1
|
Jimenez Gutierrez GE, Borbolla Jiménez FV, Muñoz LG, Tapia Guerrero YS, Murillo Melo NM, Cristóbal-Luna JM, Leyva Garcia N, Cordero-Martínez J, Magaña JJ. The Molecular Role of Polyamines in Age-Related Diseases: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16469. [PMID: 38003659 PMCID: PMC10671757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (Pas) are short molecules that exhibit two or three amine groups that are positively charged at a physiological pH. These small molecules are present in high concentrations in a wide variety of organisms and tissues, suggesting that they play an important role in cellular physiology. Polyamines include spermine, spermidine, and putrescine, which play important roles in age-related diseases that have not been completely elucidated. Aging is a natural process, defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions; it is considered a risk factor for degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and musculoskeletal diseases; arthritis; and even cancer. In this review, we provide a new perspective on the participation of Pas in the cellular and molecular processes related to age-related diseases, focusing our attention on important degenerative diseases such as Alzheimerߣs disease, Parkinsonߣs disease, osteoarthritis, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis. This new perspective leads us to propose that Pas function as novel biomarkers for age-related diseases, with the main purpose of achieving new molecular alternatives for healthier aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Elizabeth Jimenez Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Fabiola V. Borbolla Jiménez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis G. Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
| | - Yessica Sarai Tapia Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
| | - Nadia Mireya Murillo Melo
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
| | - José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07738, Mexico;
| | - Norberto Leyva Garcia
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
| | - Joaquín Cordero-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Farmacológica, Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Jonathan J. Magaña
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (G.E.J.G.); (F.V.B.J.); (L.G.M.); (Y.S.T.G.); (N.M.M.M.); (N.L.G.)
- Department of Bioengineering, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, Mexico City 14380, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bělíček J, Ľuptáková E, Kopečný D, Frömmel J, Vigouroux A, Ćavar Zeljković S, Jagic F, Briozzo P, Kopečný DJ, Tarkowski P, Nisler J, De Diego N, Moréra S, Kopečná M. Biochemical and structural basis of polyamine, lysine and ornithine acetylation catalyzed by spermine/spermidine N-acetyl transferase in moss and maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:482-498. [PMID: 36786691 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines such as spermidine and spermine are essential regulators of cell growth, differentiation, maintenance of ion balance and abiotic stress tolerance. Their levels are controlled by the spermidine/spermine N1 -acetyltransferase (SSAT) via acetylation to promote either their degradation or export outside the cell as shown in mammals. Plant genomes contain at least one gene coding for SSAT (also named NATA for N-AcetylTransferase Activity). Combining kinetics, HPLC-MS and crystallography, we show that three plant SSATs, one from the lower plant moss Physcomitrium patens and two from the higher plant Zea mays, acetylate various aliphatic polyamines and two amino acids lysine (Lys) and ornithine (Orn). Thus, plant SSATs exhibit a broad substrate specificity, unlike more specific human SSATs (hSSATs) as hSSAT1 targets polyamines, whereas hSSAT2 acetylates Lys and thiaLys. The crystal structures of two PpSSAT ternary complexes, one with Lys and CoA, the other with acetyl-CoA and polyethylene glycol (mimicking spermine), reveal a different binding mode for polyamine versus amino acid substrates accompanied by structural rearrangements of both the coenzyme and the enzyme. Two arginine residues, unique among plant SSATs, hold the carboxyl group of amino acid substrates. The most abundant acetylated compound accumulated in moss was N6 -acetyl-Lys, whereas N5 -acetyl-Orn, known to be toxic for aphids, was found in maize. Both plant species contain very low levels of acetylated polyamines. The present study provides a detailed biochemical and structural basis of plant SSAT enzymes that can acetylate a wide range of substrates and likely play various roles in planta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bělíček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ľuptáková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - David Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Frömmel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Franjo Jagic
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - Pierre Briozzo
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Route de Saint Cyr, F-78026, Versailles, France
| | - David Jaroslav Kopečný
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Nisler
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Solange Moréra
- CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), F-91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martina Kopečná
