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Li Q, Fang G, Wu Z, Guo J, You Y, Jin H, Wan J. Advanced Microwave Strategies Facilitate Structural Engineering for Efficient Electrocatalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301874. [PMID: 38323505 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
In the dynamic realm of energy conversion, the demand for efficient electrocatalysis has surged due to the urgent need to seamlessly integrate renewable energy. Traditional electrocatalyst preparation faces challenges like poor controllability, elevated costs, and stringent operational conditions. The introduction of microwave strategies represents a transformative shift, offering rapid response, high-temperature energy, and superior controllability. Notably, non-liquid-phase advanced microwave technology holds promise for introducing novel models and discoveries compared to traditional liquid-phase microwave methods. This review examines the nuanced applications of microwave technology in electrocatalyst structural engineering, emphasizing its pivotal role in the energy paradigm and addressing challenges in conventional methods. The ensuing discussion explores the profound impact of advanced microwave strategies on electrocatalyst structural engineering, highlighting discernible advantages in optimizing performance. Various applications of advanced microwave techniques in electrocatalysis are comprehensively discussed, providing a forward-looking perspective on their untapped potential to propel transformative strides in renewable energy research. It provides a forward-looking perspective, delving into the untapped potential of microwaves to propel transformative strides in renewable energy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei, China
| | - Guangyu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayue Guo
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei, China
| | - Yongfei You
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei, China
| | - Huanyu Jin
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Institute for Sustainability, Energy, and Resources, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Jun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, Hubei, China
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2
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Li C, Zhu X, Xu M. A Theoretical Investigation into the Oligomer Structure of Carbon Dots Formed from Small-Molecule Precursors. Molecules 2024; 29:2920. [PMID: 38930988 PMCID: PMC11206910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In-depth insights into the oligomers of carbon dots (CDs) prepared from small-molecule precursors are important in the study of the carbonization mechanism of CDs and for our knowledge of their complex structure. Herein, citric acid (CA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) were used as small-molecule precursors to prepare CDs in an aqueous solution. The structure of oligomers acquired from CA and EDA in different molar ratios and their formation process were first studied using density functional theory, including the dispersion correction (DFT-D3) method. The results showed that the energy barrier of dimer cyclization was higher than that of its linear polymerization, but the free energy of the cyclized product was much lower than that of its reactant, and IPCA (5-oxo-1,-2,3,5-tetrahydroimidazo [1,2-a]pyridine-7-carboxylic acid) could therefore be obtained under certain conditions. The oligomers obtained from different molar ratios of EDA and CA were molecular clusters formed by short polyamide chains through intermolecular forces; with the exception of when the molar ratio of EDA to CA was 0.5, excessive CA did not undergo an amidation reaction but rather attained molecular clusters directly through intermolecular forces. These oligomers exhibited significant differences in their surface functional groups, which would affect the carbonization process and the surface structure of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Early Diagnosis of Major Diseases, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu 476000, China; (C.L.); (M.X.)
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3
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Wang Y, Chen N, Zhou B, Zhou X, Pu B, Bai J, Tang Q, Liu Y, Yang W. NH 3-Induced In Situ Etching Strategy Derived 3D-Interconnected Porous MXene/Carbon Dots Films for High Performance Flexible Supercapacitors. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:231. [PMID: 37851182 PMCID: PMC10584800 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
2D MXene (Ti3CNTx) has been considered as the most promising electrode material for flexible supercapacitors owing to its metallic conductivity, ultra-high capacitance, and excellent flexibility. However, it suffers from a severe restacking problem during the electrode fabrication process, limiting the ion transport kinetics and the accessibility of ions in the electrodes, especially in the direction normal to the electrode surface. Herein, we report a NH3-induced in situ etching strategy to fabricate 3D-interconnected porous MXene/carbon dots (p-MC) films for high-performance flexible supercapacitor. The pre-intercalated carbon dots (CDs) first prevent the restacking of MXene to expose more inner electrochemical active sites. The partially decomposed CDs generate NH3 for in situ etching of MXene nanosheets toward 3D-interconnected p-MC films. Benefiting from the structural merits and the 3D-interconnected ionic transmission channels, p-MC film electrodes achieve excellent gravimetric capacitance (688.9 F g-1 at 2 A g-1) and superior rate capability. Moreover, the optimized p-MC electrode is assembled into an asymmetric solid-state flexible supercapacitor with high energy density and superior cycling stability, demonstrating the great promise of p-MC electrode for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningjun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Zhou
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu, 610200, People's Republic of China
| | - Ben Pu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
- Research Institute of Frontier Science, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zhai Z, Dong X, Qi H, Tao R, Zhang P. Carbon Quantum Dots with High Photothermal Conversion Efficiency and Their Application in Photothermal Modulated Reversible Deformation of Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:3395-3405. [PMID: 37133748 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) has been paid a lot of attention, but its photothermal performance attracts less attention since preparing CQDs with high photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) is a big challenge. In this work, CQDs with an average size of 2.3 nm and a PCE of up to 59.4% under 650 nm laser irradiation were synthesized by a simple one-pot microwave-assisted solvothermal method using citric acid (CA) and urea (UR) as the precursors and N,N-dimethylformamide as the solvent under an optimized condition (CA/UR = 1/7, 150 °C, and 1 h). The as-prepared CQDs were demonstrated to have unique surface chemical states; i.e., abundant pyrrole, amide, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups were found on the surfaces of CQDs, which ensure a high PCE. These CQDs were introduced into a thermoresponsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) to form a CQDs@PNIPAM nanocomposite, and then, a bilayer hydrogel composed of CQDs@PNIPAM and polyacrylamide (PAM) was fabricated. The bilayer hydrogel can be reversibly deformed just by a light switching on/off operation. Based on the excellent photothermal performance, the developed CQDs are expected to be used in photothermal therapy, photoacoustic imaging, and other biomedical fields, and the CQDs@PNIPAM hydrogel nanocomposite is promising to be applied in intelligent device systems as a light-driven smart flexible material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhuo Zhai
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xipeng Dong
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongxia Qi
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ranting Tao
- Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pudun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Schneider H, Strauss V, Vogl S, Antonietti M, Filonenko S. Eutectic Media Open a Synthetic Route to Oligocitrazinic Acid Fluorophores of Purple Hue. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300180. [PMID: 37358187 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Under isochoric and solvent-free conditions, the reaction between ammonium formate and citric acid results in a deeply purple reaction product with fluorescent properties. This brings this reaction in the realm of bio-based fluorophores and bottom-up carbon nanodots from citric acid. The reaction conditions are optimized in terms of UV-vis spectroscopic properties and, subsequently, the main reaction product is separated. While the structural analysis does not give any indication for carbon nanodots in a general sense, it points towards the formation of molecular fluorophores that consist of oligomerized citrazinic acid derivatives. Furthermore, EPR spectroscopy reveals the presence of stable free radicals in the product. We hypothesize that such open-shell structures may play a general role in molecular fluorophores from citric acid and are not yet sufficiently explored. Therefore, we believe that analysis of these newly discovered fluorophores may contribute to a better understanding of the properties of fluorophores and CND from citric acid in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Schneider
