1
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Hannibal VD, Greb L. Tetra-Amido Macrocyclic Ligand (TAML) at Silicon(IV): A Structurally Constrained, Water-Soluble Silicon Lewis Superacid. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25727-25737. [PMID: 39223943 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Tetracoordinate silicon species are typically tetrahedral, weak Lewis acids, and often sensitive to moisture. In this study, we present a tetra-amido macrocyclic ligand (TAML)-substituted Si(IV), isolated as its bis(pyridine) adduct. Due to structural constraint toward anti van't-Hof/Le Bel geometry, this compound exhibits Lewis superacidity and effectively catalyzes the hydroboration of pyridine. Kinetic and computational analyses of the catalytic cycle reveal that TAML-Si(IV) acts as a hydride transfer agent, and the hydrido silicate key intermediate is isolated. Notably, the Lewis acid is highly soluble (5 g/L) and long-term stable in water. Unlike previously described silicon-H2O adducts, the bound water becomes substantially acidified, reaching the Bro̷nsted superacidity range. A comparison of water affinity versus pKa lowering confirms our previous theory of the strength and the effect of Lewis acids. Overall, the compound's unlimited water compatibility and its mechanistically understood catalytic efficiency mark significant progress in applying structural constraint strategies for p-block element-based catalysis, while the acidification touches critical aspects of zeolite and silica surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin D Hannibal
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 275, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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2
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Zafar M, Subramaniyan V, Tibika F, Tulchinsky Y. Cationic ligands - from monodentate to pincer systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:9871-9906. [PMID: 38920056 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01489h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
For a long time, the small group of cationic ligands stood out as obscure systems within the general landscape of coordinative chemistry. However, this situation has started to change rapidly during the last decade, with more and more examples of metal-coordinated cationic species being reported. The growing interest in these systems is not only of purely academic nature, but also driven by accumulating evidence of their high catalytic utility. Overcoming the inherently poor coordinating ability of cationic species often required additional structural stabilization. In numerous cases this was realized by functionalizing them with a pair of chelating side-arms, effectively constructing a pincer-type scaffold. This comprehensive review aims to encompass all cationic ligands possessing such pincer architecture reported to date. Herein every cationic species that has ever been embedded in a pincer framework is described in terms of its electronic structure, followed by an in-depth discussion of its donor/acceptor properties, based on computational studies (DFT) and available experimental data (IR, NMR or CV). We then elaborate on how the positive charge of these ligands affects the spectroscopic and redox properties, as well as the reactivity, of their complexes, compared to those of the structurally related neutral ligands. Among other systems discussed, this review also surveys our own contribution to this field, namely, the introduction of sulfonium-based pincer ligands and their complexes, recently reported by our group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zafar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | | | - Françoise Tibika
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
| | - Yuri Tulchinsky
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.
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3
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Mirabi B, Li S, Ching J, Lenz M, Popovic SM, Lautens M. Stereodivergency in Copper-Catalyzed Borylative Difunctionalizations: The Impact of Boron Coordination. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202411156. [PMID: 39136344 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202411156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
A reagent-controlled diastereodivergent copper-catalyzed borylative difunctionalization is reported. The formation of Lewis adducts that guide selectivity is commonly invoked in organic reaction mechanisms. Using density functional theory calculations, we identified BpinBdan as a sterically similar and less Lewis acidic alternative to B2pin2. Using a newly developed borylative aldol domino reaction as the proof-of-concept, we demonstrate a change in stereochemical outcome by a simple change of borylating reagent-B2pin2 affords the diastereomer associated with coordination control while BpinBdan overturns this mode of binding. We show that this strategy can be generalized to other scaffolds and, more importantly, that BpinBdan does not alter the diastereomeric outcome of the reaction when coordination is not involved. BpinBdan can be viewed as a mechanistic probe for coordination in future copper-catalyzed borylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijan Mirabi
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shangyu Li
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Justin Ching
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Madina Lenz
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Simon M Popovic
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mark Lautens
- Davenport Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
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4
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Liu X, Dai Y, Bao Q, Li Q, Chen N, Su Y, Wang X. Isolable T-Shaped Planar Silyl Anion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406089. [PMID: 38781000 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Silyl anions have garnered significant attention due to their synthetic abilities. However, previously reported silyl anions have been limited to either trigonal-pyramidal or trigonal-planar geometries, which confine them primarily as nucleophiles in substitution reactions. Herein, we report the isolation of the unprecedented T-shaped planar silyl anion salt 2 by employment of a geometrically constrained triamido pincer ligand. Theoretical calculations disclosed that the silicon centre in 2 possesses both a lone pair of electrons and an empty 3pz orbital. In addition to nucleophilic substitution reactions with Ph3PAuCl and W(CO)6, 2 readily undergoes oxidative additions with CO2 and 2,6-dimethylphenylisonitrile at room temperature. Furthermore, under mild conditions, compound 2 cleaves Csp2-H, Csp2-H, and H-H bonds in 1,2,4,5-tetrafluorobenzene, an intramolecular iPr group, and dihydrogen, representing the first examples of C-H and H-H activations mediated by a silyl anion, respectively. This work unveils new reactivity of silyl anions owing to the non-classical geometry and electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qidi Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
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5
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Chakraborty B, González-Pinardo D, Fernández I, Phukan AK. Carbene-Decorated Geometrically Constrained Borylenes for Bond Activations. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:14969-14980. [PMID: 39072652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
While metal-ligand cooperativity is well-known, studies on element-ligand cooperativity involving main group species are comparatively much less explored. In this study, we computationally designed a few geometrically constrained borylenes supported by different carbenes. Our density functional theory studies indicate that they possess enhanced nucleophilicity as well as electrophilicity, thus rendering them promising candidates for exhibiting borylene-ligand cooperativity. The cooperation between the boron and adjacent carbene centers facilitates different bond activation processes, including the cycloaddition of acetylene across the boron-carbene bond as well as B-H/Si-H bond activation reactions, which have been analyzed in detail. To the best of our knowledge, the borylenes proposed in this study represent the first examples of theoretically proposed geometrically constrained bis(carbene)-stabilized borylenes capable of cooperative activation of enthalpically strong bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Chakraborty
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Daniel González-Pinardo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
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6
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Abbenseth J. Phosphorus-mediated hydrogenation catalysis. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1219-1220. [PMID: 39048702 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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7
