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Schneider Cand Med A. Funktlionsentwicklung der Speicheldrüsen Histochemische Analyse der Differenzierung der epithelialen Schleimsekretion in der Ontogenese des Goldhamsters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [PMID: 23195859 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6336(71)80007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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PETERSON M, LEBLOND CP. SYNTHESIS OF COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES IN THE GOLGI REGION, AS SHOWN BY RADIOAUTOGRAPHY AFTER INJECTION OF LABELED GLUCOSE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 21:143-8. [PMID: 14154488 PMCID: PMC2106424 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.21.1.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Morita H, Kettlewell MG, Jewell DP, Kent PW. Glycosylation and sulphation of colonic mucus glycoproteins in patients with ulcerative colitis and in healthy subjects. Gut 1993; 34:926-32. [PMID: 8344580 PMCID: PMC1374227 DOI: 10.1136/gut.34.7.926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies have been made of mucus glycoprotein biosynthesis in different regions of the lower gastrointestinal tract in normal patients and those with ulcerative colitis (UC), active or inactive, by means of 3H-glucosamine (3H-GlcNH2)--35S-sulphate double labelling of epithelial biopsy specimens under culture conditions. The time based rate of 3H-GlcNH2 labelling of mucus in rectal tissue was similar to that in active or inactive UC whereas the rate of 35SO4(2) labelling was significantly increased in active disease. The 3H specific activities measuring the amount of isotopic incorporation into surface and tissue mucus glycoproteins were increased in patients with active UC compared with normal or inactive subjects. The 35S specific activities did not differ significantly between patients with active UC and those in remission. In the rectum, glycosylation of mucus glycoproteins decreases with the increasing age of the patient. Regional differences in 3H-labelling of mucus components are reported for ascending colon, transverse colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. Sulphation (35S-labelling) was higher in all parts of the colon in left sided UC. Results point to accelerated glycosylation of core proteins in the active phase of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Morita
- Department of Gastroenterology, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford
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Bennett G, Wild G. Traffic through the Golgi apparatus as studied by radioautography. JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY TECHNIQUE 1991; 17:132-49. [PMID: 2013818 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.1060170203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to radiolabel biological molecules, in conjunction with radioautographic or cell fractionation techniques, has brought about a revolution in our knowledge of dynamic cellular processes. This has been particularly true since the 1940's, when isotopes such as 35S and 14C became available, since these isotopes could be incorporated into a great variety of biologically important compounds. The first dynamic evidence for Golgi apparatus involvement in biosynthesis came from light microscope radioautographic studies by Jennings and Florey in the 1950's, in which label was localized to the supranuclear Golgi region of goblet cells soon after injection of 35S-sulfate. When the low energy isotope tritium became available, and when radioautography could be extended to the electron microscope level, a great improvement in spatial resolution was achieved. Studies using 3H-amino acids revealed that proteins were synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, migrated to the Golgi apparatus, and thence to secretion granules, lysosomes, or the plasma membrane. The work of Neutra and Leblond in the 1960's using 3H-glucose provided dramatic evidence that the Golgi apparatus was involved in glycosylation. Work with 3H-mannose (a core sugar in N-linked side chains), showed that this sugar was incorporated into glycoproteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, providing the first radioautographic evidence that glycosylation of proteins did not occur solely in the Golgi apparatus. Studies with the tritiated precursors of fucose, galactose, and sialic acid, on the other hand, showed that these terminal sugars are mainly added in the Golgi apparatus. With its limited spatial resolution, radioautography cannot discriminate between label in adjacent Golgi saccules. Nonetheless, in some cell types, radioautographic evidence (along with cytochemical and cell fractionation data) has indicated that the Golgi is subcompartmentalized in terms of glycosylation, with galactose and sialic acid being added to glycoproteins only within the trans-Golgi compartment. In the last ten years, radioautographic tracing of radioiodinated plasma membrane molecules has indicated a substantial recycling of such molecules to the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bennett