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sarah Vogl
- Department of Chemistry/Functional Materials, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 40, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Svitlana Filonenko
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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6
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Wang D, Chen Y, Xia T, Claudino M, Melendez A, Ni X, Dong C, Liu Z, Yang J. Citric Acid-Based Intrinsic Band-Shifting Photoluminescent Materials. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0152. [PMID: 37256199 PMCID: PMC10226408 DOI: 10.34133/research.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid, an important metabolite with abundant reactive groups, has been demonstrated as a promising starting material to synthesize diverse photoluminescent materials including small molecules, polymers, and carbon dots. The unique citrate chemistry enables the development of a series of citric acid-based molecules and nanomaterials with intriguing intrinsic band-shifting behavior, where the emission wavelength shifts as the excitation wavelength increases, ideal for chromatic imaging and many other applications. In this review, we discuss the concept of "intrinsic band-shifting photoluminescent materials", introduce the recent advances in citric acid-based intrinsic band-shifting materials, and discuss their potential applications such as chromatic imaging and multimodal sensing. It is our hope that the insightful and forward-thinking discussion in this review will spur the innovation and applications of the unique band-shifting photoluminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingbowen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yizhu Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tunan Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mariana Claudino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Allison Melendez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Cheng Dong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Materials Research Institute,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences,
The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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7
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de Medeiros TV, Macina A, Bicalho HA, Naccache R. Engineering the Surface Chemistry and Morphology of Polymeric Carbon Nitrides Towards Greener Heterogeneous Catalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300541. [PMID: 37058095 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel remains one of the most promising alternatives to replace fossil fuel-derived petrodiesel. Nonetheless, conventional biodiesel synthesis relies on homogeneous alkali-based catalysts that involve long and tedious purification steps , increasing biodiesel production costs. Heterogeneous catalysts have emerged as promising alternatives to circumvent these drawbacks, as they can easily be recovered and reused. Herein, polymeric carbon nitride dots and nanosheets are synthesized through a solid-phase reaction between urea and sodium citrate. Their morphology and surface chemistry are tuned by varying the precursor's ratio, and the materials are investigated as catalysts in the transesterification reaction of canola oil to biodiesel. A conversion of > 98% is achieved using a 5 wt% catalyst loading, oil to methanol ratio of 1:36 at 90 °C for 4 h, with the performance maintained over at least five reuse cycles. In addition, the effect of the transesterification reaction parameters on the reaction kinetics is evaluated, which follows a pseudo-first-order (PFO) regime. Combined with a deep understanding of the catalyst's surface, these results have allowed us to propose a reaction mechanism similar to the one observed for homogenous alkali catalysts. These carbon nitride-based nanoparticles offer a metal-free and cost-effective alternative to conventional homogeneous and metal-based heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayline V de Medeiros
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alexia Macina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Hudson A Bicalho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rafik Naccache
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Centre for NanoScience Research, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
- Quebec Centre for Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, H4B 1R6, Canada
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8
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Zhang NX, Liu C, He ZL, Li Q, Chen S. One-Pot Synthesis of Robust Fluorescent Nanocomposite Gel via Frontal Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200832. [PMID: 36574621 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanocomposite gels have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent optical properties, as well as enhanced mechanical strength originating from the nanoparticles. At present, two-step methods are usually employed, where fluorescent nanoparticles are firstly prepared, followed by mixing with gel precursor to achieve the final products after gelation, which suffer from the disadvantages of a tedious and time-consuming process. Thus, the development of a facile strategy is highly desirable, which still remains an obstacle. Herein, a new one-pot synthesis method towards robust fluorescent nanocomposite gels via frontal polymerization (FP) is proposed, where small molecular precursors (citric acid (CA) and urea, or L-cysteine) and gel precursor (vinyl monomers) are mixed together as co-reactants. During the FP process, a lot of heat release gives rise to the generation of carbonized polymer dots (CPDs). Thus, companying with the propagating of the polymerization, the production of fluorescent CPDs/gel composite is completed. In addition, as a nanofiller, CPDs dramatically enhance the mechanical property of the CPDs/gel composite. This work proposes a new fast and efficient one-pot strategy for the production of CPDs/gel composite, which will guide the development of high-performance polymer nanocomposites through an in situ synchronous reaction fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Xiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals and Functional Polymer Materials, Nanjing Tech University, No. 5 Xin Mofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
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9
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Reva Y, Jana B, Langford D, Kinzelmann M, Bo Y, Schol PR, Scharl T, Zhao X, Crisp RW, Drewello T, Clark T, Cadranel A, Guldi DM. Understanding the Visible Absorption of Electron Accepting and Donating CNDs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2207238. [PMID: 36748284 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) synthesized from citric acid and formyl derivatives, that is, formamide, urea, or N-methylformamide, stand out through their broad-range visible-light absorbance and extraordinary photostability. Despite their potential, their use has thus far been limited to imaging research. This work has now investigated the link between CNDs' photochemical properties and their chemical structure. Electron-rich, yellow carbon nanodots (yCNDs) are obtained with in situ addition of NaOH during the synthesis, whereas otherwise electron-poor, red carbon nanodots (rCNDs) are obtained. These properties originate from the reduced and oxidized dimer of citrazinic acid within the matrix of yCNDs and rCNDs, respectively. Remarkably, yCNDs deposited on TiO2 give a 30% higher photocurrent density of 0.7 mA cm-2 at +0.3 V versus Ag/AgCl under Xe-lamp irradiation (450 nm long-pass filter, 100 mW cm-2 ) than rCNDs. The difference in overall photoelectric performance is due to fundamentally different charge-transfer mechanisms. These depend on either the electron-accepting or the electron-donating nature of the CNDs, as is evident from photoelectrochemical tests with TiO2 and NiO and time-resolved spectroscopic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yana Reva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bikash Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Daniel Langford
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marina Kinzelmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yifan Bo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schol
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Ryan W Crisp
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Chair of Chemistry of Thin Film Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Drewello
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Computer-Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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10
