1
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Bera S, Goujon N, Melle-Franco M, Mecerreyes D, Mateo-Alonso A. A redox-active organic cage as a cathode material with improved electrochemical performance. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc04295f. [PMID: 39184291 PMCID: PMC11340794 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc04295f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic cages offer numerous opportunities for creating novel materials suitable for a wide range of applications. Among these, energy-related applications are beginning to attract attention. We report here the synthesis of a [3 + 6] trigonal prismatic cage constituted by three redox-active dibenzotetraazahexacene subunits. Cathodes formulated with the organic cage show enhanced performance compared to those formulated with the individual subunits, showing improvements in terms of electrochemical stability, lithium-ion diffusivity, and cathode capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bera
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Nicolas Goujon
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain
| | - Aurelio Mateo-Alonso
- POLYMAT, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Avenida de Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science 48009 Bilbao Spain
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2
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Karmakar P, Finnegan TJ, Rostam DC, Taneja S, Uçar S, Hansen AL, Moore CE, Hadad CM, Pratumyot K, Parquette JR, Badjić JD. Molecular bowls for inclusion complexation of toxic anticancer drug methotrexate. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10155-10163. [PMID: 38966368 PMCID: PMC11220613 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05627a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe the preparation and study of novel cavitands, molecular bowls 16+ and 26+, as good binders of the anticancer drug methotrexate (MTX). Molecular bowls are comprised of a curved tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) core conjugated to three macrocyclic pyridinium units at the top. The cavitands are easily accessible via two synthetic steps from hexabromo-tribenzotriquinacene in 25% yield. As amphiphilic molecules, bowls 16+ and 26+ self-associate in water by the nucleation-to-aggregation pathway (NMR). The bowls are preorganized, having a semi-rigid framework comprising a fixed bottom with a wobbling pyridinium rim (VT NMR and MD). Further studies, both experimental (NMR) and computational (DFT and MCMM), suggested that a folded MTX occupies the cavity of bowls wherein it forms π-π, C-H-π, and ion pairing intermolecular contacts but also undergoes desolvation to give stable binary complexes (μM) in water. Moreover, a computational protocol is introduced to identify docking pose(s) of MTX inside molecular bowls from NMR shielding data. Both molecular bowls have shown in vitro biocompatibility with liver and kidney cell lines (MTS assay). As bowl 26+ is the strongest binder of MTX reported to date, we envision it as an excellent candidate for further studies on the way toward developing an antidote capable of removing MTX from overdosed cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Karmakar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Supramolecular Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Tyler J Finnegan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Darian C Rostam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Sagarika Taneja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Sefa Uçar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
- Atatürk University, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry Erzurum 25240 Turkey
| | - Alexandar L Hansen
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Kornkanya Pratumyot
- Supramolecular Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 126 Pracha Uthit Road, Bang Mod, Thung Khru Bangkok 10140 Thailand
| | - Jon R Parquette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
| | - Jovica D Badjić
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Avenue Columbus Ohio 43210 USA
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3
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Fan Y, He J, Guo S, Jiang H. Host-Guest Chemistry in Binary and Ternary Complexes Utilizing π-Conjugated Carbon Nanorings. Chempluschem 2024; 89:e202300536. [PMID: 38123532 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The carbon nanorings, possessing a radial π system, have garnered significant attention primarily due to their size-dependent photophysical properties and the presence of a unique curved π-conjugated cavity. This is evidenced by the rapid proliferation of publications. Furthermore, the integration of building blocks into CPP skeletons can confer [n]CPPs with novel and exceptional photophysical and electronic characteristics, as well as chiral properties and host-guest interactions, thereby augmenting the diversity of [n]CPPs. Notably, the curved π surface structures and concave cavity of carbon nanorings enable them to host aromatic or non-aromatic guests with a complementarily curved surface, resulting in interesting binary or ternary complexes. This review provides a comprehensive treatment of literature reports on binary and ternary complexes, focusing on both their host-guest interactions and properties. It is important to note that the scope of this review is limited to host-guest chemistry in binary and ternary complexes based on π-conjugated carbon nanorings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Fan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhu Guo
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, P. R. China
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4
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Ling QH, Lou ZC, Zhang L, Jin T, Dou WT, Yang HB, Xu L. Supramolecular cage-mediated cargo transport. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6042-6067. [PMID: 38770558 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs01081c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
A steady stream of material transport based on carriers and channels in living systems plays an extremely important role in normal life activities. Inspired by nature, researchers have extensively applied supramolecular cages in cargo transport because of their unique three-dimensional structures and excellent physicochemical properties. In this review, we will focus on the development of supramolecular cages as carriers and channels for cargo transport in abiotic and biological systems over the past fifteen years. In addition, we will discuss future challenges and potential applications of supramolecular cages in substance transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hui Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Zhen-Chen Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tongxia Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Wei-Tao Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Hai-Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Lin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Wuhu Hospital Affiliated to East China Normal University (The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Molecule Intelligent Syntheses, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
