Chen Z, Wang L, Chen J, Yi M, Xiao G, Zhang J, Chen H, Xu C. MC design and FIB preparation of a YSZ biochemical material microstructure. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106152. [PMID: 37776762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Aiming at the difficulty of traditional machining of Y2O3-ZrO2 (YSZ) inert ceramic materials, a different method using focused ion beam to selectively create nanoscale microscale structures on the surface of materials was proposed. The sputtering yield, surface damage, and the energy loss of YSZ materials was investigated using the SRIM software using the Monte Carlo method. It is shown that the sputtering yield increases with ion energy in the range 0-30 keV, reaching a maximum of 9.4 atoms/ion at 30 keV. At an ion beam voltage of 30 keV, the most severe damage to the material is 8 mm on the surface. At the same time, the main forms of energy loss in the treatment are phonon energy loss and ionization energy loss, of which phonon energy loss due to the recoil atoms is the largest. In addition, we continue to perform focused ion beam processing experiments on YSZ materials, combining previous MC modeling to optimize different operating conditions such as ion beam, voltage and processing mode. The optimized processing parameters are 30 keV and 2.5 nA. It is shown that the quality of the deep grooves gradually improves with decreasing ion beam current at the same ion beam voltage. However, an excessively small ion beam current leads to an excessively large depth of the deep grooves and lengthy processing times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintian Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Hao Cui
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Shandong Machinery Design and Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250031, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Li Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Mingdong Yi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Guangchun Xiao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Shandong Machinery Design and Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250031, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jingjie Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China; Shandong Machinery Design and Research Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250031, China; Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing and Measurement and Control, Technology for Light Industry in Universities of Shandong, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
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Wang J, Ni R, Jiang T, Peng D, Ming Y, Cui H, Liu Y. The applications of functional materials-based nano-formulations in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1222642. [PMID: 37593176 PMCID: PMC10427346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1222642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, in general, refers to systemic immune abnormalities most often caused by the environment or lifestyle, which is the basis for various skin diseases, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular diseases, liver diseases, digestive diseases, cancer, and so on. Therapeutic strategies have focused on immunosuppression and anti-inflammation, but conventional approaches have been poor in enhancing the substantive therapeutic effect of drugs. Nanomaterials continue to attract attention for their high flexibility, durability and simplicity of preparation, as well as high profitability. Nanotechnology is used in various areas of clinical medicine, such as medical diagnosis, monitoring and treatment. However, some related problems cannot be ignored, including various cytotoxic and worsening inflammation caused by the nanomaterials themselves. This paper provides an overview of functional nanomaterial formulations for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases, with the intention of providing some reference for the enhancement and optimization of existing therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wang
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Ni
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Peng
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongjuan Cui
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Zhao L, Cui Y, Li J, Xie Y, Li W, Zhang J. The 3D Controllable Fabrication of Nanomaterials with FIB-SEM Synchronization Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1839. [PMID: 37368269 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with unique structures and functions have been widely used in the fields of microelectronics, biology, medicine, and aerospace, etc. With advantages of high resolution and multi functions (e.g., milling, deposition, and implantation), focused ion beam (FIB) technology has been widely developed due to urgent demands for the 3D fabrication of nanomaterials in recent years. In this paper, FIB technology is illustrated in detail, including ion optical systems, operating modes, and combining equipment with other systems. Together with the in situ and real-time monitoring of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, a FIB-SEM synchronization system achieved 3D controllable fabrication from conductive to semiconductive and insulative nanomaterials. The controllable FIB-SEM processing of conductive nanomaterials with a high precision is studied, especially for the FIB-induced deposition (FIBID) 3D nano-patterning and nano-origami. As for semiconductive nanomaterials, the realization of high resolution and controllability is focused on nano-origami and 3D milling with a high aspect ratio. The parameters of FIB-SEM and its working modes are analyzed and optimized to achieve the high aspect ratio fabrication and 3D reconstruction of insulative nanomaterials. Furthermore, the current challenges and future outlooks are prospected for the 3D controllable processing of flexible insulative materials with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zhao
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyi Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuxi Xie
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenping Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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14
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Hurley N, Kamau S, Cui J, Lin Y. Holographic Fabrication of 3D Moiré Photonic Crystals Using Circularly Polarized Laser Beams and a Spatial Light Modulator. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1217. [PMID: 37374802 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A moiré photonic crystal is an optical analog of twisted graphene. A 3D moiré photonic crystal is a new nano-/microstructure that is distinguished from bilayer twisted photonic crystals. Holographic fabrication of a 3D moiré photonic crystal is very difficult due to the coexistence of the bright and dark regions, where the exposure threshold is suitable for one region but not for the other. In this paper, we study the holographic fabrication of 3D moiré photonic crystals using an integrated system of a single reflective optical element (ROE) and a spatial light modulator (SLM) where nine beams (four inner beams + four outer beams + central beam) are overlapped. By modifying the phase and amplitude of the interfering beams, the interference patterns of 3D moiré photonic crystals are systemically simulated and compared with the holographic structures to gain a comprehensive understanding of SLM-based holographic fabrication. We report the holographic fabrication of phase and beam intensity ratio-dependent 3D moiré photonic crystals and their structural characterization. Superlattices modulated in the z-direction of 3D moiré photonic crystals have been discovered. This comprehensive study provides guidance for future pixel-by-pixel phase engineering in SLM for complex holographic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Hurley
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Steve Kamau
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Jingbiao Cui
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Yuankun Lin
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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15
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Li T, Bandari VK, Schmidt OG. Molecular Electronics: Creating and Bridging Molecular Junctions and Promoting Its Commercialization. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209088. [PMID: 36512432 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics is driven by the dream of expanding Moore's law to the molecular level for next-generation electronics through incorporating individual or ensemble molecules into electronic circuits. For nearly 50 years, numerous efforts have been made to explore the intrinsic properties of molecules and develop diverse fascinating molecular electronic devices with the desired functionalities. The flourishing of molecular electronics is inseparable from the development of various elegant methodologies for creating nanogap electrodes and bridging the nanogap with molecules. This review first focuses on the techniques for making lateral and vertical nanogap electrodes by breaking, narrowing, and fixed modes, and highlights their capabilities, applications, merits, and shortcomings. After summarizing the approaches of growing single molecules or molecular layers on the electrodes, the methods of constructing a complete molecular circuit are comprehensively grouped into three categories: 1) directly bridging one-molecule-electrode component with another electrode, 2) physically bridging two-molecule-electrode components, and 3) chemically bridging two-molecule-electrode components. Finally, the current state of molecular circuit integration and commercialization is discussed and perspectives are provided, hoping to encourage the community to accelerate the realization of fully scalable molecular electronics for a new era of integrated microsystems and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianming Li
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Vineeth Kumar Bandari
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, 09111, Chemnitz, Germany
- Nanophysics, Dresden University of Technology, 01069, Dresden, Germany
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16
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Wu X, Luo X, Cheng H, Yang R, Chen X. Recent progresses on ion beam irradiation induced structure and performance modulation of two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8925-8947. [PMID: 37102719 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01366a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are receiving significant attention for both fundamental research and industrial applications due to their unparalleled properties and wide application potential. In this case, the controllable modulation of their structures and properties is essential for the realization and further expansion of their applications. Accordingly, ion beam irradiation techniques, with large scope to adjust parameters, high manufacturing resolution, and a series of advanced equipment being developed, have been demonstrated to have obvious advantages in manipulating the structure and performance of 2D materials. In recent years, many research efforts have been devoted to uncovering the underlying mechanism and control rules regarding ion irradiation induced phenomena in 2D materials, aiming at fulfilling their application potential as soon as possible. Herein, we review the research progress in the interaction between energetic ions and 2D materials based on the energy transfer model, type of ion source, structural modulation, performance modification of 2D materials, and then their application status, aiming to provide useful information for researchers in this field and stimulating more research advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
| | - Xinchun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
| | - Hailong Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
| | - Ruxue Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
| | - Xiyue Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519082, China.