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Xue S, Li P, Sun L, An L, Qu D, Wang X, Sun Z. The Formation Process and Mechanism of Carbon Dots Prepared from Aromatic Compounds as Precursors: A Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2206180. [PMID: 36650992 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon dots are a novel type of nanomaterial. Due to their excellent optical properties, they have extensive application prospects in many fields. Studying the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of CDs will assist scientists in understanding the synthesis of CDs and guide more profound applications. Due to their conjugated structures, aromatic compounds have been continuously used to synthesize CDs, with emissions ranging from blue to NIR. There is a lack of a systematic summary of the formation process and fluorescence mechanism of aromatic precursors to form CDs. In this review, the formation process of CDs is first categorized into three main classes according to the precursor types of aromatic compounds: amines, phenols, and polycyclics. And then, the fluorescence mechanism of CDs synthesized from aromatic compounds is summarized. The challenges and prospects are proposed in the last section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xue
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Lu Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Li An
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Dan Qu
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Zaicheng Sun
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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11
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Kasprzyk W, Świergosz T, Romańczyk PP, Feldmann J, Stolarczyk JK. The role of molecular fluorophores in the photoluminescence of carbon dots derived from citric acid: current state-of-the-art and future perspectives. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:14368-14384. [PMID: 36156633 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), an emerging class of nanomaterials, have attracted considerable attention due to their intriguing photophysical properties. Despite their indisputable potential of utilization in many fascinating areas of research and life, some fundamental aspects concerning their structure and the origin of their photoluminescence (PL) properties still await clarification. The mechanism of PL emission of CDs is associated with their structure, which is dependent on the carbonization process. At the initial stages of CD synthesis via a bottom-up approach, molecular fluorophores are considered to dominate the optical characteristics of the resulting nanomaterials. In this review, the recent progress in the use of molecular state theory for explanation of the structure-property relationship in CDs is summarized. This review focuses exclusively on the molecular fluorophores existing in nanomaterials prepared from citric acid (CA) as one of the most frequent carbon sources reported for the bottom-up synthesis of CDs. Consequently, the most relevant transformations of CA and the history of molecular fluorophores derived from it are described, followed by an in-depth discussion on their relevance in understanding the specific photophysical properties of blue-, green-, and red-emitting CDs. Finally, the challenging issues and future perspectives of molecular state PL mechanism exploration in CDs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr P Romańczyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, Munich, 80539, Germany
| | - Jacek K Stolarczyk
- Chair for Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich, Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Königinstrasse 10, Munich, 80539, Germany
- Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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12
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Terracina A, Armano A, Meloni M, Panniello A, Minervini G, Madonia A, Cannas M, Striccoli M, Malfatti L, Messina F. Photobleaching and Recovery Kinetics of a Palette of Carbon Nanodots Probed by In Situ Optical Spectroscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36038-36051. [PMID: 35895314 PMCID: PMC9376924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a family of fluorescent nanoparticles displaying a wide range of interesting properties, which make them attractive for potential applications in different fields like bioimaging, photocatalysis, and many others. However, despite many years of dedicated studies, wide variations exist in the literature concerning the reported photostability of CDs, and even the photoluminescence mechanism is still unclear. Furthermore, an increasing number of recent studies have highlighted the photobleaching (PB) of CDs under intense UV or visible light beams. PB phenomena need to be fully addressed to optimize practical uses of CDs and can also provide information on the fundamental mechanism underlying their fluorescence. Moreover, the lack of systematic studies comparing several types of CDs displaying different fluorescence properties represents another gap in the literature. In this study, we explored the optical properties of a full palette of CDs displaying a range from blue to red emissions, synthesized using different routes and varying precursors. We investigated the photostability of different CDs by observing in situ their time-resolved fluorescence degradation or optical absorption changes under equivalent experimental conditions and laser irradiation. The results about different PB kinetics clearly indicate that even CDs showing comparable emission properties may exhibit radically different resistances to PB, suggesting systematic connections between the resistance to PB, the characteristic spectral range of emission, and CD quantum yields. To exploit the PB dynamics as a powerful tool to investigate CD photophysics, we also carried out dedicated experiments in a partial illumination geometry, allowing us to analyze the recovery of the fluorescence due to diffusion. Based on the experimental results, we conclude that the nature of the CD fluorescence cannot be solely ascribable to small optically active molecules free diffusing in solution, contributing to shed light on one of the most debated issues in the photophysics of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Terracina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Angelo Armano
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Manuela Meloni
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology,
CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Panniello
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluca Minervini
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department
of Electrical and Information Engineering, Polytechnic of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonino Madonia
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Cannas
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Marinella Striccoli
- CNR-IPCF-Bari
Division, c/o Chemistry Department, and Chemistry Department, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Malfatti
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Laboratory of Materials Science and Nanotechnology,
CR-INSTM, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Messina
- Dipartimento
di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli
Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
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13
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Photoluminescence mechanisms of red-emissive carbon dots derived from non-conjugated molecules. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:1450-1457. [PMID: 36546188 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Red-emissive carbon dots (R-CDs) have been widely studied because of their potential application in tissue imaging and optoelectronic devices. At present, most R-CDs are synthesized by using aromatic precursors, but the synthesis of R-CDs from non-aromatic precursors is challenging, and the emission mechanism remains unclear. Herein, different R-CDs were rationally synthesized using citric acid (CA), a prototype non-aromatic precursor, with the assistance of ammonia. Their structural evolution and optical mechanism were investigated. The addition of NH3·H2O played a key role in the synthesis of CA-based R-CDs, which shifted the emission wavelength of CA-based CDs from 423 to 667 nm. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis indicated that the amino groups served as N dopants and promoted the formation of localized conjugated domains through an intermolecular amide ring, thereby inducing a significant emission redshift. The red-emissive mechanism of CDs was further confirmed by control experiments using other CA-like molecules (e.g., aconitic acid, tartaric acid, aspartic acid, malic acid, and maleic acid) as precursors. MS, nuclear magnetic resonance characterization, and computational modeling revealed that the main carbon chain length of CA-like precursors tailored the cyclization mode, leading to hexatomic, pentatomic, unstable three/four-membered ring systems or cyclization failure. Among these systems, the hexatomic ring led to the largest emission redshift (244 nm, known for CA-based CDs). This work determined the origin of red emission in CA-based CDs, which would guide research on the controlled synthesis of R-CDs from other non-aromatic precursors.
