1
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Bryden MA, Crovini E, Comerford T, Studer A, Zysman-Colman E. Organic Donor-Acceptor Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Photocatalysts in the Photoinduced Dehalogenation of Aryl Halides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202405081. [PMID: 38600037 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
We report a family of donor-acceptor thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) compounds based on derivatives of DMAC-TRZ, that are strongly photoreducing. Both Eox and thus E*ox could be tuned via substitution of the DMAC donor with a Hammett series of p-substituted phenyl moieties while Ered remained effectively constant. These compounds were assessed in the photoinduced dehalogenation of aryl halides, and analogues bearing electron withdrawing groups were found to produce the highest yields. Substrates of up to Ered=-2.72 V could be dehalogenated at low PC loading (1 mol %) and under air, conditions much milder than previously reported for this reaction. Spectroscopic and chemical studies demonstrate that all PCs, including literature reference PCs, photodegrade, and that it is these photodegradation products that are responsible for the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Amy Bryden
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Ettore Crovini
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Comerford
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Münster, Corrensstaße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9ST, United Kingdom
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2
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Grzelak M, Kumar D, Kochman MA, Morawiak M, Wiosna-Sałyga G, Kubas A, Data P, Lindner M. An unprecedented roll-off ratio in high-performing red TADF OLED emitters featuring 2,3-indole-annulated naphthalene imide and auxiliary donors. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8404-8413. [PMID: 38846379 PMCID: PMC11151854 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The capability of organic emitters to harvest triplet excitons via a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) process has opened a new era in organic optoelectronics. Nevertheless, low brightness, and consequently an insufficient roll-off ratio, constitutes a bottleneck for their practical applications in the domain of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). To address this formidable challenge, we developed a new design of desymmetrized naphthalimide (NMI) featuring an annulated indole with a set of auxiliary donors on its periphery. Their perpendicular arrangement led to minimized HOMO-LUMO overlap, resulting in a low energy gap (ΔE ST = 0.05-0.015 eV) and efficient TADF emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) ranging from 82.8% to 95.3%. Notably, the entire set of dyes (NMI-Ind-TBCBz, NMI-Ind-DMAc, NMI-Ind-PXZ, and NMI-Ind-PTZ) was utilized to fabricate TADF OLED devices, exhibiting yellow to red electroluminescence. Among them, red-emissive NMI-Ind-PTZ, containing phenothiazine as an electron-rich component, revealed predominant performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.6%, accompanied by a persistent luminance of 38 000 cd m-2. This results in a unique roll-off ratio (EQE10 000 = 21.6%), delineating a straightforward path for their commercial use in lighting and display technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grzelak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 10 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology Żeromskiego 9 44-100 Łódź Poland
| | | | - Maja Morawiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | | | - Adam Kubas
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Przemysław Data
- Faculty of Chemistry, Łódź University of Technology Żeromskiego 9 44-100 Łódź Poland
| | - Marcin Lindner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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3
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Hojo R, Bergmann K, Hudson ZM. Investigating Hydrogen Bonding in Quinoxaline-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Materials. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5600-5606. [PMID: 38758029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, hydrogen bonding (H bonding) as an intramolecular locking strategy has been proposed to enhance photoluminescence, color purity, and photostability in thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials. Rigidification as a design strategy is particularly relevant when using electron-deficient N-heterocycles as electron acceptors, because these materials often suffer from poor performance as orange to near-infrared emitters as a result of the energy gap law. To critically evaluate the presence of H bonding in such materials, two TADF-active donor-acceptor dyads, ACR-DQ and ACR-PQ, were synthesized. Despite their potential sites for intramolecular H bonding and emissions spanning yellow to deep red, computational analyses (including frequency, natural bond orbital, non-covalent interaction, and potential energy surface assessments) and crystal structure examinations collectively suggest the absence of H bonding in these materials. Our results indicate that invoking intramolecular H bonding should be done with caution in the design of rigidified TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoga Hojo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katrina Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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4
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Mandal B, Mandal S, Halder S, Adhikari D. Photocatalytic α-arylation of cyclic ketones by a thermally activated delayed fluorescence molecule. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:5852-5855. [PMID: 38752485 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01287a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
α-Arylation of cyclic ketones via an organophotocatalytic route has been described utilizing PXZ-TRZ, a molecule displaying thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Using this route, a plethora of cyclic ketones including cyclohexanone, cyclopentanone and even cyclooctanone can be effectively arylated with many aryl iodides or bromides under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishanal Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | - Sourav Mandal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | - Supriya Halder
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
| | - Debashis Adhikari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Sector-81, Knowledge City, Manauli-140306, India.
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5
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Di Carmine G, D’Agostino C, Bortolini O, Poletti L, De Risi C, Ragno D, Massi A. Heterogeneous Organocatalysts for Light-Driven Reactions in Continuous Flow. Molecules 2024; 29:2166. [PMID: 38792028 PMCID: PMC11124298 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the realm of organic synthesis, photocatalysis has blossomed since the beginning of the last decade. A plethora of classical reactivities, such as selective oxidation of alcohol and amines, redox radical formation of reactive species in situ, and indirect activation of an organic substrate for cycloaddition by EnT, have been revised in a milder and more sustainable fashion via photocatalysis. However, even though the spark of creativity leads scientists to explore new reactions and reactivities, the urgency of replacing the toxic and critical metals that are involved as catalysts has encouraged chemists to find alternatives in the branch of science called organocatalysis. Unfortunately, replacing metal catalysts with organic analogues can be too expensive sometimes; however, this drawback can be solved by the reutilization of the catalyst if it is heterogeneous. The aim of this review is to present the recent works in the field of heterogeneous photocatalysis, applied to organic synthesis, enabled by continuous flow. In detail, among the heterogeneous catalysts, g-CN, polymeric photoactive materials, and supported molecular catalysts have been discussed within their specific sections, rather than focusing on the types of reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziano Di Carmine
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Carmine D’Agostino
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental, and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Terracini 28, 40131 Bologna, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Poletti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (L.P.); (C.D.R.); (D.R.); (A.M.)
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6
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Zhang F, Wu XY, Gao PP, Zhang H, Li Z, Ai S, Li G. Visible-light-driven alkene dicarboxylation with formate and CO 2 under mild conditions. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6178-6183. [PMID: 38665514 PMCID: PMC11041354 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04431a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-cost formate salt was used as the reductant and part of the carboxyl source in a visible-light-driven dicarboxylation of diverse alkenes, including simple styrenes. The highly competing hydrocarboxylation side reaction was successfully overridden. Good yields of products were obtained under mild reaction conditions at ambient temperature and pressure of CO2. The dual role of formate salt may stimulate the discovery of a range of new transformations under mild and friendly conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Xiao-Yang Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Pan-Pan Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhu Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Shangde Ai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Gang Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhang Jiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) 155 West Yang-Qiao Road Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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7
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Haritha Kumari A, Jagadesh Kumar J, Sharadha N, Rama Krishna G, Jannapu Reddy R. Visible-Light-Induced Radical Sulfonylative-Cyclization Cascade of 1,6-Enynol Derivatives with Sulfinic Acids: A Sustainable Approach for the Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzoheteroles. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400227. [PMID: 38650432 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Benzoheteroles are promising structural scaffolds in the realm of medicinal chemistry, but sustainable synthesis of 2,3-difunctionalized benzoheterole derivatives is still in high demand. Indeed, we have conceptually rationalized the intrinsic reactivity of propargylic-enyne systems for the flexible construction of 2,3-disubstituted benzoheteroles through radical sulfonylative-cyclization cascade under organophotoredox catalysis. We hereby report an efficient visible-light-induced sulfonyl radical-triggered cyclization of 1,6-enynols with sulfinic acids under the dual catalytic influence of 4CzIPN and NiBr2⋅DME, which led to the formation of 2,3-disubstituted benzoheteroles in good to high yields. Additionally, the Rose Bengal (RB)-catalyzed radical sulfonylative-cycloannulation of acetyl-derived 1,6-enynols with sulfinic acids under blue LED irradiation allowed to access 3-(E-styryl)-derived benzofurans and benzothiophenes in moderate to good yields. The scope and limitations of the present strategies were successfully established using different classes of 1,6-enynols and sulfinic acids bearing various sensitive functional groups, yielding the desired products in a highly stereoselective fashion. Plausible mechanistic pathways were also proposed based on the current experimental and control experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arram Haritha Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Jangam Jagadesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Nunavath Sharadha
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
| | - Gamidi Rama Krishna
- Centre for X-ray Crystallography, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411 008, India
| | - Raju Jannapu Reddy
- Department of Chemistry, University College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India
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8