- Department of Anatomy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Ram BP, Munjal DD. Galactosyltransferases: physical, chemical, and biological aspects. CRC CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY 1985; 17:257-311. [PMID: 3920003 DOI: 10.3109/10409238509113606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Galactosyltransferases (GTs) are one of the members of a family of enzymes called glycosyltransferases involved in the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates. These enzymes catalyze the transfer of galactose from UDP-galactose to an acceptor (glycoprotein, glycolipid) containing terminal N-acetylglucosamine or N-acetylgalactosamine residue. GTs occur in soluble (milk, serum, effusions, etc.) and insoluble (membrane) forms. The GT activities on the outer surface of the cells have been correlated with a host of cellular interactions, including fertilization, cell migration, embryonic induction, chondrogenesis, contact inhibition of growth, cell adhesion, hemostasis, intestinal cell differentiation, and immune recognition. GTs have been purified to homogeneity using affinity chromatography. Most GTs are found active in the pH range 6 to 8 and at temperatures between 35 to 40 degrees C. Manganese is an essential co-factor for GT activity. Isoenzymes of GT have been recognized, especially in tumor tissues, malignant effusions, and sera of cancer patients using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence and absence of SDS. Depending on the source of the enzyme, the molecular weights of GTs range between 40,000 to 80,000 daltons. Carcinoma-associated GT isoenzyme has been reported to have a higher molecular weight than the normal GT isoenzyme. Development of monoclonal antibody against the cancer-specific GT isoenzyme will provide help in the development of an immunoassay for the measurement of this isoenzyme in the sera and an aid in the radioimmunolocalization of the tumors in cancer patients.
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Rainsford KD. The effects of aspirin and other non-steroid anti-inflammatory/analgesic drugs on gastro-intestinal mucus glycoprotein biosynthesis in vivo: relationship to ulcerogenic actions. Biochem Pharmacol 1978; 27:877-85. [PMID: 306823 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(78)90412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Filipe MI, Branfoot AC. Mucin histochemistry of the colon. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1976; 63:143-78. [PMID: 795613 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66481-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Meyrick B, Reid L. In vitro incorporation of (3H)threonine and (3H)glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland. A quantitative electron microscope study. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1975; 67:320-44. [PMID: 1194352 PMCID: PMC2109595 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.67.2.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Incorporation of [3H]threonine and [3H]glucose by the mucous and serous cells of the human bronchial submucosal gland has been studied over 8 h using, for the first time in vitro pulse labeling and electron microscope autoradiography. In assessing the autoradiographs, two methods were compared, the circle analysis and the recently described hypothetical grain analysis. Preliminary studies showed formaldehyde to be the most suitable fixative. Chemical analysis of tissue revealed that [3H]threonine was incorporated into the polypeptide moiety of the bronchial gland product and that metabolites of [3H]-glucose were incorporated into the carbohydrate. Tritiated threonine was first localized in the endoplasmic reticulum of both mucous and serous cells and later migrated to the Golgi apparatus, while metabolites of [3H]glucose localized first mainly in the Golgi apparatus. From here, both radioactive precursors were next identified in vacuoles and, finally, in secretory granules. The mucous cell incorporated strikingly more of both radioactive precursors than the serous cell. Thus, it seems that oligosaccharides of mucous and serous cell glycoproteins are synthesized mainly in the Golgi apparatus and added there to the polypeptide core which is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The relationship of the mucous cell to the serous cell is discussed. It seems that under "normal" conditions each cell represents a different line but that injury may transform a serous cell into a mucous cell.
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Roberts SH, Heffernan C, Douglas AP. The sialic acid and carbohydrate content and the synthesis of glycoprotein from radioactive precursors by tissues of the normal and diseases upper intestinal tract. Clin Chim Acta 1975; 63:121-8. [PMID: 1175288 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(75)90154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The sialic acid and total hexose content of perorally obtained mucosal biopsies have been determined. Gastric mucosa has a higher content of sialic acid/mg protein and a lower content of total hexoses/mg protein than does jejunal mucosa. There were no differences chemically between gastric biopsies from subjects with or without peptic ulcers. Neither were there any differences between normal jejunal mucosa and jejunal mucosa from patients with untreated or treated coeliac disease. The studies of the incorporation of radioactive glucose into glycoprotein using all these tissues indicate that bacteria make a major in vitro contribution. This method is not suitable for study of de novo synthesis in either gastric or jejunal mucosa. Results are presented which suggest that bacteria may normally be present within the mucous layer of the stomach.