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5
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Shields CE, Fellowes T, Slater AG, Cooper AI, Andrews KG, Szczypiński FT. Exploration of the polymorphic solid-state landscape of an amide-linked organic cage using computation and automation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6023-6026. [PMID: 38775039 PMCID: PMC11155718 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01407c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic cages can possess complex, functionalised cavities that make them promising candidates for synthetic enzyme mimics. Conformationally flexible, chemically robust structures are needed for adaptable guest binding and catalysis, but rapidly exchanging systems are difficult to resolve in solution. Here, we use low-cost calculations and high-throughput crystallisation to identify accessible conformers of a recently reported organic cage by 'locking' them in the solid state. The conformers exhibit varying distances between the internal carboxylic acid groups, suggesting adaptability for binding a wide array of target guest molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Shields
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - T Fellowes
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - A G Slater
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - A I Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
| | - K G Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - F T Szczypiński
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
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6
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Rondelli M, Pasán J, Fernández I, Martín T. Predisposition in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: The Role of Non-Covalent Interactions in the Assembly of Tetrahedral Boronate Cages. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400896. [PMID: 38507133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Directional bonding strategies guide the design of complex molecular architectures, yet challenges arise due to emergent behavior. Rigid structures face geometric constraints and sensitivity to mismatches, hindering the efficient assembly of molecular organic cages (MOCs). Harnessing intramolecular non-covalent interactions offers a promising solution, broadening geometrical possibilities and enhancing adaptability to boost assembly yields. However, identifying these interactions remains challenging, with their full potential sometimes latent until final assembly. This study explores these challenges by synthesizing boronic acid tripods with varied oxygen positions at the tripodal feet and investigating their role in assembling tetrahedral boronate MOCs. Our results reveal substantial differences in the assembly efficiency among tripods. While the building blocks with oxygen in the benzylic position relative to the central aromatic ring form the MOCs in high yields, those with the oxygen atom directly bound to the central aromatic ring, only yield traces. Through X-ray crystallography and DFT analyses, we elucidate how intramolecular interactions profoundly influence the geometry of the building blocks and cages in a relay-like fashion, highlighting the importance of considering intramolecular interactions in the rational design of (supra)molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL) Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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7
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Pausch T, David T, Fleck-Kunde T, Pols H, Gurke J, Schmidt BM. Multifold Post-Modification of Macrocycles and Cages by Isocyanate-Induced Azadefluorination Cyclisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318362. [PMID: 38294139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We present the multiple post-modification of organic macrocycles and cages, introducing functional groups into two- and three-dimensional supramolecular scaffolds bearing fluorine substituents, which opens up new possibilities in multi-step supramolecular chemistry employing the vast chemical space of readily available isocyanates. The mechanism and scope of the reaction that proceeds after isocyanate addition to the benzylamine motif via an azadefluorination cyclisation (ADFC) were investigated using DFT calculations, and a series of aromatic isocyanates with different electronic properties were tested. The compounds show excellent chemical stability and were fully characterised. They can be used for subsequent cross-coupling reactions, and ADFC can be used directly to generate cross-linked membranes from macrocycles or cages when using ditopic isocyanates. Single-crystal X-ray (SC-XRD) analysis shows the proof of the formation of the desired supramolecular entity together with the connectivity predicted by calculations and from 19F NMR shifts, allowing the late-stage functionalisation of self-assembled macrocycles and cages by ADFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim David
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Fleck-Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik Pols
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Gurke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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8
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Chang X, Xu Y, von Delius M. Recent advances in supramolecular fullerene chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:47-83. [PMID: 37853792 PMCID: PMC10759306 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00937d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Fullerene chemistry has come a long way since 1990, when the first bulk production of C60 was reported. In the past decade, progress in supramolecular chemistry has opened some remarkable and previously unexpected opportunities regarding the selective (multiple) functionalization of fullerenes and their (self)assembly into larger structures and frameworks. The purpose of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of these recent developments. We describe how macrocycles and cages that bind strongly to C60 can be used to block undesired addition patterns and thus allow the selective preparation of single-isomer addition products. We also discuss how the emergence of highly shape-persistent macrocycles has opened opportunities for the study of photoactive fullerene dyads and triads as well as the preparation of mechanically interlocked compounds. The preparation of two- or three-dimensional fullerene materials is another research area that has seen remarkable progress over the past few years. Due to the rapidly decreasing price of C60 and C70, we believe that these achievements will translate into all fields where fullerenes have traditionally (third-generation solar cells) and more recently been applied (catalysis, spintronics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmao Chang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
| | - Youzhi Xu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China.
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany.