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Situ Z, Li X, Gao H, Zhang J, Li Y, Zhao F, Kong J, Zhao H, Zhou M, Wang Y, Kuang Z, Xia A. Accelerating Intersystem Crossing in Multiresonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters via Long-Range Charge Transfer. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:4197-4205. [PMID: 38598694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Multiresonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) emitters are excellent candidates for high-performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) due to their narrowband emission properties. However, the inherent mechanism of regulating the rate of intersystem crossing (ISC) is ambiguous in certain MR-TADF skeletons. Herein, we propose a mechanism of accelerating ISC in B/S-based MR-TADF emitters by peripheral modifications of electron-donating groups (EDGs) without affecting the narrowband emission property. The long-range charge transfer (LRCT) stems from the introduced EDG leading to high-lying singlet and triplet excited states. The ISC process is accelerated by the enhanced spin-orbital coupling (SOC) between the singlet short-range charge transfer (SRCT) and triplet LRCT manifolds. Meanwhile, the narrowband emission derived from the MR-type SRCT state is well retained as expected in the peripherally modified MR-TADF emitters. This work reveals the regulation mechanism of photophysical properties by high-lying LRCT excited states and provides a significant theoretical basis for modulating the rate of ISC in the further design of MR-TADF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicong Situ
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Xingqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Honglei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, and TIPC-CityU Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Device, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Fangming Zhao
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jie Kong
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, and TIPC-CityU Joint Laboratory of Functional Materials and Device, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
| | - Andong Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Information Photonic and Optical Communications, and School of Science, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications (BUPT), Beijing 100876, P. R. China
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9
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Di Maiolo F, Phan Huu DKA, Giavazzi D, Landi A, Racchi O, Painelli A. Shedding light on thermally-activated delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5434-5450. [PMID: 38638233 PMCID: PMC11023041 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is a hot research topic in view of its impressive applications in a wide variety of fields from organic LEDs to photodynamic therapy and metal-free photocatalysis. TADF is a rare and fragile phenomenon that requires a delicate equilibrium between tiny singlet-triplet gaps, sizable spin-orbit couplings, conformational flexibility and a balanced contribution of charge transfer and local excited states. To make the picture more complex, this precarious equilibrium is non-trivially affected by the interaction of the TADF dye with its local environment. The concurrent optimization of the dye and of the embedding medium is therefore of paramount importance to boost practical applications of TADF. Towards this aim, refined theoretical and computational approaches must be cleverly exploited, paying attention to the reliability of adopted approximations. In this perspective, we will address some of the most important issues in the field. Specifically, we will critically review theoretical and computational approaches to TADF rates, highlighting the limits of widespread approaches. Environmental effects on the TADF photophysics are discussed in detail, focusing on the major role played by dielectric and conformational disorder in liquid solutions and amorphous matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Di Maiolo
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - D K Andrea Phan Huu
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Davide Giavazzi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Andrea Landi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Ottavia Racchi
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
| | - Anna Painelli
- Dept. Chemistry, Life Science and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A 43124 Parma Italy
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10
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Hoving M, Haaksma JJ, Stoppel A, Chronc L, Hoffmann J, Beil SB. Triplet Energy Transfer Mechanism in Copper Photocatalytic N- and O-Methylation. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400560. [PMID: 38363220 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Methylation reactions are chemically simple but challenging to perform under mild and non-toxic conditions. A photochemical energy transfer strategy was merged with copper catalysis to enable fast reaction times of minutes and broad applicability to N-heterocycles, (hetero-)aromatic carboxylic acids, and drug-like molecules in high yields and good functional group tolerance. Detailed mechanistic investigations, using kinetic analysis, aprotic MS, UV/Vis, and luminescence quenching experiments revealed a triplet-triplet energy transfer mechanism between hypervalent iodine(III) reagents and readily available photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Hoving
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob-Jan Haaksma
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Stoppel
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas Chronc
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonas Hoffmann
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Li M, Deng YH, Chang Q, Li J, Wang C, Wang L, Sun TY. Photoinduced Site-Selective Aryl C-H Borylation with Electron-Donor-Acceptor Complex Derived from B 2Pin 2 and Isoquinoline. Molecules 2024; 29:1783. [PMID: 38675603 PMCID: PMC11052414 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29081783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to boron's metalloid properties, aromatic boron reagents are prevalent synthetic intermediates. The direct borylation of aryl C-H bonds for producing aromatic boron compounds offers an appealing, one-step solution. Despite significant advances in this field, achieving regioselective aryl C-H bond borylation using simple and readily available starting materials still remains a challenge. In this work, we attempted to enhance the reactivity of the electron-donor-acceptor (EDA) complex by selecting different bases to replace the organic base (NEt3) used in our previous research. To our delight, when using NH4HCO3 as the base, we have achieved a mild visible-light-mediated aromatic C-H bond borylation reaction with exceptional regioselectivity (rr > 40:1 to single isomers). Compared with our previous borylation methodologies, this protocol provides a more efficient and broader scope for aryl C-H bond borylation through the use of N-Bromosuccinimide. The protocol's good functional-group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity enable the functionalization of a variety of biologically relevant compounds and novel cascade transformations. Mechanistic experiments and theoretical calculations conducted in this study have indicated that, for certain arenes, the aryl C-H bond borylation might proceed through a new reaction mechanism, which involves the formation of a novel transient EDA complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manhong Li
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S4A, Level 3, 18 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yi-Hui Deng
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Qianqian Chang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Jinyuan Li
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
| | - Leifeng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Shenzhen 518107, China;
| | - Tian-Yu Sun
- Key Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China; (M.L.); (Y.-H.D.); (C.W.)
- Institute of Molecular Chemical Biology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518132, China
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12
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Rekha, Fatma S, Sharma S, Anand RV. Eosin Y-catalyzed reductive homocoupling of para-quinone methides under visible-light. Photochem Photobiol 2024. [PMID: 38597042 DOI: 10.1111/php.13946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In this manuscript, we demonstrate a visible-light driven dimerization of para-quinone methides using eosin Y catalyst via a reductive homocoupling process. This mild and operationally simple methodology was found to be compatible with a variety of differently substituted para-quinone methides and a broad range of tetra-arylethane derivatives were obtained in moderate to good yields (47%-87%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli (PO), Punjab, India
| | - Shaheen Fatma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli (PO), Punjab, India
| | - Sonam Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli (PO), Punjab, India
| | - Ramasamy Vijaya Anand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Manauli (PO), Punjab, India
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13
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Zeng XY, Tang YQ, Zhou JX, Zhang K, Wang HY, Zhu YY, Li YQ, Tang JX. Extended Conjugation Strategy Enabling Red-Shifted and Efficient Emission of Orange-Red Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:16563-16572. [PMID: 38507218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In account of the energy gap law, the development of efficient narrow-band gap thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials remains a major challenge for the application of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The orange-red TADF materials are commonly designed with either large π-conjugated systems or strong intramolecular donor-acceptor (D-A) interactions for red-shift emission and small singlet-triplet energy gap (ΔEST). There are rare reports on the simultaneous incorporation of these two strategies on the same material systems. Herein, two orange-red emitters named 1P2D-BP and 2P2D-DQ have been designed by extending the conjugation degree of the center acceptor DQ and increasing the number distribution of the peripheral donor PXZ units, respectively. The emission peak of 1P2D-BP is red-shifted to 615 nm compared to 580 nm for 2P2D-DQ, revealing the pronounced effect of the conjugation extension on the emission band gap. In addition, the distorted molecular structure yields a small ΔEST of 0.02 eV, favoring the acquisition of a high exciton utilization through an efficient reverse intersystem crossing process. As a result, orange-red OLEDs with both 1P2D-BP and 2P2D-DQ have achieved an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of more than 17%. In addition, the efficient white OLED based on 1P2D-BP is realized through precise exciton assignment and energy transport modulation, showing an EQE of 23.6% and a color rendering index of 82. The present work provides an important reference for the design of high-efficiency narrow-band gap materials in the field of solid-state lighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yi Zeng
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yan-Qing Tang
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jing-Xiong Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
| | - Han-Yang Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuan-Ye Zhu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yan-Qing Li
- School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Jian-Xin Tang
- Macao Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (MIMSE), Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078, Macao SAR, China
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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14