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Bawari D, Toami D, Jaiswal K, Dobrovetsky R. Hydrogen splitting at a single phosphorus centre and its use for hydrogenation. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1261-1266. [PMID: 38937592 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Catalytic processes are largely dominated by transition-metal complexes. Main-group compounds that can mimic the behaviour of the transition-metal complexes are of great interest due to their potential to substitute or complement transition metals in catalysis. While a few main-group molecular centres were shown to activate dihydrogen via the oxidative addition process, catalytic hydrogenation using these species has remained challenging. Here we report the synthesis, isolation and full characterization of the geometrically constrained phosphenium cation with the 2,6-bis(o-carborano)pyridine pincer-type ligand. Notably, this cation can activate the H-H bond by oxidative addition to a single PIII cationic centre, producing a dihydrophosphonium cation. This phosphenium cation is also capable of catalysing hydrogenation reactions of C=C double bonds and fused aromatic systems, making it a main-group compound that can both activate H2 at a single molecular main-group centre and be used for catalytic hydrogenation. This finding shows the potential of main-group compounds, in particular phosphorus-based compounds, to serve as metallomimetic hydrogenation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Donia Toami
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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8
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Nussbaum BC, Cavicchi CR, Smith MD, Pellechia PJ, Peryshkov DV. Redox-Active Carboranyl Diphosphine as an Electron and Proton Transfer Agent. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39067032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report the first example of the PCET reactivity for a boron cluster compound, the zwitterionic nido-carboranyl diphosphonium derivative 7-P(H)tBu2-10-P(H)iPr2-nido-C2B10H10. This main-group reagent efficiently transfers two electrons and two protons to quinones to yield hydroquinones and regenerate a neutral closo-carboranyl diphosphine, 1-PtBu2-2-PiPr2-closo-C2B10H10. As we have previously reported the conversion of this closo-carboranyl diphosphine into the zwitterionic nido- derivative upon reaction with main group hydrides, the transformation reported herein represents a complete synthetic cycle for the metal-free reduction of quinones, with the redox-active carboranyl diphosphine scaffold acting as a mediator. The proposed mechanism of this reduction, based on pKa determination, electrochemical studies, and kinetic isotope effect determination, involves the electron transfer from the nido- cluster to the quinone coupled with the delivery of protons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Nussbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Cameron R Cavicchi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Mark D Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Perry J Pellechia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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9
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Lei B, Cao F, Chen M, Wang X, Mo Z. Bisgermylene-Stabilized Stannylone: Catalytic Reduction of Nitrous Oxide and Nitro Compounds via Element-Ligand Cooperativity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17817-17826. [PMID: 38780163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and catalytic application of a bis(germylene)-stabilized stannylone (2). The reduction of digermylated stannylene (1) with 2.2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to the formation of stannylone 2 as a green solid in 78% yield. Computational studies showed that stannylone 2 possesses a formal Sn(0) center and a delocalized 3-c-2-e π-bond in the Ge2Sn core, which arises from back-donation of the p-type lone pair electrons on the Sn atom to the vacant orbitals of the Ge atoms. Stannylone 2 can serve as an efficient precatalyst for the selective reduction of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitroarenes (ArNO2) with the formation of dinitrogen (N2) and hydrazines (ArNH-NHAr), respectively. Exposure of 2 with N2O (1 atm) resulted in the insertion of two oxygen atoms into the Ge-Ge and Ge-Sn bonds, yielding the germyl(oxyl)stannylene (3). Moreover, the stoichiometric reaction of 2 with 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene afforded an amido(oxyl)stannylene (4) through the complete scission of the N-O bonds of the nitroarene. Stannylenes 3 and 4 serve as catalytically active species for the catalytic reduction of nitrous oxide and nitroarenes, respectively. Mechanistic studies reveal that the cooperation of the low-valent Ge and Sn centers allows for multiple electron transfers to cleave the N-O bonds of N2O and ArNO2. This approach presents a new strategy for catalyzing the deoxygenation of N2O and ArNO2 using a zerovalent tin compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fanshu Cao
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xuyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhenbo Mo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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10
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King AJ, Goicoechea JM. Ligand Centered Reactivity of a Transition Metal Bound Geometrically Constrained Phosphine. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400624. [PMID: 38436534 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The electronic properties, coordination chemistry and reactivity of metal complexes of a planar (C2v symmetric) acridane-derived geometrically constrained phosphine, P(NNN), are described. On complexation to metal centers, the phosphine was found to adopt a distorted trigonal pyramidal structure with a high barrier to pyramidal inversion (22.3 kcal/mol at 298 K for Au[P(NNN)]Cl). Spectroscopic data and theoretical calculations carried out at the density functional level of theory indicate that P(NNN) is a moderate σ-donor, with significant π-acceptor properties. Despite the distortion undergone by the phosphorus atom on coordination to metal centers, the P(NNN) ligand retains its ability to react with small molecule substrates with polar E-H bonds (MeOH, NH2Ph, NH3). It does so in a concerted fashion across one of the P-N bonds, and reversibly in the case of amine substrates. This cooperative bond activation chemistry may ultimately prove beneficial in catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12, Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, U.S.A
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11
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Coburger P, Buzanich AG, Emmerling F, Abbenseth J. Combining geometric constraint and redox non-innocence within an ambiphilic PBiP pincer ligand. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6036-6043. [PMID: 38665539 PMCID: PMC11040644 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the first pincer ligand featuring a strictly T-shaped group 15 element and its coordination behaviour towards transition metals is described. The platform is itself derived from a trianionic redox non-innocent NNN scaffold. In addition to providing a rigid coordination environment to constrain a Bi centre in a T-shaped geometry to manipulate its frontier molecular orbital constitution, the NNN chelate displays highly covalent bonding towards the geometrically constrained Bi centre. The formation of intriguing ambiphilic Bi-M bonding interactions is demonstrated upon formation of a pincer complex as well as a multimetallic cluster. All compounds are comprehensively characterised by spectroscopic methods including X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy and complemented by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coburger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11 12489 Berlin Germany
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Brook-Taylor-Str. 2 12489 Berlin Germany
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12
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Ruppert H, Meister A, Pfretzschner R, Vieira AF, Greb L. Concatenating Structural Constraint Effects at Tin for the Sequential Generation, Stabilization, and Transfer of Acyclic Aminocarbenes. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38604608 PMCID: PMC11048120 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Structural constraint approaches have been employed toward different ends in recent years, from augmenting the nucleophilicity in pyramidalized low-valent p-block compounds to enhancing the Lewis acidities at planarized tetravalent p-block elements. While previous studies exploited these effects separately, this work introduces a strategy to concatenate structural constraint approaches at individual stages of a reaction sequence in a row to unlock a synthetic path unattainable by conventional methodologies. The boosted nucleophilicity resulting from the constrained tetracoordinated calix[4]pyrrolato stannate(II) dianion enables the reductive formation of sterically unprotected acyclic aminocarbenes. These amino carbenes are stabilized at the concomitantly formed square-planar stannane(IV) as air-stable adducts. Transfer of the carbenes onto copper(I) by cooperativity of the calix[4]pyrrole ligand finalizes this protocol to hitherto unreported yet prototypical carbene complexes. Detailed spectroscopic and quantum theoretical analyses establish the synergy of structural constraints and element-ligand cooperation as the linchpin to this reaction path and its selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Ruppert
