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Kulkarni A, Jozefiaková J, Bhide K, Mochnaćová E, Bhide M. Differential transcriptome response of blood brain barrier spheroids to neuroinvasive Neisseria and Borrelia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1326578. [PMID: 38179419 PMCID: PMC10766361 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1326578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly regulated interface between the blood and the brain, prevents blood-borne substances and pathogens from entering the CNS. Nevertheless, pathogens like Neisseria meningitidis and Borrelia bavariensis can breach the BBB and infect the brain parenchyma. The self-assembling BBB-spheroids can simulate the cross talk occurring between the cells of the barrier and neuroinvasive pathogens. Methods BBB spheroids were generated by co-culturing human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), pericytes and astrocytes. The BBB attributes of spheroids were confirmed by mapping the localization of cells, observing permeability of angiopep2 and non-permeability of dextran. Fluorescent Neisseria, Borrelia or E. coli (non-neuroinvasive) were incubated with spheroids to observe the adherence, invasion and spheroid integrity. Transcriptome analysis with NGS was employed to investigate the response of BBB cells to infections. Results hBMECs were localized throughout the spheroids, whereas pericytes and astrocytes were concentrated around the core. Within 1 hr of exposure, Neisseria and Borrelia adhered to spheroids, and their microcolonization increased from 5 to 24 hrs. Integrity of spheroids was compromised by both Neisseria and Borrelia, but not by E. coli infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant change in the expression of 781 genes (467 up and 314 down regulated) in spheroids infected with Neisseria, while Borrelia altered the expression of 621 genes (225 up and 396 down regulated). The differentially expressed genes could be clustered into various biological pathways like cell adhesion, extracellular matrix related, metallothionines, members of TGF beta, WNT signaling, and immune response. Among the differentially expressed genes, 455 (48%) genes were inversely expressed during Neisseria and Borrelia infection. Conclusion The self-assembling spheroids were used to perceive the BBB response to neuroinvasive pathogens - Neisseria and Borrelia. Compromised integrity of spheroids during Neisseria and Borrelia infection as opposed to its intactness and non-adherence of E. coli (non-neuroinvasive) denotes the pathogen dependent fate of BBB. Genes categorized into various biological functions indicated weakened barrier properties of BBB and heightened innate immune response. Inverse expression of 48% genes commonly identified during Neisseria and Borrelia infection exemplifies unique response of BBB to varying neuropathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amod Kulkarni
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Jozefiaková
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Evelína Mochnaćová
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mangesh Bhide
- Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Kosice, Slovakia
- Institute of Neuroimmunology of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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2
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Bagatella S, Haghayegh Jahromi N, Monney C, Polidori M, Gall FM, Marchionatti E, Serra F, Riedl R, Engelhardt B, Oevermann A. Bovine neutrophil chemotaxis to Listeria monocytogenes in neurolisteriosis depends on microglia-released rather than bacterial factors. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:304. [PMID: 36527076 PMCID: PMC9758797 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02653-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is a bacterial pathogen of major concern for humans and ruminants due to its neuroinvasive potential and its ability to cause deadly encephalitis (neurolisteriosis). On one hand, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are key players in the defense against Lm, but on the other hand intracerebral infiltration with PMN is associated with significant neural tissue damage. Lm-PMN interactions in neurolisteriosis are poorly investigated, and factors inducing PMN chemotaxis to infectious foci containing Lm in the central nervous system (CNS) remain unidentified. METHODS In this study, we assessed bovine PMN chemotaxis towards Lm and supernatants of infected endogenous brain cell populations in ex vivo chemotaxis assays, to identify chemotactic stimuli for PMN chemotaxis towards Lm in the brain. In addition, microglial secretion of IL-8 was assessed both ex vivo and in situ. RESULTS Our data show that neither Lm cell wall components nor intact bacteria elicit chemotaxis of bovine PMN ex vivo. Moreover, astrocytes and neural cells fail to induce bovine PMN chemotaxis upon infection. In contrast, supernatant from Lm infected microglia readily induced chemotaxis of bovine PMN. Microglial expression and secretion of IL-8 was identified during early Lm infection in vitro and in situ, although IL-8 blocking with a specific antibody could not abrogate PMN chemotaxis towards Lm infected microglial supernatant. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that host-derived rather than bacterial factors trigger PMN chemotaxis to bacterial foci in the CNS, that microglia have a primary role as initiators of bovine PMN chemotaxis into the brain during neurolisteriosis and that blockade of these factors could be a therapeutic target to limit intrathecal PMN chemotaxis and PMN associated damage in neurolisteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bagatella
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Neda Haghayegh Jahromi
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Theodor Kocher Institute (TKI), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Camille Monney
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Margherita Polidori