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17
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Dhulipala S, Yee DW, Zhou Z, Sun R, Andrade JE, Macfarlane RJ, Portela CM. Tunable Mechanical Response of Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Superlattices. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37216440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanoparticle superlattices (NPSLs) are an emergent class of self-architected nanocomposite materials that possess promising properties arising from precise nanoparticle ordering. Their multiple coupled properties make them desirable as functional components in devices where mechanical robustness is critical. However, questions remain about NPSL mechanical properties and how shaping them affects their mechanical response. Here, we perform in situ nanomechanical experiments that evidence up to an 11-fold increase in stiffness (∼1.49 to 16.9 GPa) and a 5-fold increase in strength (∼88 to 426 MPa) because of surface stiffening/strengthening from shaping these nanomaterials via focused-ion-beam milling. To predict the mechanical properties of shaped NPSLs, we present discrete element method (DEM) simulations and an analytical core-shell model that capture the FIB-induced stiffening response. This work presents a route for tunable mechanical responses of self-architected NPSLs and provides two frameworks to predict their mechanical response and guide the design of future NPSL-containing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayajulu Dhulipala
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daryl W Yee
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ziran Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Rachel Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - José E Andrade
- Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Robert J Macfarlane
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Carlos M Portela
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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18
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Generating nano-incised graphene kirigami membrane via selective tearing. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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19
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Li S, Ming P, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Yan L. Concurrently Fabricating Precision Meso- and Microscale Cross-Scale Arrayed Metal Features and Components by Using Wire-Anode Scanning Electroforming Technique. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050979. [PMID: 37241603 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve the thickness uniformity of the electroformed metal layer and components, a new electroforming technique is proposed-wire-anode scanning electroforming (WAS-EF). WAS-EF uses an ultrafine inert anode so that the interelectrode voltage/current is superimposed upon a very narrow ribbon-shaped area at the cathode, thus ensuring better localization of the electric field. The anode of WAS-EF is in constant motion, which reduces the effect of the current edge effect. The stirring paddle of WAS-EF can affect the fluid flow in the microstructure, and improve the mass transfer effect inside the structure. The simulation results show that, when the depth-to-width ratio decreases from 1 to 0.23, the depth of fluid flow in the microstructure can increase from 30% to 100%. Experimental results show that. Compared with the traditional electroforming method, the single metal feature and arrayed metal components prepared by WAS-EF are respectively improved by 15.5% and 11.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Pingmei Ming
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Junzhong Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Yunyan Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
| | - Liang Yan
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China
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20
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Chandrasekaran V, Titze M, Flores AR, Campbell D, Henshaw J, Jones AC, Bielejec ES, Htoon H. High-Yield Deterministic Focused Ion Beam Implantation of Quantum Defects Enabled by In Situ Photoluminescence Feedback. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300190. [PMID: 37088736 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam implantation is ideally suited for placing defect centers in wide bandgap semiconductors with nanometer spatial resolution. However, the fact that only a few percent of implanted defects can be activated to become efficient single photon emitters prevents this powerful capability to reach its full potential in photonic/electronic integration of quantum defects. Here an industry adaptive scalable technique is demonstrated to deterministically create single defects in commercial grade silicon carbide by performing repeated low ion number implantation and in situ photoluminescence evaluation after each round of implantation. An array of 9 single defects in 13 targeted locations is successfully created-a ≈70% yield which is more than an order of magnitude higher than achieved in a typical single pass ion implantation. The remaining emitters exhibit non-classical photon emission statistics corresponding to the existence of at most two emitters. This approach can be further integrated with other advanced techniques such as in situ annealing and cryogenic operations to extend to other material platforms for various quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vigneshwaran Chandrasekaran
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Michael Titze
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Jacob Henshaw
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87123, USA
| | - Andrew C Jones
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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21
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Wei Y, Chen F, Huang R, Zhao J, Zhao H, Wang J, Li M, Zhang J. Fast Response GaN Nanoscale Air Channel Diodes with Highly Stable 10 mA Output Current toward Wafer-Scale Fabrication. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2206385. [PMID: 37078799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale air channel transistors (NACTs) have received significant attention due to their remarkable high-frequency performance and high switching speed, which is enabled by the ballistic transport of electrons in sub-100 nm air channels. Despite these advantages, NACTs are still limited by low currents and instability compared to solid-state devices. GaN, with its low electron affinity, strong thermal and chemical stability, and high breakdown electric field, presents an appealing candidate as a field emission material. Here, a vertical GaN nanoscale air channel diode (NACD) with a 50 nm air channel is reported, fabricated by low-cost IC-compatible manufacturing technologies on a 2-inch sapphire wafer. The device boasts a record field emission current of 11 mA at 10 V in the air and exhibits outstanding stability during cyclic, long-term, and pulsed voltage testing. Additionally, it displays fast switching characteristics and good repeatability with a response time of fewer than 10 ns. Moreover, the temperature-dependent performance of the device can guide the design of GaN NACTs for applications in extreme conditions. The research holds great promise for large current NACTs and will speed up their practical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Wei
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Feiliang Chen