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Arne Meister
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Ronja Pfretzschner
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - André Faria Vieira
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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13
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Bonfante S, Lorber C, Lynam JM, Simonneau A, Slattery JM. Metallomimetic C-F Activation Catalysis by Simple Phosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2005-2014. [PMID: 38207215 PMCID: PMC10811696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Delivering metallomimetic reactivity from simple p-block compounds is highly desirable in the search to replace expensive, scarce precious metals by cheap and abundant elements in catalysis. This contribution demonstrates that metallomimetic catalysis, involving facile redox cycling between the P(III) and P(V) oxidation states, is possible using only simple, cheap, and readily available trialkylphosphines without the need to enforce unusual geometries at phosphorus or use external oxidizing/reducing agents. Hydrodefluorination and aminodefluorination of a range of fluoroarenes was realized with good to very good yields under mild conditions. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies show that the phosphines undergo oxidative addition of the fluoroaromatic substrate via a Meisenheimer-like transition state to form a fluorophosphorane. This undergoes a pseudotransmetalation step with a silane, via initial fluoride transfer from P to Si, to give experimentally observed phosphonium ions. Hydride transfer from a hydridosilicate counterion then leads to a hydridophosphorane, which undergoes reductive elimination of the product to reform the phosphine catalyst. This behavior is analogous to many classical transition-metal-catalyzed reactions and so is a rare example of both functional and mechanistically metallomimetic behavior in catalysis by a main-group element system. Crucially, the reagents used are cheap, readily available commercially, and easy to handle, making these reactions a realistic prospect in a wide range of academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonfante
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - Christian Lorber
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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14
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Hannah TJ, Chitnis SS. Ligand-enforced geometric constraints and associated reactivity in p-block compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:764-792. [PMID: 38099873 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00765k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The geometry at an element centre can generally be predicted based on the number of electron pairs around it using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory. Strategies to distort p-block compounds away from these predicted geometries have gained considerable interest due to the unique structural outcomes, spectroscopic properties or reactivity patterns engendered by such distortion. This review presents an up-to-date group-wise summary of this exciting and rapidly growing field with a focus on understanding how the ligand employed unlocks structural features, which in turn influences the associated reactivity. Relevant geometrically constrained compounds from groups 13-16 are discussed, along with selected stoichiometric and catalytic reactions. Several areas for advancement in this field are also discussed. Collectively, this review advances the notion of geometric tuning as an important lever, alongside electronic and steric tuning, in controlling bonding and reactivity at p-block centres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Saurabh S Chitnis
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6274 Coburg Road, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
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15
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Beims N, Greven T, Schmidtmann M, van der Vlugt JI. Geometrically Deformed and Conformationally Rigid Phosphorus Trisamides Featuring an Unsymmetrical Backbone. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302463. [PMID: 37873907 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Nonclassical P(III) centers have attracted much attention in recent years. Incorporating a P(III) center in a rigid bicyclic platform offers a particularly attractive way to invoke significant geometric distortion of the phosphorus atom that may in turn induce unusual reactivity. Although still relatively scarcely explored, phosphorus centers enforced in a non-C3 symmetry have gained significant traction lately. However, the current scaffolds are based on a relatively limited set of design principles and ligand platforms associated therewith. This work is focussed on the synthesis as well as versatile oxidation, addition and coordination chemistry of a geometrically distorted P(III) species featuring a synthetically modular, nonsymmetric trisamine platform derived from 2-(methylamino)-N-(2-(methylamino)phenyl)benzenesulfonamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Beims
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Greven
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jarl Ivar van der Vlugt
- Bioinspired Coordination Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis Group, Institute of Chemistry, School of Mathematics and Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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16
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Roth D, Radosevich AT, Greb L. Reversible Oxidative Addition of Nonactivated C-H Bonds to Structurally Constrained Phosphenium Ions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24184-24190. [PMID: 37877607 PMCID: PMC10842376 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A series of structurally constrained phosphenium ions based on pyridinylmethylamidophenolate scaffolds are shown to undergo P(III)/P(V) oxidative addition with C-H bonds of alkynes, alkenes, and arenes. Nonactivated substrates such as benzene, toluene, and deactivated chlorobenzene are phosphorylated in quantitative yields. Computational and spectroscopic studies suggest a low-barrier isomerization from a bent to a T-shaped isomer that initiates a phosphorus-ligand-cooperative pathway and subsequent ring-chain tautomerism. Remarkably, C-H bond activations occur reversibly, allowing for reductive elimination back to P(III) at elevated temperatures or the exchange with other substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Lan X, Zhang X, Mei Y, Hu C, Liu LL. Utilizing bis(imino)dihydroacridanide pincer ligands in p-block chemistry: synthesis and catalysis of an antimony monocation salt. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15660-15664. [PMID: 37859530 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03310d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We present the synthesis and characterization of an Sb(III) monocation salt stabilized by a bulky bis(imino)dihydroacridanide pincer ligand. The Lewis acidity of the Sb cation is quantified using the Guttmann-Beckett method and confirmed by its reaction with 4-dimethylaminopyridine, which forms a Lewis acid-base adduct. This Sb cation exhibits catalytic activity in the cyanosilylation of arylketones. The electronic structure of the Sb cation as well as the mechanism of the catalytic transformation are explored by density functional theory computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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18
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Moon HW, Lavagnino MN, Lim S, Palkowitz MD, Mandler MD, Beutner GL, Drance MJ, Lipshultz JM, Scola PM, Radosevich AT. Deoxyfluorination of 1°, 2°, and 3° Alcohols by Nonbasic O-H Activation and Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Fluoride Shuttling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22735-22744. [PMID: 37812176 PMCID: PMC11179691 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A method for deoxyfluorination of aliphatic primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols is reported, employing a nontrigonal phosphorus triamide for base-free alcohol activation in conjunction with an organic soluble fluoride donor and a triarylborane fluoride shuttling catalyst. Mechanistic experiments are consistent with a reaction that proceeds by the collapse of an oxyphosphonium fluoroborate ion pair with fluoride transfer. The substrate scope complements existing deoxyfluorination methods and enables the preparation of homochiral secondary and tertiary alkylfluorides by stereoinversion of the substrate alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Marissa N. Lavagnino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Soohyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Maximilian D. Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Michael D. Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Gregory L. Beutner