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Kwon Y, Lee S, Kim J, Jun J, Jeon W, Park Y, Kim HJ, Gierschner J, Lee J, Kim Y, Kwon MS. Ultraviolet light blocking optically clear adhesives for foldable displays via highly efficient visible-light curing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2829. [PMID: 38565557 PMCID: PMC10987679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel for a foldable smartphone (specifically, a color filter on encapsulation) aimed at reducing power consumption, the use of a new optically clear adhesive (OCA) that blocks UV light was crucial. However, the incorporation of a UV-blocking agent within the OCA presented a challenge, as it restricted the traditional UV-curing methods commonly used in the manufacturing process. Although a visible-light curing technique for producing UV-blocking OCA was proposed, its slow curing speed posed a barrier to commercialization. Our study introduces a highly efficient photo-initiating system (PIS) for the rapid production of UV-blocking OCAs utilizing visible light. We have carefully selected the photocatalyst (PC) to minimize electron and energy transfer to UV-blocking agents and have chosen co-initiators that allow for faster electron transfer and more rapid PC regeneration compared to previously established amine-based co-initiators. This advancement enabled a tenfold increase in the production speed of UV-blocking OCAs, while maintaining their essential protective, transparent, and flexible properties. When applied to OLED devices, this OCA demonstrated UV protection, suggesting its potential for broader application in the safeguarding of various smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Jun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaesang Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd., Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Bryden MA, Millward F, Lee OS, Cork L, Gather MC, Steffen A, Zysman-Colman E. Lessons learnt in photocatalysis - the influence of solvent polarity and the photostability of the photocatalyst. Chem Sci 2024; 15:3741-3757. [PMID: 38455004 PMCID: PMC10915810 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein, we show that there is significant variation in both the triplet energies and redox properties of photocatalysts as a function of solvent based on a study of eight PCs in four solvents of varying polarity. A range of photocatalytic electron and energy transfer reactions were investigated using a subset of the PCs. For the photoredox reactions, the yields are not correlated with solvent polarity. Instead, when the PC could promote the formation of the target product, we observed photodegradation for all PCs across all solvents, something that is rarely investigated in the literature. This, therefore, makes it difficult to ascertain whether the parent PC and/or the photodegraded product is responsible for the photochemistry, or indeed, whether photodegradation is actually detrimental to the reaction yield. Conversely, the PCs were found to be photostable for energy transfer reactions; however, yields were not correlated to the triplet energies of the PCs, highlighting that triplet energies alone are not a suitable descriptor to discriminate the performance between PCs in photoinduced energy transfer processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Amy Bryden
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Francis Millward
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Oliver S Lee
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Lauren Cork
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
| | - Malte C Gather
- Department of Chemistry, Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, University of Cologne Greinstr. 4-6 50939 Cologne Germany
| | - Andreas Steffen
- Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Anorganische Chemie, Technische Universität Dortumund Otto-Hahn-Str. 644227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Eli Zysman-Colman
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews Fife St Andrews KY16 9ST UK https://www.zysman-colman.com +44 (0)1334 463808 +44 (0)1334 463826
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16
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Mohamadpour F, Amani AM. Halogenated dicyanobenzene-based photosensitizer (3DPAFIPN) as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) used in gram-scale photosynthesis 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1 H)-one/thione derivatives via a consecutive visible-light-induced electron-transfer pathway. Front Chem 2024; 12:1361266. [PMID: 38496273 PMCID: PMC10943697 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1361266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Organic dyes often have shorter lifetimes in the excited state, which is a major obstacle to the development of effective photoredox methods. The scientific community has shown a great deal of interest in a certain class of organic chromophores because of their unique characteristics and effectiveness. One characteristic of the molecules under research is thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), which is only observed in molecules with a tiny energy gap (often less than 0.2 eV) between their lowest two excited states, i.e., singlet excited state (S1) and triplet excited state (T1). The extended singlet excited states arising from TADF and the simplicity with which their redox potentials may be altered make the isophthalonitrile family of chromophores an attractive option for organic photocatalyst applications. Methods: The Biginelli reaction between β-ketoesters, arylaldehydes, and urea/thiourea has been used to build a sustainable technique for the production of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one/thione derivatives. In the present study, the development of a green radical synthesis approach for this class of compounds is addressed in depth. As a photocatalyst, a new halogenated dicyanobenzene-based photosensitizer was employed in this study. As a renewable energy source activated by a blue LED, it was dissolved in ethanol, at room temperature in air atmosphere. The primary objective of this research is to employ a novel donor-acceptor (D-A) based on halogenated cyanoarene that is affordable, easily available, and innovative. Findings: The 3DPAFIPN [2,4,6-tris(diphenylamino)-5-fluoroisophthalonitrile] photocatalyst, a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), induces single-electron transfer (SET) in response to visible light, offering a straightforward, eco-friendly, and highly efficient process. Additionally, we determined the 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-one/thione derivatives turnover frequency (TOF) and turnover number (TON). It has also been demonstrated that gram-scale cyclization is a workable method for industrial purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohamadpour
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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17
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Dam D, Lagerweij NR, Janmaat KM, Kok K, Bouwman E, Codée JDC. Organic Dye-Sensitized Nitrene Generation: Intermolecular Aziridination of Unactivated Alkenes. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3251-3258. [PMID: 38358354 PMCID: PMC10913034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Aziridines are important structural motifs and intermediates, and several synthetic strategies for the direct aziridination of alkenes have been introduced. However, many of these strategies require an excess of activated alkene, suffer from competing side-reactions, have limited functional group tolerance, or involve precious transition metal-based catalysts. Herein, we demonstrate the direct aziridination of alkenes by combining sulfonyl azides as a triplet nitrene source with a catalytic amount of an organic dye functioning as photosensitizer. We show how the nature of the sulfonyl azide, in combination with the triplet-excited state energy of the photosensitizer, affects the aziridination yield and provide a mechanistic rationale to account for the observed dependence of the reaction yield on the nature of the organic dye and sulfonyl azide reagents. The optimized reaction conditions enable the aziridination of structurally diverse and complex alkenes, carrying various functional groups, with the alkene as the limiting reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Dam
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Nathan R. Lagerweij
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Katharina M. Janmaat
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Kok
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Bouwman
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Universiteit
Leiden, Leiden 2333 CC, The Netherlands
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18
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Sharma S, Sengupta S. Diindolocarbazole-Based Rigid Donor-Acceptor TADF Molecules for Energy and Electron Transfer Photocatalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303754. [PMID: 38009376 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of four twisted donor-acceptor (D-A) thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) molecules CBZ-IQ, CBZ-2FIQ, DI-IQ and DI-2FIQ is reported in this work based on diindolocarbazole (DI) and phenyl carbazole as donor and indoloquinoxalines as acceptor. These compounds serve as photocatalysts for organic transformations. Theoretical calculations and experimental data showed reasonable singlet and triplet energy gaps of 0.17-0.26 eV for all compounds. All molecules showed increase in fluorescence quantum yields after degassing the solution and the transient photoluminescence decay showed two components: shorter prompt components (11.4 ns to 31 ns) and longer delayed components (36.4 ns to 1.5 μs) which further indicate the occurrence of TADF process. Cyclic voltammetry studies indicated well-suited excited state redox potentials of all compounds to catalyze organic transformations such as heteroarene arylation. Accordingly, photocatalytic C-H arylation of heteroarenes were performed using these compounds with excellent isolated yields of upto 80 %. Due to their suitable efficient triplet energy levels, all the emitters were also employed as energy transfer photocatalysts in E to Z isomerization of stilbene with the excellent conversion of ~90 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Sharma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sanchita Sengupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Mohali, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Punjab, 140306, India
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19
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Xue N, Zhou HY, Han Y, Li M, Lu HY, Chen CF. A general supramolecular strategy for fabricating full-color-tunable thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1425. [PMID: 38365888 PMCID: PMC10873404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45717-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a facile and feasible strategy to fabricate thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials exhibiting full-color tunability remains an appealing yet challenging task. In this work, a general supramolecular strategy for fabricating thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials is proposed. Consequently, a series of host-guest cocrystals are prepared by electron-donating calix[3]acridan and various electron-withdrawing guests. Owing to the through-space charge transfer mediated by multiple noncovalent interactions, these cocrystals all display efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Especially, by delicately modulating the electron-withdrawing ability of the guest molecules, the emission colors of these cocrystals can be continuously tuned from blue (440 nm) to red (610 nm). Meanwhile, high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 87% is achieved. This research not only provides an alternative and general strategy for the fabrication of thermally activated delayed fluorescence materials, but also establishes a reliable supramolecular protocol toward the design of advanced luminescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xue
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He-Ye Zhou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Meng Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hai-Yan Lu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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20
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Pope T, Eng J, Monkman A, Penfold TJ. Spin-Vibronic Intersystem Crossing and Molecular Packing Effects in Heavy Atom Free Organic Phosphor. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1337-1346. [PMID: 38272840 PMCID: PMC10867843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
We present a detailed investigation into the excited state properties of a planar D3h symmetric azatriangulenetrione, HTANGO, which has received significant interest due to its high solid-state phosphorescence quantum yield and therefore potential as an organic room temperature phosphorescent (ORTP) dye. Using a model linear vibronic coupling Hamiltonian in combination with quantum dynamics simulations, we observe that intersystem crossing (ISC) in HTANGO occurs with a rate of ∼1010 s-1, comparable to benzophenone, an archetypal molecule for fast ISC in heavy metal free molecules. Our simulations demonstrate that the mechanism for fast ISC is associated with the high density of excited triplet states which lie in close proximity to the lowest singlet states, offering multiple channels into the triplet manifold facilitating rapid population transfer. Finally, to rationalize the solid-state emission properties, we use quantum chemistry to investigate the excited state surfaces of the HTANGO dimer, highlighting the influence and importance of the rotational alignment between the two HTANGO molecules in the solid state and how this contributes to high phosphorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pope
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Julien Eng
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
| | - Andrew Monkman
- Department
of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Thomas J. Penfold
- Chemistry,
School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle
upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K.