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9
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Ivanova S, Adamski P, Köster E, Schramm L, Fröhlich R, Beuerle F. Size Determination of Organic Cages by Diffusion NMR Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2023:e202303318. [PMID: 37966964 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Reliable structure elucidation of covalent organic cage compounds remains challenging as routine analysis might leave ambiguities. Diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) allows insight into the molecular size and mass of the species present in solution, but a systematic evaluation of the diffusion behavior for cage assemblies is rarely considered. Here we report the synthesis of four series of covalent organic cages based on tribenzotriquinacenes and diboronic acids with varying geometry and exohedral substituents. We provide a guideline for the consistent measurement of diffusion coefficients from 1 H-DOSY NMR spectroscopy, which was utilized to study the diffusion behavior for the whole set of cages and selected examples from the literature. For structurally similar cages, a linear correlation between the solvodynamic volume and the molecular mass allows precise size determination. For more complex systems, multiple parameters, such as window size or rigid exohedral functionalization. further modulate cage diffusion in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paul Adamski
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Louis Schramm
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rebecca Fröhlich
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Institut für Organische Chemie, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Theodor-Boveri-Weg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Institut für Organische Chemie, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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10
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Salazar A, Moreno-Simoni M, Kumar S, Labella J, Torres T, de la Torre G. Supramolecular Subphthalocyanine Cage as Catalytic Container for the Functionalization of Fullerenes in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311255. [PMID: 37695637 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the first example of a supramolecular cage that works as a catalytic molecular reactor to perform transformations over fullerenes in aqueous medium. Taking advantage of the ability of metallo-organic Pd(II)-subphthalocyanine (SubPc) capsules to form stable host:guest complexes with C60 , we have prepared a water-soluble cage that provides a hydrophobic environment for conducting cycloadditions over encapsulated C60 , namely, Diels-Alder reactions with anthracene. Indeed, the presence of catalytic amounts of SubPc cage dissolved in water promotes co-encapsulation of insoluble C60 and anthracene substrates, allowing the reaction to occur inside the cavity under mild conditions. The lower stability of the host:guest complex with the resulting C60 cycloadduct facilitates its displacement by pristine C60 , which grants catalytic turnover. Moreover, bis-addition compounds are regioselectively formed inside the cage when using excess anthracene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Salazar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moreno-Simoni
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sunit Kumar
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Labella
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA), Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco C/Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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11
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Steudel FM, Ubasart E, Leanza L, Pujals M, Parella T, Pavan GM, Ribas X, von Delius M. Synthesis of C 60 /[10]CPP-Catenanes by Regioselective, Nanocapsule-Templated Bingel Bis-Addition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309393. [PMID: 37607866 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The addition of two unsymmetric malonate esters to the Buckminster fullerene C60 can lead to 22 spectroscopically distinguishable isomeric products and therefore represents a formidable synthesis challenge. In this work, we achieve 87 % selectivity for the formation of a single (in,out-trans-3) isomer by combining three approaches: (i) we use a starting material, in which the two malonates are covalently connected (tether approach); (ii) we form the strong supramolecular complex of C60 with the shape-persistent [10]CPP macrocycle (template approach) and (iii) we embed this complex further within a self-assembled nanocapsule (shadow mask approach). Variation of the spacer chain shed light on the limitations of the approach and the ring dynamics in the unusual [2]catenanes were studied in silico with atomistic resolution. This work significantly widens the scope of mechanically interlocked architectures comprising cycloparaphenylenes (CPP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Steudel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ernest Ubasart
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Míriam Pujals
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Teodor Parella
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Giovanni M Pavan
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Polo Universitario Lugano, Campus Est, Via la Santa 1, 6962, Lugano-Viganello, Switzerland
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi, Universitat de Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Álvarez-Yebra R, Sors-Vendrell A, Lledó A. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in calix[5]arene derived cavitands regulates the molecular recognition of fullerenes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:11556-11559. [PMID: 37681250 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a readily available calix[5]arene derived cavitand receptor that is stabilized in the closed cone conformer through intermolecular hydrogen bonding with methanol molecules. The receptor features a highly spherical aromatic surface that binds C60 and C70 fullerenes effectively, and the binding event can be regulated allosterically by the addition of methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Álvarez-Yebra
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Alba Sors-Vendrell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Agustí Lledó
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC), Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain.
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13
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Enantioselective fullerene functionalization through stereochemical information transfer from a self-assembled cage. Nat Chem 2023; 15:405-412. [PMID: 36550231 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01103-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of C60 remains challenging, while the enantioselective functionalization of C60 is difficult to explore due to the need for complex chiral tethers or arduous chromatography. Metal-organic cages have served as masks to effect the regioselective functionalization of C60. However, it is difficult to control the stereochemistry of the resulting fullerene adducts through this method. Here we report a means of defining up to six stereocentres on C60, achieving enantioselective fullerene functionalization. This method involves the use of a metal-organic cage built from a chiral formylpyridine. Fullerenes hosted within the cavity of the cage can be converted into a series of C60 adducts through chemo-, regio- and stereo-selective Diels-Alder reactions with the edges of the cage. The chiral formylpyridine ultimately dictates the stereochemistry of these chiral fullerene adducts without being incorporated into them. Such chiral fullerene adducts may become useful in devices requiring circularly polarized light manipulation.