- Chemical and Synthetic Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Myles J. Drance
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey M. Lipshultz
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Paul M. Scola
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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19
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Masada K, Okabe K, Kusumoto S, Nozaki K. A dinuclear Rh(-i)/Rh(i) complex bridged by biphilic phosphinine ligands. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8524-8530. [PMID: 37592993 PMCID: PMC10430517 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02292g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bimetallic complexes have enabled precise control of catalysis by accumulating two discrete metal centres. In these complexes, bridging ligands are essential to combine multiple metals into one molecule. Among some bridging modes, an unsymmetric bridging mode will differentiate the electronic structures of the two metal centres. In this study, a dinuclear Rh(-i)/Rh(i) complex bridged by tridentate phosphine-phosphinine-phosphine ligands was prepared by reduction of the corresponding Rh(i) complex. Single-crystal X-ray analysis and DFT calculations suggest that the phosphinine ligands adopt an unsymmetric bridging mode wherein phosphinine accepts d-electrons from one Rh centre and, at the same time, donates lone pairs to the other Rh centre.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Masada
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kiyosumi Okabe
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Shuhei Kusumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Kyoko Nozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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20
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Yadav R, Janßen P, Schorpp M, Greb L. Calix[4]pyrrolato-germane-(thf) 2: Unlocking the Anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel Reactivity of Germanium(IV) by Ligand Dissociation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17746-17754. [PMID: 37549106 PMCID: PMC10436272 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel configured p-block element species possess intrinsically high reactivity and are thus challenging to isolate. Consequently, numerous elements in this configuration, including square-planar germanium(IV), remain unexplored. Herein, we follow a concept to reach anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel reactivity by ligand dissociation from a rigid calix[4]pyrrole germane in its bis(thf) adduct. While the macrocyclic ligand assures square-planar coordination in the uncomplexed form, the labile thf donors provide robustness for isolation on a multigram scale. Unique properties of a low-lying acceptor orbital imparted to germanium(IV) can be verified, e.g., by isolating an elusive anionic hydrido germanate and exploiting it for challenging bond activations. Aldehydes, water, alcohol, and a CN triple bond are activated for the first time by germanium-ligand cooperativity. Unexpected behaviors against fluoride ion donors disclose critical interferences of a putative redox-coupled fluoride ion transfer during the experimental determination of Lewis acidity. Overall, we showcase how ligand lability grants access to the uncharted chemistry of anti-van't Hoff-Le Bel germanium(IV) and line up this element as a member in the emerging class of structurally constrained p-block elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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21
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Nussbaum BC, Humphries AL, Gange GB, Peryshkov DV. Redox-active carborane clusters in bond activation chemistry and ligand design. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9918-9928. [PMID: 37522167 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03011c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Icosahedral closo-dodecaboranes have the ability to accept two electrons, opening into a dianionic nido-cluster. This transformation can be utilized to store electrons, drive bond activation, or alter coordination to metal cations. In this feature article, we present cases for each of these applications, wherein the redox activity of carborane facilitates the generation of unique products. We highlight the effects of exohedral substituents on reactivity and the stability of the products through conjugation between the cluster and exohedral substituents. Futher, the utilization of the redox properties and geometry of carborane clusters in the ligand design is detailed, both in the stabilization of low-valent complexes and in the tuning of ligand geometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce C Nussbaum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Amanda L Humphries
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Gayathri B Gange
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
| | - Dmitry V Peryshkov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter St, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA.
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22
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King AJ, Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. Reactivity of a Strictly T-Shaped Phosphine Ligated by an Acridane Derived NNN Pincer Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300818. [PMID: 37042718 PMCID: PMC10947599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The steric tuning of a tridentate acridane-derived NNN pincer ligand allows for the isolation of a strictly T-shaped phosphine that exhibits ambiphilic reactivity. Well-defined phosphorus-centered reactivity towards nucleophiles and electrophiles is reported, contrasting with prior reports on this class of compounds. Reactions towards oxidants are also described. The latter result in the two-electron oxidation of the phosphorus atom from +III to +V and are accompanied by a strong geometric distortion of the NNN pincer ligand. By contrast, cooperative activation of E-H (HCl, HBcat, HOMe) bonds proceeds with retention of the phosphorus redox state. When using H2 O as a substrate, the reaction results in the full disassembly of H2 O to its constituent atoms, highlighting the potential of this platform for small molecule activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkland Ave.Bloomington, In47401USA
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23
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Liu X, Dai Y, Bao M, Wang W, Li Q, Liu C, Wang X, Su Y. A crystalline T-shaped planar group 14 anion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5722-5727. [PMID: 37265721 PMCID: PMC10231432 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc07006e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolable T-shaped planar pnictogen compounds R3Pn were reported more than three decades ago and have been attracting burgeoning interest in recent years; T-shaped planar group 14 anions, isoelectronic to R3Pn, however, are still unknown. Herein, we report the synthesis, full characterization, and reactivity of the first crystalline T-shaped planar group 14 anion 4 bearing a trinitrogen pincer ligand. DFT calculations indicate that the tricoordinate germanium center features both an unoccupied 4p orbital and two lone pairs of electrons. Its electron-rich nature allows for the nucleophilic attack on the methyl iodine giving methyl-substituted complex 5 and facile oxidation of the germanium center by elemental sulfur and selenium to furnish unpresented organic anions bearing terminal Ge[double bond, length as m-dash]Ch (Ch = S or Se) double bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Manling Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Qianli Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University Liaocheng 252059 China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University Nanjing 210023 China
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24