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14
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Omar NAS, Fen YW, Irmawati R, Hashim HS, Ramdzan NSM, Fauzi NIM. A Review on Carbon Dots: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application in Optical Sensor for Environmental Monitoring. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142365. [PMID: 35889589 PMCID: PMC9321155 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of carbon dots (CDs), either using green or chemical precursors, has inevitably led to their wide range application, from bioimaging to optoelectronic devices. The reported precursors and properties of these CDs have opened new opportunities for the future development of high-quality CDs and applications. Green precursors were classified into fruits, vegetables, flowers, leaves, seeds, stem, crop residues, fungi/bacteria species, and waste products, while the chemical precursors were classified into acid reagents and non-acid reagents. This paper quickly reviews ten years of the synthesis of CDs using green and chemical precursors. The application of CDs as sensing materials in optical sensor techniques for environmental monitoring, including the detection of heavy metal ions, phenol, pesticides, and nitroaromatic explosives, was also discussed in this review. This profound review will offer knowledge for the upcoming community of researchers interested in synthesizing high-quality CDs for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Alia Sheh Omar
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Yap Wing Fen
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ramli Irmawati
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Hazwani Suhaila Hashim
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Nur Syahira Md Ramdzan
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.S.O.); (R.I.); (H.S.H.); (N.S.M.R.)
| | - Nurul Illya Muhamad Fauzi
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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15
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Veneti G, Chatzimitakos T, Stalikas C. Melamine sponge functionalized with carbon nanodots for the extraction of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and musks from environmental samples prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1679:463375. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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16
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Saipanya S, Waenkaew P, Maturost S, Pongpichayakul N, Promsawan N, Kuimalee S, Namsar O, Income K, Kuntalue B, Themsirimongkon S, Jakmunee J. Catalyst Composites of Palladium and N-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots-Decorated Silica and Reduced Graphene Oxide for Enhancement of Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17741-17755. [PMID: 35664576 PMCID: PMC9161268 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pd-based catalysts consisting of Pd nanoparticles on nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) modified silica (SiO2) and reduced graphene oxide have been synthesized through reduction for use as catalysts for improved formic acid oxidation. The structure, morphology, chemical composition, functional groups, and porosity of the synthesized catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) spectroscopy, respectively. Their electrocatalytic activities were also evaluated by electrochemical measurements. The differences in the average particle sizes found for Pd/N-CQDs-SiO2-rGO, Pd/N-CQDs-rGO, and Pd/rGO were 4.81, 5.56, and 6.31 nm, respectively. It was also found that the Pd/xN-CQDs-SiO2-yrGO composite catalysts (where x and y is 1 to 4) can significantly improve the activity and stability toward formic acid electrooxidation compared with Pd/rGO and commercial Pt/C. The mass activities of Pd/N-CQDs-SiO2-rGO, Pd/N-CQDs-rGO, and Pd/rGO were 951.4, 607.8, and 157.6 mA g-1, respectively, which was ca. 6-7 times compared with Pd/rGO and approximately 3-4 times compared with commercial Pt/C. With low potential for CO oxidation and high current intensity, the composites of rGO, SiO2, and N-CQDs into Pd-based catalysts improved the catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst for the oxidation of formic acid in acidic media. The value of the Tafel slope designated that the chief path of the prepared catalysts is the dehydrogenation process. These prepared catalysts exhibit promise toward the development of high-performance Pd-based electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surin Saipanya
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Paralee Waenkaew
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Suphitsara Maturost
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Napapha Promsawan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Surasak Kuimalee
- Industrial
Chemistry Innovation Program, Faculty of Science, Maejo University, Chiang
Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Orapim Namsar
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kamolwich Income
- Department
of Primary Industries and Mines, Ministry
of Industry, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Budsabong Kuntalue
- Electron
Microscope Research and Service Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Jaroon Jakmunee
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang
Mai University, Chiang
Mai 50200, Thailand
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17
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Otten M, Hildebrandt M, Kühnemuth R, Karg M. Pyrolysis and Solvothermal Synthesis for Carbon Dots: Role of Purification and Molecular Fluorophores. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6148-6157. [PMID: 35502848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the interest in carbon dots, graphene dots, or similar carbon-based nanoparticles has increased considerably. This interest is based on potentially high fluorescent quantum yields, controllable excitation-dependent emission, low toxicity, and convenient reaction conditions. Carbon dots are often seen as a promising alternative to classical semiconductor quantum dots that are typically made from toxic semiconductor materials. Surprisingly, aspects like the atomic structure, composition, mechanism of formation, and precise understanding of the photophysical properties of carbon dots are still mostly unknown. The large number of different precursor systems and the variety in synthesis routes make a direct comparison of different systems difficult. To advance this, we went for a systematic approach and compared the results of four synthesis routes using two different precursor systems. We used different spectroscopy and microscopy methods including fluorescence correlation spectroscopy to characterize the different reaction products. We found that for syntheses solely based on citric acid as the precursor, we obtain particles where the emission wavelength is strongly dependent on the excitation wavelength despite relatively low quantum yields. In comparison, when urea is added as a nitrogen doping reactant, we observe vastly increased quantum yields. By making use of a combination of dialysis and column chromatography, we were able to isolate various luminescent species with high quantum yields and verify the existence of different molecular fluorophores. A detailed and consistent characterization of the reaction products during the course of purification revealed strong interactions between molecular fluorophores and larger reaction products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Otten
- Institut für Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Marco Hildebrandt
- Institut für Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Ralf Kühnemuth
- Institut für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Institut für Kolloide und Nanooptik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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18
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Sivaselvam S, Viswanathan C, Ponpandian N. One-step preparation of N-doped grapheme quantum dots with high quantum yield for bioimaging and highly sensitive electrochemical detection of isoniazid. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 135:212731. [PMID: 35929207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional techniques for synthesizing GQDs have a poor quantum yield (QY) that restricts their biological applications. Herein, we present a rapid, cost-effective and high quantum yield synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) through a scientific microwave reactor. The reaction parameters like microwave irradiation time, temperature, precursor concentration and pressure were optimized for achieving high quantum yield. The prepared N-GQDs exhibit bright blue fluorescence and excitation independent emission property with a quantum yield of 42.81%. In-vivo investigations on C. elegans revealed that the as-prepared N-GQDs are exceptionally biocompatible and maintain the normal physiological functioning of the primary and secondary targeted organs in nematodes. The synergetic effect of intestinal barrier and defecation behavior mitigates N-GQDs translocation into reproductive organs of nematode. In addition, the N-GQDs modified GCE was tested for electrochemical sensing characteristics towards the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid (INZ). The N-GQDs showed appreciable electrocatalytic performance towards INZ with high sensitivity (3.76 μA μM-1 cm-1). The differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis of N-GQDs exhibit a lower detection limit of 10.91 nM for INZ. The N-GQDs modified sensor exhibits good reproducibility, excellent anti-interference ability and excellent analytical performance for INZ in real samples like human blood serum and urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sivaselvam
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - C Viswanathan
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India
| | - N Ponpandian
- Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, India.