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21
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Kim H, Scholes GD, Min SK. Extension of molecules with an inverted singlet-triplet gap with conjugated branches to alter the oscillator strength. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5508-5516. [PMID: 38282516 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Molecules that violate Hund's rule and possess negative singlet-triplet gaps (ΔEST) have been actively studied for their potential usage in organic light emitting diodes without the need for thermal activation. However, the weak oscillator strength from the symmetry of such molecules has been recognized as their shortcoming for their application in optoelectronic devices. A group of molecules with a common structural motif involving the original molecule with an inverted gap having branches consisting of conjugated molecules of varied structures and extent of conjugation have been predicted to have desirable oscillator strength, but only few detailed and comprehensive studies regarding the form of excited states and the reason behind the improved oscillator strength have been carried out. We show in this work a series of analyses that suggest that the increase of oscillator strength is correlated with the nature of the excited state changing from a localized excitation to a delocalized excitation involving the central molecule and the branches. The resulting oscillator strength thus depends on the energetic matching of the branching molecule and the central molecule, rather than solely the oscillator strength of the central molecule. From the ΔEST inversion point of view, the static correlation with low-lying doubly excited configurations, the key mechanism behind the inversion in the localized excited state, weakens as the excited states delocalize. As a consequence, the dynamic correlation has a more decisive effect in determining the singlet-triplet gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea.
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Seung Kyu Min
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), South Korea.
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22
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Deka R, Dey S, Upadhyay M, Chawla S, Ray D. Conformational Effect of Catechol-Terephthalonitrile Emitters Leading to Ambient Violet Phosphorescence. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:581-589. [PMID: 38206828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Organic ambient violet phosphorescent (AVP) materials are of great interest due to their involvement of high energy and longer-lived triplet excitons. Here, we show three fused ring functionalized donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D/D-A-D') emitters (BPT1-BPT3), in which two catechol-based donors (3,4-dihydroxybenzophenone, catechol, or 3,5-ditert-butylcatechol) are covalently fused to the terephthalonitrile acceptor via four O-C single bonds. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that all the molecules show AVP (∼390-394 nm, τAVP = 73-101 μs) with phosphorescence quantum yields (ϕP) of 1.8-27.4% due to low singlet-triplet gaps (0.036-0.046 eV) and conformational effects. BPT3 with bulky tert-butyl groups increases AVP (ϕP = 27.4%). Quantum chemistry calculations reveal flat (F1) and twisted (F2) conformers (ground state) with a low energy difference (∼4-5 kcal/mol) for all molecules; the F1 conformer is responsible for efficient AVP, while weak blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence with longer-lived delayed components is realized from the F2 conformer. This approach may provide important clues for the design of high-energy organic phosphorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raktim Deka
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Suvendu Dey
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Manoj Upadhyay
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Sakshi Chawla
- Condensed Phase Dynamics Group, Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Debdas Ray
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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23
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Caine JR, Choi H, Hojo R, Hudson ZM. Organic Photothermal Materials Obtained Using Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Design Principles. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302861. [PMID: 38015005 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic small molecules with high photothermal conversion efficiencies that absorb near-infrared light are desirable for photothermal therapy due to their improved biocompatibility compared to inorganic materials and their ability to absorb light in the biological transparency window (650-1350 nm). Here we report three donor-acceptor organic materials DM-ANDI, O-ANDI, and S-ANDI that show high photothermal conversion efficiencies of 46-68 % with near-infrared absorption. The design of these molecules is based on the rational modification of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence material to favour a low photoluminescence quantum yield by reducing HOMO-LUMO overlap. Encapsulating these materials into either neat nanoparticles or aggregated organic dots modulates their photothermal conversion efficiencies, and also facilitates dispersion in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana R Caine
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada)
| | - Heekyoung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada)
| | - Ryoga Hojo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada)
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada)
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24
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Zheng R, Cheng M, Ma R, Schipper D, Pichugin K, Sciaini G. Solvent effects on the intramolecular charge transfer excited state of 3CzClIPN: a broadband transient absorption study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:1039-1045. [PMID: 38093689 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04975b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The prediction of solvent properties using molecular probes often relies on correlating steady-state absorption and fluorescence measurements, as well as determining absorption maxima and/or Stokes shifts. In this study, we employ femtosecond broadband transient absorption (fs-bb-TA) spectroscopy to investigate the spectroscopic behaviour of the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) excited state of 3CzClIPN (2,4,6-tri(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-5-chloroisophthalonitrile), a representative ICT organic molecule, in both aromatic and non-aromatic solvents. Unlike observations in non-aromatic media, fs-bb-TA spectra of 3CzClIPN in aromatic solvents exhibit enhanced spectral broadening that strongly correlates with the solvent's polarity. We hypothesise that this spectral broadening originates from a wider configurational energy landscape experienced by the positively charged carbazole Cz+ group, owing to the larger size and, consequently, reduced solvation effectiveness of aromatic solvent molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruofei Zheng
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Meixin Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Ruishu Ma
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Derek Schipper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Kostyantyn Pichugin
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Germán Sciaini
- The Ultrafast Electron Imaging Laboratory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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25
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Whitaker W, Sazanovich IV, Kwon Y, Jeon W, Kwon MS, Orr-Ewing AJ. Characterization of the Reversible Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of Organic Photocatalysts Using Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10775-10788. [PMID: 38096377 PMCID: PMC10758116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are molecules of interest as homogeneous organic photocatalysts (OPCs) for photoredox chemistry. Here, three classes of OPC candidates are studied in dichloromethane (DCM) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions, using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. These OPCs are benzophenones with either carbazole (2Cz-BP and 2tCz-BP) or phenoxazine/phenothiazine (2PXZ-BP and 2PTZ-BP) appended groups and the dicyanobenzene derivative 4DP-IPN. Dual lifetimes of the S1 state populations are observed, consistent with reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and TADF emission. Example fluorescence lifetimes in DCM are (5.18 ± 0.01) ns and (6.22 ± 1.27) μs for 2Cz-BP, (1.38 ± 0.01) ns and (0.32 ± 0.01) μs for 2PXZ-BP, and (2.97 ± 0.01) ns and (62.0 ± 5.8) μs for 4DP-IPN. From ground state bleach recoveries and time-correlated single photon counting measurements, triplet quantum yields in DCM are estimated to be 0.62 ± 0.16, 0.04 ± 0.01, and 0.83 ± 0.02 for 2Cz-BP, 2PXZ-BP, and 4DP-IPN, respectively. 4DP-IPN displays similar photophysical behavior to the previously studied OPC 4Cz-IPN. Independent of the choice of solvent, 4DP-IPN, 2Cz-BP, and 2tCz-BP are shown to be TADF emitters, whereas emission by 2PXZ-BP and 2PTZ-BP depends on the molecular environment, with TADF emission enhanced in aggregates compared to monomers. Behavior of this type is representative of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens).
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Affiliation(s)
- William Whitaker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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26
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Kim D, Dang VQ, Teets TS. Improved transition metal photosensitizers to drive advances in photocatalysis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:77-94. [PMID: 38131090 PMCID: PMC10732135 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To function effectively in a photocatalytic application, a photosensitizer's light absorption, excited-state lifetime, and redox potentials, both in the ground state and excited state, are critically important. The absorption profile is particularly relevant to applications involving solar harvesting, whereas the redox potentials and excited-state lifetimes determine the thermodynamics, kinetics, and quantum yields of photoinduced redox processes. This perspective article focuses on synthetic inorganic and organometallic approaches to optimize these three characteristics of transition-metal based photosensitizers. We include our own work in these areas, which has focused extensively on exceptionally strong cyclometalated iridium photoreductants that enable challenging reductive photoredox transformations on organic substrates, and more recent work which has led to improved solar harvesting in charge-transfer copper(i) chromophores, an emerging class of earth-abundant compounds particularly relevant to solar-energy applications. We also extensively highlight many other complementary strategies for optimizing these parameters and highlight representative examples from the recent literature. It remains a significant challenge to simultaneously optimize all three of these parameters at once, since improvements in one often come at the detriment of the others. These inherent trade-offs and approaches to obviate or circumvent them are discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dooyoung Kim
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Vinh Q Dang
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
| | - Thomas S Teets
- University of Houston, Department of Chemistry 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112 Houston TX 77204-5003 USA
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27
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Hodée M, Massue J, Achelle S, Fihey A, Tondelier D, Ulrich G, Guen FRL, Katan C. Styrylpyrimidine chromophores with bulky electron-donating substituents: experimental and theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32699-32708. [PMID: 38014523 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03705c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Styrylpyrimidines with bulky 9,9-dimethylacridan, phenoxazine and phenothiazine electron-donating fragments were designed. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) properties were expected for these structures. These chromophores exhibit peculiar emission properties. For 9,9-dimethylacridan and phenoxazine derivatives, a single emission highly sensitive to the polarity is observed in solution whereas for phenothiazine derivative a dual emission is observed in solution and is attributed to the coexistence of quasi-axial (Qax) and quasi-equatorial (Qeq) conformers. This study intends to understand through theoretical and experimental works, why the studied chromophores do not exhibit TADF properties, contrary to what was expected. The absence of phosphorescence both at room temperature and 77 K tends to indicate the impossibility to harvest triplet states in these systems. Wave-function based calculations show that for both conformers of the three chromophores the S1-T1 splitting is significantly larger than 0.2 eV. The second triplet state T2 of Qeq conformers is found very close in energy to the singlet S1 state, but S1 and T2 states possess similar charge transfer characters. This prevents efficient spin-orbit coupling between the states, which is consistent with the absence of TADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Hodée
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Julien Massue
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France.