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Hannah TJ, McCarvell WM, Kirsch T, Bedard J, Hynes T, Mayho J, Bamford KL, Vos CW, Kozak CM, George T, Masuda JD, Chitnis SS. Planar bismuth triamides: a tunable platform for main group Lewis acidity and polymerization catalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4549-4563. [PMID: 37152250 PMCID: PMC10155930 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00917c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric deformation in main group compounds can be used to elicit unique properties including strong Lewis acidity. Here we report on a family of planar bismuth(iii) complexes (cf. typically pyramidal structure for such compounds), which show a geometric Lewis acidity that can be further tuned by varying the steric and electronic features of the triamide ligand employed. The structural dynamism of the planar bismuth complexes was probed in both the solid and solution phase, revealing at least three distinct modes of intermolecular association. A modified Gutmann-Beckett method was used to assess their electrophilicity by employing trimethylphosphine sulfide in addition to triethylphosphine oxide as probes, providing insights into the preference for binding hard or soft substrates. Experimental binding studies were complemented by a computational assessment of the affinities and dissection of the latter into their intrinsic bond strength and deformation energy components. The results show comparable Lewis acidity to triarylboranes, with the added ability to bind two bases simultaneously, and reduced discrimination against soft substrates. We also study the catalytic efficacy of these complexes in the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters ε-caprolactone and rac-lactide. The polymers obtained show excellent dispersity values and high molecular weights with low catalyst loadings used. The complexes retain their performance under industrially relevant conditions, suggesting they may be useful as less toxic alternatives to tin catalysts in the production of medical grade materials. Collectively, these results establish planar bismuth complexes as not only a novel neutral platform for main group Lewis acidity, but also a potentially valuable one for catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Hannah
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - W Michael McCarvell
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Tamina Kirsch
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Joseph Bedard
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Toren Hynes
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Jacqueline Mayho
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Karlee L Bamford
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Cyler W Vos
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Christopher M Kozak
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NL A1B 3X7 Canada
| | - Tanner George
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - Jason D Masuda
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary's University 923 Robie St. Halifax NS B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S S Chitnis
- Chemistry Department, Dalhousie University 6274 Coburg Rd Halifax NS B3H 4R2 Canada
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25
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Zhu Y, Liao Y, Zou J, Cheng J, Pan Y, Lin L, Chen X. Engineering Single-Atom Nanozymes for Catalytic Biomedical Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300750. [PMID: 37058076 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with enzyme-mimicking properties, coined as nanozymes, are a promising alternative to natural enzymes owing to their remarkable advantages, such as high stability, easy preparation, and favorable catalytic performance. Recently, with the rapid development of nanotechnology and characterization techniques, single atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with atomically dispersed active sites, well-defined electronic and geometric structures, tunable coordination environment, and maximum metal atom utilization are developed and exploited. With superior catalytic performance and selectivity, SAzymes have made impressive progress in biomedical applications and are expected to bridge the gap between artificial nanozymes and natural enzymes. Herein, the recent advances in SAzyme preparation methods, catalytic mechanisms, and biomedical applications are systematically summarized. Their biomedical applications in cancer therapy, oxidative stress cytoprotection, antibacterial therapy, and biosensing are discussed in depth. Furthermore, to appreciate these advances, the main challenges, and prospects for the future development of SAzymes are also outlined and highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Yaxin Liao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Jianhua Zou
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Junjie Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yuanbo Pan
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Lisen Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
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26
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Tanimura K, Gon M, Tanaka K. Effects of Hypervalent Bismuth on Electronic Properties of the Azobenzene Tridentate Ligand and Roles of Lewis Acidity in Controlling Optical Properties. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:4590-4597. [PMID: 36867889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Organobismuth compounds have been studied in various fields, including electronic states, pnictogen bonds, and catalysis. Among them, one of the unique electronic states of the element is the hypervalent state. So far, many issues regarding the electronic structures of bismuth in hypervalent states have been revealed; meanwhile, the influence of hypervalent bismuth on the electronic properties of π-conjugated scaffolds is still vailed. Here, we synthesized the hypervalent bismuth compound, BiAz, by introducing hypervalent bismuth into the azobenzene tridentate ligand as a π-conjugated scaffold. The influence of hypervalent bismuth on the electronic properties of the ligand was evaluated from optical measurements and quantum chemical calculations. The introduction of hypervalent bismuth revealed three significant electronic effects: first, hypervalent bismuth shows position-dependent electron-donating and electron-accepting effects. Second, BiAz can have a larger effective Lewis acidity than the hypervalent tin compound derivatives reported in our previous research. Finally, the coordination of dimethyl sulfoxide transformed the electronic properties of BiAz, similar to the hypervalent tin compounds. The data from quantum chemical calculations showed that the optical properties of the π-conjugated scaffold were able to be changed by introducing hypervalent bismuth. To the best of our knowledge, we first demonstrate that the introduction of hypervalent bismuth should be a new methodology for controlling the electronic properties of π-conjugated molecules and developing sensing materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Tanimura
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Masayuki Gon
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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27
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Cooperative Bond Activation and Catalytic CO 2 Functionalization with a Geometrically Constrained Bis(silylene)-Stabilized Borylene. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:7011-7020. [PMID: 36939300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Metal-ligand cooperativity has emerged as an important strategy to tune the reactivity of transition-metal complexes for the catalysis and activation of small molecules. Studies of main-group compounds, however, are scarce. Here, we report the synthesis, structural characterization, and reactivity of a geometrically constrained bis(silylene)-stabilized borylene. The one-pot reaction of [(SiNSi)Li(OEt2)] (SiNSi = 4,5-bis(silylene)-2,7,9,9-tetramethyl-9H-acridin-10-ide) with 1 equiv of [BBr3(SMe2)] in toluene at room temperature followed by reduction with 2 equiv of potassium graphite (KC8) leads to borylene [(SiNSi)B] (1), isolated as blue crystals in 45% yield. X-ray crystallography shows that borylene (1) has a tricoordinate boron center with a distorted T-shaped geometry. Computational studies reveal that the HOMO of 1 represents the lone pair orbital on the boron center and is delocalized over the Si-B-Si unit, while the geometric perturbation significantly increases its energy. Borylene (1) shows single electron transfer reactivity toward tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (B(C6F5)3), forming a frustrated radical pair [(SiNSi)B]•+[B(C6F5)3]•-, which can be trapped by its reaction with PhSSPh, affording an ion pair [(SiNSi)BSPh][PhSB(C6F5)3] (3). Remarkably, the cooperation between borylene and silylene allows the facile cleavage of the N-H bond of aniline, the P-P bond in white phosphorus, and the C═O bond in ketones and carbon dioxide, thus representing a new type of main-group element-ligand cooperativity for the activation of small molecules. In addition, 1 is a strikingly effective catalyst for carbon dioxide reduction. Computational studies reveal that the cooperation between borylene and silylene plays a key role in the catalytic chemical bond activation process.