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ivanova ON, Krasnov GS, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV, Fedorov VS, Zakirova NF, Golikov MV, Kochetkov SN, Bartosch B, Valuev-Elliston VT, Ivanov AV. Transcriptome Analysis of Redox Systems and Polyamine Metabolic Pathway in Hepatoma and Non-Tumor Hepatocyte-like Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:714. [PMID: 37189460 PMCID: PMC10136275 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the regulation of various processes in the cell. The increase in their production is a factor contributing to the development of numerous pathologies, including inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer. Accordingly, the study of ROS production and neutralization, as well as redox-dependent processes and the post-translational modifications of proteins, is warranted. Here, we present a transcriptomic analysis of the gene expression of various redox systems and related metabolic processes, such as polyamine and proline metabolism and the urea cycle in Huh7.5 hepatoma cells and the HepaRG liver progenitor cell line, that are widely used in hepatitis research. In addition, changes in response to the activation of polyamine catabolism that contribute to oxidative stress were studied. In particular, differences in the gene expression of various ROS-producing and ROS-neutralizing proteins, the enzymes of polyamine metabolisms and proline and urea cycles, as well as calcium ion transporters between cell lines, are shown. The data obtained are important for understanding the redox biology of viral hepatitis and elucidating the influence of the laboratory models used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga N. Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - George S. Krasnov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya V. Snezhkina
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V. Kudryavtseva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav S. Fedorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia F. Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michail V. Golikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Birke Bartosch
- Lyon Cancer Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, 69008 Lyon, France
| | | | - Alexander V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fahrmann JF, Saini NY, Chia-Chi C, Irajizad E, Strati P, Nair R, Fayad LE, Ahmed S, Lee HJ, Iyer S, Steiner R, Vykoukal J, Wu R, Dennison JB, Nastoupil L, Jain P, Wang M, Green M, Westin J, Blumenberg V, Davila M, Champlin R, Shpall EJ, Kebriaei P, Flowers CR, Jain M, Jenq R, Stein-Thoeringer CK, Subklewe M, Neelapu SS, Hanash S. A polyamine-centric, blood-based metabolite panel predictive of poor response to CAR-T cell therapy in large B cell lymphoma. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100720. [PMID: 36384092 PMCID: PMC9729795 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy for relapsed or refractory (r/r) large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) results in durable response in only a subset of patients. MYC overexpression in LBCL tumors is associated with poor response to treatment. We tested whether an MYC-driven polyamine signature, as a liquid biopsy, is predictive of response to anti-CD19 CAR-T therapy in patients with r/r LBCL. Elevated plasma acetylated polyamines were associated with non-durable response. Concordantly, increased expression of spermidine synthase, a key enzyme that regulates levels of acetylated spermidine, was prognostic for survival in r/r LBCL. A broad metabolite screen identified additional markers that resulted in a 6-marker panel (6MetP) consisting of acetylspermidine, diacetylspermidine, and lysophospholipids, which was validated in an independent set from another institution as predictive of non-durable response to CAR-T therapy. A polyamine centric metabolomics liquid biopsy panel has predictive value for response to CAR-T therapy in r/r LBCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Neeraj Y. Saini
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chang Chia-Chi
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ehsan Irajizad
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paolo Strati
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ranjit Nair
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Luis E. Fayad
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sairah Ahmed
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hun Ju Lee
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Swaminathan Iyer
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Raphael Steiner
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jody Vykoukal
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ranran Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer B. Dennison
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Loretta Nastoupil
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Preetesh Jain
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Green
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jason Westin
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Viktoria Blumenberg
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany,National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Davila
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Richard Champlin
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth J. Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Partow Kebriaei
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christopher R. Flowers