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Ruihan Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jianpeng Zhao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Haiquan Zhao
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jiachao Wang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Mo Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
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22
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Gracia-Abad R, Sangiao S, Kumar Chaluvadi S, Orgiani P, Teresa JMD. Ion-Induced Lateral Damage in the Focused Ion Beam Patterning of Topological Insulator Bi 2Se 3 Thin Films. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2244. [PMID: 36984129 PMCID: PMC10051711 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Focused Ion Beam patterning has become a widely applied technique in the last few decades in the micro- and nanofabrication of quantum materials, representing an important advantage in terms of resolution and versatility. However, ion irradiation can trigger undesired effects on the target material, most of them related to the damage created by the impinging ions that can severely affect the crystallinity of the sample, compromising the application of Focused Ion Beam to the fabrication of micro- and nanosized systems. We focus here on the case of Bi2Se3, a topological material whose unique properties rely on its crystallinity. In order to study the effects of ion irradiation on the structure of Bi2Se3, we irradiated with Ga+ ions the full width of Hall-bar devices made from thin films of this material, with the purpose of inducing changes in the electrical resistance and characterizing the damage created during the process. The results indicate that a relatively high ion dose is necessary to introduce significant changes in the conduction. This ion dose creates medium-range lateral damage in the structure, manifested through the formation of an amorphous region that can extend laterally up to few hundreds of nanometers beyond the irradiated area. This amorphous material is no longer expected to behave as intrinsic Bi2Se3, indicating a spatial limitation for the devices fabricated through this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Gracia-Abad
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Pasquale Orgiani
- CNR-IOM, TASC Laboratory in Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Lipton-Duffin J, MacLeod J. Innovations in nanosynthesis: emerging techniques for precision, scalability, and spatial control in reactions of organic molecules on solid surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:183001. [PMID: 36876935 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbc01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface science-based approach to synthesising new organic materials on surfaces has gained considerable attention in recent years, owing to its success in facilitating the formation of novel 0D, 1D and 2D architectures. The primary mechanism used to date has been the catalytic transformation of small organic molecules through substrate-enabled reactions. In this Topical Review, we provide an overview of alternate approaches to controlling molecular reactions on surfaces. These approaches include light, electron and ion-initiated reactions, electrospray ionisation deposition-based techniques, collisions of neutral atoms and molecules, and superhydrogenation. We focus on the opportunities afforded by these alternative approaches, in particular where they may offer advantages in terms of selectivity, spatial control or scalability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Lipton-Duffin
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer MacLeod
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
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24
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Xiao Q, Wu S, Wang Y, Liu C, Feng W, Yao Y, Huang P, Wang X, Lu Q. Error analysis and realization of a phase-modulated diffraction grating used as a displacement sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7907-7921. [PMID: 36859912 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A grating-based interferometric cavity produces coherent diffraction light field in a compact size, serving as a promising candidate for displacement measurement by taking advantage of both high integration and high accuracy. Phase-modulated diffraction gratings (PMDGs) make use of a combination of diffractive optical elements, allowing for the diminishment of zeroth-order reflected beams and thus improving the energy utilization coefficient and sensitivity of grating-based displacement measurements. However, conventional PMDGs with submicron-scale features usually require demanding micromachining processes, posing a significant challenge to manufacturability. Involving a four-region PMDG, this paper establishes a hybrid error model including etching error and coating error, thus providing a quantitative analysis of the relation between the errors and optical responses. The hybrid error model and the designated process-tolerant grating are experimentally verified by micromachining and grating-based displacement measurements using an 850 nm laser, confirming the validity and effectiveness. It is found the PMDG achieves an energy utilization coefficient (the ratio of the peak-to-peak value of the ±1st order beams to the 0th-order beam) improvement of nearly 500% and a four-fold reduction in 0th-order beam intensity compared with the traditional amplitude grating. More importantly, this PMDG maintains very tolerant process requirements, and the etching error and coating error can be up to 0.5 µm and 0.6 µm, respectively. This offers attractive alternatives to the fabrication of PMDGs and grating-based devices with wide process compatibility. This work first systematically investigates the influence of fabrication errors and identifies the interplay between the errors and the optical response for PMDGs. The hybrid error model allows further avenues for the fabrication of diffraction elements with practical limitations of micromachining fabrication.
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25
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Gong J, Xiong L, Pu M, Guo Y, Wen Y, He Q, Li X, Ma X, Luo X. Simple route for high-throughput fabrication of metasurfaces using one-step UV-curable resin printing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:8068-8080. [PMID: 36859924 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phase-gradient metasurfaces are two-dimensional (2D) optical elements that can manipulate light by imposing local, space-variant phase changes on an incident electromagnetic wave. These metasurfaces hold the potential and the promise to revolutionize photonics by providing ultrathin alternatives for a wide range of common optical elements such as bulky refractive optics, waveplates, polarizers, and axicons. However, the fabrication of state-of-the-art metasurfaces typically requires some time-consuming, expensive, and possibly hazardous processing steps. To overcome these limitations on conventional metasurface fabrication, a facile methodology to produce phase-gradient metasurfaces through one-step UV-curable resin printing is developed by our research group. The method dramatically reduces the required processing time and cost, as well as eliminates safety hazards. As a proof-of-concept, the advantages of the method are clearly demonstrated via a rapid reproduction of high-performance metalenses based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase gradient concept in the visible spectrum.