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19
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Sheffield Z, Alafeef M, Moitra P, Ray P, Pan D. N-gene-complementary antisense-oligonucleotide directed molecular aggregation of dual-colour carbon dots, leading to efficient fluorometric sensing of SARS-COV-2 RNA. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:5112-5120. [PMID: 35297914 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07169f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic punctuated the need for rapid, mass testing for early detection of viral infection. Carbon dots are easily synthesized, cost-effective fluorescent nanoparticles whose surface functionalities enable facile conjugation with biorecognition elements suitable for molecular detection of viral RNA. Herein, we report that a pair of complementary antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) sequences can lead to a highly specific molecular aggregation of dual colour carbon dots (CDs) in the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The nanoprobes used ASOs highly specific to the N-gene of SARS-COV-2. When the ASOs are conjugated to blue and yellow citric acid-derived CDs, the combination of the ASO-CD pairs facilitates aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) of the measured fluorescence after hybridization with SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We found the sensor capable of differentiating between MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 samples and was found to have a limit of detection of 81 copies per μL. Additionally, we used dialysis to demonstrate that the change in emission upon aggregation is dependent on the compositional heterogeneity of the conjugated-carbon dot mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Sheffield
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimroe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Maha Alafeef
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimroe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimroe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Priyanka Ray
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimroe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, Maryland 21250, USA.
- Center for Blood Oxygen Transport and Hemostasis, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, 670 W Baltimroe St., Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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20
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Batra G, Sharma S, Kaushik K, Rao C, Kumar P, Kumar K, Ghosh S, Jariwala D, Stach EA, Yadav A, Nandi CK. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of pyrene derived carbon nano dots: a single-particle level analysis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:3568-3578. [PMID: 35179158 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07190d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up approach has been widely used for large-scale synthesis of carbon nanodots (CNDs). However, the structure and origin of photoluminescence in CNDs synthesized by the bottom-up approach is still a subject of debate. Here, using a series of separation techniques like solvent extraction, column chromatography, gel electrophoresis and dialysis, we present three distinct fluorescent components in CNDs synthesized from pyrene, a well-known precursor molecule. The separated components have qualitative and quantitatively different absorption and emission spectral features including quantum yield (QY). Optical and vibrational spectroscopy techniques combined with electron microscopy indicate that a subtle balance between the extent of graphitization and the presence of molecular fluorophores determines the nature of fluorescence emission. A substantial difference in photons/cycle, single-particle fluorescence blinking, ON-OFF photoswitching strongly supports the distinct nature of the components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Batra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Shubham Sharma
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Kush Kaushik
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Chethana Rao
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA-19104, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA-19104, USA
| | - Krishan Kumar
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA-19104, USA
| | - Eric A Stach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA-19104, USA
| | - Aditya Yadav
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
| | - Chayan Kanti Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India.
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Mandi, HP-175075, India
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21
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Dhamodharan D, Byun HS, Varsha Shree M, Veeman D, Natrayan L, Stalin B. Carbon Nanodots: Synthesis, Mechanisms for Bio-electrical Applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Song L, Yu J, Fang K, Shi F, Wan W, Hao L, Zhao Z, Chen W, Xia Y. A novel organometallic magnesium complexes with aggregation induced emission properties: synthesis, characterization, and fluorescent fibres applications. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100888. [PMID: 35174606 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel organomagnesium complex with outstanding aggregation induced emission (AIE) properties was synthesized using dibenzoylmethane (DBM) as the ligand. The structure of the complex was confirmed to be one magnesium ion coordinated to the diones groups of two DBM molecules, and the magnesium ion adopted a distorted octahedrally geometry. The obvious emission was found for Mg(DBM) 2 powder and not in the solution, which was the first reported organomagnesium complex with AIE property. The properties of complexes were investigated by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory calculations. Moreover, the Mg(DBM) 2 solution dispersed in fifilter paper was nearly colorless, which could be made into a convenient anti-counterfeiting and encryption tool. Mg(DBM) 2 /alginate fibres were prepared by wet-spinning process and further processed into paper, which could be used in the fields of sensor, anti-counterfeiting and encryption. Sweat contains a wealth of chemical information that could potentially indicate the body's deeper biomolecular state. The prepared fluorescent fibres were used to detect sweat due to its non-toxic, low-cost efficient and fast response to analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, 917053, CHINA
| | - Junke Yu
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, CHINA
| | - Kuanjun Fang
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, CHINA
| | - Furui Shi
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, CHINA
| | - Wenming Wan
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, CHINA
| | - Longyun Hao
- Qingdao University, College Textiles Clothing, CHINA
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Qingdao University, College & Textiles Clothing, CHINA
| | - Weichao Chen
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, 308, Ningxia Road, 266000, Qingdao, CHINA
| | - Yanzhi Xia
- Qingdao University, College Textiles & Clothing, CHINA
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23
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Domingo-Tafalla B, Martínez-Ferrero E, Franco F, Palomares-Gil E. Applications of Carbon Dots for the Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO 2. Molecules 2022; 27:1081. [PMID: 35164346 PMCID: PMC8840083 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The photocatalytic and electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 has the potential to provide valuable products, such as chemicals or fuels of interest, at low cost while maintaining a circular carbon cycle. In this context, carbon dots possess optical and electrochemical properties that make them suitable candidates to participate in the reaction, either as a single component or forming part of more elaborate catalytic systems. In this review, we describe several strategies where the carbon dots participate, both with amorphous and graphitic structures, in the photocatalysis or electrochemical catalysis of CO2 to provide different carbon-containing products of interest. The role of the carbon dots is analyzed as a function of their redox and light absorption characteristics and their complementarity with other known catalytic systems. Moreover, detailed information about synthetic procedures is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriu Domingo-Tafalla
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
- Departament d’Enginyeria Electrònica, Elèctrica i Automàtica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Avda. Països Catalans, 26, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Martínez-Ferrero
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
| | - Federico Franco
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
| | - Emilio Palomares-Gil
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, E-43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.D.-T.); (E.M.-F.)