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael Jain
- Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Therapy, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 USF Magnolia Drive, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert Jenq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christoph K. Stein-Thoeringer
- National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Neuenheimer Feld 460, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marion Subklewe
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany,German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Laboratory for Translational Cancer Immunology, Gene Center of the LMU Munich, Munich, Germany,Corresponding author
| | - Sattva S. Neelapu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Sam Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Avenue, Houston, TX 77030, USA,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen X, Zheng Y, Han Y, He H, Lv J, Yu J, Li H, Hou S, Shen C, Zheng B. SAT2 regulates Sertoli cell-germline interactions via STIM1-mediated ROS/WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Biol Int 2022; 46:1704-1713. [PMID: 35819096 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
As the main component of seminiferous tubules, Sertoli cells are in close contact with germ cells and generate niche signals, which exhibit pivotal functions in spermatogenesis and male fertility. However, the regulatory mechanisms of Sertoli cell-germline interactions (SGIs) in the testes of neonatal mice (NM) remain largely unclear. Previously, we identified spermidine/spermine N1-acetyl transferase 2 (SAT2) and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) to be potential regulators of testicular cord formation via comparative proteomics analysis. Here, we demonstrated a novel role of SAT2 for SGIs during testicular development in NM. Testicular explants lacking SAT2 affected the mislocation, but not the quantity, of Sertoli cells, which led to maintenance defects in spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). Interestingly, SAT2 was essential for the migration of TM4 cells, a Sertoli cell line. Mechanistically, SAT2 was able to bind STIM1, repress its expression, and regulate homeostasis of a reactive oxygen species/wingless type (WNT)/β-catenin pathway in NM testes. Collectively, our study identified that SAT2 was able to regulate SGIs via a STIM1-mediated WNT signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanli Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui He
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jinxing Lv
- Suzhou Dushu Lake Hospital (Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University), Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shunyu Hou
- Department of Gynaecology, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproduction and Genetics, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mattioli R, Pascarella G, D'Incà R, Cona A, Angelini R, Morea V, Tavladoraki P. Arabidopsis N-acetyltransferase activity 2 preferentially acetylates 1,3-diaminopropane and thialysine. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 170:123-132. [PMID: 34871830 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine acetylation has an important regulatory role in polyamine metabolism. It is catalysed by GCN5-related N-acetyltransferases, which transfer acetyl groups from acetyl-coenzyme A to the primary amino groups of spermidine, spermine (Spm), or other polyamines and diamines, as was shown for the human Spermidine/Spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (HsSSAT1). SSAT homologues specific for thialysine, a cysteine-derived lysine analogue, were also identified (e.g., HsSSAT2). Two HsSSAT1 homologues are present in Arabidopsis, namely N-acetyltransferase activity (AtNATA) 1 and 2. AtNATA1 was previously shown to be specific for 1,3-diaminopropane, ornithine, putrescine and thialysine, rather than Spm and spermidine. In the present study, in an attempt to find a plant Spm-specific SSAT, AtNATA2 was expressed in a heterologous bacterial system and catalytic properties of the recombinant protein were determined. Data indicate that recombinant AtNATA2 preferentially acetylates 1,3-diaminopropane and thialysine, throwing further light on AtNATA1 substrate specificity. Structural analyses evidenced that the preference of AtNATA1, AtNATA2 and HsSSAT2 for short amine substrates can be ascribed to different main-chain conformation or substitution of HsSSAT1 residues interacting with Spm distal regions. Moreover, gene expression studies evidenced that AtNATA1 gene, but not AtNATA2, is up-regulated by cytokinins, thermospermine and Spm, suggesting the existence of a link between AtNATAs and N1-acetyl-Spm metabolism. This study provides insights into polyamine metabolism and structural determinants of substrate specificity of non Spm-specific SSAT homologues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mattioli
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Pascarella
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', 'Sapienza' University, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Riccardo D'Incà
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, 00136, Italy
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, 00136, Italy
| | - Veronica Morea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, The National Research Council of Italy, Rome, 00185, Italy.