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Li A, Li J, Jia H, Duan H, Hu Y. The Effect of Fabrication Error on the Performance of Mid-Infrared Metalens with Large Field-of-View. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:440. [PMID: 36770401 PMCID: PMC9920015 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared large field-of-view (FOV) imaging optics play a vital role in infrared imaging and detection. The metalens, which is composed of subwavelength-arrayed structures, provides a new possibility for the miniaturization of large FOV imaging systems. However, the inaccuracy during fabrication is the main obstacle to developing practical uses for metalenses. Here, we introduce the principle and method of designing a large FOV doublet metalens at the mid-infrared band. Then, the quantitative relationship between the fabrication error and the performance of the doublet metalens with a large FOV from four different fabrication errors is explored by using the finite-difference time-domain method. The simulation results show that the inclined sidewall error has the greatest impact on the focusing performance, and the interlayer alignment error deforms the focusing beam and affects the focusing performance, while the spacer thickness error has almost no impact on the performance. The contents discussed in this paper can help manufacturers determine the allowable processing error range of the large FOV doublet metalens and the priority level for optimizing the process, which is of significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoling Li
- National Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Test Physics & Numerical Mathematical, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Honghui Jia
- National Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory of Micro-Nano Optical Devices, Shenzhen Research Institute, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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27
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An T, Wen J, Dong Z, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Qin F, Wang Y, Zhao X. Plasmonic Biosensors with Nanostructure for Healthcare Monitoring and Diseases Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:445. [PMID: 36617043 PMCID: PMC9824517 DOI: 10.3390/s23010445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonics has been widely utilized in enhanced molecularspectroscopy or mediated chemical reaction, which has major applications in the field of enhancing sensing and enables opportunities in developing healthcare monitoring. This review presents an updated overview of the recent exciting advances of plasmonic biosensors in the healthcare area. Manufacturing, enhancements and applications of plasmonic biosensors are discussed, with particular focus on nanolisted main preparation methods of various nanostructures, such as chemical synthesis, lithography, nanosphere lithography, nanoimprint lithography, etc., and describing their respective advances and challenges from practical applications of plasmon biosensors. Based on these sensing structures, different types of plasmonic biosensors are summarized regarding detecting cancer biomarkers, body fluid, temperature, gas and COVID-19. Last, the existing challenges and prospects of plasmonic biosensors combined with machine learning, mega data analysis and prediction are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongge An
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiahong Wen
- The College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shangyu Institute of Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Zhichao Dong
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Faxiang Qin
- Institute for Composites Science Innovation, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
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28
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Geng J, Yan W, Shi L, Qiu M. Quasicylindrical Waves for Ordered Nanostructuring. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9658-9663. [PMID: 36394454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced self-organization of periodic nanostructures on highly absorbing materials is widely understood to be due to interference between laser and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) that are excited by initial surface roughness. The structure order naturally emerges from the propagation phase of SPPs. Here, we reveal an unexplored mechanism that is predominantly induced by quasicylindrical waves (QCWs) with negligible contributions from SPPs. This mechanism features a new principle of order emergence in growth of periodic nanostructures through short-range electromagnetic interactions between QCWs and marginal nanofringes. In this scenario, the periodicity of nanostructures is not simply determined by the electromagnetic wavelength. With suppressed long-range interactions, the formation of nanostructures shows a domino-like growth process, thus significantly improving structure uniformity. An in situ microscopic observation is performed to characterize the temporal dynamics of structural growth and verify the new mechanism. Further, the QCWs are directly observed in experiments, which are theoretically supported by a scattering model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Geng
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Shi
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1037 Luoyu road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
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29
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Chen D, Wang Y, Zhou H, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Guo CF, Zhou H. Current and Future Trends for Polymer Micro/Nanoprocessing in Industrial Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200903. [PMID: 35313049 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polymers are widely used in optical devices, electronic devices, energy-harvesting/storage devices, and sensors, owing to their low weight, excellent flexibility, and simple fabrication process. With advancements in micro/nanoprocessing techniques and more demanding application requirements, it is becoming necessary to realize high-resolution fabrication of polymers to prepare miniaturized devices. This is particularly because conventional processing technologies suffer from high thermal stress and strong adhesion/friction, which can irreversibly damage the micro/nanostructures of miniaturized devices. In addition, although the use of advanced fabrication methods to prepare high-resolution micro/nanostructures is explored, these methods are limited to laboratory research or small-batch production. This review focuses on the micro/nanoprocessing of polymeric materials and devices with high spatial precision and replication accuracy for industrial applications. Specifically, the current state-of-the-art techniques and future trends for micro/nanomolding, high-energy beam processing, and micro/nanomachining are discussed. Moreover, an overview of the fabrication and applications of various polymer-based elements and devices such as microlenses, biosensors, and transistors is provided. These techniques are expected to be widely applied for multiscale and multimaterial processing as well as for multifunction integration in next-generation integrated devices, such as photoelectric, smart, and biodegradable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yunming Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Helezi Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhigao Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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30
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Pellegrino P, Farella I, Cascione M, De Matteis V, Bramanti AP, Vincenti L, Della Torre A, Quaranta F, Rinaldi R. Pile-Ups Formation in AFM-Based Nanolithography: Morpho-Mechanical Characterization and Removal Strategies. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1982. [PMID: 36422411 PMCID: PMC9692810 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, great efforts have been made to develop innovative, effective, and accurate nanofabrication techniques stimulated by the growing demand for nanostructures. Nowadays, mechanical tip-based emerged as the most promising nanolithography technique, allowing the pattern of nanostructures with a sub-nanometer resolution, high reproducibility, and accuracy. Unfortunately, these nanostructures result in contoured pile-ups that could limit their use and future integration into high-tech devices. The removal of pile-ups is still an open challenge. In this perspective, two different AFM-based approaches, i.e., Force Modulation Mode imaging and force-distance curve analysis, were used to characterize the structure of pile-ups at the edges of nanogrooves patterned on PMMA substrate by means of Pulse-Atomic Force Lithography. Our experimental results showed that the material in pile-ups was less stiff than the pristine polymer. Based on this evidence, we have developed an effective strategy to easily remove pile-ups, preserving the shape and the morphology of nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pellegrino
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Isabella Farella
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Cascione
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Valeria De Matteis
