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Jamalzadeh M, Cuniberto E, Huang Z, Feeley RM, Patel JC, Rice ME, Uichanco J, Shahrjerdi D. Toward robust quantification of dopamine and serotonin in mixtures using nano-graphitic carbon sensors. Analyst 2024; 149:2351-2362. [PMID: 38375597 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02086j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring the coordinated signaling of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) is important for advancing our understanding of the brain. However, the co-detection and robust quantification of these signals at low concentrations is yet to be demonstrated. Here, we present the quantification of DA and 5-HT using nano-graphitic (NG) sensors together with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) employing an engineered N-shape potential waveform. Our method yields 6% error in quantifying DA and 5-HT analytes present in in vitro mixtures at concentrations below 100 nM. This advance is due to the electrochemical properties of NG sensors which, in combination with the engineered FSCV waveform, provided distinguishable cyclic voltammograms (CVs) for DA and 5-HT. We also demonstrate the generalizability of the prediction model across different NG sensors, which arises from the consistent voltammetric fingerprints produced by our NG sensors. Curiously, the proposed engineered waveform also improves the distinguishability of DA and 5-HT CVs obtained from traditional carbon fiber (CF) microelectrodes. Nevertheless, this improved distinguishability of CVs obtained from CF is inferior to that of NG sensors, arising from differences in the electrochemical properties of the sensor materials. Our findings demonstrate the potential of NG sensors and our proposed FSCV waveform for future brain studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moeid Jamalzadeh
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Edoardo Cuniberto
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Zhujun Huang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
| | - Ryan M Feeley
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jyoti C Patel
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joline Uichanco
- Ross School of Business, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Davood Shahrjerdi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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Buchanan AM, Mena S, Choukari I, Vasa A, Crawford JN, Fadel J, Maxwell N, Reagan L, Cruikshank A, Best J, Nijhout HF, Reed M, Hashemi P. Serotonin as a biomarker of toxin-induced Parkinsonism. Mol Med 2024; 30:33. [PMID: 38429661 PMCID: PMC10908133 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of dopaminergic neurons underlies the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However stereotypical PD symptoms only manifest after approximately 80% of dopamine neurons have died making dopamine-related motor phenotypes unreliable markers of the earlier stages of the disease. There are other non-motor symptoms, such as depression, that may present decades before motor symptoms. METHODS Because serotonin is implicated in depression, here we use niche, fast electrochemistry paired with mathematical modelling and machine learning to, for the first time, robustly evaluate serotonin neurochemistry in vivo in real time in a toxicological model of Parkinsonism, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). RESULTS Mice treated with acute MPTP had lower concentrations of in vivo, evoked and ambient serotonin in the hippocampus, consistent with the clinical comorbidity of depression with PD. These mice did not chemically respond to SSRI, as strongly as control animals did, following the clinical literature showing that antidepressant success during PD is highly variable. Following L-DOPA administration, using a novel machine learning analysis tool, we observed a dynamic shift from evoked serotonin release in the hippocampus to dopamine release. We hypothesize that this finding shows, in real time, that serotonergic neurons uptake L-DOPA and produce dopamine at the expense of serotonin, supporting the significant clinical correlation between L-DOPA and depression. Finally, we found that this post L-DOPA dopamine release was less regulated, staying in the synapse for longer. This finding is perhaps due to lack of autoreceptor control and may provide a ground from which to study L-DOPA induced dyskinesia. CONCLUSIONS These results validate key prior hypotheses about the roles of serotonin during PD and open an avenue to study to potentially improve therapeutics for levodopa-induced dyskinesia and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marie Buchanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Sergio Mena
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Iman Choukari
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Aditya Vasa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Jesseca N Crawford
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Jim Fadel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Nick Maxwell
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
| | - Lawrence Reagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Neuroscience, University of South Carolina SOM, Columbia, SC, 29209, USA
- Columbia VA Health Care System, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | | | - Janet Best
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Michael Reed
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Parastoo Hashemi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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3