| | - Paraskevi Tavladoraki
- Department of Science, University 'Roma Tre', Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome, 00146, Italy; Interuniversity Consortium on Biostructures and Biosystems (INBB), Rome, 00136, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dumouchel JL, Kramlinger VM. Case Study 10: A Case to Investigate Acetyl Transferase Kinetics. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2342:781-808. [PMID: 34272717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1554-6_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Major routes of metabolism for marketed drugs are predominately driven by enzyme families such as cytochromes P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Less studied conjugative enzymes, like N-acetyltransferases (NATs), are commonly associated with detoxification pathways. However, in the clinic, the high occurrence of NAT polymorphism that leads to slow and fast acetylator phenotypes in patient populations has been linked to toxicity for a multitude of drugs. A key example of this is the observed clinical toxicity in patients who exhibit the slow acetylator phenotype and were treated with isoniazid. Toxicity in patients has led to detailed characterization of the two NAT isoforms and their polymorphic genotypes. Investigation in recombinant enzymes, genotyped hepatocytes, and in vivo transgenic models coupled with acetylator status-driven clinical studies have helped understand the role of NATs in drug development, clinical study design and outcomes, and potential roles in human disease models. The selected case studies herein document NAT enzyme kinetics to explore substrate overlap from two human isoforms, preclinical species considerations, and clinical genotype population concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dumouchel
- Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology Graduate Training Program, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Valerie M Kramlinger
- Translational Medicine, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Usui Y, Aramaki T, Kondo S, Watanabe M. The minimal gap-junction network among melanophores and xanthophores required for stripe-pattern formation in zebrafish. Development 2019; 146:dev.181065. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.181065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexin39.4 (Cx39.4) and Connexin41.8 (Cx41.8), two gap-junction proteins expressed in both melanophores and xanthophores, are critical for the intercellular communication among pigment cells that is necessary for generating the stripe pigment pattern of zebrafish. We previously characterized the gap-junction properties of Cx39.4 and Cx41.8, but how these proteins contribute to stripe formation remains unclear; this is because distinct types of connexins potentially form heteromeric gap junctions, which precludes accurate elucidation of individual connexin functions in vivo. Here, by arranging Cx39.4 and Cx41.8 expression in pigment cells, we identified the simplest gap-junction network required for stripe generation: Cx39.4 expression in melanophores is required but expression in xanthophores is not necessary for stripe patterning, whereas Cx41.8 expression in xanthophores is sufficient for the patterning, and Cx41.8 expression in melanophores might stabilize the stripes. Moreover, patch-clamp recordings revealed that Cx39.4 gap junctions exhibit spermidine-dependent rectification property. Our results suggest that Cx39.4 facilitates the critical cell-cell interactions between melanophores and xanthophores that mediate a unidirectional activation-signal transfer from xanthophores to melanophores, which is essential for melanophore survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Usui
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Aramaki
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kondo
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li B, Maezato Y, Kim SH, Kurihara S, Liang J, Michael AJ. Polyamine-independent growth and biofilm formation, and functional spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferases in Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. Mol Microbiol 2018; 111:159-175. [PMID: 30281855 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines such as spermidine and spermine are primordial polycations that are ubiquitously present in the three domains of life. We have found that Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis have lost either all or most polyamine biosynthetic genes, respectively, and are devoid of any polyamine when grown in