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14
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Bera S, Das S, Melle‐Franco M, Mateo‐Alonso A. An Organic Molecular Nanobarrel that Hosts and Solubilizes C 60. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216540. [PMID: 36469042 PMCID: PMC10107786 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Organic cages have gained increasing attention in recent years as molecular hosts and porous materials. Among these, barrel-shaped cages or molecular nanobarrels are promising systems to encapsulate large hosts as they possess windows of the same size as their internal cavity. However, these systems have received little attention and remain practically unexplored despite their potential. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a new trigonal prismatic organic nanobarrel with two large triangular windows with a diameter of 12.7 Å optimal for the encapsulation of C60 . Remarkably, this organic nanobarrel shows a high affinity for C60 in solvents in which C60 is virtually insoluble, providing stable solutions of C60 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bera
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastiánSpain
| | - Satyajit Das
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastiánSpain
| | - Manuel Melle‐Franco
- CICECO—Aveiro Institute of MaterialsDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of Aveiro3810-193AveiroPortugal
| | - Aurelio Mateo‐Alonso
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida de Tolosa 7220018Donostia-San SebastiánSpain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for Science48009BilbaoSpain
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15
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Chen J, Ma Z, Li Y, Cao S, Zhuang Q. Research Progress in Metal-Porous Organic Cage Nanocomposites. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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16
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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17
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Rothschild DA, Kopcha WP, Tran A, Zhang J, Lipke MC. Gram-scale synthesis of a covalent nanocage that preserves the redox properties of encapsulated fullerenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5325-5332. [PMID: 35655559 PMCID: PMC9093146 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00445c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Discrete nanocages provide a way to solubilize, separate, and tune the properties of fullerenes, but these 3D receptors cannot usually be synthesized easily from inexpensive starting materials, limiting their utility. Herein, we describe the first fullerene-binding nanocage (Cage4+) that can be made efficiently on a gram scale. Cage4+ was prepared in up to 57% yield by the formation of pyridinium linkages between complemantary porphyrin components that are themselves readily accessible. Cage4+ binds C60 and C70 with large association constants (>108 M−1), thereby solubilizing these fullerenes in polar solvents. Fullerene association and redox-properties were subsequently investigated across multiple charge states of the host-guest complexes. Remarkably, neutral and singly reduced fullerenes bind with similar strengths, leaving their 0/1− redox couples minimally perturbed and fully reversible, whereas other hosts substantially alter the redox properties of fullerenes. Thus, C60@Cage4+ and C70@Cage4+ may be useful as solubilized fullerene derivatives that preserve the inherent electron-accepting and electron-transfer capabilities of the fullerenes. Fulleride dianions were also found to bind strongly in Cage4+, while further reduction is centered on the host, leading to lowered association of the fulleride guest in the case of C602−. This report describes the first gram-scale synthesis of a nanocage that can host fullerenes (C60 and C70). The redox properties of the fullerenes are preserved in this host, enabling characterization of complexes with fulleride anions and dianions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Rothschild
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - William P Kopcha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Aaron Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
| | - Mark C Lipke
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 123 Bevier Rd Piscataway NJ 08854 USA
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18
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Chakraborty D, Mukherjee PS. Recent trends in organic cage synthesis: push towards water-soluble organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5558-5573. [PMID: 35420101 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01014c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research on organic cages has blossomed over the past few years into a mature field of study which can contribute to solving some of the challenging problems. In this review we aim to showcase the recent trends in synthesis of organic cages including a brief discussion on their use in catalysis, gas sorption, host-guest chemistry and energy transfer. Among the organic cages, water-soluble analogues are a special class of compounds which have gained renewed attention in recent times. Due to their advantage of being compatible with water, such cages have the potential of showing biomimetic activities and can find use in drug delivery and also as hosts for catalysis in aqueous medium. Hence, the synthetic strategies for the formation of water-soluble organic cages shall be discussed along with their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsena Chakraborty
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
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19
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Wang F, Bucher C, He Q, Jana A, Sessler JL. Oligopyrrolic Cages: From Classic Molecular Constructs to Chemically Responsive Polytopic Receptors. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1646-1658. [PMID: 35500276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conspectus"Functional molecular systems", discrete and self-assembled constructs where control over molecular recognition, structure, bonding, transport, release, catalytic activity, etc., is readily achieved, are a topic of current interest. Within this broad paradigm, oligopyrrolic cages have garnered attention due to their responsive recognition features. Due to the presence of slightly polar pyrrole subunits which can also behave as hydrogen-bonding donors, these oligopyrrolic cages are potential receptors for various polarized species. In this Account, we summarize recent advances involving the syntheses and study of (1) covalent oligopyrrolic macrobicyclic cages, (2) oligopyrrolic metallacages, and (3) oligopyrrolic noncovalently linked cages. Considered in concert, these molecular constructs have allowed advances in applied supramolecular chemistry; to date, they have been exploited for selective guest encapsulation studies, anion binding and ion-channel formation, and gas absorption, among other applications. While key findings from others will be noted, in this Account will focus on our own contributions to the chemistry of discrete oligopyrrolic macrocycles and their use in supramolecular host-guest chemistry and sensing applications. In terms of specifics, we will detail how oligopyrrole cages with well-defined molecular geometries permit reversible guest binding under ambient conditions and how the incorporation of pyrrole subunits within larger superstructures allows effective control over anion/conjugate acid binding activity under ambient conditions. We will also provide examples that show how derivatization of these rudimentary macrocyclic cores with various sterically congested β-substituted oligopyrroles can provide entry into more complex supramolecular architectures. In addition, we will detail how hybrid systems that include heterocycles other than pyrrole, such as pyridine and naphthyridine, can be used to create self-assembled materials that show promise as gas-absorbing materials and colorimetric reversible sensors. Studies involving oligopyrrolic polymetallic cages and oligopyrrolic supramolecular cages will also be reviewed. First, we will discuss all-carbon-linked oligopyrrolic bicycles and continue on to present systems linked via amines and imines linkages. Finally, we will summarize recent work on pyrrolic cages created through the use of metal centers or various noncovalent interactions. We hope that this Account will provide researchers with an initial foundation for understanding oligopyrrolic cage chemistry, thereby allowing for further advances in the area. It is expected that the fundamental design and recognition principles made in the area of oligopyrrole cages, as exemplified by our contributions, will be of general use to researchers targeting the design of functional molecular systems. As such, we have structured this Account so as to summarize the past while setting the stage for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, No. 2 South Lushan Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 Allée d’Italie, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, No. 2 South Lushan Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Atanu Jana