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Smith J, Gabbaï FP. Are Ar 3SbCl 2 Species Lewis Acidic? Exploration of the Concept and Pnictogen Bond Catalysis Using a Geometrically Constrained Example. Organometallics 2023; 42:240-245. [PMID: 38333362 PMCID: PMC10848295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
As part of our investigations into the Lewis acidic behavior of antimony derivatives, we have decided to study the properties of 5-phenyl-5,5-dichloro-λ5-dibenzostibole (1), a dichlorostiborane with an antimony atom confined to a five-membered heterocycle. Our work shows that the resulting geometrical constraints elevate the Lewis acidity of the antimony atom, as confirmed by the crystal structure of 1-THF and the solution study of the interaction of 1 with Ph3PO. The enhanced Lewis acidic properties of 1, which exceed those of simple dichlorostiboranes such as Ph3SbCl2, also become manifest in pnictogen bonding catalysis experiments involving the reductions of imines with Hantzsch ester. The influence of geometrical constraints in the chemistry of this compound is also supported by a computational activation strain analysis as well as by an energy decomposition analysis of a model Me3PO adduct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse
E. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Chulsky K, Malahov I, Bawari D, Dobrovetsky R. Metallomimetic Chemistry of a Cationic, Geometrically Constrained Phosphine in the Catalytic Hydrodefluorination and Amination of Ar-F Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3786-3794. [PMID: 36738474 PMCID: PMC9936586 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis, isolation, and reactivity of a cationic, geometrically constrained σ3-P compound in the hexaphenyl-carbodiphosphoranyl-based pincer-type ligand (1+) are reported. 1+ reacts with electron-poor fluoroarenes via an oxidative addition-type reaction of the C-F bond to the PIII-center, yielding new fluorophosphorane-type species (PV). This reactivity of 1+ was used in the catalytic hydrodefluorination of Ar-F bonds with PhSiH3, and in a catalytic C-N bond-forming cross-coupling reactions between fluoroarenes and aminosilanes. Importantly, 1+ in these catalytic reactions closely mimics the mode of action of the transition metal-based catalysts.
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30
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Zechovský J, Kertész E, Erben M, Jambor R, Růžička A, Benkö Z, Dostál L. Oxidations of N-coordinated Arsinidene and Stibinidene by Substituted Quinones: A Remarkable Follow-Up Reactivity. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300018. [PMID: 36756773 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of pnictinidenes [2-(DippN=CH)-6-(DippNHCH2 )C6 H3 ]E (where E=As (1) or Sb (2)) toward substituted ortho- and para-quinones is reported. The central pnictogen atom is easily oxidized by ortho-quinones closing five-membered EO2 C2 ring. The oxidized antimony derivatives are stable species, while in the case of arsenic compounds the hydrogen of the pendant amino NHCH2 group cleaves one newly formed As-O bonds leading to the closure of a new azaarsole ring. Furthermore, a heating of these arsenic heterocycles resulted in a C-H bond activation at the NCH2 group involved in this heterocycle followed by a reductive elimination of corresponding catechols and arsinidene [2,6-(DippN=CH)C6 H3 ]As. Using of para-quinones, resulted in the oxidation of the central atom with a concomitant hydrogen migration from NHCH2 group even in the case of the antimony derivatives. The reductive elimination of hydroquinones is in this case feasible for all compounds. Studied compounds were characterized by multi-nuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The theoretical study focusing the key compounds and reactions is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zechovský
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Kertész
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Benkö
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
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31
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Bruch QJ, Tanushi A, Müller P, Radosevich AT. Metal-Ligand Role Reversal: Hydride-Transfer Catalysis by a Functional Phosphorus Ligand with a Spectator Metal. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21443-21447. [PMID: 36378626 PMCID: PMC9712262 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydride transfer catalysis is shown to be enabled by the nonspectator reactivity of a transition metal-bound low-symmetry tricoordinate phosphorus ligand. Complex 1·[Ru]+, comprising a nontrigonal phosphorus chelate (1, P(N(o-N(2-pyridyl)C6H4)2) and an inert metal fragment ([Ru] = (Me5C5)Ru), reacts with NaBH4 to give a metallohydridophosphorane (1H·[Ru]) by P-H bond formation. Complex 1H·[Ru] is revealed to be a potent hydride donor (ΔG°H-,exp < 41 kcal/mol, ΔG°H-,calc = 38 ± 2 kcal/mol in MeCN). Taken together, the reactivity of the 1·[Ru]+/1H·[Ru] pair comprises a catalytic couple, enabling catalytic hydrodechlorination in which phosphorus is the sole reactive site of hydride transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinton J. Bruch
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Akira Tanushi
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peter Müller
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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32
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Obi AD, Dickie DA, Tiznado W, Frenking G, Pan S, Gilliard RJ. A Multidimensional Approach to Carbodiphosphorane–Bismuth Coordination Chemistry: Cationization, Redox-Flexibility, and Stabilization of a Crystalline Bismuth Hydridoborate. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19452-19462. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akachukwu D. Obi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Gernot Frenking
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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33
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Drance MJ, Tanushi A, Radosevich AT. Two-Site O-H Addition to an Iridium Complex Featuring a Nonspectator Tricoordinate Phosphorus Ligand. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20243-20248. [PMID: 36301929 PMCID: PMC9662588 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and reactivity of an ambiphilic iridium complex IrCl(PPh3)(L1) (1; L1 = P(N(o-N(2-pyridyl)C6H4)2)) featuring a chelating nontrigonal phosphorus triamide ligand is reported. The tandem Lewis basic Ir and Lewis acidic P of 1 achieve a two-site oxidative addition of phenol giving the iridaphenoxyphosphorane species IrHCl(PPh3)(L1OPh) (3'). In contrast, reactions of 1 with benzenethiol and benzeneselenol do not engage L1 and instead proceed via metal-centered oxidative addition of the chalcogen-hydrogen bond. These findings establish metal-ligand cooperation involving nonspectator reactivity of tricoordinate phosphorus ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander T. Radosevich
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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34
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Warring LS, Walley JE, Dickie DA, Tiznado W, Pan S, Gilliard RJ. Lewis Superacidic Heavy Pnictaalkene Cations: Comparative Assessment of Carbodicarbene-Stibenium and Carbodicarbene-Bismuthenium Ions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:18640-18652. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Levi S. Warring
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Jacob E. Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A. Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - William Tiznado
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 270, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Sudip Pan
- Philipps-Universität Marburg Hans-Meerwein-Straße, Marburg 35032, Germany
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Jilin University, Changchun 130023, China
| | - Robert J. Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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35
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Preparation of planar chiral oxazolinyl hydroxyl ferrocene silyl ethers and their desilylation derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2022.122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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36
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Hollingsworth WM, Hill EA. Exploring the potential role of heavy pnictogen elements in ligand design for new metal-ligand cooperative chemistry. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2124863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. M. Hollingsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - E. A. Hill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
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37
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Volodarsky S, Bawari D, Dobrovetsky R. Dual Reactivity of a Geometrically Constrained Phosphenium Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208401. [PMID: 35830679 PMCID: PMC9541694 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A geometrically constrained phosphenium cation in bis(pyrrolyl)pyridine based NNN pincer type ligand (1+ ) was synthesized, isolated and its preliminary reactivity was studied with small molecules. 1+ reacts with MeOH and Et2 NH, activating the O-H and N-H bonds via a P-center/ligand assisted path. The reaction of 1+ with one equiv. of H3 NBH3 leads to its dehydrogenation producing 5. Interestingly, reaction of 1+ with an excess H3 NBH3 leads to phosphinidene (PI ) species coordinating to two BH3 molecules (6). In contrast, [1+ ][OTf] reacts with Et3 SiH by hydride abstraction yielding 1-H and Et3 SiOTf, while [1+ ][B(C6 F5 )4 ] reacts with Et3 SiH via an oxidative addition type reaction of Si-H bond to P-center, affording a new PV compound (8). However, 8 is not stable over time and degrades to a complex mixture of compounds in matter of minutes. Despite this, the ability of [1+ ][B(C6 F5 )4 ] to activate Si-H bond could still be tested in catalytic hydrosilylation of benzaldehyde, where 1+ closely mimics transition metal behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Volodarsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv University DepartmentTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv University DepartmentTel Aviv69978Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact SciencesTel Aviv University DepartmentTel Aviv69978Israel