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Paolo Bramanti
- STMicroelectronics S.r.l., System Research and Applications (SRA) Silicon Biotech, Lecce Labs, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Vincenti
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Antonio Della Torre
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabio Quaranta
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems (IMM), CNR, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosaria Rinaldi
- Department of Mathematics and Physics “Ennio De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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31
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Russo CJ, Dickerson JL, Naydenova K. Cryomicroscopy in situ: what is the smallest molecule that can be directly identified without labels in a cell? Faraday Discuss 2022; 240:277-302. [PMID: 35913392 PMCID: PMC9642008 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00076h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) has made great strides in the last decade, such that the atomic structure of most biological macromolecules can, at least in principle, be determined. Major technological advances - in electron imaging hardware, data analysis software, and cryogenic specimen preparation technology - continue at pace and contribute to the exponential growth in the number of atomic structures determined by cryoEM. It is now conceivable that within the next decade we will have structures for hundreds of thousands of unique protein and nucleic acid molecular complexes. But the answers to many important questions in biology would become obvious if we could identify these structures precisely inside cells with quantifiable error. In the context of an abundance of known structures, it is appropriate to consider the current state of electron cryomicroscopy for frozen specimens prepared directly from cells, and try to answer to the question of the title, both now and in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Russo
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Joshua L Dickerson
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Katerina Naydenova
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
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32
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Wang P, Krasavin AV, Liu L, Jiang Y, Li Z, Guo X, Tong L, Zayats AV. Molecular Plasmonics with Metamaterials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:15031-15081. [PMID: 36194441 PMCID: PMC9562285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular plasmonics, the area which deals with the interactions between surface plasmons and molecules, has received enormous interest in fundamental research and found numerous technological applications. Plasmonic metamaterials, which offer rich opportunities to control the light intensity, field polarization, and local density of electromagnetic states on subwavelength scales, provide a versatile platform to enhance and tune light-molecule interactions. A variety of applications, including spontaneous emission enhancement, optical modulation, optical sensing, and photoactuated nanochemistry, have been reported by exploiting molecular interactions with plasmonic metamaterials. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of the developments of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials. After a brief introduction to the optical properties of plasmonic metamaterials and relevant fabrication approaches, we discuss light-molecule interactions in plasmonic metamaterials in both weak and strong coupling regimes. We then highlight the exploitation of molecules in metamaterials for applications ranging from emission control and optical modulation to optical sensing. The role of hot carriers generated in metamaterials for nanochemistry is also discussed. Perspectives on the future development of molecular plasmonics with metamaterials conclude the review. The use of molecules in combination with designer metamaterials provides a rich playground both to actively control metamaterials using molecular interactions and, in turn, to use metamaterials to control molecular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Alexey V Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Lufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Yunlu Jiang
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
| | - Zhiyong Li
- Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China.,Jiaxing Key Laboratory of Photonic Sensing & Intelligent Imaging, Jiaxing314000, China.,Intelligent Optics & Photonics Research Center, Jiaxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing314000, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310027, China
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, U.K
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33
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Casanellas I, Samitier J, Lagunas A. Recent advances in engineering nanotopographic substrates for cell studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1002967. [PMID: 36147534 PMCID: PMC9486185 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1002967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells sense their environment through the cell membrane receptors. Interaction with extracellular ligands induces receptor clustering at the nanoscale, assembly of the signaling complexes in the cytosol and activation of downstream signaling pathways, regulating cell response. Nanoclusters of receptors can be further organized hierarchically in the cell membrane at the meso- and micro-levels to exert different biological functions. To study and guide cell response, cell culture substrates have been engineered with features that can interact with the cells at different scales, eliciting controlled cell responses. In particular, nanoscale features of 1–100 nm in size allow direct interaction between the material and single cell receptors and their nanoclusters. Since the first “contact guidance” experiments on parallel microstructures, many other studies followed with increasing feature resolution and biological complexity. Here we present an overview of the advances in the field summarizing the biological scenario, substrate fabrication techniques and applications, highlighting the most recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Casanellas
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Physics, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Lagunas
- Nanobioengineering Group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Anna Lagunas,
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34
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Jurczyk J, Pillatsch L, Berger L, Priebe A, Madajska K, Kapusta C, Szymańska IB, Michler J, Utke I. In Situ Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry of Ionic Fragments Induced by Focused Electron Beam Irradiation: Investigation of Electron Driven Surface Chemistry inside an SEM under High Vacuum. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2710. [PMID: 35957140 PMCID: PMC9370286 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in nanoprinting using focused electron beams have created a need to develop analysis methods for the products of electron-induced fragmentation of different metalorganic compounds. The original approach used here is termed focused-electron-beam-induced mass spectrometry (FEBiMS). FEBiMS enables the investigation of the fragmentation of electron-sensitive materials during irradiation within the typical primary electron beam energy range of a scanning electron microscope (0.5 to 30 keV) and high vacuum range. The method combines a typical scanning electron microscope with an ion-extractor-coupled mass spectrometer setup collecting the charged fragments generated by the focused electron beam when impinging on the substrate material. The FEBiMS of fragments obtained during 10 keV electron irradiation of grains of silver and copper carboxylates and shows that the carboxylate ligand dissociates into many smaller volatile fragments. Furthermore, in situ FEBiMS was performed on carbonyls of ruthenium (solid) and during electron-beam-induced deposition, using tungsten carbonyl (inserted via a gas injection system). Loss of carbonyl ligands was identified as the main channel of dissociation for electron irradiation of these carbonyl compounds. The presented results clearly indicate that FEBiMS analysis can be expanded to organic, inorganic, and metal organic materials used in resist lithography, ice (cryo-)lithography, and focused-electron-beam-induced deposition and becomes, thus, a valuable versatile analysis tool to study both fundamental and process parameters in these nanotechnology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jurczyk
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Lex Pillatsch
- TOFWERK AG, Schorenstrasse 39, CH-3645 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Luisa Berger
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Priebe
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Madajska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Czesław Kapusta
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona B. Szymańska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Johann Michler
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Utke