| | - Sylvain Achelle
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Arnaud Fihey
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Denis Tondelier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Interfaces et des Couches Minces (LPICM), CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris, Palaiseau Cedex, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Gilles Ulrich
- Institut de Chimie et Procédés pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR CNRS 7515, Equipe Chimie Organique pour la Biologie, les Matériaux et l'Optique (COMBO) 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, Cedex 02, France.
| | - Françoise Robin-le Guen
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Claudine Katan
- Univ Rennes, ENSCR, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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28
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Wang X, Wang A, Zhao M, Marom N. Inverted Lowest Singlet and Triplet Excitation Energy Ordering of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Flakes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:10910-10919. [PMID: 38033187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
In organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), only 25% of electrically generated excitons are in a singlet state, S1, and the remaining 75% are in a triplet state, T1. In thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) chromophores the transition from the nonradiative T1 state to the radiative S1 state can be thermally activated, which improves the efficiency of OLEDs. Chromophores with inverted energy ordering of S1 and T1 states, S1 < T1, are superior to TADF chromophores, thanks to the absence of an energy barrier for the transition from T1 to S1. We benchmark the performance of time-dependent density functional theory using different exchange-correlation functionals and find that scaled long-range corrected double-hybrid functionals correctly predict the inverted singlet-triplet gaps of N-substituted phenalene derivatives. We then show that the inverted energy ordering of S1 and T1 is an intrinsic property of graphitic carbon nitride flakes. A design strategy of new chromophores with inverted singlet-triplet gaps is proposed. The color of emitted light can be fine-tuned through flake size and amine substitution on flake vertices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Wang
- School of Foundational Education, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266114, China
- Qingdao Institute for Theoretical and Computational Sciences, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Aizhu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P. R. China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Noa Marom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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29
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Chen K, Guo X, Chen M. Controlled Radical Copolymerization toward Well-Defined Fluoropolymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310636. [PMID: 37581580 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
In the past 80 years, fluoropolymers have found broad applications in both industrial and academic settings, owing to their unique physicochemical properties. Copolymerizations of fluoroalkene feedstocks present an important avenue to obtain high-performance materials by merging intrinsic attributes of fluorocarbons and great versatility of comonomers. Recently, while massive investigations have disclosed the great potentials of precisely synthesized polymers, researchers have made considerable efforts to approach well-defined fluorinated copolymers. This minireview discusses challenges in controlled radical copolymerizations (CRCPs) of fluoroalkenes and provides a concise perspective on recent progress in CRCPs of fluoroalkenes (e.g., tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, hexafluoropropene, perfluoroalkyl vinyl ethers) with non-fluorinated vinyl comonomers, which have enabled on-demand preparations of various main-chain fluoropolymers with predefined molar masses, low dispersities, as well as regulable chemical compositions and sequences. The synthetic advantages of CRCPs will promote controlled and facile access to customized fluoropolymers for high-tech applications such as batteries, coatings and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xing Guo
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mao Chen
- Department of Macromolecular Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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30
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Morgan L, Pavan G, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Roverso M, Bogialli S, Aliprandi A. Tailoring thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters for efficient electrochemiluminescence with tripropylamine as coreactant. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34520-34523. [PMID: 38024983 PMCID: PMC10668078 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06863c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a unified metal-free procedure, a selection of Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized and characterized. Different acceptor and donor moieties have been explored in order to develop red emitting dyes with reduction potentials suitable for the application in ECL using tri-propylamine as coreactant. The most promising compound shows terephthalonitrile as the acceptor and diphenylamines as donors, and it displayed an ECL efficiency that is double the one of the standard [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2. Based on such findings, a novel water-soluble TADF emitter (Na4[4DPASO3TPN]) has been synthesized and characterized to enable electrochemiluminescence in an aqueous medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A 34149 Basovizza Trieste Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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31
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Liu XY, Chen WK, Fang WH, Cui G. Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations for Photoinduced Processes in Molecules and Semiconductors: Methodologies and Applications. J Chem Theory Comput 2023. [PMID: 37984502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonadiabatic dynamics (NAMD) simulations have become powerful tools for elucidating complicated photoinduced processes in various systems from molecules to semiconductor materials. In this review, we present an overview of our recent research on photophysics of molecular systems and periodic semiconductor materials with the aid of ab initio NAMD simulation methods implemented in the generalized trajectory surface-hopping (GTSH) package. Both theoretical backgrounds and applications of the developed NAMD methods are presented in detail. For molecular systems, the linear-response time-dependent density functional theory (LR-TDDFT) method is primarily used to model electronic structures in NAMD simulations owing to its balanced efficiency and accuracy. Moreover, the efficient algorithms for calculating nonadiabatic coupling terms (NACTs) and spin-orbit couplings (SOCs) have been coded into the package to increase the simulation efficiency. In combination with various analysis techniques, we can explore the mechanistic details of the photoinduced dynamics of a range of molecular systems, including charge separation and energy transfer processes in organic donor-acceptor structures, ultrafast intersystem crossing (ISC) processes in transition metal complexes (TMCs), and exciton dynamics in molecular aggregates. For semiconductor materials, we developed the NAMD methods for simulating the photoinduced carrier dynamics within the framework of the Kohn-Sham density functional theory (KS-DFT), in which SOC effects are explicitly accounted for using the two-component, noncollinear DFT method. Using this method, we have investigated the photoinduced carrier dynamics at the interface of a variety of van der Waals (vdW) heterojunctions, such as two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and perovskites-related systems. Recently, we extended the LR-TDDFT-based NAMD method for semiconductor materials, allowing us to study the excitonic effects in the photoinduced energy transfer process. These results demonstrate that the NAMD simulations are powerful tools for exploring the photodynamics of molecular systems and semiconductor materials. In future studies, the NAMD simulation methods can be employed to elucidate experimental phenomena and reveal microscopic details as well as rationally design novel photofunctional materials with desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, P. R. China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, P. R. China
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32
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Dey S, Pal AK, Upadhyay M, Datta A, Ray D. Modulation of Delayed Fluorescence Guided by Conformational Effect-Mediated Thermally Enhanced Phosphorescence in Phenothiazines-Quinoline-Cl Conjugates. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:9833-9840. [PMID: 37913786 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Triplet energy harvesting via thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) from pure organic systems has attracted great attention in organic light-emitting diodes, sensing, and photocatalysis. However, the realization of thermally enhanced phosphorescence (TEP)-guided efficient TADF with a high rate of reverse intersystem crossing (kRISC) still needs to be discovered. Herein, we report two phenothiazine-quinoline conjugates (P2QC, P2QMC) comprising two phenothiazine donors covalently attached to the chlorine-substituted quinolinyl acceptor. Spectroscopic analysis in conjunction with quantum chemistry calculations reveals that TEP in P2QC originated due to slow internal conversion from higher-lying triplet to lowest triplet (T2' → T1') of the quasi-axial (QA) conformer and TADF (kRISC = 1.44 × 108 s-1) originated from the quasi-equatorial (QE) conformer caused by a low singlet-triplet gap (ΔES1-T1 = 0.11 eV) and triplet energy transfer from QA to QE owing to the degenerate ground state of the conformers. In contrast, TADF (kRISC = 0.74 × 108 s-1) and dual phosphorescence under ambient conditions are observed in P2QMC. This study provides a sustainable guideline for developing efficient TADF emitters via conformation effects and energy transfer mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvendu Dey
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Arun K Pal
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Manoj Upadhyay
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A and 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata, West Bengal 700032, India
| | - Debdas Ray
- Advanced Photofunctional Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi NCR, NH-91, Tehsil Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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33