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38
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Wang Y, Tran PM, Lahm ME, Xie Y, Wei P, Adams ER, Glushka JN, Ren Z, Popik VV, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. Activation of Ammonia by a Carbene-Stabilized Dithiolene Zwitterion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16325-16331. [PMID: 36037279 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A carbene-stabilized dithiolene zwitterion (3) activates ammonia, affording 4• and 5, through both single-electron transfer (SET) and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT). Reaction products were characterized spectroscopically and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The mechanism of the formation of 4• and 5 was probed by experimental and computational methods. This discovery is the first example of metal-free ammonia activation via HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Phuong M Tran
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Mitchell E Lahm
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Earle R Adams
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - John N Glushka
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Zichun Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Vladimir V Popik
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Computational Chemistry, and Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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39
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Karnbrock SBH, Golz C, Mata RA, Alcarazo M. Ligand-Enabled Disproportionation of 1,2-Diphenylhydrazine at a P V -Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207450. [PMID: 35714171 PMCID: PMC9542402 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We present herein the synthesis of a nearly square-pyramidal chlorophosphorane supported by the tetradentate bis(amidophenolate) ligand, N,N'-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-phenoxy)-1,2-phenylenediamide. After chloride abstraction the resulting phosphonium cation efficiently promotes the disproportionation of 1,2-diphenylhydrazine to aniline and azobenzene. Mechanistic studies, spectroscopic analyses and theoretical calculations suggest that this unprecedented reactivity mode for PV -centres is induced by the high electrophilicity at the cationic PV -center, which originates from the geometry constraints imposed by the rigid pincer ligand, combined with the ability of the o-amidophenolate moieties to act as electron reservoir. This study illustrates the promising role of cooperativity between redox-active ligands and phosphorus for the design of organocatalysts able to promote redox processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B. H. Karnbrock
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Christopher Golz
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Institut für Physikalische ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 637077GöttingenGermany
| | - Manuel Alcarazo
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare ChemieGeorg-August-Universität GöttingenTammannstr. 237077GöttingenGermany
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40
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Dankert F, Siewert J, Gupta P, Weigend F, Hering‐Junghans C. Metal-Free N-H Bond Activation by Phospha-Wittig Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207064. [PMID: 35594171 PMCID: PMC9400956 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
N-containing molecules are mostly derived from ammonia (NH3 ). Ammonia activation has been demonstrated for single transition metal centers as well as for low-valent main group species. Phosphinidenes, mono-valent phosphorus species, can be stabilized by phosphines, giving so-called phosphanylidenephosphoranes of the type RP(PR'3 ). We demonstrate the facile, metal-free NH3 activation using ArP(PMe3 ), affording for the first time isolable secondary aminophosphines ArP(H)NH2 . DFT studies reveal that two molecules of NH3 act in concert to facilitate an NH3 for PMe3 exchange. Furthermore, H2 NR and HNR2 activation is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Jan‐Erik Siewert
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT)Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Fachbereich ChemiePhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein Straße 435032MarburgGermany
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41
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Volodarsky S, Bawari D, Dobrovetsky R. Dual Reactivity of a Geometrically Constrained Phosphenium Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- Tel Aviv University School of Chemistry Tel Aviv University, Shenkar Chemistry building, room 105 69978 Tel Aviv ISRAEL
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42
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Alcarazo M, Karnbrock SBH, Golz C, Mata RA. Ligand Enabled Disproportionation of 1,2‐Diphenylhydrazine at a P(V)‐Center. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Alcarazo
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Organic chemistry Tammannstr 2 37007 Göttingen GERMANY
| | - Simon B. H. Karnbrock
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Christopher Golz
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institu für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie GERMANY
| | - Ricardo A. Mata
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen: Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen Institut für Physikalische Chemie GERMANY
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43
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Volodarsky S, Malahov I, Bawari D, Diab M, Malik N, Tumanskii B, Dobrovetsky R. Geometrically constrained square pyramidal phosphoranide. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5957-5963. [PMID: 35685804 PMCID: PMC9132080 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01060g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometrical constriction of main group elements leading to a change in the reactivity of these main group centers has recently become an important tool in main group chemistry. A lot of focus on using this modern method is dedicated to group 15 elements and especially to phosphorus. In this work, we present the synthesis, isolation and preliminary reactivity study of the geometrically constrained, square pyramidal (SP) phosphoranide anion (1-). Unlike, trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) phosphoranides that were shown to react as nucleophiles while their redox chemistry was not reported, 1- reacts both as a nucleophile and reductant. The chemical oxidation of 1- leads to a P-P dimer (1-1) that is formed via the dimerization of unstable SP phosphoranyl radical (1˙), an unprecedented decay pathway for phosphoranyl radicals. Reaction of 1- with benzophenone leads via a single electron transfer (SET) to 1-OK and corresponding tetraphenyl epoxide (4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Volodarsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Irina Malahov
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Mohand Diab
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Naveen Malik
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Boris Tumanskii
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University Department Tel Aviv 69978 Israel
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44
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Dankert F, Siewert JE, Gupta P, Weigend F, Hering-Junghans C. Metal‐free N‐H Bond Activation by Phospha‐Wittig Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Dankert
- Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Catalysis with Bioresources GERMANY
| | - Jan-Erik Siewert
- Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Catalysis with Bioresources GERMANY
| | - Priyanka Gupta
- Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Modern Concepts in Molecular Catalysis GERMANY
| | - Florian Weigend
- Philipps-Universitat Marburg Fachbereich Chemie Fachbereich Chemie GERMANY
| | - Christian Hering-Junghans
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis: Leibniz-Institut fur Katalyse eV Catalysis with Bioresources Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock GERMANY
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45
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Wang W, Bao M, Dai Y, Liu X, Liu C, Liu C, Su Y, Wang X. Isolable Pincer-type Dianionic Dialane(6). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Manling Bao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuyang Dai
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chunmeng Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuanting Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xinping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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46
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Moon HW, Cornella J. Bismuth Redox Catalysis: An Emerging Main-Group Platform for Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:1382-1393. [PMID: 35096470 PMCID: PMC8787757 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Bismuth has recently
been shown to be able to maneuver between
different oxidation states, enabling access to unique redox cycles
that can be harnessed in the context of organic synthesis. Indeed,
various catalytic Bi redox platforms have been discovered and revealed
emerging opportunities in the field of main group redox catalysis.