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland ,grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Flavio Max Gall
- grid.19739.350000000122291644Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Competence Center for Drug Discovery, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Emma Marchionatti
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Clinic for Ruminants, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Rainer Riedl
- grid.19739.350000000122291644Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Competence Center for Drug Discovery, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Theodor Kocher Institute (TKI), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Oevermann
- grid.5734.50000 0001 0726 5157Division of Neurological Sciences, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Qiao X, Zhang W, Zhao W. Role of CXCL10 in Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:2058-2070. [PMID: 36483597 PMCID: PMC9724238 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.76694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in acute inflammatory responses and secondary damages, including neuronal and glial cell death, axonal damage and demyelination, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, eventually leading to neuronal dysfunction and other complications. C-X-C motif Chemokine Ligand 10 (CXCL10) is expressed after the injury, playing multiple roles in the development and progression of SCI. Moreover, the CXCL10 antagonist can restrict inflammatory immune responses and promote neuronal regeneration and functional recovery. In this review, we summarize the structure and biological functions of CXCL10, and the roles of the CXCL10 / CXCR3 axis in acute inflammatory responses, secondary damages, and complications during SCI, thus providing a potential theoretical basis by highlighting CXCL10 as a new potential drug target for the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qiao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Pathogen Biology, Guizhou Nursing Vocational College, Guiyang, China
| | - Weijiang Zhao
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Cell Biology Department, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
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4
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Nalugo M, Schulte LJ, Masood MF, Zayed MA. Microvascular Angiopathic Consequences of COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:636843. [PMID: 33604359 PMCID: PMC7884319 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.636843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread across the world. The disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December, 2019. Ever increasing data is continuing to emerge about the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular tissue and other organ system. Clinical features associated with COVID-19 suggest that endothelial cell dysfunction and microvascular thrombosis are to a large extent contributing to resultant multi-organ complications. This review is aimed at highlighting the critical aspects associated with COVID-19 and its presumed microvascular angiopathic consequences on the cardiovascular system leading to multi-organ dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Nalugo
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Linda J. Schulte
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Muhammad F. Masood
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mohamed A. Zayed
- Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McKelvey School of Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Veterans Affairs St. Louis Health Care System, St. Louis, MO, United States
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5
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Fan F, Yang C, Zhu X, Liu Z, Liu H, Li J, Jiang R, Zhang Y, Bu X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Xiang Y. Association between infectious burden and cerebral microbleeds: a pilot cross-sectional study. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021; 8:395-405. [PMID: 33410595 PMCID: PMC7886034 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) is a subtype of cerebral small vessel disease. Their underlying pathogenesis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between infectious burden (IB) and CMBs. METHODS Seven hundred and seventy-three consecutive patients who were hospitalized in the Department of Neurology in General Hospital of Western Theater Command without severe neurological symptoms were recruited and selected in this pilot cross-sectional study. CMBs were assessed using the susceptibility-weighted imaging sequence of magnetic resonance imaging. Immunoglobulin G antibodies against common pathogens, including herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1, HSV-2, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Chlamydia pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae), Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Helicobacter pylori (HP), and Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi), were measured by commercial ELISA assays. IB was defined as a composite serologic measure of exposure to these common pathogens. RESULTS Patients with and without CMBs were defined as the CMBs group (n = 76) and the non-CMBs group (n = 81), respectively. IB was significantly different between the CMBs and non-CMBs groups. After adjusted for other risk factors, the increased IB was independently associated with the presence of CMBs (P = 0.031, OR = 3.00, 95% CI [1.11-8.15]). IB was significantly positively associated with the number of CMBs (Spearman ρ = 0.653, P < 0.001). The levels of serum inflammatory markers were significantly different between the CMBs and non-CMBs groups and among the categories of IB. INTERPRETATION IB consisting of HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae, EBV, HP, and B. burgdorferi was associated with CMBs. All the findings suggested that pathogen infection could be involved in the pathogenesis of CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Huanggang Central Hospital, Huanggang, Hubei, China.,Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Institute of Neurology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhilan Liu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Clinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jianhao Li