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Hussain A, Irfan A, Kanwal F, Afzal M, Chaudhry AR, Hussien M, Ali MA. Exploration of violet-to-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters based on "CH/N" and "H/CN" substitutions at diphenylsulphone acceptor. A DFT study. Front Chem 2023; 11:1279355. [PMID: 38025080 PMCID: PMC10666053 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1279355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The violet-to-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters were created employing several substituents based on 5,5-dimethyl-5,10-dihydropyrido [2,3-b][1,8] naphthyridine-diphenylsulphone (DMDHPN-DPS) called 1a via "CH/N" and "H/CN" substitutions at the diphenylsulphone acceptor (DPS) moiety. The parent compound 1a was selected from our former work after extensive research employing "CH/N" substitution on Dimethyl-acridine (DMAC) donor moiety. There is a little overlap amid the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest un-occupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) due to the distribution of HOMOs and LUMOs primarily on the DMDHPN donor and the DPS acceptor moieties, respectively. It resulted in a narrower energy gap (∆E ST) between the lowest singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) excited state. In nearly all derivatives, the steric hindrance results in a larger torsional angle (85°-98°) between the plane of the DMDHPN and the DPS moieties. The predicted ΔE ST values of the compounds with "H/CN" substitution were lower than those of the comparable "CH/N" substituents, demonstrating the superiority of the reversible inter-system crossing (RISC) from the T1 → S1 state. All derivatives have emission wavelengths (λ em) in the range of 357-449 nm. The LUMO → HOMO transition energies in the S1 states are lowered by the presence of -CN groups or -N = atoms at the ortho or meta sites of a DPS acceptor unit, causing the λ em values to red-shift. Furthermore, the λ em showed a greater red-shift as there were more-CN groups or -N = atoms. Three of the derivatives named 1b, 1g, and 1h, emit violet (394 nm, 399 nm, and 398 nm, respectively), while two others, 1f and 1i, emit blue shade (449 nm each) with reasonable emission intensity peak demonstrating that these derivatives are effective violet-to-blue TADF nominees. The lower ΔE ST value for derivative 1i (0.01 eV) with λ em values of 449 nm make this molecule the finest choice for blue TADF emitter amongst all the studied derivatives. We believe our research might lead to the development of more proficient blue TADF-OLEDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab Hussain
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Irfan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farah Kanwal
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohamed Hussien
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Arif Ali
- Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
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34
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Gogoulis AT, Hojo R, Bergmann K, Hudson ZM. Red-Shifted Emission in Multiple Resonance Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent Materials through Malononitrile Incorporation. Org Lett 2023; 25:7791-7795. [PMID: 37862585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescent (MR-TADF) materials offer higher color purity than conventional TADF materials but suffer from aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) and rarely exhibit red emission. Herein, two malononitrile-substituted emitters are synthesized from a quinolino[3,2,1-de]acridine-5,9-dione (QAO) MR-TADF precursor. Both materials maintain MR-TADF, while they display red-shifted fluorescence. They also overcome ACQ, displaying enhanced emission upon aggregation in solution and forming red-emissive J-aggregates in the solid state with photoluminescent quantum yields of 9 and 11%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan T Gogoulis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Ryoga Hojo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Katrina Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z1
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35
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Feng S, Wang L, Milián-Medina B, Meixner AJ, Kwon MS, Park SY, Wannemacher R, Gierschner J. Donor-Acceptor-Donor Triads with Flexible Spacers: Deciphering Complex Photophysics for Targeted Materials Design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2306678. [PMID: 37641462 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The complex photokinetics of donor-acceptor-donor triads with varying flexible spacer lengths (n = 4-10 carbon atoms) are investigated in liquid and solid solution, as well as in crystals, by steady-state and transient fluorescence spectroscopy combined with computational studies. For the short spacer (n = 4) in a liquid solution, dynamic charge-transfer (CT) state formation with subsequent, efficient exciplex emission is observed, effectively competing with quenching through electron transfer (eT) via a radical ion pair. In a solid solution, a fluorescent CT static complex is formed upon freezing for all spacer lengths. This allows the observations of a former seminal report on stimuli-responsive high-contrast fluorescence on/off switching in films of the triads to be reassigned (Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 5487), now providing a holistic picture on varying spacer length. In fact, external stimuli of the film by modulating the geometry of the CT complex, which results in on/off fluorescence switching (for n > 4) or in a change of the emission color (n = 4). The work thus demonstrates how in-depth analysis of complex photophysics can be put to practical use in materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Feng
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Liangxuan Wang
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Begoña Milián-Medina
- Department for Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avenida Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Alfred J Meixner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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36
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Kohata S, Nakanotani H, Chitose Y, Yasuda T, Tsuchiya Y, Adachi C. Anti-Stokes Luminescence in Multi-Resonance-Type Thermally-Activated Delayed Fluorescence Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312326. [PMID: 37726257 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Photon-upconversion in organic molecular systems is one of the promising technologies for future energy harvesting systems because these systems can generate excitons that possess higher energy than excitation energy. The photon-upconversion caused by absorbing ambient heat as additional energy is particularly interesting because it could ideally provide a light-driving cooling system. However, only a few organic molecular systems have been reported. Here, we report the anti-Stokes photoluminescence (ASPL) derived from hot-band absorption in a series of multi-resonance-type thermally-activated delayed fluorescence (MR-TADF) molecules. The MR-TADF molecules exhibited an anti-Stokes shift of approximately 0.1 eV with a high PL quantum yield in the solution state. The anti-Stokes shift corresponded well to the 1-0 vibration transition from the ground state to the excited singlet state, and we further evaluated a correlation between the activation energy for the ASPL intensity and the TADF process. Our demonstration underlines that MR-TADF molecules have become a novel class of ASPL materials for various future applications, such as light-driving cooling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kohata
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakanotani
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Youhei Chitose
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Takuma Yasuda
- Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Youichi Tsuchiya
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
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37
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Liu S, Liu SS, Tang XM, Liu XY, Yang JJ, Cui G, Li L. Solvent effects on the photoinduced charge separation dynamics of directly linked zinc phthalocyanine-perylenediimide dyads: a nonadiabatic dynamics simulation with an optimally tuned screened range-separated hybrid functional. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28452-28464. [PMID: 37846460 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03517d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we have employed a combination of the optimally tuned screened range-separated hybrid (OT-SRSH) functional, the polarizable continuum model (PCM), and nonadiabatic dynamics (NAMD) simulations to investigate the photoinduced dynamics of directly linked donor-acceptor dyads formed using zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) and perylenediimide (PDI), in which ZnPc is the donor while PDI is the acceptor. Our simulations aim to analyze the behavior of these dyads upon local excitation of the ZnPc moiety in the gas phase and in benzonitrile. Our findings indicate that the presence of a solvent can significantly influence the excited state dynamics of ZnPc-PDI dyads. Specifically, the polar solvent benzonitrile effectively lowers the vertical excitation energies of the charge transfer (CT) state from ZnPc to PDI. As a result, the energetic order of the locally excited (LE) states of ZnPc and the CT states is reversed compared to the gas phase. Consequently, the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) dynamics from ZnPc to PDI, which is absent in the gas phase, takes place in benzonitrile with a time constant of 10.4 ps. Importantly, our present work not only qualitatively agrees with experimental results but also provides in-depth insights into the underlying mechanisms responsible for the photoinduced dynamics of ZnPc-PDI. Moreover, this study emphasizes the importance of appropriately considering solvent effects in NAMD simulation of organic donor-acceptor systems, taking into account the distinct excited state dynamics observed in the gas phase and benzonitrile. Furthermore, the combination of the OT-SRSH functional, the PCM solvent model, and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations shows promise as a strategy for investigating the complex excited state dynamics of organic donor-acceptor systems in solvents. These findings will be valuable for the future design of novel organic donor-acceptor structures with improved performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Sha-Sha Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Tang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Laicai Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China.