- Applied Supramolecular Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Gandhinagar, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street Stop A 5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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20
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Xu N, Su K, El-Sayed ESM, Ju Z, Yuan D. Chiral proline-substituted porous organic cages in asymmetric organocatalysis. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3582-3588. [PMID: 35432868 PMCID: PMC8943855 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficient preparation of chiral porous organic cages (POCs) with specific functions is challenging, and their application in asymmetric catalysis has not previously been explored. In this work, we have achieved the construction of chiral POCs based on a supramolecular tetraformyl-resorcin[4]arene scaffold with different chiral proline-modified diamine ligands and utilizing dynamic imine chemistry. The incorporation of V-shaped or linear chiral diamines affords the [4 + 8] square prism and [6 + 12] octahedral POCs respectively. The appended chiral proline moieties in such POCs make them highly active supramolecular nanoreactors for asymmetric aldol reactions, delivering up to 92% ee. The spatial distribution of chiral catalytic sites in these two types of POCs greatly affects their catalytic activities and enantioselectivities. This work not only lays a foundation for the asymmetric catalytic application of chiral POCs, but also contributes to our understanding of the catalytic function of biomimetic supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
| | - Kongzhao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - El-Sayed M El-Sayed
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Chemical Refining Laboratory, Refining Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Nasr City 11727 Egypt
| | - Zhanfeng Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
| | - Daqiang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China Fuzhou 350002 Fujian China
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21
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Special Issue of Covalent Organic Frameworks(COFs): Dimeric Calix[4]resorcinarene-based Porous Organic Cages for CO2/CH4 Separation. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-1454-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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23
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Moreno-Simoni M, Torres T, de la Torre G. Subphthalocyanine capsules: molecular reactors for photoredox transformations of fullerenes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9249-9255. [PMID: 36092995 PMCID: PMC9384690 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal cavity formed by a dimeric subphthalocyanine (SubPc) capsule (SubPc2Pd3, 2), ensembled by coordination of pyridyl substituents in the monomeric SubPc 1 to Pd centers, has proved an optimal space for the complexation of C60 fullerene. Taking advantage of the intense absorption of green light of the SubPc component at around 550 nm, we have tested different green-light induced photoredox addition reactions over the double bonds of guest C60. Both addition of amine radicals, generated by reductive quenching of the excited state of 2 by aromatic trimethylsilylamines, and addition of trifluoroethyl radicals, obtained from oxidative quenching of the photosensitizer, have successfully taken place with good yields in the 2:C60 host:guest complex. On the other hand, both the photoredox reactions result in much lower yields when the monomeric pyridyl-SubPc is used as a photocatalyst, demonstrating that encapsulation results in a strong acceleration of the reaction. Importantly, this is the first example of the use of a confined microenvironment to trigger photoredox chemical transformations of fullerenes. A photoredox cage built by coordination of two pyridyl-subphthalocyanines to Pd centers has proved versatile and efficient to catalyze photoredox addition reactions over encapsulated C60.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Moreno-Simoni
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Torres
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA-Nanociencia, C/Faraday 9, 28049-Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema de la Torre
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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24
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Seifert M, Barth D, Kuck D. Benzoannellated Fenestranes Bearing
para
‐Terphenyl Units. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Seifert
- Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Dieter Barth
- Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Dietmar Kuck
- Department of Chemistry Bielefeld University 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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25
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Li Y, Kopcha WP, Emge TJ, Sun Y, Zhang J. Isocyanide-Induced Annulation Leading to Cyclopento-, Methano-, and Cyclopentano-[60]Fullerene Derivatives. Org Lett 2021; 23:8867-8872. [PMID: 34739256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The three-component annulation reactions of C60, alkyl isocyanide, and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) or unsymmetric alkynes are investigated to afford cyclopent-2-en-1-imino- and ketenimine methano-[60]fullerene derivatives, which, upon hydration in the presence of acid, yield the corresponding fullerene amides. Dimethyl 2,3-pentadienedioate, the allene counterpart of DMAD, and ethyl buta-2,3-dienoate undergo four-component annulation with C60, alkyl isocyanide, and water under similar conditions to yield cyclopentano-[60]fullerene derivatives with similar amide groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbang Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - William P Kopcha
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Thomas J Emge
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jianyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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26
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Leith GA, Shustova NB. Graphitic supramolecular architectures based on corannulene, fullerene, and beyond. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10125-10138. [PMID: 34523630 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02896k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this Feature Article, we survey the advances made in the field of fulleretic materials over the last five years. Merging the intriguing characteristics of fulleretic molecules with hierarchical materials can lead to enhanced properties of the latter for applications in optoelectronic, biomaterial, and heterogeneous catalysis sectors. As there has been significant growth in the development of fullerene- and corannulene-containing materials, this article will focus on studies performed during the last five years exclusively, and highlight the recent trends in designing fulleretic compounds and understanding their properties, that has enriched the repertoire of carbon-rich functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle A Leith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
| | - Natalia B Shustova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, 29208, USA.