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaolei Zhang
- Basic Medical Laboratory, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianle Bu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanjiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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6
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Wu F, Shen K, Xie YI, Wang H, Sun Y, Wang Q. Gene Expression Profiling in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells in Response to Treponema pallidum Subspecies pallidum. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191234. [PMID: 33331441 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurosyphilis (NS) is a neurological disorder caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum (T. pallidum), but how T. pallidum attach to and cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and how BBB response to this bacteria remain unclear. To explore how the human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) response to T. pallidum, the Agilent SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression 8×60K microarray was used. The results revealed that 249 genes were differentially expressed in HBMECs infected with T. pallidum. In particular, genes encoding proteins involved in bacterial adhesion, endothelial cell activation and immune response were regulated by T. pallidum. Furthermore, Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were performed to determine the biological functions of differentially expressed genes. In summary, T. pallidum changes the gene expression profile in HBMECs, and differentially expressed genes are associated with widespread biological and pathophysiological functions. Above all, this is the first paper reporting the effects of T. pallidum on HBMECs. These data develop a new platform for further molecular experiments on the pathogenesis of NS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 109 Longmian Road, Molin District, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Kangjie Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 Tianyuandong Road, Molin District, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Y I Xie
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 Tianyuandong Road, Molin District, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Hongye Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 Tianyuandong Road, Molin District, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, No. 818 Tianyuandong Road, Molin District, Nanjing, 211100, China
| | - Qianqiu Wang
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 12 Jiangwangmiao Road, Xuanwuhu District, Nanjing, 210042, China
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Appelgren D, Enocsson H, Skogman BH, Nordberg M, Perander L, Nyman D, Nyberg C, Knopf J, Muñoz LE, Sjöwall C, Sjöwall J. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in the Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples from Children and Adults with Central Nervous System Infections. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010043. [PMID: 31877982 PMCID: PMC7016761 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils operate as part of the innate defence in the skin and may eliminate the Borrelia spirochaete via phagocytosis, oxidative bursts, and hydrolytic enzymes. However, their importance in Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB) is unclear. Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, which is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species, involves the extrusion of the neutrophil DNA to form traps that incapacitate bacteria and immobilise viruses. Meanwhile, NET formation has recently been studied in pneumococcal meningitis, the role of NETs in other central nervous system (CNS) infections has previously not been studied. Here, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from clinically well-characterised children (N = 111) and adults (N = 64) with LNB and other CNS infections were analysed for NETs (DNA/myeloperoxidase complexes) and elastase activity. NETs were detected more frequently in the children than the adults (p = 0.01). NET presence was associated with higher CSF levels of CXCL1 (p < 0.001), CXCL6 (p = 0.007), CXCL8 (p = 0.003), CXCL10 (p < 0.001), MMP-9 (p = 0.002), TNF (p = 0.02), IL-6 (p < 0.001), and IL-17A (p = 0.03). NETs were associated with fever (p = 0.002) and correlated with polynuclear pleocytosis (rs = 0.53, p < 0.0001). We show that neutrophil activation and active NET formation occur in the CSF samples of children and adults with CNS infections, mainly caused by Borrelia and neurotropic viruses. The role of NETs in the early phase of viral/bacterial CNS infections warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Appelgren
- Division of Drug Research, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Helena Enocsson
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden; (H.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Barbro H. Skogman
- Center for Clinical Research Dalarna-Uppsala University, Region Dalarna and Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Örebro University, SE-702 81 Örebro, Sweden;
| | - Marika Nordberg
- Åland Central Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, AX-22 100 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland; (M.N.); (L.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Linda Perander
- Åland Central Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, AX-22 100 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland; (M.N.); (L.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Dag Nyman
- Bimelix AB, AX-22 100 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland;
| | - Clara Nyberg
- Åland Central Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, AX-22 100 Mariehamn, Åland, Finland; (M.N.); (L.P.); (C.N.)