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E08010 Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Qu Y, Bai X, Li D, Zhang X, Liang C, Zheng W, Qu S. Solution-processable carbon dots with efficient solid-state red/near-infrared emission. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 613:547-553. [PMID: 35063786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) emerge as promising luminescent materials for potential applications in optoelectronics on basis of their merits including low cost, eco-friendliness and strong, color-tunable photoluminescence (PL). However, the research on solid-state emissive CDs is still at the primary stage because of the aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) of PL and their poor film-formation ability. In this work, we produce CDs with branched-polyethylenimine (b-PEI) chemically functionalized on the surfaces. The thus newly synthesized P-CDs successfully overcome the bottleneck of ACQ effect and display efficient red and NIR emission in aggregate state. Under the excitation of 520 nm, a strong red emission (maxima of 640 nm) with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 21% was observed for the P-CDs in neat film. Moreover, this design strategy endows the P-CDs with good film-formation ability via solution spin-coating, which significantly increases its value for the film-based optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Qu
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Xuewei Bai
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Di Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China
| | - Chao Liang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau
| | - Weitao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, PR China.
| | - Songnan Qu
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa 999078, Macau.
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25
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Luo H, Lari L, Kim H, Hérou S, Tanase LC, Lazarov VK, Titirici MM. Structural evolution of carbon dots during low temperature pyrolysis. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:910-918. [PMID: 34988567 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07015k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are an emerging class of photoluminescent material. Their unique optical properties arise from the discrete energy levels in their electronic states, which directly relate to their crystalline and chemical structure. It is expected that when CDs go through structural changes via chemical reduction or thermal annealing, their energy levels will be altered, inducing unique optoelectronic properties such as solid-state photoluminescence (PL). However, the detailed structural evolution and how the optoelectronic characteristics of CDs are affected remain unclear. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to understand how the structure of CDs prepared by hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) rearranges from a highly functionalised disordered structure into a more ordered graphitic structure. In this paper, detailed structural characterisation and in situ TEM were conducted to reveal the structural evolution of CDs during the carbonisation process, which have demonstrated a growth in aromatic domains and reduction in oxidation sites. These structural features are correlated with their near-infrared (NIR) solid-state PL properties, which may find a lot of practical applications such as temperature sensing, solid-state display lighting and anti-counterfeit security inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College Road, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Leonardo Lari
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Hyunjeong Kim
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba-West, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Servann Hérou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College Road, Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Liviu Cristian Tanase
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomiştilor 405A, 077125 Măgurele-Ilfov, Romania
| | - Vlado K Lazarov
- Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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26
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Beker SA, Khudur LS, Cole I, Ball AS. Catalytic degradation of methylene blue using iron and nitrogen-containing carbon dots as Fenton-like catalysts. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots were modified with iron and nitrogen groups to produce specific surface groups and charge which demonstrated high efficiency for the Fenton-like degradation of methylene blue whilst markedly minimising its effluent toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A. Beker
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Leadin S. Khudur
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ivan Cole
- Advanced Manufacturing and Fabrication, School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Ball
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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27
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Kothalawala NL, Kim SW, Kim N, Henderson CJ, Seol M, Yang F, Kwak SY, Hwang KY, Son WJ, Shin HJ, Choi H, Kim BS, Kim DY. Identifying molecular fluorophore impurities in the synthesis of low-oxygen-content, carbon nanodots derived from pyrene. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00430e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Determination of the formation of bright molecular fluorphores during the synthesis of pyrene-derived CNDs, through extensive separation and systematic characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang Won Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Namhee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Collan J. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
| | - Minsu Seol
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506, USA
| | - Seung-Yeon Kwak
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Young Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Son
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jin Shin
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonho Choi
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506, USA
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28
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Jana B, Reva Y, Scharl T, Strauss V, Cadranel A, Guldi DM. Carbon Nanodots for All-in-One Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20122-20132. [PMID: 34843242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) were photochemically altered to produce dihydrogen under light irradiation. Within the complex structure of CNDs, photo-oxidation takes place at citrazinic acid molecular fluorophore sites. Important is the fact that the resulting CND materials have a dual function. On one hand, they absorb light, and on the other hand, they photo- and electrocatalytically produce dihydrogen from water and seawater, without any external photosensitizer or cocatalyst. Record HER activities of 15.15 and 19.70 mmol(H2) g(catalyst)-1 h-1 were obtained after 1 h of 75 mW/cm2 Xe lamp illumination, from water and seawater, respectively. This impressive performance outweighs the remaining structural uncertainties. A full-fledged physicochemical investigation based on an arsenal of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic characterizations together with microscopy enabled a comprehensive look into the reaction mechanism. For an efficient dihydrogen formation, a precatalytic activation by means of reduction with a sacrificial electron donor is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Jana