The goal of this perspective is to provide an overview of the synthetic
methodologies that have been developed to date, which capitalize on
the Bi redox cycling. Recent catalytic methods via low-valent Bi(II)/Bi(III),
Bi(I)/Bi(III), and high-valent Bi(III)/Bi(V) redox couples are covered
as well as their underlying mechanisms and key intermediates. In addition,
we illustrate different design strategies stabilizing low-valent and
high-valent bismuth species, and highlight the characteristic reactivity
of bismuth complexes, compared to the lighter p-block
and d-block elements. Although it is not redox catalysis
in nature, we also discuss a recent example of non-Lewis acid, redox-neutral
Bi(III) catalysis proceeding through catalytic organometallic steps.
We close by discussing opportunities and future directions in this
emerging field of catalysis. We hope that this Perspective will provide
synthetic chemists with guiding principles for the future development
of catalytic transformations employing bismuth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Moon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
| | - Josep Cornella
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, Mülheim an der Ruhr, 45470, Germany
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47
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Bawari D, Volodarsky S, Ginzburg Y, Jaiswal K, Joshi P, Dobrovetsky R. Intramolecular C–N bond activation by a geometrically constrained P III-centre. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12176-12179. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04359a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
First examples of the insertion of a geometrically constrained PIII ambiphilic center into C–N bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deependra Bawari
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Solomon Volodarsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yael Ginzburg
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Kuldeep Jaiswal
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Pooja Joshi
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Roman Dobrovetsky
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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48
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Gimferrer M, Danés S, Andrada DM, Salvador P. Unveiling the Electronic Structure of the Bi(+1)/Bi(+3) Redox Couple on NCN and NNN Pincer Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:17657-17668. [PMID: 34766771 PMCID: PMC8653152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Low-valent group
15 compounds stabilized by pincer ligands have
gained particular interest, given their direct access to fine-tune
their reactivity by the coordination pattern. Recently, bismuth has
been employed in a variety of catalytic transformations by taking
advantage of the (+1/+3) redox couple. In this work, we present a
detailed quantum–chemical study on the electronic structure
of bismuth pincer complexes from two different families, namely, bis(ketimine)phenyl
(NCN) and triamide bismuthinidene (NNN). The use of the so-called
effective oxidation state analysis allows the unambiguous assignation
of the bismuth oxidation state. In contrast to previous studies, our
calculations suggest a Bi(+1) assignation for NCN pincer ligands,
while Bi(+3) character is found for NNN pincer complexes. Notably,
regardless of its oxidation state, the central bismuth atom disposes
of up to two lone pairs for coordinating Lewis acids, as indicated
by very high first and second proton affinity values. Besides, the
Bi–NNN systems can also accommodate two Lewis base ligands,
indicating also ambiphilic behavior. The effective fragment orbital
analysis of Bi and the ligand allows monitoring of the intricate electron
flow of these processes, revealing the noninnocent nature of the NNN
ligand, in contrast with the NCN one. By the dissection of the electron
density into effective fragment orbitals, we are able to quantify
and rationalize the Lewis base/acid character. Effective oxidation state analysis sheds
light on the electronic
structure of chemical systems. The oxidation state of bismuthinidene
pincer complexes can be assigned as Bi(+1) or Bi(+3) depending on
the nature of the ligands. Despite this assignation, the reactivity
pattern as Lewis base or acid is similar. The occupation of the effective
fragment orbitals gives a straightforward method to quantify the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Gimferrer
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Danés
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Diego M Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - Pedro Salvador
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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Cui J, Dietz M, Härterich M, Fantuzzi F, Lu W, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H. Diphosphino-Functionalized 1,8-Naphthyridines: a Multifaceted Ligand Platform for Boranes and Diboranes. Chemistry 2021; 27:15751-15756. [PMID: 34545966 PMCID: PMC9292315 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A 1,8-naphthyridine diphosphine (NDP) reacts with boron-containing Lewis acids to generate complexes featuring a number of different naphthyridine bonding modes. When exposed to diborane B2 Br4 , NDP underwent self-deprotonation to afford [NDP-B2 Br3 ]Br, an unsymmetrical diborane comprised of four fused rings. The reaction of two equivalents of monoborane BBr3 and NDP in a non-polar solvent provided the simple phosphine-borane adduct [NDP(BBr3 )2 ], which then underwent intramolecular halide abstraction to furnish the salt [NDP-BBr2 ][BBr4 ], featuring a different coordination mode from that of [NDP-B2 Br3 ]Br. Direct deprotonation of NDP by KHMDS or PhCH2 K generates mono- and dipotassium reagents, respectively. The monopotassium reagent reacts with one or half an equivalent of B2 (NMe2 )2 Cl2 to afford NDP-based diboranes with three or four amino substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Environmental EngineeringWuhan Institute of TechnologyWuhan430205P. R. China
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Marcel Härterich
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgEmil-Fischer-Str. 4297074WürzburgGermany
| | - Wei Lu
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Rian D. Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic ChemistryJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with BoronJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
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50
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Abbenseth J, Townrow OPE, Goicoechea JM. Thermoneutral N−H Bond Activation of Ammonia by a Geometrically Constrained Phosphine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Josh Abbenseth
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Oliver P. E. Townrow
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road OX1 3TA Oxford UK
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