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Faul EBA, Broussard AM, Rivera DR, Pwint MY, Wu B, Cao Q, Bailey D, Cui XT, Castagnola E. Batch Fabrication of Microelectrode Arrays with Glassy Carbon Microelectrodes and Interconnections for Neurochemical Sensing: Promises and Challenges. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:277. [PMID: 38399004 PMCID: PMC10892456 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible multielectrode arrays with glassy carbon (GC) electrodes and metal interconnection (hybrid MEAs) have shown promising performance in multi-channel neurochemical sensing. A primary challenge faced by hybrid MEAs fabrication is the adhesion of the metal traces with the GC electrodes, as prolonged electrical and mechanical stimulation can lead to adhesion failure. Previous devices with GC electrodes and interconnects made of a homogeneous material (all GC) demonstrated exceptional electrochemical stability but required miniaturization for enhanced tissue integration and chronic electrochemical sensing. In this study, we used two different methods for the fabrication of all GC-MEAs on thin flexible substrates with miniaturized features. The first method, like that previously reported, involves a double pattern-transfer photolithographic process, including transfer-bonding on temporary polymeric support. The second method requires a double-etching process, which uses a 2 µm-thick low stress silicon nitride coating of the Si wafer as the bottom insulator layer for the MEAs, bypassing the pattern-transfer and demonstrating a novel technique with potential advantages. We confirmed the feasibility of the two fabrication processes by verifying the practical conductivity of 3 µm-wide 2 µm-thick GC traces, the GC microelectrode functionality, and their sensing capability for the detection of serotonin using fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Through the exchange and discussion of insights regarding the strengths and limitations of these microfabrication methods, our goal is to propel the advancement of GC-based MEAs for the next generation of neural interface devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma-Bernadette A. Faul
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (E.-B.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Austin M. Broussard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (E.-B.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (D.R.R.)
| | - Daniel R. Rivera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (E.-B.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (D.R.R.)
| | - May Yoon Pwint
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.Y.P.); (B.W.); (Q.C.); (X.T.C.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.Y.P.); (B.W.); (Q.C.); (X.T.C.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Qun Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.Y.P.); (B.W.); (Q.C.); (X.T.C.)
| | - Davis Bailey
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 15213, USA;
| | - X. Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.Y.P.); (B.W.); (Q.C.); (X.T.C.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219-3110, USA
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA; (E.-B.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (D.R.R.)
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (M.Y.P.); (B.W.); (Q.C.); (X.T.C.)
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Manring N, Strini M, Smeltz JL, Pathirathna P. Simultaneous detection of neurotransmitters and Cu 2+ using double-bore carbon fiber microelectrodes via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. RSC Adv 2023; 13:33844-33851. [PMID: 38020012 PMCID: PMC10658548 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06218j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a great demand to broaden our understanding of the multifactorial complex etiology of neurodegenerative diseases to aid the development of more efficient therapeutics and slow down the progression of neuronal cell death. The role of co-transmission and the effect of environmental factors on such diseases have yet to be explored adequately, mainly due to the lack of a proper analytical tool that can perform simultaneous multi-analyte detection in real time with excellent analytical parameters. In this study, we report a simple fabrication protocol of a double-bore carbon-fiber microelectrode (CFM) capable of performing rapid simultaneous detection of neurotransmitters and Cu2+via fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) in Tris buffer. After imaging our CFMs via optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy to ensure the intact nature of the two electrodes in our electrode composite, we performed a detailed analysis of the performance characteristics of our double-bore CFM in five different analyte mixtures, Cu2+-5HT, Cu2+-DA, Cu2+-AA, 5-HT-DA, and 5-HT-AA in Tris buffer, by applying different analyte-specific FSCV waveforms simultaneously. Calibration curves for each analyte in each mixture were plotted while extracting the analytical parameters such as the limit of detection (LOD), linear range, and sensitivity. We also carried out a control experiment series for the same mixtures with single-bore CFMs by applying one waveform at a time to compare the capabilities of our double-bore CFMs. Interestingly, except for the Cu2+-DA solution, all other combinations showed improved LOD, linear ranges, and sensitivity when detecting simultaneously with double-bore CFMs compared to single-bore CFMs, an excellent finding for developing this sensor for future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel Manring
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL USA
| | - Miriam Strini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL USA
| | - Jessica L Smeltz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL USA
| | - Pavithra Pathirathna
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne FL USA