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), DE-91 054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (L.E.M.)
| | - Luis E. Muñoz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3-Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), DE-91 054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.K.); (L.E.M.)
| | - Christopher Sjöwall
- Division of Neuro and Inflammation Sciences, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden; (H.E.); (C.S.)
| | - Johanna Sjöwall
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Linköping University Hospital, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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8
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Garcia-Monco JC, Benach JL. Lyme Neuroborreliosis: Clinical Outcomes, Controversy, Pathogenesis, and Polymicrobial Infections. Ann Neurol 2019; 85:21-31. [PMID: 30536421 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is the object of numerous misconceptions. In this review, we revisit the fundamental manifestations of neuroborreliosis (meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis), as these have withstood the test of time. We also discuss other manifestations that are less frequent. Stroke, as a manifestation of Lyme neuroborreliosis, is considered in the context of other infections. The summary of the literature regarding clinical outcomes of neuroborreliosis leads to its controversies. We also include new information on pathogenesis and on the polymicrobial nature of tick-borne diseases. In this way, we update the review that we wrote in this journal in 1995. ANN NEUROL 2019;85:21-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Garcia-Monco
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basurto, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain.,Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| | - Jorge L Benach
- Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.,Pathology, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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Djokic V, Giacani L, Parveen N. Analysis of host cell binding specificity mediated by the Tp0136 adhesin of the syphilis agent Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007401. [PMID: 31071095 PMCID: PMC6529012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Syphilis affects approximately 11 million people each year globally, and is the third most prevalent sexually transmitted bacterial infection in the United States. Inability to independently culture and genetically manipulate Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, the causative agent of this disease, has hindered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of syphilis pathogenesis. Here, we used the non-infectious and poorly adherent B314 strain of the Lyme disease-causing spirochete, Borrelia burgdorferi, to express two variants of a known fibronectin-binding adhesin, Tp0136, from T. pallidum SS14 and Nichols strains. Using this surrogate system, we investigated the ability of Tp0136 in facilitating differential binding to mammalian cell lines offering insight into the possible role of this virulence factor in colonization of specific tissues by T. pallidum during infection. Principal findings Expression of Tp0136 could be detected on the surface of B. burgdorferi by indirect immunofluorescence assay using sera from a secondary syphilis patient that does not react with intact B314 spirochetes transformed with the empty vector. Increase in Tp0136-mediated adherence of B314 strain to human epithelial HEK293 cells was observed with comparable levels of binding exhibited by both Tp0136 alleles. Adherence of Tp0136-expressing B314 was highest to epithelial HEK293 and C6 glioma cells. Gain in binding of B314 strain expressing Tp0136 to purified fibronectin and poor binding of these spirochetes to the fibronectin-deficient cell line (HEp-2) indicated that Tp0136 interaction with this host receptor plays an important role in spirochetal attachment to mammalian cells. Furthermore, preincubation of these cell lines with fibronectin-binding peptide from Staphylococcus aureus FnbA-2 protein significantly inhibited binding of B314 expressing Tp0136. Conclusions Our results show that Tp0136 facilitates differential level of binding to cell lines representing various host tissues, which highlights the importance of this protein in colonization of human organs by T. pallidum and resulting syphilis pathogenesis. Syphilis is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections that affect millions of people around the world. The causative bacterium, Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum, can be transmitted from mother to fetus during maternal infection, resulting in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Although timely treatment of syphilis is highly effective, untreated infection causes late syphilis that affects virtually every organ and leads to serious clinical manifestations. Therefore, syphilis remains a serious healthcare problem. T. pallidum cannot be grown in laboratory using traditional methods, which has slowed the progress in understanding this pathogen biology and pathogenesis. We employed a novel approach of using a related bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, to express Tp0136 protein from two different T. pallidum isolates to study the function of this protein. This strategy enabled us to demonstrate the ability of this protein to bind to fibronectin and laminin receptors present on the surface of various host cells. We showed that Tp0136 facilitates binding to only those host cells that produce fibronectin. In addition, we found that Tp0136-mediated binding is not equivalent in all host cell types, suggesting that the protein could help in colonization of specific human organs and tissues during infection by T. pallidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitomir Djokic
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Giacani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nikhat Parveen
