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Ahmad N, Rasheed S, Mohyuddin A, Fatima B, Nabeel MI, Riaz MT, Najam-Ul-Haq M, Hussain D. 2D MXenes and their composites; design, synthesis, and environmental sensing applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141280. [PMID: 38278447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Novel 2D layered MXene materials were first reported in 2011 at Drexel University. MXenes are widely used in multidisciplinary applications due to their anomalous electrical conductivity, high surface area, and chemical, mechanical, and physical properties. This review summarises MXene synthesis and applications in environmental sensing. The first section describes different methods for MXene synthesis, including fluorinated and non-fluorinated methods. MXene's layered structure, surface terminal groups, and the space between layers significantly impact its properties. Different methods to separate different MXene layers are also discussed using various intercalation reagents and commercially synthesized MXene without compromising the environment. This review also explains the effect of MXene's surface functionalization on its characteristics. The second section of the review describes gas and pesticide sensing applications of Mxenes and its composites. Its good conductivity, surface functionalization with negatively charged groups, intrinsic chemical nature, and good mechanical stability make it a prominent material for room temperature sensing of environmental samples, such as polar and nonpolar gases, volatile organic compounds, and pesticides. This review will enhance the young scientists' knowledge of MXene-based materials and stimulate their diversity and hybrid conformation in environmental sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Ahmad
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Sufian Rasheed
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Abrar Mohyuddin
- Department of Chemistry, The Emerson University Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Batool Fatima
- Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram Nabeel
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Tariq Riaz
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Najam-Ul-Haq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Dilshad Hussain
- HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological, Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
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2
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Meng D, Xu M, Li S, Ganesan M, Ruan X, Ravi SK, Cui X. Functional MXenes: Progress and Perspectives on Synthetic Strategies and Structure-Property Interplay for Next-Generation Technologies. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304483. [PMID: 37730973 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are a class of 2D materials that include layered transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides. Since their inception in 2011, they have garnered significant attention due to their diverse compositions, unique structures, and extraordinary properties, such as high specific surface areas and excellent electrical conductivity. This versatility has opened up immense potential in various fields, catalyzing a surge in MXene research and leading to note worthy advancements. This review offers an in-depth overview of the evolution of MXenes over the past 5 years, with an emphasis on synthetic strategies, structure-property relationships, and technological prospects. A classification scheme for MXene structures based on entropy is presented and an updated summary of the elemental constituents of the MXene family is provided, as documented in recent literature. Delving into the microscopic structure and synthesis routes, the intricate structure-property relationships are explored at the nano/micro level that dictate the macroscopic applications of MXenes. Through an extensive review of the latest representative works, the utilization of MXenes in energy, environmental, electronic, and biomedical fields is showcased, offering a glimpse into the current technological bottlenecks, such asstability, scalability, and device integration. Moreover, potential pathways for advancing MXenes toward next-generation technologies are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Minghua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Muthusankar Ganesan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaowen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Sai Kishore Ravi
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, SAR, Hong Kong
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, Jilin Provincial International Cooperation Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Clean Energy Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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3
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Zhou J, Dahlqvist M, Björk J, Rosen J. Atomic Scale Design of MXenes and Their Parent Materials─From Theoretical and Experimental Perspectives. Chem Rev 2023; 123:13291-13322. [PMID: 37976459 PMCID: PMC10722466 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
More than a decade after the discovery of MXene, there has been a remarkable increase in research on synthesis, characterization, and applications of this growing family of two-dimensional (2D) carbides and nitrides. Today, these materials include one, two, or more transition metals arranged in chemically ordered or disordered structures of three, five, seven, or nine atomic layers, with a surface chemistry characterized by surface terminations. By combining M, X, and various surface terminations, it appears that a virtually endless number of MXenes is possible. However, for the design and discovery of structures and compositions beyond current MXenes, one needs suitable (stable) precursors, an assessment of viable pathways for 3D to 2D conversion, and utilization or development of corresponding synthesis techniques. Here, we present a critical and forward-looking review of the field of atomic scale design and synthesis of MXenes and their parent materials. We discuss theoretical methods for predicting MXene precursors and for assessing whether they are chemically exfoliable. We also summarize current experimental methods for realizing the predicted materials, listing all verified MXenes to date, and outline research directions that will improve the fundamental understanding of MXene processing, enabling atomic scale design of future 2D materials, for emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Dahlqvist