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27
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoreticular Crystallization of Highly Porous Cubic Covalent Organic Cage Compounds*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17455-17463. [PMID: 33905140 PMCID: PMC8362030 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modular frameworks featuring well-defined pore structures in microscale domains establish tailor-made porous materials. For open molecular solids however, maintaining long-range order after desolvation is inherently challenging, since packing is usually governed by only a few supramolecular interactions. Here we report on two series of nanocubes obtained by co-condensation of two different hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacenes (TBTQs) and benzene-1,4-diboronic acids (BDBAs) with varying linear alkyl chains in 2,5-position. n-Butyl groups at the apical position of the TBTQ vertices yielded soluble model compounds, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In contrast, methyl-substituted cages spontaneously crystallized as isostructural and highly porous solids with BET surface areas and pore volumes of up to 3426 m2 g-1 and 1.84 cm3 g-1 . Single crystal X-ray diffraction and sorption measurements revealed an intricate cubic arrangement of alternating micro- and mesopores in the range of 0.97-2.2 nm that are fine-tuned by the alkyl substituents at the BDBA linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität DortmundFakultät für Chemie und Chemische BiologieOtto-Hahn-Strasse 644227DortmundGermany
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenDepartment of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS)Butenandtstrasse 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgInstitut für Organische ChemieAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgCenter for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Theodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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28
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Giraldi E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei-Tirani F, Severin K. Metal-Stabilized Boronate Ester Cages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:10873-10879. [PMID: 34291934 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular cages with arylboronate ester caps at the vertices are described. The cages were obtained by metal-templated polycondensation reactions of a tris(2-formylpyridine oxime) ligand with arylboronic acids. Suited templates are triflate or triflimide salts of ZnII, FeII, CoII, or MnII. In the products, the metal ions are coordinated internally to the pyridyl and oximato N atoms adjacent to the boronate ester, resulting in an improved hydrolytic stability of the latter. It is possible to decorate the cages with cyano or aldehyde groups using functionalized arylboronic acids. The aldehyde groups allow for a postsynthetic modification of the cages via an imine bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giraldi
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei-Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Ivanova S, Köster E, Holstein JJ, Keller N, Clever GH, Bein T, Beuerle F. Isoretikuläre Kristallisation von hochporösen kubischen kovalentorganischen Käfigverbindungen**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Ivanova
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Eva Köster
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Julian J. Holstein
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Niklas Keller
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Guido H. Clever
- Technische Universität Dortmund Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie Otto-Hahn-Straße 6 44227 Dortmund Deutschland
| | - Thomas Bein
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Department of Chemistry & Center for NanoScience (CeNS) Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Institut für Organische Chemie Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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30
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Tao R, Kang K, Li X, Li R, Huang R, Jin Y, Qiu L, Zhang W. Controlled Synthesis of Palladium Nanoparticles with Size-Dependent Catalytic Activities Enabled by Organic Molecular Cages. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12517-12525. [PMID: 34320317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Particle size plays a key role in the performance of metal nanoparticles (MNPs). However, the size-controlled synthesis of MNPs still represents a challenging task. In this work, we revealed a strong solvent effect on the growth of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs), which was directed by a porous [2 + 3] organic molecular cage (OMC, Phos-cage) containing triphenylphosphine moieties. PdNPs with different average diameters of 0.8, 1.2, and 3.3 nm supported by Phos-cage were obtained by simply varying the reaction media. The catalytic performance of such ultrafine PdNPs in the reduction of p-nitrophenol and a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction has been studied, which clearly shows size-dependent catalytic activity and stability. The knowledge gained in this study, controlling the size of PdNPs supported by the OMC template in different solvents, will open new possibilities for size-controlled synthesis of ultrafine MNPs with high catalytic activity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Tao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Kun Kang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Xian Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Rong Huang
- Advanced Analysis and Measurement Center of Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Li Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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31
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Olivo G, Capocasa G, Del Giudice D, Lanzalunga O, Di Stefano S. New horizons for catalysis disclosed by supramolecular chemistry. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7681-7724. [PMID: 34008654 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00175b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of a supramolecular approach in catalysis promises to address a number of unmet challenges, ranging from activity (unlocking of novel reaction pathways) to selectivity (alteration of the innate selectivity of a reaction, e.g. selective functionalization of C-H bonds) and regulation (switch ON/OFF, sequential catalysis, etc.). Supramolecular tools such as reversible association and recognition, pre-organization of reactants and stabilization of transition states upon binding offer a unique chance to achieve the above goals disclosing new horizons whose potential is being increasingly recognized and used, sometimes reaching the degree of ripeness for practical use. This review summarizes the main developments that have opened such new frontiers, with the aim of providing a guide to researchers approaching the field. We focus on artificial supramolecular catalysts of defined stoichiometry which, under homogeneous conditions, unlock outcomes that are highly difficult if not impossible to attain otherwise, namely unnatural reactivity or selectivity and catalysis regulation. The different strategies recently explored in supramolecular catalysis are concisely presented, and, for each one, a single or very few examples is/are described (mainly last 10 years, with only milestone older works discussed). The subject is divided into four sections in light of the key design principle: (i) nanoconfinement of reactants, (ii) recognition-driven catalysis, (iii) catalysis regulation by molecular machines and (iv) processive catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Olivo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Capocasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniele Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Chimica and ISB-CNR Sede Secondaria di Roma - Meccanismi di Reazione, P.le A. Moro 5, I-00185 Rome, Italy.