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Gallagher JT, Kent PW. Structure and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans secreted by organ cultures of rabbit trachea. Biochem J 1975; 148:187-96. [PMID: 125590 PMCID: PMC1165526 DOI: 10.1042/bj1480187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. When cultured in medium 199 in an atmosphere of O2+CO2 (95:5) rabbit tracheal explants retained their viability for up to 21 days. 2. The explants secreted into the culture medium three electrophoretically separable components which were eluted in the non-retarded fraction from Sephadex G-200. 3. Digestion with papain and fractionation with a LiCl gradient on DEAE-cellulose resulted in the separation of these components, which were identified as a sialic acid-rich glycoprotein of epithelial origin, and chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid from sub-epithelial cartilage and connective tissue. 4. Incorporation of radioactive precursors ( D-[U-14-C]glucose, D-[1-14-C]glucosamine, D-[1-14-C]galactose and Na2-35SO4) into these secreted macromolecules was indicative of their active biosynthesis by the tracheal tissue.
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MacDermott RP, Donaldson RM, Trier JS. Glycoprotein synthesis and secretion by mucosal biopsies of rabbit colon and human rectum. J Clin Invest 1974; 54:545-54. [PMID: 4852174 PMCID: PMC301587 DOI: 10.1172/jci107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Elucidation of mechanisms involved in the control of colonic production of mucus requires direct examination of glycoprotein synthesis and secretion by colonic mucosa. In the past, the limited viability of intestinal mucosa in vitro has hampered such investigations. When maintained in an organ culture system, mucosal biopsies of rabbit colon and human rectum remained viable for 24 h as documented by morphologic appearance and a steady rate of protein synthesis and secretion. These biopsies also incorporated (14)C-labeled glucosamine into tissue glycoproteins and secreted labeled glycoproteins at a steady rate for 24 h. Glucosamine was predominantly incorporated into macromolecules that were ultimately secreted, in contrast to leucine, which was predominantly incorporated into tissue macromolecules. When studied by autoradiography, cultured rabbit colonic biopsies synthesized and secreted glycoproteins in vitro at cellular sites and over a time-course similar to those previously described for the intestine of intact animals. Acetylcholine consistently stimulated secretion of labeled glycoproteins but did not alter glycoprotein synthesis. In contrast, cycloheximide inhibited glycoprotein synthesis but had no effect on the secretion of newly synthesized glycoproteins. Rectal biopsies from patients with active ulcerative colitis incorporated increased amounts of [(14)C]glucosamine into glycoproteins during organ culture and secreted labeled glycoproteins more rapidly into the incubation medium when compared to biopsies obtained from healthy volunteers These findings indicate that organ culture provides a useful means of directly examining the synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins by healthy and diseased colonic mucosa.
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Filipe MI, Cooke KB. Changes in composition of mucin in the mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of the colon as compared with the normal: a biochemical investigation. J Clin Pathol 1974; 27:315-8. [PMID: 4850957 PMCID: PMC478111 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.27.4.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen surgical specimens from patients with carcinoma of the colon and rectum were studied. Scrapings from normal mucosa distant from the tumour and from macroscopically normal mucosa adjacent to the tumour (;transitional') were used for chemical estimation of hexosamines, sialic acid, and proteins. The presence of hexosamines and sialic acid was confirmed in both normal and transitional mucosa. Transitional mucosa showed increased levels of total hexosamines and sialic acid as compared with the normal and this was accompanied by an increase in neuraminidase-sensitive sialic acids. The present data have been compared with previous histochemical and autoradiographic studies and it is suggested that the changes described in the transitional mucosa are transformations representing an early stage of carcinogenesis.