- Laboratory for Mechanics of Materials and Nanostructures, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Feuerwerkerstrasse 39, CH-3602 Thun, Switzerland
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35
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Solov'yov IA, Sushko G, Friis I, Solov'yov AV. Multiscale modeling of stochastic dynamics processes with MBN Explorer. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:1442-1458. [PMID: 35708151 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stochastic dynamics describes processes in complex systems having the probabilistic nature. They can involve very different dynamical systems and occur on very different temporal and spatial scale. This paper discusses the concept of stochastic dynamics and its implementation in the popular program MBN Explorer. Stochastic dynamics in MBN Explorer relies on the Monte Carlo approach and permits simulations of physical, chemical, and biological processes. The paper presents the basic theoretical concepts underlying stochastic dynamics implementation and provides several examples highlighting its applicability to different systems, such as diffusing proteins seeking an anchor point on a cell membrane, deposition of nanoparticles on a surface leading to structures with fractal morphologies, and oscillations of compounds in an autocatalytic reaction. The chosen examples illustrate the diversity of applications that can be modeled by means of stochastic dynamics with MBN Explorer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia A Solov'yov
- Department of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg, Germany.,Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Center for Nanoscale Dynamics (CENAD), Institut für Physik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Ida Friis
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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36
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Phoulady A, May N, Choi H, Suleiman Y, Shahbazmohamadi S, Tavousi P. Rapid high-resolution volumetric imaging via laser ablation delayering and confocal imaging. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12277. [PMID: 35853990 PMCID: PMC9296531 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquiring detailed 3D images of samples is needed for conducting thorough investigations in a wide range of applications. Doing so using nondestructive methods such as X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) has resolution limitations. Destructive methods, which work based on consecutive delayering and imaging of the sample, face a tradeoff between throughput and resolution. Using focused ion beam (FIB) for delayering, although high precision, is low throughput. On the other hand, mechanical methods that can offer fast delayering, are low precision and may put the sample integrity at risk. Herein, we propose to use femtosecond laser ablation as a delayering method in combination with optical and confocal microscopy as the imaging technique for performing rapid 3D imaging. The use of confocal microscopy provides several advantages. First, it eliminates the 3D image distortion resulting from non-flat layers, caused by the difference in laser ablation rate of different materials. It further allows layer height variations to be maintained within a small range. Finally, it enables material characterization based on the processing of material ablation rate at different locations. The proposed method is applied on a printed circuit board (PCB), and the results are validated and compared with the X-ray CT image of the PCB part.
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37
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Morphology and Optical Properties of Gas-Phase-Synthesized Plasmonic Nanoparticles: Cu and Cu/MgO. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15134429. [PMID: 35806555 PMCID: PMC9267164 DOI: 10.3390/ma15134429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an investigation of the properties of Cu and Cu/MgO nanoparticles (NPs) is presented. The NPs were obtained with gas-phase synthesis, and the MgO shells or matrices were formed via the co-deposition method on inert substrates. SEM and AFM were used to investigate the NP morphology on Si/SiOx, quartz, and HOPG. The Cu NPs revealed flattening of their shape, and when they were deposited on HOPG, diffusion and formation of small chains were observed. The embedding of Cu NPs in MgO was confirmed by TEM and EDX maps. XPS showed that Cu was in its metallic state, regardless of the presence of the surrounding MgO. UV–Vis revealed the presence of an intense localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) for Cu/MgO and for “bare” NPs. These results confirmed the role of MgO as a protective transparent medium for Cu, and the wavelength position of the LSPR in the Cu/MgO system was consistent with calculations. The wavelength position of the LSPR observed for “bare” and post-oxidized Cu NPs was probably affected by the formation of copper oxide shells after exposure to air. This study paves the way for the use of Cu/MgO NPs as plasmonic nanomaterials in applications such as photovoltaics and sensor technology.
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Geng J, Yan W, Shi L, Qiu M. Surface plasmons interference nanogratings: wafer-scale laser direct structuring in seconds. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:189. [PMID: 35739105 PMCID: PMC9226179 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
It is always a great challenge to bridge the nano- and macro-worlds in nanoscience, for instance, manufacturing uniform nanogratings on a whole wafer in seconds instead of hours even days. Here, we demonstrate a single-step while extremely high-throughput femtosecond laser scanning technique to obtain wafer-scale, highly regular nanogratings on semiconductor-on-metal thin films. Our technique takes advantage of long-range surface plasmons-laser interference, which is regulated by a self-initiated seed. By controlling the scanning speed, two types of nanogratings are readily manufactured, which are produced by either oxidation or ablation. We achieve a record manufacturing speed (>1 cm2 s-1), with tunable periodicity of Λ < 1 µm. The fractional variation of their periodicity is evaluated to be as low as ∆Λ/Λ ≈ 0.5%. Furthermore, by utilizing the semiconductor-on-metal film-endowed interference effects, an extremely high energy efficiency is achieved via suppressing light reflection during femtosecond laser nano-processing. As the fabricated nanogratings exhibit multi-functionality, we exemplify their practical applications in highly sensitive refractive index sensing, vivid structural colors, and durable superhydrophilicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Geng
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Shi
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Min Qiu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou, 310024, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Khan Y, Butt MA, Kazanskiy NL, Khonina SN. Numerical Study of Fabrication-Related Effects of the Structural-Profile on the Performance of a Dielectric Photonic Crystal-Based Fluid Sensor. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093277. [PMID: 35591609 PMCID: PMC9104057 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, fabrication of a dielectric photonic crystal device and numerical study of its spectral characteristics as a refractive index sensor are presented for near infrared range. The proposed nanosensor device is composed of low-cost dielectric materials, i.e., silicon dioxide and niobium pentoxide, and is fabricated using focused ion-beam milling lithography. In the first part, the fabrication process of the device is discussed, along with the process parameters and their effects on the structural properties of the resulting photonic crystal elements. In the second part, the device is numerically tested as a sensor for the biological refractive index range of 1.33 to 1.4. The performance considerations of the biosensor device are studied for 12 different structural profiles based on the fabrication results. It is shown that the angular-wall-profile of the fabricated structures downgrades the performance of the sensor, and the optimum value of hole depth should be in the range of 930–1500 nm to get the best performance. A sensitivity of 185.117 nm/RIU and a figure of merit of 9.7 were recorded for the optimum design of the device; however, a maximum sensitivity of 296.183 nm/RIU and a figure-of-merit of 13.184 RIU−1 were achieved. The device is recommended for a variety of biosensing applications due to its inert material properties, stable design and easy integration with fiber-optic setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuf Khan
- Technological Electronics, Institute of Nanostructure Technologies and Analytics, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str.40, 34132 Kassel, Germany
- Nanophotonics Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
| | - Muhammad A. Butt
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Nikolay L. Kazanskiy
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia; (N.L.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Svetlana N. Khonina
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS-Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia; (N.L.K.); (S.N.K.)