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32
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhang ZY, Wang Y, Jia X, Li C. One-Pot and Shape-Controlled Synthesis of Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17904-17909. [PMID: 34036741 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Organic cages are fascinating because of their well-defined 3D cavities, excellent stability, and accessible post-modification. However, the synthesis is normally realized by fragment coupling approach in low yields. Herein, we report one-pot, gram-scale and shape-controlled synthesis of two covalent organic cages (box-shaped [4]cage and triangular prism-shaped [2]cage) in yields of 46 % and 52 %, involving direct condensation of triangular 1,3,5-tris(2,4-dimethoxyphenyl)benzene monomer with paraformaldehyde and isobutyraldehyde, respectively. The cages can convert into high-yielding per-hydroxylated analogues. The [2]cage can be utilized as gas chromatographic stationary phase for high-resolution separation of benzene/cyclohexane and toluene/methylcyclohexane. By changing the central moiety of the triangular monomer and/or aldehyde, this synthetic method would have the potential to be a general strategy to access diverse cages with tunable shape, size, and electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Xueshun Jia
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Chunju Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, P. R. China
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33
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Jia X, Li C. One‐Pot and Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Organic Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhao
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Yue Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Zhi‐Yuan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
| | - Yiliang Wang
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Xueshun Jia
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
| | - Chunju Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 P. R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of Chemistry Tianjin Normal University Tianjin 300387 P. R. China
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34
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Ubasart E, Borodin O, Fuertes-Espinosa C, Xu Y, García-Simón C, Gómez L, Juanhuix J, Gándara F, Imaz I, Maspoch D, von Delius M, Ribas X. A three-shell supramolecular complex enables the symmetry-mismatched chemo- and regioselective bis-functionalization of C 60. Nat Chem 2021; 13:420-427. [PMID: 33859394 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Molecular Russian dolls (matryoshkas) have proven useful for testing the limits of preparative supramolecular chemistry but applications of these architectures to problems in other fields are elusive. Here we report a three-shell, matryoshka-like complex-in which C60 sits inside a cycloparaphenylene nanohoop, which in turn is encapsulated inside a self-assembled nanocapsule-that can be used to address a long-standing challenge in fullerene chemistry, namely the selective formation of a particular fullerene bis-adduct. Spectroscopic evidence indicates that the ternary complex is sufficiently stable in solution for the two outer shells to affect the addition chemistry of the fullerene guest. When the complex is subjected to Bingel cyclopropanation conditions, the exclusive formation of a single trans-3 fullerene bis-adduct was observed in a reaction that typically yields more than a dozen products. The selectivity facilitated by this matryoshka-like approach appears to be a general phenomenon and could be useful for applications where regioisomerically pure C60 bis-adducts have been shown to have superior properties compared with isomer mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Ubasart
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Oleg Borodin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carles Fuertes-Espinosa
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Youzhi Xu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cristina García-Simón
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Gómez
- Serveis Tècnics de Recerca, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Felipe Gándara
- Materials Science Institute of Madrid, Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inhar Imaz
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Maspoch
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Xavi Ribas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
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35
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Schäfer N, Bühler M, Heyer L, Röhr MIS, Beuerle F. Endohedral Hydrogen Bonding Templates the Formation of a Highly Strained Covalent Organic Cage Compound*. Chemistry 2021; 27:6077-6085. [PMID: 33528845 PMCID: PMC8048910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly strained covalent organic cage compound was synthesized from hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) and a meta-terphenyl-based diboronic acid with an additional benzoic acid substituent in 2'-position. Usually, a 120° bite angle in the unsubstituted ditopic linker favors the formation of a [4+6] cage assembly. Here, the introduction of the benzoic acid group is shown to lead to a perfectly preorganized circular hydrogen-bonding array in the cavity of a trigonal-bipyramidal [2+3] cage, which energetically overcompensates the additional strain energy caused by the larger mismatch in bite angles for the smaller assembly. The strained cage compound was analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1 H, 13 C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations revealed the energetic contribution of the hydrogen-bonding template to the cage stability. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations on early intermediates indicate an additional kinetic effect, as hydrogen bonding also preorganizes and rigidifies small oligomers to facilitate the exclusive formation of smaller and more strained macrocycles and cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schäfer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Bühler
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Lisa Heyer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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36
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Kajiyama K, Tsurumaki E, Wakamatsu K, Fukuhara G, Toyota S. Complexation of an Anthracene-Triptycene Nanocage Host with Fullerene Guests through CH⋅⋅⋅π Contacts. Chempluschem 2021; 86:716-722. [PMID: 33620779 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A bicyclic anthracene macrocycle containing two triptycene units at the bridgehead positions was synthesized by Ni-mediated coupling of the corresponding precursor as a cage-shaped aromatic hydrocarbon host. This cage host formed an inclusion complex with C60 or C70 guest in 1 : 1 ratio in solution. The association constants (Ka ) determined by the fluorescence titration method were 1.3×104 and 3.3×105 L mol -1 for the C60 and C70 complexes, respectively, at 298 K in toluene. DFT calculations revealed that the guest molecules were included in the middle of the cavity with several CH⋅⋅⋅π contacts. The strong affinity of the cage host for the fullerene guests and the high selectivity toward C70 are discussed on the basis of spectroscopic and structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kajiyama
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Eiji Tsurumaki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
| | - Kan Wakamatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Gaku Fukuhara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.,JST, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shinji Toyota
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan
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37
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Zhang ZQ, Ren QX, Tian WF, Sun WH, Cao XP, Shi ZF, Chow HF, Kuck D. Synthesis of Enantiopure Hydrocarbon Cages Based on an Optically Resolved C3-Symmetric Triaminotribenzotriquinacene. Org Lett 2021; 23:1478-1483. [PMID: 33525871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the enantiomerically pure, D3-symmetric covalent hydrocarbon cages (+)-(M,M)-4 and (-)-(P,P)-4 bearing two C3-symmetrically functionalized tribenzobenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) vertices is reported. The enantiomerically pure TBTQ building blocks (+)-(M)-5 and (-)-(P)-5 were prepared via the diastereomeric TBTQ triamides obtained by use of both Boc-d- and Boc-l-phenylglycine as chiral auxiliaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Xia Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Fa Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Hua Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Fa Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry and College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Hak-Fun Chow