polyamine-free media. In contrast to bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Campylobacter jejuni and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which absolutely require polyamines for growth, S. aureus and E. faecalis grow normally over multiple subcultures in the absence of polyamines. Furthermore, S. aureus and E. faecalis form biofilms normally without polyamines, and exogenous polyamines do not stimulate growth or biofilm formation. High levels of external polyamines, including norspermidine, eventually inhibit biofilm formation through inhibition of planktonic growth. We show that spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferase (SSAT) homologues encoded by S. aureus USA300 and E. faecalis acetylate spermidine, spermine and norspermidine, that spermine is the more preferred substrate, and that E. faecalis SSAT is almost as efficient as human SSAT with spermine as substrate. The polyamine auxotrophy, polyamine-independent growth and biofilm formation, and presence of functional polyamine N-acetyltransferases in S. aureus and E. faecalis represent a new paradigm for bacterial polyamine biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yukari Maezato
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sok Ho Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Shin Kurihara
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jue Liang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Characterization of the SSAT1 gene and its expression profiling in various tissues and follicles in geese. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT ) is a catabolic regulator of polyamines, ubiquitous molecules essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, the molecular characterization of the SSAT1 gene of the Sichuan white goose was analyzed, as well as its expression profiles in various follicles and tissues. The open reading frame of the SSAT1 cDNA (GenBank No. KM925008) is 516 bp in length and encodes a 171-amino acid protein with a putative molecular weight of 20 kDa. The predicted SSAT1 protein is highly conserved with those of other species, especially Gallus gallus. SSAT1 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues. The highest level of SSAT1 mRNA expression was found in the pineal gland (P<0.05), and was 12-fold greater than in the heart. The level of SSAT1 mRNA expression was relatively lower in preovulatory follicles, while it was higher in postovulatory follicles (POFs), particularly in POF1. Furthermore, as postovulatory follicles degenerated, SSAT1 expression gradually decreased. Our findings suggest that SSAT1 might play important roles in mediating the physiological function of the pineal gland and regulating the regression of POFs.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The majority of gene loci that have been associated with type 2 diabetes play a role in pancreatic islet function. To evaluate the role of islet gene expression in the etiology of diabetes, we sensitized a genetically diverse mouse population with a Western diet high in fat (45% kcal) and sucrose (34%) and carried out genome-wide association mapping of diabetes-related phenotypes. We quantified mRNA abundance in the islets and identified 18,820 expression QTL. We applied mediation analysis to identify candidate causal driver genes at loci that affect the abundance of numerous transcripts. These include two genes previously associated with monogenic diabetes (PDX1 and HNF4A), as well as three genes with nominal association with diabetes-related traits in humans (FAM83E, IL6ST, and SAT2). We grouped transcripts into gene modules and mapped regulatory loci for modules enriched with transcripts specific for α-cells, and another specific for δ-cells. However, no single module enriched for β-cell-specific transcripts, suggesting heterogeneity of gene expression patterns within the β-cell population. A module enriched in transcripts associated with branched-chain amino acid metabolism was the most strongly correlated with physiological traits that reflect insulin resistance. Although the mice in this study were not overtly diabetic, the analysis of pancreatic islet gene expression under dietary-induced stress enabled us to identify correlated variation in groups of genes that are functionally linked to diabetes-associated physiological traits. Our analysis suggests an expected degree of concordance between diabetes-associated loci in the mouse and those found in human populations, and demonstrates how the mouse can provide evidence to support nominal associations found in human genome-wide association mapping.