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Nigam VN, Cantero A. Polysaccharides in Cancer: Glycoproteins and Glycolipids. Adv Cancer Res 1973. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60530-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Snary D, Allen A. Studies on gastric mucoproteins. The production of radioactive mucoproteins by pig gastric mucosal scrapings in vitro. Biochem J 1972; 127:577-87. [PMID: 5076201 PMCID: PMC1178699 DOI: 10.1042/bj1270577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1. Optimum conditions, including the effect of media of different pH values, were determined for the incorporation of radioactive precursors into mucoproteins by pig gastric mucosa in vitro. 2. Mucosal scrapings incorporated radioactivity from [U-(14)C]-glucose and from [G-(3)H]threonine or [G-(3)H]serine solely into the carbohydrate and protein portions respectively of the mucoprotein molecules. 3. Of the radioactive mucoprotein 22% was water-soluble and up to 80% of the remainder was soluble in other solvents. 4. Pronase was the most successful proteolytic enzyme tested for making the mucoprotein water-soluble, up to 94% dissolving after digestion. 5. The Pronase digestion products of the mucoproteins were separated from protein by equilibrium-density-gradient centrifugation in a CsCl gradient. 6. These Pronase-digested mucoproteins were further fractionated on Sepharose 4B and the isolated fractions analysed by chemical and sedimentation-velocity methods. 7. Pronase digestion and solvent extraction of mucosal scrapings labelled with (14)C in the carbohydrate and (3)H in the protein showed that one type of mucoprotein was the only non-diffusible biosynthetic product of the scrapings in vitro, and that this mucoprotein was the only mucoprotein constituent of the water-soluble and water-insoluble mucus.
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21
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Lukie BE, Forstner GG. Synthesis of intestinal glycoprotein incoporation of [i-14C]glucosamine in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1972. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(72)90059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Filipe MI. 35 sulphur uptake in the mucosa adjacent to carcinoma of the large intestine. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1971; 3:27-35. [PMID: 5110263 DOI: 10.1007/bf01686504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gonçalves RP, Bennett GC, Leblond CP. Fate of 3H-ribose in the rat as detected by radioautography. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1969; 165:543-57. [PMID: 4901817 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091650409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lev R, Weisberg H. Human foetal epithelial glycogen: a histochemical and electronmicroscopic study. J Anat 1969; 105:337-49. [PMID: 5802937 PMCID: PMC1232138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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Allen A, Kent PW. Studies on the enzymic N-acylation of amino sugars in the sheep colonic mucosa. Biochem J 1968; 107:589-98. [PMID: 5660639 PMCID: PMC1198703 DOI: 10.1042/bj1070589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. d-[2-(14)C]Glucose, [2-(14)C]acetate, hydroxy[3-(14)C]pyruvate, [3-(14)C]pyruvate and [U-(14)C]glycine were incorporated by surviving scrapings of sheep colonic mucosal tissue into glycoprotein. 2. d-[2-(14)C]Glucose, [2-(14)C]acetate, incorporated hydroxy-[3-(14)C]pyruvate and [3-(14)C]pyruvate resulted in labelling of each of the monosaccharide residues of the glycoprotein, namely N-glycollylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, galactose, fucose, glucosamine and galactosamine. [U-(14)C]Glycine was incorporated as glycyl and seryl residues of the glycoprotein. 3. Despite N-glycollylneuraminic acid being quantitatively the predominant sialic acid (N-glycollylneuraminic acid and N-acetylneuraminic acid were 8.5 and 5.2% by weight of the glycoprotein respectively) the corresponding ratio of the radio-active labelling from d-[2-(14)C]glucose in N-glycollylneuraminic acid to that in N-acetylneuraminic acid was 1.00:7.27 (expressed as percentages of the total radioactivity in the glycoprotein). Neutral sugar, hexosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid residues of the mucoprotein were each labelled to a similar extent. 4. Similarly, the ratio of the radioactivity in N-glycollylneuraminic acid to that in N-acetylneuraminic acid in the mucoprotein from tissue incubations with [2-(14)C]-acetate was 1.0:4.0. 5. Both [2-(14)C]acetate and [2-(14)C]glucose with whole tissue led to labelling of the N-glycollyl substituent and of the main nonose skeleton of the N-glycollylneuraminic acid. In whole-tissue incubations, [3-(14)C]pyruvate was also a precursor of radioactive N-glycollylneuraminic acid. 6. Hydroxy[3-(14)C]-pyruvate and [U-(14)C]glycine caused labelling of the carbohydrate and peptide residues of the glycoprotein, but did not give rise to labelling in the N-glycollylneuraminic acid residues. 7. With a wide variety of possible N-glycollyl precursors (fructose 6-phosphate, hydroxypyruvate, glycollate and chemically synthesized glycollyl-CoA) biosynthesis of N-glycollylglucosamine was not observed in cell-free preparations.