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Björk
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rosen
- Materials Design Division,
Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden
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4
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Iqbal A, Kim H, Oh JM, Chae J, Kim J, Kim M, Hassan T, Gao Z, Lee J, Kim SJ, Kim D, Gogotsi Y, Kwon H, Koo CM. Effect of Substitutional Oxygen on Properties of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene Produced Using Recycled TiO 2 Source. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201715. [PMID: 36855195 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are an emerging class of 2D materials with unique properties including metallic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and surface tunability, which ensure their utility for diverse applications. However, the synthesis of MXenes with high crystallinity and atomic stoichiometry in a low-cost process is still challenging because of the difficulty in controlling the oxygen substitute in the precursors and final products of MXenes, which limits their academic understanding and practical applications. Here, a novel cost-effective method is reported to synthesize a highly crystalline and stoichiometric Ti3 C2 Tx MXene with minimum substitutional oxygen impurities by controlling the amount of excess carbon and time of high-energy milling in carbothermal reduction of recycled TiO2 source. The highest used content (2 wt%) of excess-carbon yields TiC with the highest carbon content and minimal oxygen substitutes, which leads to the Ti3 AlC2 MAX phase with improved crystallinity and atomic stoichiometry, and finally Ti3 C2 Tx MXene with the highest electrical conductivity (11738 S cm-1 ) and superior electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Additionally, the effects of carbon content and substitutional oxygen on the physical properties of TiC and Ti3 AlC2 are elucidated by density-functional-theory calculations. This inexpensive TiO2 -based method of synthesizing high-quality Ti3 C2 Tx MXene can facilitate large-scale production and thus accelerate global research on MXenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Iqbal
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerim Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Oh
- R&D center, INNOMXENE Co., Ltd., Daejeon, 34365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jikwang Chae
- R&D center, INNOMXENE Co., Ltd., Daejeon, 34365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoong Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjae Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Tufail Hassan
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyun Lee
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Joon Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Daesin Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hanjung Kwon
- Division of Advanced Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Min Koo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Seobu-ro 2066, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Materials Architecturing Research Centre, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
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5
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Lin YC, Torsi R, Younas R, Hinkle CL, Rigosi AF, Hill HM, Zhang K, Huang S, Shuck CE, Chen C, Lin YH, Maldonado-Lopez D, Mendoza-Cortes JL, Ferrier J, Kar S, Nayir N, Rajabpour S, van Duin ACT, Liu X, Jariwala D, Jiang J, Shi J, Mortelmans W, Jaramillo R, Lopes JMJ, Engel-Herbert R, Trofe A, Ignatova T, Lee SH, Mao Z, Damian L, Wang Y, Steves MA, Knappenberger KL, Wang Z, Law S, Bepete G, Zhou D, Lin JX, Scheurer MS, Li J, Wang P, Yu G, Wu S, Akinwande D, Redwing JM, Terrones M, Robinson JA. Recent Advances in 2D Material Theory, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:9694-9747. [PMID: 37219929 PMCID: PMC10324635 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) material research is rapidly evolving to broaden the spectrum of emergent 2D systems. Here, we review recent advances in the theory, synthesis, characterization, device, and quantum physics of 2D materials and their heterostructures. First, we shed insight into modeling of defects and intercalants, focusing on their formation pathways and strategic functionalities. We also review machine learning for synthesis and sensing applications of 2D materials. In addition, we highlight important development in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of various 2D materials (e.g., MXnenes, magnetic compounds, epitaxial layers, low-symmetry crystals, etc.) and discuss oxidation and strain gradient engineering in 2D materials. Next, we discuss the optical and phonon properties of 2D materials controlled by material inhomogeneity and give examples of multidimensional imaging and biosensing equipped with machine learning analysis based on 2D platforms. We then provide updates on mix-dimensional heterostructures using 2D building blocks for next-generation logic/memory devices and the quantum anomalous Hall devices of high-quality magnetic topological insulators, followed by advances in small twist-angle homojunctions and their exciting quantum transport. Finally, we provide the perspectives and future work on several topics mentioned in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Riccardo Torsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rehan Younas
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Christopher L Hinkle
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Albert F Rigosi
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Heather M Hill