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Lalande M, Salou P, Houel A, Been T, Birou T, Bourin C, Cassimi A, Keizer A, Mellier JB, Ramillon JM, Sineau A, Delobbe A, Guillous S. Nanoscale multiply charged focused ion beam platform for surface modification, implantation, and analysis. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:043703. [PMID: 35489958 DOI: 10.1063/5.0078914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The PELIICAEN (Platform for the Study of Ion Implantation Controlled and Analyzed at the Nanometric Scale) setup is a unique device, both for all of its in situ ultra-high vacuum equipment (focused ion beam column, secondary electron microscope, atomic force microscope, and scanning tunneling microscope) and for its nanostructuration performances on materials. The setup has been recently equipped with its own electron cyclotron resonance ion sources, a new position-controlled platform using pneumatic vibration insulators, and a fast pulsing device. Its performances were then deeply improved, providing access to a large choice of ions, an adjustable ion implantation depth up to a few hundred nanometers, an image resolution down to 25 nm, and an ion beam size on the sample down to 100 nm. With all this equipment, the PELIICAEN setup is in the international foreground to perform and analyze ion implantation and surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lalande
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Pierre Salou
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Arnaud Houel
- Orsay Physics-Tescan Orsay Holding, Fuveau, France
| | - Thierry Been
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
| | | | | | - Amine Cassimi
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Marc Ramillon
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Anthony Sineau
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
| | - Anne Delobbe
- Orsay Physics-Tescan Orsay Holding, Fuveau, France
| | - Stéphane Guillous
- CIMAP, UMR 6252 (CEA/CNRS/ENSICAEN/Université de Caen Normandie), Caen, France
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Fang C, Xing Y. Investigation of the Shadow Effect in Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060905. [PMID: 35335717 PMCID: PMC8955986 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the precursor gas flow in the focused ion beam induced deposition process, a shadow effect appears behind the shading structures. This article carries out experiments with phenanthrene as the precursor gas and establishes a numerical model to define the shadow area and estimate the intensity of the shadow effect, considering the morphology of shading structure, the beam shift, and the nozzle parameters. Within the shadow area, the precursor molecule adsorption contribution is estimated by calculating the fraction of precursor gas flow in a specific direction. Finally, the number of precursor molecules within the beam impact area influenced by the shadow effect is obtained, emphasizing the important role of gas surface diffusion. The adsorption contribution within the shadow area differs a lot while deposited structures are similar in height. The error between the simulation and the experimental results is about 5%, verifying the accuracy of the proposed model.
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Gracias DH. Integrated Nanotechnology 2.0: 3D, Smart, Flexible, and Dynamic [Highlights]. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2021.3126129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Lospinoso D, Colombelli A, Lomascolo M, Rella R, Manera MG. Self-Assembled Metal Nanohole Arrays with Tunable Plasmonic Properties for SERS Single-Molecule Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030380. [PMID: 35159725 PMCID: PMC8838393 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arrays of metal nano-holes have proved to be among of the most promising structures for applications in the field of nano-photonics and optoelectronics. Supporting both localized and propagating surface plasmons resonances, they are characterized by very high versatility thanks to the tunability of these modes, by means of the change of their periodicity, the size of the holes and metal composition. The interaction between different optical features can be exploited to modulate electromagnetic field distribution leading various hot-spots excitations on the metal surfaces. In this work, long range ordered arrays of nano-holes in thin gold films, with different geometrical characteristics, were fabricated by a modified nano-sphere lithography protocol, which allows precise control on holes’ dimensions together with the preservation of the order and of the pristine periodicity of the array. An in-depth analysis of the correlation between surface plasmon modes interference and its effect on electromagnetic field distribution is proposed, both by numerical simulations and experimentally. Finally, metal nano-holes arrays are exploited for surface enhanced Raman experiments, evaluating and comparing their performances by the estimation of the enhancement factor. Values close to the single molecule detection are obtained for most of the samples, proving their potentialities in surface enhanced spectroscopy applications.
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Lei Y, Clevy C, Rauch JY, Lutz P. Large-Workspace Polyarticulated Micro-Structures Based-On Folded Silica for Tethered Nanorobotics. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3118470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Łaszcz A, Czerwinski A, Pruszyńska-Karbownik E, Wzorek M, Szmigiel D. Sensitive Metal-Semiconductor Nanothermocouple Fabricated by FIB to Investigate Laser Beams with Nanometer Spatial Resolution. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010287. [PMID: 35009829 PMCID: PMC8749706 DOI: 10.3390/s22010287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The focused ion beam (FIB) technique was used to fabricate a nanothermocouple (with a 90 nm wide nanojunction) based on a metal–semiconductor (Pt–Si) structure, which showed a sensitivity up to 10 times larger (with Seebeck coefficient up to 140 µV/K) than typical metal–metal nanothermocouples. In contrast to the fabrication of nanothermocouples which requires a high-tech semiconductor manufacturing line with sophisticated fabrication techniques, environment, and advanced equipment, FIB systems are available in many research laboratories without the need for a high-tech environment, and the described processing is performed relatively quickly by a single operator. The linear response of the manufactured nanothermocouple enabled sensitive measurements even with small changes of temperature when heated with a stream of hot air. A nonlinear response of the nanothermocouple (up to 83.85 mV) was observed during the exposition to an argon-laser beam with a high optical power density (up to 17.4 Wcm−2), which was also used for the laser annealing of metal–semiconductor interfaces. The analysis of the results implies the application of such nanothermocouples, especially for the characterization of laser beams with nanometer spatial resolution. Improvements of the FIB processing should lead to an even higher Seebeck coefficient of the nanothermocouples; e.g., in case of the availability of other suitable metal sources (e.g., Cr).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Łaszcz
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-548-7761
| | - Andrzej Czerwinski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
| | | | - Marek Wzorek
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dariusz Szmigiel
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.W.); (D.S.)