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Kent PW, Allen A. The biosynthesis of intestinal mucins. The effect of salicylate on glycoprotein biosynthesis by sheep colonic and human gastric mucosal tissues in vitro. Biochem J 1968; 106:645-58. [PMID: 5639922 PMCID: PMC1198555 DOI: 10.1042/bj1060645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Incubation of sheep colonic mucosal scrapings in Krebs-Ringer buffer for 2(1/2)hr. in the presence of salicylate (15mm) resulted in decreased incorporation of radioactivity into the epithelial glycoprotein from the following labelled precursors: 16.6mum-d-[2-(14)C]glucose (83.9% inhibition), 20mum-l-[U-(14)C]threonine (82%) and (35)SO(4) (2-)(79%). Oxygen uptake measured simultaneously was diminished to 41% of the control value. 2. At lower concentrations of salicylate (e.g. 3.75mm), incorporation of 20mum-l-[U-(14)C]threonine was little affected (3-6% inhibition), whereas utilization of 4mum-d-[U-(14)C]glucose and (35)SO(4) (2-) was inhibited (41-48% and 40-59% of the control values respectively). 3. Analysis of the papain-digested glycoprotein from tissue incubations with 16.6mum-d-[2-(14)C]glucose in the presence of salicylate (3.75mm) showed large decreases in labelling of N-acetylneuraminic acid and N-glycollylneuraminic acid residues (57% and 34% of the control values respectively) and of hexosamine constituents (glucosamine, 55% inhibition; galactosamine, 33% inhibition). Labelling of neutral sugars (galactose and fucose) was relatively little affected (9 and 11% inhibition respectively). 4. Glucose 6-phosphate transaminase and glucosamine 6-phosphate acetylase in particle-free enzyme preparations of the sheep tissue were unaffected by salicylate at the above concentrations. Acetyl-CoA synthetase was markedly inhibited. 5. Human gastric mucosa (from operation), on incubation as above, had in one experiment an oxygen consumption of 9.9mul./hr./mg. dry wt. of tissue and incorporated 5mum-d-[U-(14)C]glucose (15.8% of the total radioactivity added) into bound hexosamine (20.6% of the total radioactivity incorporated), hexoses (glucose and galactose, 5.7%) and fucose (14.2%). The presence of salicylate (15mm) decreased the incorporation of 5mum-d-[U-(14)C]glucose into the glycoprotein by 74%, all sugar constituents being affected, without influence on the rate of oxygen consumption. 6. The results suggest an inhibitory effect of salicylate on glycoprotein biosynthesis at the level of the amino sugar intermediates.
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Allen A, Kent PW. Biosynthesis of intestinal mucins. Effect of puromycin on mucoprotein biosynthesis by sheep colonic mucosal tissue. Biochem J 1968; 106:301-9. [PMID: 5721467 PMCID: PMC1198499 DOI: 10.1042/bj1060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Surviving sheep colonic mucosal tissue incorporated l-[U-(14)C]threonine when incubated in Krebs medium III at 37 degrees in an atmosphere of oxygen, into a well-characterized mucoprotein fraction, isolated by papain digestion of the incubated scrapings. 2. Acidic hydrolysis and chromatography of the labelled mucoprotein showed that threonine was the only constituent to become labelled. In the presence of puromycin the incorporation of l-[U-(14)C]threonine was considerably diminished (6.7 and 18.5% of control in duplicate experiments). Furthermore, puromycin also decreased incorporation of radioactivity from d-[U-(14)C]-glucose (48.0 and 31.6% of control) and (35)SO(4) (2-) (21.2 and 23.6% of control) into the mucoprotein fraction. 3. In a puromycin-inhibited system, with d-[U-(14)C]-glucose, where the overall specific radioactivity of the mucoprotein was 48% of control, the labelling of the individual monosaccharide constituents (as% of control) was: N-acetylneuraminic acid, 44%; N-glycollylneuraminic acid, 61%; hexosamines, 46%; fucose, 68%; galactose, 34%.