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yana Reva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharl
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- Max Planck Institut für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alejandro Cadranel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Química Física de Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Stergiou A, Tagmatarchis N. Interfacing Carbon Dots for Charge-Transfer Processes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006005. [PMID: 33522118 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are a booming material and the most recent incomer in the big family of carbon nanostructures. Specifically, CDs are nanosized fluorescent core-shell nanoparticles with tunable absorption and emission spectra, with high solubility in aqueous media and common organic solvents. Herein, the origins and the development of these unique nanoscale structures are discussed, key synthetic routes are briefly described, and the utilization of CDs in light-induced charge-transfer schemes is mainly focused upon. Beyond the impact of the CD's surface on the photoluminescence properties, functionalization, by covalent or supramolecular means, permits controllable incorporation of new functionalities with novel photophysical properties. Furthermore, the dual nature of CDs as electron donating or electron accepting species, unveiled upon interfacing them with organic chromophores, highlights their potentiality in managing diverse charge-transfer processes. Novel mechanisms, such as symmetry-breaking photoinduced charge-transfer can be activated upon covalent functionalization of CDs with organic dyes. Without a doubt, participation of CDs in energy conversion schemes opens up a wide avenue that may lead to the development of novel prototype devices suitable for technological applications and related to photonics and optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Stergiou
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
| | - Nikos Tagmatarchis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, Athens, 11635, Greece
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30
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Wan J, Zhang X, Fu K, Zhang X, Shang L, Su Z. Highly fluorescent carbon dots as novel theranostic agents for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:17236-17253. [PMID: 34651156 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr03740d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging fluorescent nanomaterial, carbon dots (CDs) exhibit many attractive physicochemical features, including excellent photoluminescence properties, good biocompatibility, low toxicity and the ability to maintain the unique properties of the raw material. Therefore, CDs have been intensively pursued for a wide range of applications, such as bioimaging, drug delivery, biosensors and antibacterial agents. In this review, we systematically summarize the synthesis methods of these CDs, their photoluminescence mechanisms, and the approaches for enhancing their fluorescence properties. Particularly, we summarize the recent research on the synthesis of CDs from drug molecules as raw materials and introduce the representative application aspects of these fascinating CDs. Finally, we look into the future direction of CDs in the biomedical field and discuss the challenges encountered in the current development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiafeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Kun Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi Joint Laboratory of Graphene (NPU), Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
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31
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Ren S, Liu B, Han G, Zhao H, Zhang Y. Surface chemistry in calcium capped carbon quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12149-12156. [PMID: 34231641 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02763h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal carbon quantum dots (C-dots) have attracted a lot of attention because of their excellent optical properties for various types of applications. Due to the complicated structure of C-dots, the photoluminescence (PL) mechanism of C-dots is still unclear. In particular, it is still a big challenge to understand well the surface chemistry of C-dots. In this work, we used a vacuum-heating approach to produce high-quality C-dots. With different purification procedures, the surface chemistry of C-dots can be well-controlled. Removal of Ca2+ by Na2CO3 led to the disappearance of the absorption at 405 nm and a decrease of the quantum yield. In addition, the Na2CO3 treated C-dots exhibited an excitation-dependent PL behavior. These results confirmed that Ca2+ can interact with the surface functional group of C[double bond, length as m-dash]O of the C-dots, forming a stable structure surrounding the C-dot core, which contributed to a high quantum yield (QY) of 65%, excitation-independent PL behavior and absorption at 405 nm. Furthermore, the PL of the C-dots is strongly dependent on the pH, indicating that the Ca2+ capped C-dots could be used as pH indicators. Our finding provides clear evidence for the surface-chemistry dependent PL behavior of C-dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihuan Ren
- College of Textiles & Clothing, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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32
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Bhuyan R, Bramhaiah K, Bhattacharyya S. Specific locations of blue and green-emitting units in dual emissive carbon dots and their reversible emitting properties due to switchable inter-chromophoric interactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 605:364-372. [PMID: 34332410 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are the unique class of luminescent nanomaterials consist of various chromophoric units heterogeneously distributed throughout the nanoparticle, resulting intriguing multistate emissive properties. Herein, we have critically investigated the specific locations of the blue and green-emitting centers inside dual emissive CDs by steady-state and time-resolved polarized emission study. It is further clarified by a temperature-dependent fluorescence study for both the emitting domains. Results suggest that the blue chromophoric units are located at the interior part of CDs, while green units are mostly at the exterior region. Furthermore, we have investigated the solvent-dependent inter-chromophoric interactions between the two emissive domains by the Time-Resolved Area Normalized Emission Spectroscopy (TRANES). Results suggest that at polar aprotic solvent acetone, time-dependent positive evolution of green-emitting states and negative evolution of blue emissive domains have been observed. This reversible emitting properties evolve due to the excited state energy migration from blue emissive domains to green emissive domains at polar aprotic medium, while in the case of polar protic solvent water, this phenomenon is missing. This switchable inter-chromophoric interaction are correlated further with the inter-particle interactions of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Govt. ITI Building (transit campus), Engg. School Road, Berhampur, Odisha 760010 India
| | - Kommula Bramhaiah
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Govt. ITI Building (transit campus), Engg. School Road, Berhampur, Odisha 760010 India
| | - Santanu Bhattacharyya
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Govt. ITI Building (transit campus), Engg. School Road, Berhampur, Odisha 760010 India.