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Zorec R, Županc TA, Verkhratsky A. Astrogliopathology in the infectious insults of the brain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:56-62. [PMID: 30096375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia, a heterogeneous type of neuroglia, play key homeostatic functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and represent an important defence system. Impaired homeostatic capacity of astrocytes manifests in diseases and this is mirrored in various astrocyte-based pathological features including reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and pathological remodelling of astrocytes. All of these manifestations are most prominently associated with infectious insults, mediated by bacteria, protozoa and viruses. Here we focus onto neurotropic viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), both belonging to Flaviviridae and both causing severe neurological impairments. We argue that astrocytes provide a route through which neurotropic infectious agents attack the CNS, since they are anatomically associated with the blood-brain barrier and exhibit aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic specialisation of highly morphologically dynamic cells, which may provide a suitable metabolic milieu for proliferation of infectious agents, including viral bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zorec
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloska cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloska cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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11
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Xu G, Mendell NL, Liang Y, Shelite TR, Goez-Rivillas Y, Soong L, Bouyer DH, Walker DH. CD8+ T cells provide immune protection against murine disseminated endotheliotropic Orientia tsutsugamushi infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005763. [PMID: 28723951 PMCID: PMC5536391 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Scrub typhus, caused by a Gram-negative obligately intracellular coccobacillus, Orientia tsutsugamushi, is a long neglected but important tropical disease. Orientia tsutsugamushi causes illness in one million people each year, and 1 billion people are at risk. Without appropriate diagnosis and treatment, the disease can cause severe multiorgan failure with a case fatality rate of 7–15%. The current gaps in knowledge of immunity include the unknown mechanisms of host immunity to O. tsutsugamushi. Using an intravenous (i.v.) disseminated infection mouse model, we observed that more CD8+ T cells than CD4+ T cells were present in the spleen of infected mice at 12 dpi. We also determined that Treg cells and the proportion of T cells producing IL-10 were significantly increased from 6 dpi, which correlated with the onset of illness, body weight loss, and increased bacterial loads. We further studied CD8-/-, MHC I-/- and wild type control (WT) C57BL/6J mice to determine the importance of CD8+ T cells and MHC I molecules. After infection with an ordinarily sub-lethal dose of O. tsutsugamushi, all CD8-/- and MHC I-/- mice were moribund between 12 and 15 dpi, whereas all WT mice survived. Bacterial loads in the lung, kidney, liver and spleen of CD8-/- and MHC I-/- mice were significantly greater than those in WT mice. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and granzyme B mRNA levels in the liver of CD8-/- and MHC I-/- mice were significantly greater than in WT mice. In addition, more severe histopathologic lesions were observed in CD8-/- mice. Finally, adoptive transfer confirmed a major role of immune CD8+ T cells as well as a less effective contribution by immune CD8 T cell-depleted splenocytes in protection against O. tsutsugamushi infection. These studies demonstrated the critical importance of CD8+ T cells in the host immune response during O. tsutsugamushi infection. Scrub typhus is a febrile illness that can be life-threatening without appropriate treatment. It is caused by a gram-negative, obligately intracellular bacterium, Orientia tsutsugamushi. Approximately one million people annually are infected globally, mainly in the Asia-Pacific area. Unfortunately, no vaccine has been developed for the prevention of the disease. There is very little known about the pathogenesis of or host immunity to scrub typhus. The limited number of studies on the mechanisms of immunity has failed to provide a fundamental explanation of the protective host immune response during the disease due in part to the outdated and inaccurate animal models employed. Here, we examined and confirmed that CD8+ T cells provide critical protection during the infection. Our data also demonstrated the potential contribution of non-CD8+ immune cells in protection against the infection. This study of host immune responses during scrub typhus with a more accurate mouse model improves the understanding of the interaction between the host and pathogen, and provides a foundation for future investigations of pathogenesis, immune control and prevention including vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Xu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nicole L Mendell
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuejin Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas R Shelite
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yenny Goez-Rivillas
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lynn Soong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald H Bouyer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Abstract
Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it is the most commonly reported vector-borne illness and the fifth most common disease in the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. If left untreated, infection disseminates to the nervous system. The nonhuman primate model of Lyme disease of the nervous system, or Lyme neuroborreliosis, accurately mimics the aspects of the human illness. There is general recognition for the potential of infectious-related autoimmune inflammatory processes contributing to disease progression and clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Younger
- Division of Neuroepidemiology, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