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Castagnola E, Robbins EM, Krahe DD, Wu B, Pwint MY, Cao Q, Cui XT. Stable in-vivo electrochemical sensing of tonic serotonin levels using PEDOT/CNT-coated glassy carbon flexible microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 230:115242. [PMID: 36989659 PMCID: PMC10101938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic sampling of tonic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) concentrations in the brain is critical for tracking neurological disease development and the time course of pharmacological treatments. Despite their value, in vivo chronic multi-site measurements of tonic 5-HT have not been reported. To fill this technological gap, we batch-fabricated implantable glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) onto a flexible SU-8 substrate to provide an electrochemically stable and biocompatible device/tissue interface. To achieve detection of tonic 5-HT concentrations, we applied a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) electrode coating and optimized a square wave voltammetry (SWV) waveform for selective 5-HT measurement. In vitro, the PEDOT/CNT-coated GC microelectrodes achieved high sensitivity to 5-HT, good fouling resistance, and excellent selectivity against the most common neurochemical interferents. In vivo, our PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEAs successfully detected basal 5-HT concentrations at different locations within the CA2 region of the hippocampus of both anesthetized and awake mice. Furthermore, the PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs were able to detect tonic 5-HT in the mouse hippocampus for one week after implantation. Histology reveals that the flexible GC MEA implants caused less tissue damage and reduced inflammatory response in the hippocampus compared to commercially available stiff silicon probes. To the best of our knowledge, this PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEA is the first implantable, flexible sensor capable of chronic in vivo multi-site sensing of tonic 5-HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 818 Nelson Ave, 71272, USA
| | - Elaine M Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniela D Krahe
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - May Yoon Pwint
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Qun Cao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3110, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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6
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Wang Y, Zheng R, Wu P, Wu Y, Huang L, Huang L. Determination of Multiple Neurotransmitters through LC-MS/MS to Confirm the Therapeutic Effects of Althaea rosea Flower on TTX-Intoxicated Rats. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104158. [PMID: 37241898 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrodotoxin (TTX) inhibits neurotransmission in animals, and there is no specific antidote. In clinical practice in China, Althaea rosea (A. rosea flower) extract has been used to treat TTX poisoning. In this work, the efficacy of the ethyl acetate fraction extract of A. rosea flower in treating TTX poisoning in rats was investigated. A high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine nine neurotransmitters in rat brain tissue, including γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), dopamine (DA), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), noradrenaline (NE), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA), epinephrine (E), and tyramine (Tyn). The detoxifying effect of A. rosea flower was verified by comparing the changes in neurotransmitters' content in brain tissue before and after poisoning in rats. The assay was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The quantification method was performed by plotting an internal-standard working curve with good linearity (R2 > 0.9941) and sensitivity. Analyte recoveries were 94.04-107.53% (RSD < 4.21%). Results indicated that the levels of 5-HT, DA, E, and NE in the brains of TTX-intoxicated rats decreased, whereas the levels of GABA, Tyn, and 5-HIAA showed an opposite trend, and HVA and DOPAC were not detected. The levels of all seven neurotransmitters returned to normal after the gavage administration of ethyl acetate extract of A. rosea flower to prove that the ethyl acetate extract of A. rosea flower had a therapeutic effect on TTX poisoning. The work provided new ideas for studies on TTX detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Renjin Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Physical and Chemical Analysis Department, Fuzhou 350001, China
| | - Pingping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Youjia Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Lingyi Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Liying Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
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7
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He J, Spanolios E, Froehlich CE, Wouters CL, Haynes CL. Recent Advances in the Development and Characterization of Electrochemical and Electrical Biosensors for Small Molecule Neurotransmitters. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1391-1403. [PMID: 36940263 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters act as chemical messengers, determining human physiological and psychological function, and abnormal levels of neurotransmitters are related to conditions such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Biologically and clinically relevant concentrations of neurotransmitters are usually very low (nM), so electrochemical and electronic sensors for neurotransmitter detection play an important role in achieving sensitive and selective detection. Additionally, these sensors have the distinct advantage to potentially be wireless, miniaturized, and multichannel, providing remarkable opportunities for implantable, long-term sensing capabilities unachievable by spectroscopic or chromatographic detection methods. In this article, we will focus on advances in the development and characterization of electrochemical and electronic sensors for neurotransmitters during the last five years, identifying how the field is progressing as well as critical knowledge gaps for sensor researchers.