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Pei L, Qiao H, Chen B, Zhu X, Davis RA, Zhu K, Xia L, Dong P, Ye M, Shen J. Pt Edge-Doped MoS 2 : Activating the Active Sites for Maximized Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104245. [PMID: 34708520 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The demand of clean energy calls for efficient and low-cost hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysts. Fabricating hybrid catalysts from noble/non-noble catalysts is a practical route to reducing the consumption of noble metals and enhancing catalytic efficiency. Here, 2H-MoS2 is etched and edge-doped with Pt nanoparticles using focused ion beam and photoreduction techniques. Precise comparison of as-prepared samples demonstrates that the enhancement of catalytic performance can be controlled through tuning the catalyst defect length. On this basis, remarkably high performance is obtained by designing a specific defect array that is superior to commercial Pt/C with less Pt loading and higher mass activity. It has been proved by experimentation and COMSOL Multiphysics simulations that the promotion of catalytic activity not only benefits from the synergistic effect of Pt and edge active sites, but also contributes to the increased potential at the edges of the designed defect. This study sheds light on the mechanism of understanding nanoscale edge-doped hybrid catalysts and provides a feasible strategy for the full utilization of noble metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Pei
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Haohui Qiao
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ruth Anaya Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Howard University, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Keyu Zhu
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xia
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Pei Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - Mingxin Ye
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Institute of Special materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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Sun X, Rickard WDA, Sparkes BM, White BR, Offer RF, Luiten AN, Ironside CN. Rapid prototyping of grating magneto-optical traps using a focused ion beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37733-37746. [PMID: 34808840 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid prototyping approach for creating custom grating magneto-optical traps using a dual-beam system combining a focused ion beam and a scanning electron microscope. With this approach we have created both one- and two-dimensional gratings of up to 400 µm × 400 µm in size with structure features down to 100 nm, periods of 620 nm, adjustable aspect ratios (ridge width : depth ∼ 1 : 0.3 to 1 : 1.4) and sidewall angles up to 71°. The depth and period of these gratings make them suitable for holographic trapping and cooling of neutral ytterbium on the 1S0 → 1P1 399 nm transition. Optical testing of the gratings at this wavelength has demonstrated a total first order diffraction of 90% of the reflected light. This work therefore represents a fast, high resolution, programmable and maskless alternative to current photo and electron beam lithography-based procedures and provides a time efficient process for prototyping of small period, high aspect ratio grating magneto-optical traps and other high resolution structures.
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Yu JC, Abdel-Rahman MK, Fairbrother DH, McElwee-White L. Charged Particle-Induced Surface Reactions of Organometallic Complexes as a Guide to Precursor Design for Electron- and Ion-Induced Deposition of Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48333-48348. [PMID: 34633789 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) and focused ion beam-induced deposition (FIBID) are direct-write fabrication techniques that use focused beams of charged particles (electrons or ions) to create 3D metal-containing nanostructures by decomposing organometallic precursors onto substrates in a low-pressure environment. For many applications, it is important to minimize contamination of these nanostructures by impurities from incomplete ligand dissociation and desorption. This spotlight on applications describes the use of ultra high vacuum surface science studies to obtain mechanistic information on electron- and ion-induced processes in organometallic precursor candidates. The results are used for the mechanism-based design of custom precursors for FEBID and FIBID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Chi Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Mohammed K Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
| | - D Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
| | - Lisa McElwee-White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
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Sloyan K, Melkonyan H, Apostoleris H, Dahlem MS, Chiesa M, Al Ghaferi A. A review of focused ion beam applications in optical fibers. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:472004. [PMID: 34388743 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam (FIB) technology has become a promising technique in micro- and nano-prototyping due to several advantages over its counterparts such as direct (maskless) processing, sub-10 nm feature size, and high reproducibility. Moreover, FIB machining can be effectively implemented on both conventional planar substrates and unconventional curved surfaces such as optical fibers, which are popular as an effective medium for telecommunications. Optical fibers have also been widely used as intrinsically light-coupled substrates to create a wide variety of compact fiber-optic devices by FIB milling diverse micro- and nanostructures onto the fiber surface (endfacet or outer cladding). In this paper, the broad applications of the FIB technology in optical fibers are reviewed. After an introduction to the technology, incorporating the FIB system and its basic operating modes, a brief overview of the lab-on-fiber technology is presented. Furthermore, the typical and most recent applications of the FIB machining in optical fibers for various applications are summarized. Finally, the reviewed work is concluded by suggesting the possible future directions for improving the micro- and nanomachining capabilities of the FIB technology in optical fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Sloyan
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Henrik Melkonyan
- Department of Physics, Yerevan State University, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Harry Apostoleris
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
| | - Marcus S Dahlem
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Center (IMEC), Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Matteo Chiesa
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Physics and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø 9010, Norway
| | - Amal Al Ghaferi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory for Energy and Nano Science (LENS), Khalifa University, SAN Campus, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates
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50
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Monitoring Carbon in Electron and Ion Beam Deposition within FIB-SEM. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113034. [PMID: 34199625 PMCID: PMC8199708 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that carbon present in scanning electron microscopes (SEM), Focused ion beam (FIB) systems and FIB-SEMs, causes imaging artefacts and influences the quality of TEM lamellae or structures fabricated in FIB-SEMs. The severity of such effects depends not only on the quantity of carbon present but also on its bonding state. Despite this, the presence of carbon and its bonding state is not regularly monitored in FIB-SEMs. Here we demonstrated that Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging (SEHI) can be implemented in different FIB-SEMs (ThermoFisher Helios G4-CXe PFIB and Helios Nanolab G3 UC) and used to observe carbon built up/removal and bonding changes resulting from electron/ion beam exposure. As well as the ability to monitor, this study also showed the capability of Plasma FIB Xe exposure to remove carbon contamination from the surface of a Ti6246 alloy without the requirement of chemical surface treatments.
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