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Gyllemark P, Forsberg P, Ernerudh J, Henningsson AJ. Intrathecal Th17- and B cell-associated cytokine and chemokine responses in relation to clinical outcome in Lyme neuroborreliosis: a large retrospective study. J Neuroinflammation 2017; 14:27. [PMID: 28148307 PMCID: PMC5286657 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-0789-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background B cell immunity, including the chemokine CXCL13, has an established role in Lyme neuroborreliosis, and also, T helper (Th) 17 immunity, including IL-17A, has recently been implicated. Methods We analysed a set of cytokines and chemokines associated with B cell and Th17 immunity in cerebrospinal fluid and serum from clinically well-characterized patients with definite Lyme neuroborreliosis (group 1, n = 49), defined by both cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and Borrelia-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid and from two groups with possible Lyme neuroborreliosis, showing either pleocytosis (group 2, n = 14) or Borrelia-specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid (group 3, n = 14). A non-Lyme neuroborreliosis reference group consisted of 88 patients lacking pleocytosis and Borrelia-specific antibodies in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Results Cerebrospinal fluid levels of B cell-associated markers (CXCL13, APRIL and BAFF) were significantly elevated in groups 1, 2 and 3 compared with the reference group, except for BAFF, which was not elevated in group 3. Regarding Th17-associated markers (IL-17A, CXCL1 and CCL20), CCL20 in cerebrospinal fluid was significantly elevated in groups 1, 2 and 3 compared with the reference group, while IL-17A and CXCL1 were elevated in group 1. Patients with time of recovery <3 months had lower cerebrospinal fluid levels of IL-17A, APRIL and BAFF compared to patients with recovery >3 months. Conclusions By using a set of markers in addition to CXCL13 and IL-17A, we confirm that B cell- and Th17-associated immune responses are involved in Lyme neuroborreliosis pathogenesis with different patterns in subgroups. Furthermore, IL-17A, APRIL and BAFF may be associated with time to recovery after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gyllemark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Region Jönköping County, SE-551 85, Jönköping, Sweden.
| | - Pia Forsberg
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jan Ernerudh
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna J Henningsson
- Clinical Microbiology, Division of Medical Services, Jönköping, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
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Casselli T, Qureshi H, Peterson E, Perley D, Blake E, Jokinen B, Abbas A, Nechaev S, Watt JA, Dhasarathy A, Brissette CA. MicroRNA and mRNA Transcriptome Profiling in Primary Human Astrocytes Infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170961. [PMID: 28135303 PMCID: PMC5279786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is caused by infection with the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb), which is transmitted to humans by deer ticks. The infection manifests usually as a rash and minor systemic symptoms; however, the bacteria can spread to other tissues, causing joint pain, carditis, and neurological symptoms. Lyme neuroborreliosis presents itself in several ways, such as Bell's palsy, meningitis, and encephalitis. The molecular basis for neuroborreliosis is poorly understood. Analysis of the changes in the expression levels of messenger RNAs and non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, following Bb infection could therefore provide vital information on the pathogenesis and clinical symptoms of neuroborreliosis. To this end, we used cultured primary human astrocytes, key responders to CNS infection and important components of the blood-brain barrier, as a model system to study RNA and microRNA changes in the CNS caused by Bb. Using whole transcriptome RNA-seq, we found significant changes in 38 microRNAs and 275 mRNAs at 24 and 48 hours following Bb infection. Several of the RNA changes affect pathways involved in immune response, development, chromatin assembly (including histones) and cell adhesion. Further, several of the microRNA predicted target mRNAs were also differentially regulated. Overall, our results indicate that exposure to Bb causes significant changes to the transcriptome and microRNA profile of astrocytes, which has implications in the pathogenesis, and hence potential treatment strategies to combat this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Casselli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Humaira Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Peterson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Danielle Perley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Emily Blake
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Bradley Jokinen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Ata Abbas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Sergei Nechaev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - John A. Watt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Archana Dhasarathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Brissette
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
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Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Parpura V, Montana V. Translational potential of astrocytes in brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:188-205. [PMID: 26386136 PMCID: PMC4794425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally, all brain disorders can be broadly defined as the homeostatic failure of this organ. As the brain is composed of many different cells types, including but not limited to neurons and glia, it is only logical that all the cell types/constituents could play a role in health and disease. Yet, for a long time the sole conceptualization of brain pathology was focused on the well-being of neurons. Here, we challenge this neuron-centric view and present neuroglia as a key element in neuropathology, a process that has a toll on astrocytes, which undergo complex morpho-functional changes that can in turn affect the course of the disorder. Such changes can be grossly identified as reactivity, atrophy with loss of function and pathological remodeling. We outline the pathogenic potential of astrocytes in variety of disorders, ranging from neurotrauma, infection, toxic damage, stroke, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, Alexander disease to neoplastic changes seen in gliomas. We hope that in near future we would witness glial-based translational medicine with generation of deliverables for the containment and cure of disorders. We point out that such as a task will require a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach that will take in consideration the concerted operation of all the cell types in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine and Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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16