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Castagnola E, Robbins EM, Krahe D, Wu B, Pwint MY, Cao Q, Cui XT. Implantable flexible multielectrode arrays for multi-site sensing of serotonin tonic levels. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.17.524488. [PMID: 36711655 PMCID: PMC9882191 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.524488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Real-time multi-channel measurements of tonic serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) concentrations across different brain regions are of utmost importance to the understanding of 5-HT’s role in anxiety, depression, and impulse control disorders, which will improve the diagnosis and treatment of these neuropsychiatric illnesses. Chronic sampling of 5-HT is critical in tracking disease development as well as the time course of pharmacological treatments. Despite their value, in vivo chronic multi-site measurements of 5-HT have not been reported. To fill this technological gap, we batch fabricated implantable glassy carbon (GC) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) on a flexible SU-8 substrate to provide an electrochemically stable and biocompatible device/tissue interface. Then, to achieve multi-site detection of tonic 5-HT concentrations, we incorporated the poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/functionalized carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) coating on the GC microelectrodes in combination with a new square wave voltammetry (SWV) approach, optimized for selective 5-HT measurement. In vitro , the PEDOT/CNT coated GC microelectrodes achieved high sensitivity towards 5-HT, good fouling resistance in the presence of 5-HT, and excellent selectivity towards the most common neurochemical interferents. In vivo , our PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEAs were able to successfully detect basal 5-HT concentrations at different locations of the CA2 hippocampal region of mice in both anesthetized and awake head-fixed conditions. Furthermore, the implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEA achieved stable detection of tonic 5-HT concentrations for one week. Finally, histology data in the hippocampus shows reduced tissue damage and inflammatory responses compared to stiff silicon probes. To the best of our knowledge, this PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEA is the first implantable flexible multisite sensor capable of chronic in vivo multi-site sensing of tonic 5-HT. This implantable MEA can be custom-designed according to specific brain region of interests and research questions, with the potential to combine electrophysiology recording and multiple analyte sensing to maximize our understanding of neurochemistry. Highlights PEDOT/CNT-coated GC microelectrodes enabled sensitive and selective tonic detection of serotonin (5-HT) using a new square wave voltammetry (SWV) approach PEDOT/CNT-coated GC MEAs achieved multi-site in vivo 5-HT tonic detection for one week. Flexible MEAs lead to reduced tissue damage and inflammation compared to stiff silicon probes.
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Xu M, Zhao Y, Xu G, Zhang Y, Sun S, Sun Y, Wang J, Pei R. Recent Development of Neural Microelectrodes with Dual-Mode Detection. BIOSENSORS 2022; 13:59. [PMID: 36671894 PMCID: PMC9856135 DOI: 10.3390/bios13010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Neurons communicate through complex chemical and electrophysiological signal patterns to develop a tight information network. A physiological or pathological event cannot be explained by signal communication mode. Therefore, dual-mode electrodes can simultaneously monitor the chemical and electrophysiological signals in the brain. They have been invented as an essential tool for brain science research and brain-computer interface (BCI) to obtain more important information and capture the characteristics of the neural network. Electrochemical sensors are the most popular methods for monitoring neurochemical levels in vivo. They are combined with neural microelectrodes to record neural electrical activity. They simultaneously detect the neurochemical and electrical activity of neurons in vivo using high spatial and temporal resolutions. This paper systematically reviews the latest development of neural microelectrodes depending on electrode materials for simultaneous in vivo electrochemical sensing and electrophysiological signal recording. This includes carbon-based microelectrodes, silicon-based microelectrode arrays (MEAs), and ceramic-based MEAs, focusing on the latest progress since 2018. In addition, the structure and interface design of various types of neural microelectrodes have been comprehensively described and compared. This could be the key to simultaneously detecting electrochemical and electrophysiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuewu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanghui Xu
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuehu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengkai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jine Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Renjun Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nano-biomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei 230026, China