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Kunyan Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shengxi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher E Shuck
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chen Chen
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Daniel Maldonado-Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jose L Mendoza-Cortes
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John Ferrier
- Department of Physics and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Swastik Kar
- Department of Physics and Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nadire Nayir
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, Karamanoglu Mehmet University, Karaman 70100, Turkey
| | - Siavash Rajabpour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Wouter Mortelmans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Rafael Jaramillo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Joao Marcelo J Lopes
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplaz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Engel-Herbert
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik, Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V., Hausvogteiplaz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anthony Trofe
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Tetyana Ignatova
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience & Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27401, United States
| | - Seng Huat Lee
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhiqiang Mao
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Leticia Damian
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Yuanxi Wang
- Department of Physics, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas 76203, United States
| | - Megan A Steves
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kenneth L Knappenberger
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Zhengtianye Wang
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Stephanie Law
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - George Bepete
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Da Zhou
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Jiang-Xiazi Lin
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, United States
| | - Mathias S Scheurer
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Physics, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02906, United States
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Guo Yu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Sanfeng Wu
- Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Joan M Redwing
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Research Initiative for Supra-Materials and Global Aqua Innovation Center, Shinshu University, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Joshua A Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Two-Dimensional Crystal Consortium, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Atomically Thin Multifunctional Coatings, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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6
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Wyatt BC, Thakur A, Nykiel K, Hood ZD, Adhikari SP, Pulley KK, Highland WJ, Strachan A, Anasori B. Design of Atomic Ordering in Mo 2Nb 2C 3T x MXenes for Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalysis. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:931-938. [PMID: 36700844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The need for novel materials for energy storage and generation calls for chemical control at the atomic scale in nanomaterials. Ordered double-transition-metal MXenes expanded the chemical diversity of the family of atomically layered 2D materials since their discovery in 2015. However, atomistic tunability of ordered MXenes to achieve ideal composition-property relationships has not been yet possible. In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of Mo2+αNb2-αAlC3 MAX phases (0 ≤ α ≤ 0.3) and confirm the preferential ordering behavior of Mo and Nb in the outer and inner M layers, respectively, using density functional theory, Rietveld refinement, and electron microscopy methods. We also synthesize their 2D derivative Mo2+αNb2-αC3Tx MXenes and exemplify the effect of preferential ordering on their hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalytic behavior. This study seeks to inspire further exploration of the ordered double-transition-metal MXene family and contribute composition-behavior tools toward application-driven design of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Wyatt
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Anupma Thakur
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kat Nykiel
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Zachary D Hood
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Shiba P Adhikari
- Applied Materials Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Krista K Pulley
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Wyatt J Highland
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Alejandro Strachan
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Babak Anasori
- Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Purdue School of Engineering & Technology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- School of Materials Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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7
