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KEISER H, WEISSMANN G, BERNHEIMER AW. STUDIES ON LYSOSOMES. IV. SOLUBILIZATION OF ENZYMES DURING MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING AND DISRUPTION OF LYSOSOMES BY STREPTOLYSIN S AND OTHER HEMOLYTIC AGENTS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 22:101-13. [PMID: 14195604 PMCID: PMC2106483 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.22.1.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Streptolysins S and O from hemolytic streptococci were found to induce mitochondrial swelling and the release of malic dehydrogenase from mitochondria; no other streptococcal products were as active. Mg(++), cyanide, dinitrophenol, bovine serum albumin, and antimycin all inhibited streptolysin-induced mitochondrial swelling; only the latter two agents prevented release of malic dehydrogenase from the particles. The streptolysins also solubilized beta-glucuronidase from the less numerous lysosomes of mitochondrial fractions. Vitamin A induced swelling of mitochondria with release of malic dehydrogenase and, at higher concentrations, release of beta-glucuronidase. In these effects, streptolysin S and vitamin A resembled cysteine and ascorbate, which induced swelling and lysis of mitochondria together with solubilization of enzymes. In contrast, mitochondrial swelling induced by such agents as phosphate, thyroxine, or substrates was not accompanied by release of enzymes. The release of enzymes from particles is suggested as a criterion for distinguishing "lytic" agents from those which induce mitochondrial swelling dependent upon electron transport. It was possible to dissociate effects on mitochondria and lysosomes in these experiments; less streptolysin was necessary to damage lysosomes than mitochondria; the converse was found with vitamin A. Injury to mitochondria resulted from the direct action of these agents, since the lysosomal enzymes released as a consequence of their action were not capable of inducing mitochondrial swelling or release of enzymes under the conditions studied.
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Abstract
Increasing the dietary content of Vitamin A from inadequate to adequate during the developmental stages of Drosophila increased the median life span by as much as 17.5%. The optimum dietary range of concentrations of Vitamin A for increasing the life span of Drosophila was found to be between 4 and 8 IU/g food. The maximum life span was reduced as dietary concentrations of Vitamin A exceeded this value. Vitamin A palmitate and retinal inhibited the peroxidation of linolenic acid induced by the generation of superoxide radicals from acetaldehyde. Other forms of Vitamin A, such as retinol and retinoic acid, moderately inhibited lipid peroxidation at low concentrations but stimulated peroxidation considerably when present at high concentrations. Based upon the ability of these retinoids to inhibit the reduction of cytochrome c by superoxide radicals, we propose that retinoids can inhibit and stimulate lipid peroxidation depending upon their concentration by reacting with superoxide radicals. We suggest that this reaction is the basis for the apparent ability of Vitamin A to prolong and shorten life span depending upon the dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Massie
- Masonic Medical Research Laboratory Utica, New York 13501
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Abstract
Because the effects of vitamin A vary with tissue type and often with the form of vitamin A itself, a complete understanding of the mechanism(s) of action still has not been attained. The action of vitamin A may be at the level of genomic expression, at the membrane level, or both. Intercellular and intracellular transport of vitamin A are facilitated by specific binding proteins but probably not in the cellular uptake of vitamin A. Subcellularly, vitamin A may exert a direct effect on transit through the Golgi apparatus, as observed from both biochemical and morphological studies. In my laboratory, recent work using cell-free systems has shown that retinol stimulates transition vesicle formation from endoplasmic reticulum in a GTP-requiring step.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Morré
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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Abstract
As the title implies, any assessment of the toxic effects of vitamin A derivatives must distinguish between vitamin A in the truest sense, i.e. retinol, and retinoic acid and its synthetic derivatives. Just as no single description is universally applicable to the mode of action of vitamin A derivatives, so too do their toxic effects defy generalization. The recommendation made in 1982 by IUPAC [Eur. J. Biochem., 129 (1989) 1] to designate all derivatives with the typical structure of the vitamin as being retinoids may be chemically logical and correct but, when it comes to describing the effects and side-effects of vitamin A derivatives, it leads to misunderstandings. Retinol, which is frequently used as synonym for vitamin A, can eliminate all symptoms of vitamin A deficiency if it is taken in sufficient quantity with the diet. The term retinol will therefore be used here as a synonym for vitamin A whereas retinoic acid and its derivatives--including the synthetic ones--will be referred to as retinoids because they do not cover the whole spectrum of effects exerted by retinol and because they also vary markedly in their side-effects. In contrast to the nomenclature proposed by IUPAC, this system provides a clear and logical distinction for describing biological processes. Other authors have favoured it in recent times [Chytil, F., J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 15 (1986) 741; Olson, J.A., Semin. Oncol., x (3) (1983) 290; Olson, J.A., Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 45 (1987) 704; Zbinden, G., Acta Dermatovener., 74 (1975) 36]. By vitamin A, therefore, is meant all derivatives that can possibly originate from retinol in the organism. This also covers the small quantities of retinoic acid formed from retinol. On the other hand, by retinoids is meant the natural retinoic acid derivatives and their synthetic forms in their special modes of action. Since retinoic acid cannot be reduced to retinol in the organism, this nomenclature provides a clear demarcation within the biological system. Vitamin A is essential to the growth and development of higher life forms and functions in many different ways within the organism. Although vitamin A was one of the first vitamins to be described, even today there is still some uncertainty as to its mode of action, with the exception of that of retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) in vision.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Biesalski