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Salo J, Pietikäinen A, Söderström M, Auvinen K, Salmi M, Ebady R, Moriarty TJ, Viljanen MK, Hytönen J. Flow-Tolerant Adhesion of a Bacterial Pathogen to Human Endothelial Cells Through Interaction With Biglycan. J Infect Dis 2016; 213:1623-31. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Wagner B, Johnson J, Garcia-Tapia D, Honsberger N, King V, Strietzel C, Hardham JM, Heinz TJ, Marconi RT, Meeus PFM. Comparison of effectiveness of cefovecin, doxycycline, and amoxicillin for the treatment of experimentally induced early Lyme borreliosis in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015. [PMID: 26205247 PMCID: PMC4513938 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While Koch’s postulates have been fulfilled for Lyme disease; causing transient fever, anorexia and arthritis in young dogs; treatment of sero-positive dogs, especially asymptomatic animals, remains a topic of debate. To complicate this matter the currently recommended antibiotic treatments of Lyme Disease in dogs caused by Borrelia burgdorferi require daily oral administrations for 31 days or longer, which makes non-compliance a concern. Additionally, there is no approved veterinary antimicrobial for the treatment of Lyme Disease in dogs in the USA and few recommended treatments have been robustly tested. In vitro testing of cefovecin, a novel extended-spectrum cephalosporin, demonstrated inhibition of spirochete growth. A small pilot study in dogs indicated that two cefovecin injections two weeks apart would be as efficacious against B. burgdorferi sensu stricto as the recommended treatments using doxycycline or amoxicillin daily for 31 days. This hypothesis was tested in 17–18 week old Beagle dogs, experimentally infected with B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, using wild caught ticks, 75 days prior to antimicrobial administration. Results Clinical observations for lameness were performed daily but were inconclusive as this characteristic sign of Lyme Disease rarely develops in the standard laboratory models of experimentally induced infection. However, each antibiotic tested was efficacious against B. burgdorferi as measured by a rapid elimination of spirochetes from the skin and reduced levels of circulating antibodies to B. burgdorferi. In addition, significantly less cefovecin treated animals had Lyme Disease associated histopathological changes compared to untreated dogs. Conclusions Convenia was efficacious against B. burgdorferi sensu stricto infection in dogs as determined by serological testing, PCR and histopathology results. Convenia provides an additional and effective treatment option for Lyme Disease in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - John Johnson
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - David Garcia-Tapia
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Nicole Honsberger
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Vickie King
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Catherine Strietzel
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - John M Hardham
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Thomas J Heinz
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
| | - Richard T Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, PO Box 980678, VA, 23298, USA.
| | - Patrick F M Meeus
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Zoetis, 333 Portage Street, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA.
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Clarner T, Janssen K, Nellessen L, Stangel M, Skripuletz T, Krauspe B, Hess FM, Denecke B, Beutner C, Linnartz-Gerlach B, Neumann H, Vallières L, Amor S, Ohl K, Tenbrock K, Beyer C, Kipp M. CXCL10 Triggers Early Microglial Activation in the Cuprizone Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3400-13. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Borgermans L, Goderis G, Vandevoorde J, Devroey D. Relevance of chronic lyme disease to family medicine as a complex multidimensional chronic disease construct: a systematic review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FAMILY MEDICINE 2014; 2014:138016. [PMID: 25506429 PMCID: PMC4258916 DOI: 10.1155/2014/138016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease has become a global public health problem and a prototype of an emerging infection. Both treatment-refractory infection and symptoms that are related to Borrelia burgdorferi infection remain subject to controversy. Because of the absence of solid evidence on prevalence, causes, diagnostic criteria, tools and treatment options, the role of autoimmunity to residual or persisting antigens, and the role of a toxin or other bacterial-associated products that are responsible for the symptoms and signs, chronic Lyme disease (CLD) remains a relatively poorly understood chronic disease construct. The role and performance of family medicine in the detection, integrative treatment, and follow-up of CLD are not well studied either. The purpose of this paper is to describe insights into the complexity of CLD as a multidimensional chronic disease construct and its relevance to family medicine by means of a systematic literature review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Borgermans
- Department of Family Medicine & Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Geert Goderis
- Department of General Practice and University Hospitals Leuven, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Kapucijnenvoer 33, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Vandevoorde
- Department of Family Medicine & Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dirk Devroey
- Department of Family Medicine & Chronic Care, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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