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33
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Kompany-Zareh M, Bagheri S. Perception on aggregation induced multicolor emission and emission centers in carbon nanodots using successive dilution, anion exchange chromatography, and multi-way statistics. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13996. [PMID: 34234191 PMCID: PMC8263574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration in the way of understanding the optical behavior and structure of carbon nanodots has been increased due to their vast application. Their emission dependency on excitation wavelengths is the more prevalent and controversial subject. In this report we considered the optical structure of hydrothermally synthesized carbon nanodots using citric acid and 2,3-diaminopyridine as precursors. The presence of different emission centers experimented through anion exchange chromatography which resulted in fractions with more unique optical structures. The quantum confinement effect and energy exchange between different types of carbon nanodots, due to aggregation in higher concentration levels, was studied applying a stepwise dilution experiment. Analysis of the experimental data was done through the parallel factor analysis and the trajectory pattern recognition which resolved more about optical interactions and the presence of different emission centers in different particles. Results from infrared spectroscopy confirmed the dominating density of carboxyl functional groups on the nanodots with negative surface charges and higher influence of amine groups on dots with positive surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Kompany-Zareh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran. .,Trace Analysis Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 15000, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saeed Bagheri
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences, 45137-66731, Zanjan, Iran
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34
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Ai L, Yang Y, Wang B, Chang J, Tang Z, Yang B, Lu S. Insights into photoluminescence mechanisms of carbon dots: advances and perspectives. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:839-856. [PMID: 36654140 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are potentially useful in many areas such as bioimaging, light-emitting diodes, and sensing because of their excellent optical properties, high biocompatibility, and low toxicity. Knowledge of their photoluminescence (PL) mechanisms, which have been widely studied, is of significance in guiding the synthesis and promoting applications of CDs with tunable PL emissions. However, the intrinsic mechanism of PL emission remains unclear, and a unified mechanism has not been found because of differences in particle structures. This review generalizes the categories of CDs, noting their structural diversity. Three types of PL mechanism pertaining to structural differences are outlined: internal factors dominated emission (including the conjugation effect, the surface state, and the synergistic effect), external factors dominated emission (including the molecular state and the environment effect), and crosslink-enhanced emission. Optical applications of CDs are also briefly mentioned. Finally, the prospects for research into PL mechanisms are discussed, noting the remaining challenges and directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ai
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yisen Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Boyang Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Junbiao Chang
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhiyong Tang
- Henan Institute of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Siyu Lu
- Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Li L, Li Y, Ye Y, Guo R, Wang A, Zou G, Hou H, Ji X. Kilogram-Scale Synthesis and Functionalization of Carbon Dots for Superior Electrochemical Potassium Storage. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6872-6885. [PMID: 33725436 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dot is a type of carbon material with an ultrasmall size of less than 10 nm for all three dimensions, which has attracted more and more attention due to its useful merits. Unfortunately, the complicated synthesis method and low yield largely limit its wide large-scale application. Herein, an inexpensive and high-efficiency aldol condensation method under ambient temperature and pressure was proposed for the large-scale synthesis of CDs, which can obtain products with 1.083 kg in 2 h and realize the functionalization of carbon dots doped with nitrogen (NCDs) and sulfur/nitrogen doubly (NSCDs), and then the mechanism and structure of CDs formation were explained. Moreover, utilizing the feature of controllable assembly of carbon dots, and combined with theoretical calculations, we have designed functionalized 1D carbon fibers (CF) to construct high-performance potassium storage anode materials through the assembly of carbon dots induced by a Zn compound. Benefitting from the microstructure and surface functional groups derived from CDs, the N-doped CF (NCF700) exhibits superior electrochemical energy storage performance for potassium ion batteries (PIBs). This study provides a low-cost and high-yield method to produce CDs and promotes the practical application of CDs in electrochemical energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yitong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ruiting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Anni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Guoqiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Hongshuai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaobo Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
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Dutta A, Trolles-Cavalcante STY, Cleetus A, Marks V, Schechter A, Webster RD, Borenstein A. Surface modifications of carbon nanodots reveal the chemical source of their bright fluorescence. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:716-724. [PMID: 36133830 PMCID: PMC9417464 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent carbon nanodots (CNDs) have drawn increasing attention in recent years. These cost-effective and eco-friendly nanomaterials with bright fluorescence have been investigated as promising materials for electrooptic and bioimaging applications. However, the chemical source stimulating their strong fluorescence has not been completely identified to date. Depending on the chemical composition, two absorption peaks are observed in the visible range. In this study, we applied selected chemical modifications to CNDs in order to elucidate the correlation between the chemical structure and optical behavior of CNDs. Varying the amount of acetic acid in the synthesis process resulted in different effects on the absorbance and fluorescence photo-spectra. Specifically, at a low concentration (10%), the fluorescence is dramatically red shifted from 340 to 405 nm. Comprehensive characterization of the chemical modification by FTIR and XPS allows identification of the role of acetic acid in the reaction mechanism leading to the modified photoactivity. The functional group responsible for the 405 nm peak was identified as HPPT. We describe a chemical mechanism involving acetic acid that leads to an increased concentration of HPPT groups on the surface of the CNDs. Applying two additional independent chemical and consequently optical modifications namely solution pH and annealing on the nanodots further supports our proposed explanation. Understanding the molecular origin of CND fluorescence may promote the design and control of effective CND fluorescence in optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmita Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | | | - Annie Cleetus
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | - Vered Marks
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | - Alex Schechter
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
| | - Richard D Webster
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University 637371 Singapore
| | - Arie Borenstein
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University Ariel Israel
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Mocci F, Olla C, Cappai A, Corpino R, Ricci PC, Chiriu D, Salis M, Carbonaro CM. Formation of Citrazinic Acid Ions and Their Contribution to Optical and Magnetic Features of Carbon Nanodots: A Combined Experimental and Computational Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:770. [PMID: 33562081 PMCID: PMC7914458 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The molecular model is one of the most appealing to explain the peculiar optical properties of Carbon nanodots (CNDs) and was proven to be successful for the bottom up synthesis, where a few molecules were recognized. Among the others, citrazinic acid is relevant for the synthesis of citric acid-based CNDs. Here we report a combined experimental and computational approach to discuss the formation of different protonated and deprotonated species of citrazinic acid and their contribution to vibrational and magnetic spectra. By computing the free energy formation in water solution, we selected the most favoured species and we retrieved their presence in the experimental surface enhanced Raman spectra. As well, the chemical shifts are discussed in terms of tautomers and rotamers of most favoured species. The expected formation of protonated and de-protonated citrazinic acid ions under extreme pH conditions was proven by evaluating specific interactions with H2SO4 and NaOH molecules. The reported results confirm that the presence of citrazinic acid and its ionic forms should be considered in the interpretation of the spectroscopic features of CNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mocci
- Department of Chemistry and Geological Science, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Chiara Olla
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Antonio Cappai
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Riccardo Corpino
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Pier Carlo Ricci
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Daniele Chiriu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcello Salis
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
| | - Carlo Maria Carbonaro
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, I-09042 Monserrato, Italy; (C.O.); (A.C.); (R.C.); (P.C.R.); (D.C.); (M.S.)
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38
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Tomal W, Świergosz T, Pilch M, Kasprzyk W, Ortyl J. New horizons for carbon dots: quantum nano-photoinitiating catalysts for cationic photopolymerization and three-dimensional (3D) printing under visible light. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00228g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid-based carbon dots (CDs) as nano-photoinitiating catalysts for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Tomasz Świergosz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Maciej Pilch
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Wiktor Kasprzyk
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Kraków
- Poland
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Seedad R, khuthinakhun S, Ratanawimarnwong N, Jittangprasert P, Mantim T, Songsrirote K. Carbon dots prepared from citric acid and urea by microwave-assisted irradiation as a turn-on fluorescent probe for allantoin determination. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03284d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots from citric acid and urea as a fluorescent probe for sensitive and selective detection of allantoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchadaporn Seedad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Sasimaporn khuthinakhun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Nuanlaor Ratanawimarnwong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Piyada Jittangprasert
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Thitirat Mantim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Kriangsak Songsrirote
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Sukhumvit 23, Wattana, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
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