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Li J, Yang S, Deng Z, Islam A, Wu S, He J, Ni S, Dang L, Li MD. Uncovering the substituted-position effect on excited-state evolution of benzophenone-phenothiazine dyads. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:144502. [PMID: 37818997 DOI: 10.1063/5.0166630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Photofunctional materials based on donor-acceptor molecules have drawn intense attention due to their unique optical properties. Importantly, Systematic investigation of substitution effects on excited-state charge transfer dynamics of donor-acceptor molecules is a powerful approach for identifying application-relevant design principles. Here, by coupling phenothiazine (PTZ) at the ortho-, meta-, and para-positions of the benzene ring of benzophenone (BP), three regioisomeric BP-PTZ dyads were designed to understand the relationship between substituted positions and excited-state evolution channels. Ultrafast transient absorption is used to detect and trace the transient species and related evolution channels of BP-PTZ dyads at excited state. In a non-polar solvent, BP-o-PTZ undergoes the through-space charge transfer process to produce a singlet charge-transfer (1CT) state, which subsequently proceeds the intersystem crossing process and transforms into a triplet charge-transfer (3CT) state; BP-m-PTZ experiences intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process to generate the 1CT state, which subsequently transforms into the 3CT state by the intersystem crossing (ISC) and finally converts into the local-excited triplet (3LE) state; as for BP-p-PTZ, only 3LE states can be detected after the ISC process from the 1CT state. On the other hand, the twisted ICT states are generated via twisted motion between the donor and acceptor for all BP-PTZ dyads or planarization of the PTZ unit in high polar solvents. The excited-state theoretical calculations unveil that the features of ICT and intramolecular interaction between the three dyads play a decisive role in determining the through-bond charge transfer and through-space charge transfer processes. Also, these results demonstrate that the excited-state evolution channels of PTZ derivatives could be modified by tuning the substituted positions of the donor-acceptor dyads. This study provides a deep perspective for the substitute-position effect on donor-acceptor-type PTZ derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Sirui Yang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Amjad Islam
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiqi Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxing He
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Ni
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Dang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, People's Republic of China
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China
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Pavan G, Morgan L, Demitri N, Alberoni C, Scattolin T, Aliprandi A. Highly Efficient Electrochemiluminescence from Imidazole-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301912. [PMID: 37449461 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A family of novel thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters has been synthesized by a straightforward and metal-free synthesis, and structurally characterized. In this work we kept the acceptor moiety, 4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)benzonitrile, fixed and systemically tested different donors to correlate their photophysical and electrochemical properties with their performance in electrochemiluminescence using both benzoyl peroxide as co-reactant and co-reactant free (annihilation) conditions. Some compounds exceeded the efficiency of the standard [Ru(bpy)3 ]Cl2 by up to 28 times with benzoyl peroxide and 38 times in annihilation. Interestingly, we found that the efficiency is mainly dictated by the electrochemical reversibility of the redox processes rather than by the photophysical properties in terms of photoluminescence quantum yields or excited-state lifetime. In addition, the annihilation electrochemiluminescence efficiency strongly depends on the pulse sequence. The imidazole moiety can be conveniently alkylated, thus allowing the insertion of functional groups, such a carboxylic acid, and enabling practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pavan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Morgan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Chiara Alberoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Thomas Scattolin
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aliprandi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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40
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Curtis K, King C, Odoh SO. Novel Triangulenes: Computational Investigations of Energy Thresholds for Photocatalytic Water Splitting. Chemphyschem 2023:e202300556. [PMID: 37718310 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials with Inverted Singlet-Triplet (INVEST) gaps are interesting for their potential use in photocatalytic small molecule transformations such as the entirely solar-driven water splitting reaction. However, only a few INVEST emitters are thermodynamically able to split water requiring a first singlet excited dark state, S1 , above 1.27 or 1.76 eV, and absorption near solar the maximum, 2.57 eV. These requirements and the INVEST character are key for achieving a long-lived photocatalyst for water splitting. The only known INVEST emitters that conform to these criteria are large triangular boron carbon nitrides with unknown synthesis pathways. Using ADC(2), a quantum-mechanical method, we describe three triangulenes. 3 a is a cyano azacyclopenta[cd]phenalene derivative while 3 b and 3 c are cycl[3.3.3]azine derivatives. 3 b has a previously undescribed disulfide bridge. Overall, 3 a fulfills requirements for photocatalytic four-electron reduction of water while the S1 states of 3 b and 3 c are likely slightly low for the two-electron reduction process. By analyzing impacts of ligands, we find that there are guidelines describing how S1 -S5 energies and oscillator strengths, T1 energies, and ΔES1T1 gaps are affected, requiring deep-learning algorithms for which studies will be presented by us in due time. The impact of ground-state geometries, solvation effects, as well as reduced-cost ADC(2) algorithms on our findings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Curtis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Corban King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
| | - Samuel O Odoh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Reno, 1664 N. Virginia Street, Reno, NV, 89557-0216, USA
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41
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Brannan AC, Beaumont EFP, Phuoc NL, Whitehead GFS, Linnolahti M, Romanov AS. Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence material with strained benzoguanidine donor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1289-1298. [PMID: 37701304 PMCID: PMC10494236 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have been widely investigated due to their impressive electronic properties and applied potential for the third generation of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED). We present organic TADF material (4BGIPN) based on the strained benzoguanidine donor and compare it with the benchmark carbazole-based material (4CzIPN). Extended π-conjugation in 4BGIPN material results in yellow-green luminescence at 512 nm with a fast radiative rate of 5.5 × 10-5 s-1 and a photoluminescence quantum yield of 46% in methylcyclohexane solution. Such a nitrogen-rich 4BGIPN material has a significantly stabilized highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) at -6.4 eV while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) at -4.0 eV, indicating potential suitability for application as the electron transport layer or TADF class III emitter in OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Brannan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Elvie F P Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nguyen Le Phuoc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - George F S Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mikko Linnolahti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Alexander S Romanov
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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42
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Sobolewski AL, Domcke W. Excited-state singlet-triplet inversion in hexagonal aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:21875-21882. [PMID: 37566410 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01666h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The inversion of the energies of the lowest singlet (S1) and lowest triplet (T1) excited states in violation of Hund's multiplicity rule is a rare phenomenon in stable organic molecules. S1-T1 inversion has significant consequences for the photophysics and photochemistry of organic chromophores. In this work, wave-function based ab initio computational methods were employed to explore the possibility of S1-T1 inversion in hexagonal polycyclic aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds. In these molecules, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) are two-fold degenerate. The HOMO-LUMO transition gives rise to three singlet and three triplet excited states. While the singlet-triplet energy gap ΔST, defined as the energy difference between the S1 state and the T1 state, is clearly positive for benzene, it is predicted to be close to zero for borazine, the boron nitride analogue of benzene. Although ΔST decreases with increasing size of hexagonal polycyclic aromatics, it remains positive up to circumcoronene (19 rings). However, symmetry-preserving substitution of C-C pairs by B-N groups in the interior, keeping the conjugation of the outer rim intact, results in compounds with robustly negative ΔST. These findings establish the existence of a new family of boron carbon nitrides with inverted singlet-triplet gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Domcke
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, D-75747 Garching, Germany.
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43
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Hojo R, Bergmann K, Elgadi SA, Mayder DM, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Hudson ZM. Imidazophenothiazine-Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials with Ultra-Long-Lived Excited States for Energy Transfer Photocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18366-18381. [PMID: 37556344 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet energy transfer (EnT) is a powerful activation pathway in photocatalysis that unlocks new organic transformations and improves the sustainability of organic synthesis. Many current examples, however, still rely on platinum-group metal complexes as photosensitizers, with associated high costs and environmental impacts. Photosensitizers that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) are attractive fully organic alternatives in EnT photocatalysis. However, TADF photocatalysts incorporating heavy atoms remain rare, despite their utility in inducing efficient spin-orbit-coupling, intersystem-crossing, and consequently a high triplet population. Here, we describe the synthesis of imidazo-phenothiazine (IPTZ), a sulfur-containing heterocycle with a locked planar structure and a shallow LUMO level. This acceptor is used to prepare seven TADF-active photocatalysts with triplet energies up to 63.9 kcal mol-1. We show that sulfur incorporation improves spin-orbit coupling and increases triplet lifetimes up to 3.64 ms, while also allowing for tuning of photophysical properties via oxidation at the sulfur atom. These IPTZ materials are applied as photocatalysts in five seminal EnT reactions: [2 + 2] cycloaddition, the disulfide-ene reaction, and Ni-mediated C-O and C-N cross-coupling to afford etherification, esterification, and amination products, outcompeting the industry-standard TADF photocatalyst 2CzPN in four of the five studied scenarios. Detailed photophysical and theoretical studies are used to understand structure-activity relationships and to demonstrate the key role of the heavy atom effect in the design of TADF materials with superior photocatalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoga Hojo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Katrina Bergmann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Seja A Elgadi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Don M Mayder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 3551 Lawrenceville Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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44
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Gong K, Xu F, Zhao Z, Li W, Liu D, Zhou X, Wang L. Theoretical investigation on the functional group modulation of UV-Vis absorption profiles of triphenylamine derivatives. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22002-22010. [PMID: 37555282 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01630g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the functional group modulation of electronic structure and excitation is pivotal to the design of organic small molecules (OSMs) for photoelectric applications. In this study, we employed density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations to explore the unique absorption character of four triphenylamine photosensitizers. The various conformations were investigated given the multiple single bonds in the compounds, and the resemblance in the electronic structure of different conformations is affirmed because the coplanarity and consequent long-range conjugation is maintained regardless of the orientation of the flexible blocks. Six functionals were evaluated, and MN15 was found to successfully reproduce the intense secondary absorption peak for the double 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) modified sensitizer over B3LYP, PBE0, M062X, CAM-B3LYP, and ωB97XD. The introduction of EDOT gives rise to a new excited state S4, which is a local excitation constrained in the EDOT substituent triphenylamine block. This new excited state S4, in combination with inherent S2 and S3 derived from prototype molecule TPA-Pyc, jointly contributes to the hump of the secondary absorption peak of ETE-Pyc and finally affects the light-harvesting ability of the dye-sensitized TiO2 photoanode. The current findings provide guidance toward the rational design of OSMs with good light-harvest ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Dongzhi Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Xueqin Zhou
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, P. R. China
- Tianjin Engineering Research Center of Functional Fine Chemicals, Tianjin, 300350, P. R. China
| | - Lichang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; and the Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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Mohamadpour F. 3DPAFIPN as a halogenated dicyanobenzene-based photosensitizer catalyzed gram-scale photosynthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13142. [PMID: 37573466 PMCID: PMC10423215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40360-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Utilizing the Knoevenagel-Michael tandem cyclocondensation reaction of barbituric acid/1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, malononitrile, and aryl aldehydes, a sustainable methodology for the photosynthesis of pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds has been devised. The present study expounds on the development of a green radical synthetic approach toward this class of compounds. In this study, a novel halogenated dicyanobenzene-based photosensitizer was utilized in an aqueous solution, exposed to air at room temperature, and activated by a blue LED as a renewable energy source for the purpose of generating energy. The primary aim of this endeavor is to employ a recently developed, easily obtainable, and affordably priced halogenated cyanoarene-based donor-acceptor (D-A). The 3DPAFIPN [2,4,6-tris(diphenylamino)-5-fluoroisophthalonitrile]} photocatalyst, as a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), is capable of inducing single electron transfer (SET) upon irradiation with visible light, thereby offering a facile and efficient approach with a high degree of effectiveness, energy efficiency, and eco-friendliness. The aforementioned phenomenon facilitates the exploration of the temporal changes that have occurred in the interactions between the surroundings and chemical constituents. The present study aimed to investigate the turnover number (TON) and turnover frequency (TOF) for pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine scaffolds. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that gram-scale cyclization is a viable method for utilization in industrial applications.