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie II, Universität Mainz, F.R.G
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Leo
- Alcohol Research and Treatment Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, New York 10468
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Silverman AK, Ellis CN, Voorhees JJ. Hypervitaminosis A syndrome: a paradigm of retinoid side effects. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16:1027-39. [PMID: 3294938 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(87)70133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids have and will continue to revolutionize dermatologic therapy in a manner analogous to the development of topical corticosteroids. Isotretinoin, for example, has made nodulocystic scarring acne an eminently treatable condition. The dermatologic armamentarium now includes a powerful new agent, etretinate, which will radically change the approach to psoriasis (and other keratinizing disorders). Although each new retinoid is developed with the aim of maximizing specific therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity, the fact remains that the major side effects of retinoid treatment are those of hypervitaminosis A syndrome. Optimal clinical utilization of new retinoids is best accomplished by an assessment of what is currently known about retinol absorption, metabolism and organ-specific effects, as well as by a thorough understanding of hypervitaminosis A syndrome. In this paper, hypervitaminosis A syndrome is reviewed as a paradigm of retinoid side effects.
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Chapter 6 Cholesterol and biomembrane structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60682-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Camisa C, Eisenstat B, Ragaz A, Weissmann G. The effects of retinoids on neutrophil functions in vitro. J Am Acad Dermatol 1982; 6:620-9. [PMID: 6279712 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(82)70051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A (retinol) and its analogues (retinoids) are clinically effective in cystic acne and psoriasis, diseases in which neutrophils may constitute major components of inflammatory cell infiltrates. We found that the earliest histopathologic alteration in psoriasis is the disappearance of neutrophils at 2 to 4 weeks after the initiation of therapy with etretinate. Since retinoids may exert anti-inflammatory effects by virtue of an action upon neutrophils, we studied the effects of the following retinoids on discrete neutrophil functions in vitro: retinol, retinyl acetate, retinal, tretinoin, isotretinoin, etretinate, and Ro 10-1670. Although they had no significant effects upon aggregation, chemokinesis, or chemotaxis, all of the retinoids, with the exception of etretinate and Ro 10-1670, profoundly inhibited superoxide anion production and lysosomal enzyme release. Tretinoin and isotretinoin were the most effective inhibitors. We propose that these drugs exert their pharmacologic effects (resolution of inflammatory lesions) by inhibiting the release of mediators of inflammation and by preventing the accumulation of neutrophils in acne lesions when applied topically or systemically, respectively.
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Goodall AH, Fisher D, Lucy JA. Cell fusion, haemolysis and mitochondrial swelling induced by retinol and derivatives. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 595:9-14. [PMID: 7349886 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(80)90242-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study has been made of the abilities of retinol and its derivatives to induce cell fusion and haemolysis of hen erythrocytes and to cause swelling of rat liver mitochondria. Retinol, retinaldehyde, alpha-retinoic acid, iso-13-retinol and to a lesser extent retinyl acetate were active in all three systems. Iso-13-retinoic acid was extremely membranolytic but did not produce stable fused cells. By contrast retinoic acid, its cyclopentyl derivative RO8-7699, and the long chain fatty acid esters of retinol, viz. the oleate, linoleate and palmitate esters, were neither fusogenic nor haemolytic, nor did they affect mitochondria.
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Farrell GC, Bhathal PS, Powell LW. Abnormal liver function in chronic hypervitaminosis A. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 1977; 22:724-8. [PMID: 879140 DOI: 10.1007/bf01078355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A case of chronic hypervitaminosis A is reported in a 57-year-old woman who took vitamin preparations for alopecia. Liver biopsy of the patient showed both an increase in the number and size of fat-storing cells on light microscopy and rapidly fading green autofluorescence of vitamin A. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of engorged fat-storing cells in the space of Disse and minor toxic changes in hepatocytes. This case illustrates the early hepatic changes of chronic hypervitaminosis A and indicates a need for restriction of sales of vitamin preparations.