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Li X, Huang Z, Shuck CE, Liang G, Gogotsi Y, Zhi C. MXene chemistry, electrochemistry and energy storage applications. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:389-404. [PMID: 37117426 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00384-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The diverse and tunable surface and bulk chemistry of MXenes affords valuable and distinctive properties, which can be useful across many components of energy storage devices. MXenes offer diverse functions in batteries and supercapacitors, including double-layer and redox-type ion storage, ion transfer regulation, steric hindrance, ion redistribution, electrocatalysts, electrodeposition substrates and so on. They have been utilized to enhance the stability and performance of electrodes, electrolytes and separators. In this Review, we present a discussion on the roles of MXene bulk and surface chemistries across various energy storage devices and clarify the correlations between their chemical properties and the required functions. We also provide guidelines for the utilization of MXene surface terminations to control the properties and improve the performance of batteries and supercapacitors. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on the challenges and opportunities of MXene-based energy storage components towards future practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinliang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhaodong Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher E Shuck
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Guojin Liang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
- Center for Advanced Nuclear Safety and Sustainable Development, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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Sarycheva A, Shanmugasundaram M, Krayev A, Gogotsi Y. Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering Imaging of Single- to Few-Layer Ti 3C 2T x MXene. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6858-6865. [PMID: 35404582 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are among the most widely researched materials due to a unique combination of high electronic conductivity and hydrophilic surface, confined in a 2D structure. Therefore, comprehensive characterization of individual MXene flakes is of great importance. Here we report on nanoscale Raman imaging of single-layer and few-layer flakes of Ti3C2Tx MXene deposited on a gold substrate using tip-enhanced Raman scattering (TERS). TERS spectra of MXene monolayers are dominated by an intense peak at around 201 cm-1 and two well-defined peaks at around 126 and 725 cm-1. Absolute intensities of these peaks decrease with increasing number of layers, though the relative intensity of the 126 and 725 cm-1 bands as compared to the 201 cm-1 band increases. The peak positions of the main MXene bands do not significantly change in flakes of different number of layers, suggesting weak coupling between the MXene layers. In addition, we observed stiffening of the 201 cm-1 vibration over the wrinkles in MXene flakes. Using TERS for nanoscale spectroscopic characterization of Ti3C2Tx allows fast Raman mapping with deep subdiffraction resolution at the laser power density on the sample about an order of magnitude lower as compared to confocal Raman measurements. Finally, we demonstrate very high environmental stability of stoichiometric single-layer MXenes and show that the intensity of TERS response from the single- and few-layer flakes of Ti3C2Tx can be used to track early stages of degradation, well before significant morphological changes appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Sarycheva
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | | | - Andrey Krayev
- HORIBA Scientific 20 Knightsbridge Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Li E, Jiang M, Li D, Wang R, Kang X, Wang T, Yan X, Liu B, Ren Z. All-optical Ti 3C 2T x modulator based on a sandwich structure. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:925-930. [PMID: 35201061 DOI: 10.1364/ao.445975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
All-optical modulators based on a MXene-Ti3C2Tx have recently garnered much attention due to their broadband light-matter interactions and ultrafast carrier dynamics. To investigate the modulation characteristics of pump intensity and pump light modulation frequency, we establish an all-optical modulator with a sandwich structure based on MXene-Ti3C2Tx/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) film. The result shows that this modulator can achieve a high modulation depth of 12.55 dB and a modulation frequency of 50 kHz corresponding to a response time at the microsecond scale. The successful preparation of the modulator is attributed to the saturable absorption characteristics of the MXene-Ti3C2Tx. This modulator has great potential in all-optical communications and ultrafast optical signal processing.
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Naguib M, Barsoum MW, Gogotsi Y. Ten Years of Progress in the Synthesis and Development of MXenes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103393. [PMID: 34396592 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in 2011, the number of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) has steadily increased. Currently more than 40 MXene compositions exist. The ultimate number is far greater and in time they may develop into the largest family of 2D materials known. MXenes' unique properties, such as their metal-like electrical conductivity reaching ≈20 000 S cm-1 , render them quite useful in a large number of applications, including energy storage, optoelectronic, biomedical, communications, and environmental. The number of MXene papers and patents published has been growing quickly. The first MXene generation is synthesized using selective etching of metal layers from the MAX phases, layered transition metal carbides and carbonitrides using hydrofluoric acid. Since then, multiple synthesis approaches have been developed, including selective etching in a mixture of fluoride salts and various acids, non-aqueous etchants, halogens, and molten salts, allowing for the synthesis of new MXenes with better control over their surface chemistries. Herein, a brief historical overview of the first 10 years of MXene research and a perspective on their synthesis and future development are provided. The fact that their production is readily scalable in aqueous environments, with high yields bodes well for their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Naguib
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Michel W Barsoum
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yury Gogotsi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- A.J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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