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Ming T, Luo J, Xing Y, Cheng Y, Liu J, Sun S, Kong F, Xu S, Dai Y, Xie J, Jin H, Cai X. Recent progress and perspectives of continuous in vivo testing device. Mater Today Bio 2022; 16:100341. [PMID: 35875195 PMCID: PMC9305619 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Devices for continuous in-vivo testing (CIVT) can detect target substances in real time, thus providing a valuable window into a patient's condition, their response to therapeutics, metabolic activities, and neurotransmitter transmission in the brain. Therefore, CIVT devices have received increased attention because they are expected to greatly assist disease diagnosis and treatment and research on human pathogenesis. However, CIVT has been achieved for only a few markers, and it remains challenging to detect many key markers. Therefore, it is important to summarize the key technologies and methodologies of CIVT, and to examine the direction of future development of CIVT. We review recent progress in the development of CIVT devices, with consideration of the structure of these devices, principles governing continuous detection, and nanomaterials used for electrode modification. This detailed and comprehensive review of CIVT devices serves three purposes: (1) to summarize the advantages and disadvantages of existing devices, (2) to provide a reference for development of CIVT equipment to detect additional important markers, and (3) to discuss future prospects with emphasis on problems that must be overcome for further development of CIVT equipment. This review aims to promote progress in research on CIVT devices and contribute to future innovation in personalized medical treatments. A detailed and comprehensive review of continuous in vivo testing device. The nanomaterials, delicate structures and detection principles of the works are discussed. The achievements and shortcomings of the existing devices are summarized. The problems that should be solved in the further development of the devices and the future prospects are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ming
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jinping Luo
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Juntao Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fanli Kong
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shihong Xu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuchuan Dai
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jingyu Xie
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, PR China.,School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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11
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Kaur H, Siwal SS, Saini RV, Singh N, Thakur VK. Significance of an Electrochemical Sensor and Nanocomposites: Toward the Electrocatalytic Detection of Neurotransmitters and Their Importance within the Physiological System. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 3:1-27. [PMID: 37101467 PMCID: PMC10125382 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A prominent neurotransmitter (NT), dopamine (DA), is a chemical messenger that transmits signals between one neuron to the next to pass on a signal to and from the central nervous system (CNS). The imbalanced concentration of DA may cause numerous neurological sicknesses and syndromes, for example, Parkinson's disease (PD) and schizophrenia. There are many types of NTs in the brain, including epinephrine, norepinephrine (NE), serotonin, and glutamate. Electrochemical sensors have offered a creative direction to biomedical analysis and testing. Researches are in progress to improve the performance of sensors and develop new protocols for sensor design. This review article focuses on the area of sensor growth to discover the applicability of polymers and metallic particles and composite materials as tools in electrochemical sensor surface incorporation. Electrochemical sensors have attracted the attention of researchers as they possess high sensitivity, quick reaction rate, good controllability, and instantaneous detection. Efficient complex materials provide considerable benefits for biological detection as they have exclusive chemical and physical properties. Due to distinctive electrocatalytic characteristics, metallic nanoparticles add fascinating traits to materials that depend on the material's morphology and size. Herein, we have collected much information on NTs and their importance within the physiological system. Furthermore, the electrochemical sensors and corresponding techniques (such as voltammetric, amperometry, impedance, and chronoamperometry) and the different types of electrodes' roles in the analysis of NTs are discussed. Furthermore, other methods for detecting NTs include optical and microdialysis methods. Finally, we show the advantages and disadvantages of different techniques and conclude remarks with future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjot Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Samarjeet Singh Siwal
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Reena V. Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Nirankar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, M.M. Engineering College, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, United Kingdom
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
- Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
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12
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Castagnola E, Robbins EM, Wu B, Pwint MY, Garg R, Cohen-Karni T, Cui XT. Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:540. [PMID: 35884343 PMCID: PMC9312827 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art in vivo DA detection technologies are limited in either spatial or temporal resolution, channel count, longitudinal stability, and ability to measure both phasic and tonic dynamics. We present here an implantable glassy carbon (GC) multielectrode array on a SU-8 flexible substrate for integrated multichannel phasic and tonic measurements of DA concentrations. The GC MEA demonstrated in vivo multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of electrically stimulated phasic DA release simultaneously at different locations of the mouse dorsal striatum. Tonic DA measurement was enabled by coating GC electrodes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and using optimized square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs achieved stable detection of tonic DA concentrations for up to 3 weeks in the mouse dorsal striatum. This is the first demonstration of implantable flexible MEA capable of multisite electrochemical sensing of both tonic and phasic DA dynamics in vivo with chronic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Elaine M. Robbins
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
| | - Bingchen Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - May Yoon Pwint
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Raghav Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.G.); (T.C.-K.)