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Fukuzawa K, Hayashi K, Suzuki A. Effects of alpha-tocopherol analogs on lysosome membranes and fatty acid monolayers. Chem Phys Lipids 1977; 18:39-48. [PMID: 832337 DOI: 10.1016/0009-3084(77)90025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The surface pressures of alpha-tocopherol analogs, fatty acids, and their mixtures were measured in their spread monolayers at an air--water interface. The surface pressure--area isotherms for the mixed monolayers of alpha-tocopherol and either stearic acid, oleic acid or linoleic acid deviated positively from those calculated on the basis of the additivity rule, and the magnitude depended on the length of the phytyl side chain in alpha-tocopherol and on the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid chains. Lysosome membranes of mouse liver were stabilized by addition of alpha-tocopherol. A decrease in the length of the phytyl side chain in alpha-tocopherol reduced its ability to stabilize lysosome membranes. A good correlation was obtained between the extent of stabilizing activity of alpha-tocopherol analogs on lysosome membranes and the degree of positive deviation of the surface pressure for their mixtures with fatty acids.
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Singh M, Singh VN, Venkitasubramanian TA. Early effects of excessive retinol intake on gluconeogenesis. Involvement of adrenals in the increased activities on Gluconeogenic Enzymes of rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 1976; 173:82-92. [PMID: 176956 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Singh M, Ningh VN, Venkitasubramanian TA. Role of adrenals in the vitamin A-mediated increase in the activities of gluconeogenic enzymes of rat liver. Life Sci 1975; 17:859-65. [PMID: 172751 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(75)90436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Acosta D, Wenzel DG. A permeability test for the study of mitochondrial injury in in vitro cultured heart muscle and endothelioid cells. THE HISTOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 1975; 7:45-56. [PMID: 1168629 DOI: 10.1007/bf01004831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A cytochemical permeability test for the detection of injury to in situ mitochondria of cultured heart cells is presented. The test is based on the increased rate at which injured mitochondria stain for succinate dehydrogenase activity. Whereas an intact inner mitochondrial membrane limits the rate at which Nitro Blue tetrazolium and phenazine methosulphate reach succinate dehydrogenase, injured mitochondria allow these reactants to reach the enzyme more rapidly to form microscopically-observable formazan granules. The extent of staining at fixed durations of incubation with the reactants was assessed on a blind basis with pseudo dark-field microscopy, using a standardized rating scale. Differences in the staining of control and treated cells were analysed statistically by a semi-quantitative method. Treatment of the cultures with either vitamin A or chlorpromazine, resulted in more rapid mitochondrial staining. Brief pre-fixation of the cells with cold acetone also labilized the mitochondria as did a delay in the change of culture medium.
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Russell RM, Boyer JL, Bagheri SA, Hruban Z. Hepatic injury from chronic hypervitaminosis a resulting in portal hypertension and ascites. N Engl J Med 1974; 291:435-40. [PMID: 4843409 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197408292910903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Verma SP, Schneider H, Smith IC. Effects of visual pigments on the organization of phospholipid multibilayer model membranes--a spin probe study. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 162:48-55. [PMID: 4364699 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90103-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Ahkong QF, Fisher D, Tampion W, Lucy JA. The fusion of erythrocytes by fatty acids, esters, retinol and alpha-tocopherol. Biochem J 1973; 136:147-55. [PMID: 4204034 PMCID: PMC1165934 DOI: 10.1042/bj1360147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
1. The ability of a number of carboxylic acids, their esters, retinol and alpha-tocopherol to induce fusion of hen erythrocytes in vitro was investigated. 2. Some 30 different fat-soluble substances (100mug/ml) were found to cause the formation of multinucleated erythrocytes with a suspension of 3x10(8) erythrocytes/ml. The most effective agents induced fusion within 5-10min at 37 degrees C; some substances required about 1h. 3. Inclusion of Dextran 60C in the test medium minimized colloid osmotic lysis caused by exogenous lipids that induce cell fusion. 4. Cell swelling, followed by cell adhesion, was then seen to precede cell fusion. 5. Fusion occurred with C(10)-C(14) saturated carboxylic acids, with unsaturated, longer-chain carboxylic acids and their mono-esters; retinol, and to a lesser extent alpha-tocopherol, also caused cell fusion. 6. C(6)-C(9), C(15), C(16) and C(18) saturated carboxylic acids did not induce fusion within 4h; glyceryl dioleate was only weakly active, and glyceryl trioleate was inactive in the test system. 7. Fusion was facilitated by a high ratio of chemical agents to cell number and by incubation between pH5 and 6. It was inhibited by EDTA and by serum albumin. 8. Glyceryl mono-oleate caused both a similar fusion of several species of mammalian erythrocyte and the interspecific fusion of human and chicken erythrocytes. 9. The term ;fusogenic' is proposed to describe chemical, viral and physical agents that cause membranes to fuse. 10. The biochemical mechanisms involved and the possible biological significance of membrane fusion by fusogenic lipids are discussed.