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46
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Liu J, Perez OM, Lavergne D, Rasu L, Murphy E, Galvez-Rodriguez A, Bergens SH. One-Step Electropolymerization of a Dicyanobenzene-Carbazole-Imidazole Dye to Prepare Photoactive Redox Polymer Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3340. [PMID: 37631397 PMCID: PMC10457835 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first direct electropolymerization of a dicyanobenzene-carbazole dye functionalized with an imidazole group to prepare redox- and photoactive porous organic polymer (POP) films in controlled amounts. The POP films were grown on indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) and carbon surfaces using a new monomer, 1-imidazole-2,4,6-tri(carbazol-9-yl)-3,5-dicyanobenzene (1, 3CzImIPN), through a simple one-step process. The structure and activities of the POP films were investigated as photoelectrodes for electrooxidations, as heterogeneous photocatalysts for photosynthetic olefin isomerizations, and for solid-state photoluminescence behavior tunable by lithium-ion concentrations in solution. The results demonstrate that the photoredox-POPs can be used as efficient photocatalysts, and they have potential applications in sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Steven H. Bergens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
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47
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Tang X, Jiang B, Gong Y, Jin Y, He J, Xie H, Guo S, Liu Y. Designing Nonconventional Luminescent Materials with Efficient Emission in Dilute Solutions via Modulation of Dynamic Hydrogen Bonds. Molecules 2023; 28:5240. [PMID: 37446901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonconventional luminescent materials (NLMs) which do not contain traditional aromatic chromophores are of great interest due to their unique chemical structures, optical properties, and their potential applications in various areas, such as cellular imaging and chemical sensing. However, most reported NLMs show weak or no emission in dilute solutions, which severely limits their applications. In this work, dynamic hydrogen bonds were utilized to design NLMs with efficient emission in dilute solutions. To further validate the results, polymers P1 and P2 were successfully prepared and investigated. It was found that the luminescence quantum efficiency of P1 and P2 at a concentration of 0.1 mg/mL in water solution was 8.9 and 0.6%, respectively. The high efficiency can be attributed to the fact that polymer P1 has more intra- or intermolecular dynamic hydrogen bonds and other short interactions than P2 in dilute solutions, allowing P1 to achieve the through-space conjugation effect to increase the degree of system conjugation, restrict molecular motion, and decrease nonradiative transitions, which can effectively improve luminescence. In addition, polymer P2 exhibits the characteristics of clustering-triggered emission, excitation wavelength-dependent and concentration-dependent fluorescence properties, excellent photobleaching resistance, low cytotoxicity, and selective recognition of Fe3+. The present study investigates the manipulation of luminescence properties of NLMs in dilute solutions through the modulation of dynamic hydrogen bonds. This approach can serve as a semi-empirical technique for designing and building innovative NLMs in the times ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuansi Tang
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Bingli Jiang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Yongyang Gong
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Jiao He
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Huihong Xie
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuanli Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Processing Technology for Nonferrous Metal & Materials, Ministry of Education, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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48
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Sneha M, Thornton GL, Lewis-Borrell L, Ryder ASH, Espley SG, Clark IP, Cresswell AJ, Grayson MN, Orr-Ewing AJ. Photoredox-HAT Catalysis for Primary Amine α-C-H Alkylation: Mechanistic Insight with Transient Absorption Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8004-8013. [PMID: 37342833 PMCID: PMC10278065 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The synergistic use of (organo)photoredox catalysts with hydrogen-atom transfer (HAT) cocatalysts has emerged as a powerful strategy for innate C(sp3)-H bond functionalization, particularly for C-H bonds α- to nitrogen. Azide ion (N3-) was recently identified as an effective HAT catalyst for the challenging α-C-H alkylation of unprotected, primary alkylamines, in combination with dicyanoarene photocatalysts such as 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN). Here, time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy over sub-picosecond to microsecond timescales provides kinetic and mechanistic details of the photoredox catalytic cycle in acetonitrile solution. Direct observation of the electron transfer from N3- to photoexcited 4CzIPN reveals the participation of the S1 excited electronic state of the organic photocatalyst as an electron acceptor, but the N3• radical product of this reaction is not observed. Instead, both time-resolved infrared and UV-visible spectroscopic measurements implicate rapid association of N3• with N3- (a favorable process in acetonitrile) to form the N6•- radical anion. Electronic structure calculations indicate that N3• is the active participant in the HAT reaction, suggesting a role for N6•- as a reservoir that regulates the concentration of N3•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Sneha
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Georgia L. Thornton
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Luke Lewis-Borrell
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Alison S. H. Ryder
- Centre
for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University
of Bath, 1 South, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Samuel G. Espley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, 1 South, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Alexander J. Cresswell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, 1 South, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Matthew N. Grayson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bath, 1 South, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K.
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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49
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Li H, Wang X, Yuan K, Lv L, Liu K, Wang C, Pan S, Wang P, Li Z. The luminescent and reaction mechanisms of a fluorescent probe for the detection of hypochlorous acid: Insights from theory. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 294:122572. [PMID: 36889138 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.122572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized a novel fluorescent probe BMH for detection of hypochlorous acid (HClO), which can increase dramatically the fluorescence intensity and had ultrafast response, a low detection limit and a wide pH range of application. In this paper, we further studied its fluorescence quantum yield and photoluminescence mechanism theoretically. The calculated results indicated the first excited states of BMH and BM (it was the oxidized product by HClO) were bright states with large oscillator strengths, however, due to more larger reorganization energy of BMH, the predicted internal conversion rate kIC of BMH was four orders of magnitude larger than that of BM; moreover, owing to the effect of heavy atom from sulfur atom in BMH, the predicted intersystem crossing rate kisc of BMH was five orders of magnitude larger than that of BM; meanwhile there was no significant difference found between both the predicted radiative rates kr, thus the calculated fluorescence quantum yield of BMH was nearly zero and that of BM was more than 90%, the data showed the BMH had no fluorescence but its oxidated produce BM possessed strong fluorescence. In addition, the reaction mechanism of BMH transforming into BM has been investigated too, according to the potential energy profile, we found that the course of BMH converting into BM consisted of three elementary reactions. The research results revealed the solvent effect can decreased the activation energy, which was more favorable for these elementary reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixue Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Kun Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Lingling Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Kui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Changqing Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Sujuan Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China
| | - Zhifeng Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianshui Normal University, Tianshui, Gansu 741001, China.
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50
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Rolka AB, Archipowa N, Kutta RJ, König B, Toste FD. Hybrid Catalysts for Enantioselective Photo-Phosphoric Acid Catalysis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6509-6522. [PMID: 37126846 PMCID: PMC10198958 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The syntheses of two novel, organic, and chiral photocatalysts are presented. By combining donor-acceptor cyanoarene-based photocatalysts with a chiral phosphoric acid, bifunctional catalysts have been designed. In preliminary proof-of-concept reactions, their use in both enantioselective energy transfer and photoredox catalysis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessa B Rolka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nataliya Archipowa
- Institute of Biophysics and Physical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Roger J Kutta
- Institute of Theoretical and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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