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; (R.G.); (T.C.-K.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; (E.C.); (E.M.R.); (B.W.); (M.Y.P.)
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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13
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Research Progress on the Flexibility of an Implantable Neural Microelectrode. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13030386. [PMID: 35334680 PMCID: PMC8954487 DOI: 10.3390/mi13030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neural microelectrode is the important bridge of information exchange between the human body and machines. By recording and transmitting nerve signals with electrodes, people can control the external machines. At the same time, using electrodes to electrically stimulate nerve tissue, people with long-term brain diseases will be safely and reliably treated. Young’s modulus of the traditional rigid electrode probe is not matched well with that of biological tissue, and tissue immune rejection is easy to generate, resulting in the electrode not being able to achieve long-term safety and reliable working. In recent years, the choice of flexible materials and design of electrode structures can achieve modulus matching between electrode and biological tissue, and tissue damage is decreased. This review discusses nerve microelectrodes based on flexible electrode materials and substrate materials. Simultaneously, different structural designs of neural microelectrodes are reviewed. However, flexible electrode probes are difficult to implant into the brain. Only with the aid of certain auxiliary devices, can the implant be safe and reliable. The implantation method of the nerve microelectrode is also reviewed.
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14
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Nimbalkar S, Samejima S, Dang V, Hunt T, Nunez O, Moritz C, Kassegne S. Graphene on glassy carbon microelectrodes demonstrate long-term structural and functional stability in neurophysiological recording and stimulation. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34492644 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac245a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective.There is a growing interest in the use of carbon and its allotropes for microelectrodes in neural probes because of their inertness, long-term electrical and electrochemical stability, and versatility. Building on this interest, we introduce a new electrode material system consisting of an ultra-thin monoatomic layer of graphene (Gr) mechanically supported by a relatively thicker layer of glassy carbon (GC).Approach.Due to its high electrical conductivity and high double-layer capacitance, Gr has impressive electrical and electrochemical properties, two key properties that are useful for neural recording and stimulation applications. However, because of its two-dimensional nature, Gr exhibits a lack of stiffness in the transverse direction and hence almost non-existent flexural and out-of-plane rigidity that will severely limit its wider use. On the other hand, GC is one of carbon's important allotropes and consists of three-dimensional microstructures of Gr fragments with a natural molecular similarity to Gr. Further, GC has exceptional chemical inertness, good electrical properties, high electrochemical stability, purely capacitive charge injection, and fast surface electrokinetics coupled with lithography patternability. This makes GC an ideal candidate for addressing Gr's lack of out-of-plane rigidity through providing a matching sturdier and robust mechanical backing. Combining the strengths of these two allotropes of carbon, we introduce a new neural probe that consists of ∼1 nm thick layer of patterned Gr microelectrodes supported by another layer of 3-5μm thick patterned GC.Main results. We present the fabrication technology for the newGr on GC(graphene on glassy carbon) microelectrodes and the accompanying pattern transfer technology on flexible substrate and report on the bond between these two allotropes of carbon through FTIR, surface morphology through SEM, topography through atomic force microscopy, and microstructure imaging through scanning transmission electron microscopy. A long-term (18 weeks)in vivostudy of the use of theseGr on GCmicroelectrodes assessed the quality of the electrocorticography-based neural signal recording and stimulation through electrophysiological measurements. The probes were demonstrated to be functionally and structurally stable over the 18 week period with minimal glial response-the longest reported so far for Gr-based microelectrodes.Significance.TheGr on GCmicroelectrodes presented here offers a compelling case for expanding the potentials of Gr-based technology in the broad areas of neural probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surabhi Nimbalkar
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Soshi Samejima
- Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Viet Dang
- Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Trevor Hunt
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Omar Nunez
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Chet Moritz
- Departments of Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,Departments of Physiology Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
| | - Sam Kassegne
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America.,NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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15