- Department of Chemistry and State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
| | - Dietmar Kuck
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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38
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Ðorđević L, Casimiro L, Demitri N, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Arcudi F, Credi A, Prato M. Light‐Controlled Regioselective Synthesis of Fullerene Bis‐Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luka Ðorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & INSTM, UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Present address: Simpson Querrey Institute Northwestern University 303 E. Superior Chicago IL 60611 USA
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN—Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40127 Bologna Italy
- Present address: Supramolecular and Macromolecular Photochemistry and Photophysics ENS Paris-Saclay CNRS Université Paris-Saclay 61 Avenue du Président Wilson 94235 Cachan France
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra—Sincrotrone Trieste S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park 34149 Basovizza Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN—Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari Università di Bologna viale Fanin 44 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN—Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician” Università di Bologna via Selmi 2 40127 Bologna Italy
| | - Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & INSTM, UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Present address: Department of Chemistry Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN—Center for Light Activated Nanostructures Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche via Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale “Toso Montanari” Università di Bologna viale del Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & INSTM, UdR Trieste University of Trieste via Licio Giorgieri 1 34127 Trieste Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE) Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) Paseo de Miramón 182 20014 Donostia San Sebastián Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science Ikerbasque Bilbao 48013 Spain
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39
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Yang X, Huang S, Ortiz M, Wang X, Cao Y, Kareem O, Jin Y, Huang F, Wang X, Zhang W. Truxene-based covalent organic polyhedrons constructed through alkyne metathesis. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00685a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic alkyne metathesis has successfully been employed toward the synthesis of a truxene-based shape-persistent covalent organic polyhedron (COP) with high binding affinity for fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiye Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Shaofeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Michael Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Xubo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yunhao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Oula Kareem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yinghua Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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40
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Shan Z, Wu X, Xu B, Hong YL, Wu M, Wang Y, Nishiyama Y, Zhu J, Horike S, Kitagawa S, Zhang G. Dynamic Transformation between Covalent Organic Frameworks and Discrete Organic Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21279-21284. [PMID: 33295765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We propose a dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC)-induced linker exchange strategy for the structural transformation between covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and cages for the first time. Studies have shown that the COF-to-cage and cage-to-COF transformations were realized by using borate bonds and imine bonds, respectively, as linkages. Self-sorting experiments suggested that borate cages and imine COFs are thermodynamic minimum compounds. This research builds a bridge between discrete and polymeric organic scaffolds and broadens the knowledge of chemistry and materials for porous materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shan
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Bingqing Xu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - You-Lee Hong
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center and RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Yusuke Nishiyama
- RIKEN-JEOL Collaboration Center and RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.,JEOL RESONANCE Inc., 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Junwu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Susumu Kitagawa
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Gen Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210094, China
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41
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Fuertes-Espinosa C, Pujals M, Ribas X. Supramolecular Purification and Regioselective Functionalization of Fullerenes and Endohedral Metallofullerenes. Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Schnitzer T, Vantomme G. Synthesis of Complex Molecular Systems-The Foreseen Role of Organic Chemists. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2060-2070. [PMID: 33274282 PMCID: PMC7706085 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
How to control the self-assembly of complex molecular systems is unknown. Yet, these complex molecular systems are fundamental for advances in material and biomedical sciences. A step forward is to transform one-step self-assembly into multistep synthesis involving covalent and noncovalent reactions. Key to this approach is to explore the chemical space at the frontiers of advanced covalent synthesis and supramolecular chemistry. Herein, we describe a selection of such reported cases and provide a guide for current limitations and insights for future directions. This outlook is meant to trigger collaborations between synthetic organic and supramolecular chemists, to expand the repertoire of organic syntheses working with supramolecular assemblies and thereby join forces to achieve stepwise emergence of molecular complexity in supramolecular systems.
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Ðorđević L, Casimiro L, Demitri N, Baroncini M, Silvi S, Arcudi F, Credi A, Prato M. Light-Controlled Regioselective Synthesis of Fullerene Bis-Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:313-320. [PMID: 32722869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multi-functionalization and isomer-purity of fullerenes are crucial tasks for the development of their chemistry in various fields. In both current main approaches-tether-directed covalent functionalization and supramolecular masks-the control of regioselectivity requires multi-step synthetic procedures to prepare the desired tether or mask. Herein, we describe light-responsive tethers, containing an azobenzene photoswitch and two malonate groups, in the double cyclopropanation of [60]fullerene. The formation of the bis-adducts and their spectroscopic and photochemical properties, as well as the effect of azobenzene photoswitching on the regiochemistry of the bis-addition, have been studied. The behavior of the tethers depends on the geometry of the connection between the photoactive core and the malonate moieties. One tether lead to a strikingly different adduct distribution for the E and Z isomers, indicating that the covalent bis-functionalization of C60 can be controlled by light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Ðorđević
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.,Present address: Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 E. Superior, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40127, Bologna, Italy.,Present address: Supramolecular and Macromolecular Photochemistry and Photophysics, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 61 Avenue du Président Wilson, 94235, Cachan, France
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Serena Silvi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Arcudi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Present address: Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Università di Bologna and Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & INSTM, UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 182, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain.,Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
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