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Azuma K, Yoshizawa T. The effects of all-trans- and II-cis-retinal on the erythrocyte membrane. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1971; 249:135-43. [PMID: 5141121 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(71)90090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Weissmann G, Davies P, Krakauer K, Hirschhorn R. Studies on lysosomes. 13. Effects of stilbamidine and hydroxystilbamidine on in vitro and in vivo systems. Biochem Pharmacol 1970; 19:1251-61. [PMID: 4327761 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(70)90040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Geison R, Rogers W, Johnson B. Comparative effects of vitamin-A deficiency and controlled food consumption on adenosine 5′-triphosphate: sulfate adenylyltransferase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1968. [DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(68)90224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Daemen FJ, Bonting SL. Biochemical aspects of the visual process. 3. Specificity of the retinaldehyde effect of cation movements in rod outer segments. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1968; 163:212-7. [PMID: 5686278 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(68)90099-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Kochhar DM. Studies of vitamin A-induced teratogenesis: effects on embryonic mesenchyme and epithelium, and on incorporation of H3-thymidine. TERATOLOGY 1968; 1:299-310. [PMID: 5759550 DOI: 10.1002/tera.1420010308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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March BE, Biely J. Increased incidence of avian leukosis in response to excess vitamin A. Nature 1967; 214:287-8. [PMID: 4291885 DOI: 10.1038/214287a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Daniel MR, Dingle JT, Glauert AM, Lucy JA. The action of excess of vitamin A alcohol on the fine structure of rat dermal fibroblasts. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1966; 30:465-75. [PMID: 5971002 PMCID: PMC2107025 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.30.3.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat dermal fibroblasts were grown as monolayers, and changes in the fine structure of the cells that occurred during 12 hr incubation in a medium containing protein and excess of retinol (vitamin A alcohol) were studied by electron microscopy. There is little change during the first 6 hr, although some of the nuclei have highly convoluted membranes. During the subsequent 3 hr, there is some disorganization of the mitochondrial cristae; the cisternae of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum diminish in number; and the amount of smooth membranous material and free ribosomes increases. There is a rapid decline in the respiratory activity of the cells after 6 hr exposure to the vitamin. It is concluded that the primary action of excess of retinol is to cause alterations in the membranes of the cells and that these alterations affect the functions of the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.
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Effect of Vitamin A Deficiency or Excess on the Oxidative Phosphorylation by Rat Liver Mitochondria. J Biol Chem 1966. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)96824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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March BE, Coates V, Biely J. Interacting effects of thyroid activity and dietary level of vitamin A on erythrocyte fragility in the chicken. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1966; 44:295-300. [PMID: 5946565 DOI: 10.1139/y66-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The level of dietary vitamin A is shown to affect the osmotic stability of chick erythrocytes in hypotonic solutions. In chicks fed an excess of vitamin A, induced hyperthyroidism shifts the osmotic fragility curves, which indicates that an increase in the proportion of more stable cells has occurred. When the level of dietary vitamin A is normal, induced hyperthyroidism does not appreciably alter the osmotic fragility curve. It is concluded that the increased fragility of erythrocytes from chicks fed an excess of vitamin A may be an indirect effect of suppression of thyroid activity with a consequent increase in the proportion of older, more fragile cells in the blood.
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Seeman PM. Membrane stabilization by drugs: tranquilizers, steroids, and anesthetics. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1966; 9:145-221. [PMID: 5337725 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(08)60138-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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FELL HB. The Role of Organ Cultures in the Study of Vitamins and Hormones. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 1964; 22:81-127. [PMID: 14284132 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)60337-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Bangham AD, Dingle JT, Lucy JA. Studies on the mode of action of excess of vitamin A. 9. Penetration of lipid monolayers by compounds in the vitamin A series. Biochem J 1964; 90:133-40. [PMID: 5832282 PMCID: PMC1202532 DOI: 10.1042/bj0900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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