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Devi M, Vomero M, Fuhrer E, Castagnola E, Gueli C, Nimbalkar S, Hirabayashi M, Kassegne S, Stieglitz T, Sharma S. Carbon-based neural electrodes: promises and challenges. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34404037 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac1e45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural electrodes are primary functional elements of neuroelectronic devices designed to record neural activity based on electrochemical signals. These electrodes may also be utilized for electrically stimulating the neural cells, such that their response can be simultaneously recorded. In addition to being medically safe, the electrode material should be electrically conductive and electrochemically stable under harsh biological environments. Mechanical flexibility and conformability, resistance to crack formation and compatibility with common microfabrication techniques are equally desirable properties. Traditionally, (noble) metals have been the preferred for neural electrode applications due to their proven biosafety and a relatively high electrical conductivity. Carbon is a recent addition to this list, which is far superior in terms of its electrochemical stability and corrosion resistance. Carbon has also enabled 3D electrode fabrication as opposed to the thin-film based 2D structures. One of carbon's peculiar aspects is its availability in a wide range of allotropes with specialized properties that render it highly versatile. These variations, however, also make it difficult to understand carbon itself as a unique material, and thus, each allotrope is often regarded independently. Some carbon types have already shown promising results in bioelectronic medicine, while many others remain potential candidates. In this topical review, we first provide a broad overview of the neuroelectronic devices and the basic requirements of an electrode material. We subsequently discuss the carbon family of materials and their properties that are useful in neural applications. Examples of devices fabricated using bulk and nano carbon materials are reviewed and critically compared. We then summarize the challenges, future prospects and next-generation carbon technology that can be helpful in the field of neural sciences. The article aims at providing a common platform to neuroscientists, electrochemists, biologists, microsystems engineers and carbon scientists to enable active and comprehensive efforts directed towards carbon-based neuroelectronic device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Devi
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
| | - Maria Vomero
- Bioelectronic Systems Laboratory, Columbia University, 500 West 120th Street, New York, NY 10027, United States of America
| | - Erwin Fuhrer
- School of Computing and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075 India
| | - Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States of America
| | - Calogero Gueli
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Surabhi Nimbalkar
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Mieko Hirabayashi
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Sam Kassegne
- NanoFAB.SDSU Research Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University and NSF-ERC Center for Neurotechnology (CNT), 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182, United States of America
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,BrainLinks-BrainTools Center, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 080, 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Hansastr. 9a, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Swati Sharma
- School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh 175075, India
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16
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Castagnola E, Garg R, Rastogi SK, Cohen-Karni T, Cui XT. 3D fuzzy graphene microelectrode array for dopamine sensing at sub-cellular spatial resolution. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113440. [PMID: 34171734 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of a high sensitivity real-time sensor for multi-site detection of dopamine (DA) with high spatial and temporal resolution is of fundamental importance to study the complex spatial and temporal pattern of DA dynamics in the brain, thus improving the understanding and treatments of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. In response to this need, here we present high surface area out-of-plane grown three-dimensional (3D) fuzzy graphene (3DFG) microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for highly selective, sensitive, and stable DA electrochemical sensing. 3DFG microelectrodes present a remarkable sensitivity to DA (2.12 ± 0.05 nA/nM, with LOD of 364.44 ± 8.65 pM), the highest reported for nanocarbon MEAs using Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (FSCV). The high surface area of 3DFG allows for miniaturization of electrode down to 2 × 2 μm2, without compromising the electrochemical performance. Moreover, 3DFG MEAs are electrochemically stable under 7.2 million scans of continuous FSCV cycling, present exceptional selectivity over the most common interferents in vitro with minimum fouling by electrochemical byproducts and can discriminate DA and serotonin (5-HT) in response to the injection of their 50:50 mixture. These results highlight the potential of 3DFG MEAs as a promising platform for FSCV based multi-site detection of DA with high sensitivity, selectivity, and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Castagnola
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raghav Garg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Sahil K Rastogi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tzahi Cohen-Karni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3110, USA.
| | - Xinyan Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Fifth Ave. Pittsburgh, PA 15260 Pittsburgh, PA, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 450 Technology Drive Pittsburgh, PA, 15219-3110, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, 4400 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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