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Beams HW, Kessel RG. The Golgi apparatus: structure and function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1968; 23:209-76. [PMID: 4873473 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60273-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kent PW, Draper P. Biosynthesis of intestinal mucins. Sialic acids of sheep colonic epithelial mucin. Biochem J 1968; 106:293-9. [PMID: 5721465 PMCID: PMC1198498 DOI: 10.1042/bj1060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
1. Sheep colonic mucin contains three types of sialic acids, separable from the macrostructure by mild acidic hydrolysis. These are composed chiefly of N-acetyl-and N-glycollyl-neuraminic acid in ratios between 1:1.2 and 1:3.5 for different preparations of the mucin. The third sialic acid appears to be a diacetylated neuraminic acid. 2. A particle-free enzyme preparation, obtained from sheep colonic mucosa by gentle homogenization and high-speed centrifugation, catalyses a series of reactions involving N-acylamino sugars and leading to the formation of sialic acids in vitro: (i) phosphorylation by ATP of d-glucosamine, N-acetyl-and N-glycollyl-d-glucosamine; (ii) conversion of N-acetylglucosamine 6-phosphate into N-acetyl-d-glucosamine 1-phosphate; (iii) formation of sialic acids from phosphoenolpyruvate and N-acetyl- or N-glycollyl-d-glucosamine; (iv) formation of N-acetylneuraminic acid from uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine or from N-acetylmannosamine; (v) incorporation of l-[U-(14)C]serine into the mucin by whole mucosal preparations.
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Leppi TJ, Spicer SS. The histochemistry of carbohydrate-rich substances in certain ungulate salivary glands. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1967; 159:179-91. [PMID: 4170378 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1091590207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schmalbeck J, Rohr H. Die Mukopolysaccharid-Synthese in ihrer Beziehung zur Eiwei�-Synthese in der Brunnerschen Dr�se der Maus. Cell Tissue Res 1967. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00339326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Inoue S, Yosizawa Z. Purification and properties of sulfated sialopolysaccharides isolated from pig colonic mucosa. Arch Biochem Biophys 1966; 117:257-65. [PMID: 4226469 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(66)90410-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Neutra M, Leblond CP. Synthesis of the carbohydrate of mucus in the golgi complex as shown by electron microscope radioautography of goblet cells from rats injected with glucose-H3. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1966; 30:119-36. [PMID: 5966171 PMCID: PMC2106987 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.30.1.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that colonic goblet cells utilize glucose to synthesize the carbohydrate portion of mucus glycoprotein. To determine the intracellular site of this synthesis, glucose-H(3) was injected into 10-g rats. At 5, 20, 40 min, 1, 1(1/2), and 4 hr after injection, segments of colon were fixed and prepared for electron microscope radioautography. By 5 min after injection, label had been incorporated into substances present in the flattened saccules of the Golgi complex. At 20 min, both Golgi saccules and nearby mucigen granules were labeled. By 40 min, mucigen granules carried almost all detectable radioactivity. Between 1 and 4 hr, these labeled granules migrated from the supranuclear region to the apical membrane; here, they were extruded singly, retaining their limiting membrane. The evidence indicates that the Golgi saccule is the site where complex carbohydrate is synthesized and is added to immigrant protein to form the complete glycoprotein of mucus. The Golgi saccule, distended by this material, becomes mucigen granules. It is roughly estimated that one saccule is released by each Golgi stack every 2 to 4 min: a conclusion implying continuous renewal of Golgi stacks. It appears that the Golgi synthesis, intracellular migration, and release of mucus glycoprotein occur continually throughout the life of the goblet cell.
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Leppi TJ, Spicer SS. The histochemistry of mucins in certain primate salivary glands. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1966; 118:833-59. [PMID: 4163166 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001180310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Quintarelli G, Dellovo MC. The chemical and histochemical properties of alcian blue. IV. Further studies on the methods for the identification of acid glycosaminoglycans. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1965; 5:196-209. [PMID: 4161581 DOI: 10.1007/bf00306128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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PETERSON MR, LEBLOND CP. Uptake by the Golgi region of glucose labeled with tritium in the 1 or 6 position, as an indicator of synthesis of complex carbohydrates. Exp Cell Res 1964; 34:420-3. [PMID: 14165603 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(64)90381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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