Collapse
|
12
|
Xian Y, Wu M, Liu Y, Hao J, Wu Y, Liao X, Li G. Increased Sat2 expression is associated with busulfan-induced testicular Sertoli cell injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 43:47-57. [PMID: 28578006 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Busulfan is a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat chronic myelogenous leukemia and other myeloproliferative disorders. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that busulfan may induce testicular dysfunction by targeting genes that are expressed in the testis. Here, we showed that spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 2 (Sat2) was present in testicular Sertoli cells, and its expression was significantly increased by busulfan treatment. To investigate the implications of Sat2 upregulation for cell growth and function, a Sat2-overexpressing TM4 Sertoli cell model was established. Increased Sat2 expression led to inhibited cell proliferation and arrested cell cycle. Based on iTRAQ proteomics analysis, we revealed that Sat2 overexpression is detrimental to cell cycle progression and cell communication, and notably, Sat2 may disturb protein metabolic processes by altering translation regulation and protein complex subunit organization. In summary, the present study provides evidence that Sat2 upregulation induces alterations in the growth and function of Sertoli cells. In testis tissue subjected to busulfan, increased expression of Sat2 can cause cellular injury and subsequent organ damage, which could lead to male infertility. Therefore, Sat2 may be a novel molecular target for treating busulfan-induced testicular toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xian
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Mingjun Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yaping Liu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jie Hao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaogang Liao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Gang Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gross JA, Turecki G. Suicide and the polyamine system. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2014; 12:980-8. [PMID: 24040803 DOI: 10.2174/18715273113129990095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Suicide is a significant worldwide public health problem. Understanding the neurobiology is important as it can help us to better elucidate underlying etiological factors and provide opportunities for intervention. In recent years, many lines of research have suggested that the polyamine system may be dysregulated in suicidal behaviors. Initial research in animals provided evidence of a dysfunctional polyamine stress response system, while later work using post-mortem human brain tissue has suggested that molecular mechanisms may be at play in the suicide brain. In this review, we will describe the research that suggests the presence of alterations in the polyamine system in mental disorders and behavioral phenotypes, with particular attention to work on suicide. In addition, we will also describe potential avenues for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Gross
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, 6875 boul. Lasalle, Verdun, Quebec, H4H 1R3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jammes F, Leonhardt N, Tran D, Bousserouel H, Véry AA, Renou JP, Vavasseur A, Kwak JM, Sentenac H, Bouteau F, Leung J. Acetylated 1,3-diaminopropane antagonizes abscisic acid-mediated stomatal closing in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:322-33. [PMID: 24891222 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Faced with declining soil-water potential, plants synthesize abscisic acid (ABA), which then triggers stomatal closure to conserve tissue moisture. Closed stomates, however, also create several physiological dilemmas. Among these, the large CO2 influx required for net photosynthesis will be disrupted. Depleting CO2 in the plant will in turn bias stomatal opening by suppressing ABA sensitivity, which then aggravates transpiration further. We have investigated the molecular basis of how C3 plants resolve this H2 O-CO2 conflicting priority created by stomatal closure. Here, we have identified in Arabidopsis thaliana an early drought-induced spermidine spermine-N(1) -acetyltransferase homolog, which can slow ABA-mediated stomatal closure. Evidence from genetic, biochemical and physiological analyses has revealed that this protein does so by acetylating the metabolite 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), thereby turning on the latter's intrinsic activity. Acetylated DAP triggers plasma membrane electrical and ion transport properties in an opposite way to those by ABA. Thus in adapting to low soil-water availability, acetyl-DAP could refrain stomates from complete closure to sustain CO2 diffusion to photosynthetic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Jammes
- Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 2355, Saclay Plant Sciences, Avenue de la Terrasse Bâtiment 23, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France; Department of Biology, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, 91711, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hallen A, Jamie JF, Cooper AJL. Lysine metabolism in mammalian brain: an update on the importance of recent discoveries. Amino Acids 2013. [PMID: 24043460 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1590-1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The lysine catabolism pathway differs in adult mammalian brain from that in extracerebral tissues. The saccharopine pathway is the predominant lysine degradative pathway in extracerebral tissues, whereas the pipecolate pathway predominates in adult brain. The two pathways converge at the level of ∆(1)-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), which is in equilibrium with its open-chain aldehyde form, namely, α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde (AAS). A unique feature of the pipecolate pathway is the formation of the cyclic ketimine intermediate ∆(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C) and its reduced metabolite L-pipecolate. A cerebral ketimine reductase (KR) has recently been identified that catalyzes the reduction of P2C to L-pipecolate. The discovery that this KR, which is capable of reducing not only P2C but also other cyclic imines, is identical to a previously well-described thyroid hormone-binding protein [μ-crystallin (CRYM)], may hold the key to understanding the biological relevance of the pipecolate pathway and its importance in the brain. The finding that the KR activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) has far-reaching biomedical and clinical implications. The inter-relationship between tryptophan and lysine catabolic pathways is discussed in the context of shared degradative enzymes and also potential regulation by thyroid hormones. This review traces the discoveries of enzymes involved in lysine metabolism in mammalian brain. However, there still remain unanswered questions as regards the importance of the pipecolate pathway in normal or diseased brain, including the nature of the first step in the pathway and the relationship of the pipecolate pathway to the tryptophan degradation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Hallen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hallen A, Jamie JF, Cooper AJL. Lysine metabolism in mammalian brain: an update on the importance of recent discoveries. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1249-72. [PMID: 24043460 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lysine catabolism pathway differs in adult mammalian brain from that in extracerebral tissues. The saccharopine pathway is the predominant lysine degradative pathway in extracerebral tissues, whereas the pipecolate pathway predominates in adult brain. The two pathways converge at the level of ∆(1)-piperideine-6-carboxylate (P6C), which is in equilibrium with its open-chain aldehyde form, namely, α-aminoadipate δ-semialdehyde (AAS). A unique feature of the pipecolate pathway is the formation of the cyclic ketimine intermediate ∆(1)-piperideine-2-carboxylate (P2C) and its reduced metabolite L-pipecolate. A cerebral ketimine reductase (KR) has recently been identified that catalyzes the reduction of P2C to L-pipecolate. The discovery that this KR, which is capable of reducing not only P2C but also other cyclic imines, is identical to a previously well-described thyroid hormone-binding protein [μ-crystallin (CRYM)], may hold the key to understanding the biological relevance of the pipecolate pathway and its importance in the brain. The finding that the KR activity of CRYM is strongly inhibited by the thyroid hormone 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) has far-reaching biomedical and clinical implications. The inter-relationship between tryptophan and lysine catabolic pathways is discussed in the context of shared degradative enzymes and also potential regulation by thyroid hormones. This review traces the discoveries of enzymes involved in lysine metabolism in mammalian brain. However, there still remain unanswered questions as regards the importance of the pipecolate pathway in normal or diseased brain, including the nature of the first step in the pathway and the relationship of the pipecolate pathway to the tryptophan degradation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Hallen
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Balaclava Road, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lien YC, Ou TY, Lin YT, Kuo PC, Lin HJ. Duplication and diversification of the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 genes in zebrafish. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54017. [PMID: 23326562 PMCID: PMC3543422 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase 1 (Ssat1) is a key enzyme in the polyamine interconversion pathway, which maintains polyamine homeostasis. In addition, mammalian Ssat1 is also involved in many physiological and pathological events such as hypoxia, cell migration, and carcinogenesis. Using cross-genomic bioinformatic analysis in 10 deuterostomes, we found that ssat1 only exists in vertebrates. Comparing with mammalian, zebrafish, an evolutionarily distant vertebrate, contains 3 homologous ssat1 genes, named ssat1a, ssat1b, and ssat1c. All zebrafish homologues could be transcribed and produce active enzymes. Despite the long history since their evolutionary diversification, some features of human SSAT1 are conserved and subfunctionalized in the zebrafish family of Ssat1 proteins. The polyamine-dependent protein synthesis was only found in Ssat1b and Ssat1c, not in Ssat1a. Further study indicated that both 5' and 3' sequences of ssat1b mediate such kind of translational regulation inside the open reading frame (ORF). The polyamine-dependent protein stabilization was only observed in Ssat1b. The last 70 residues of Ssat1b were crucial for its rapid degradation and polyamine-induced stabilization. It is worth noting that only Ssat1b and Ssat1c, but not the polyamine-insensitive Ssat1a, were able to interact with integrin α9 and Hif-1α. Thus, Ssat1b and Ssat1c might not only be a polyamine metabolic enzyme but also simultaneously respond to polyamine levels and engage in cross-talk with other signaling pathways. Our data revealed some correlations between the sequences and functions of the zebrafish family of Ssat1 proteins, which may provide valuable information for studies of their translational regulatory mechanism, protein stability, and physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Lien
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Ou
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tzu Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chih Kuo
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Jia Lin
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- Center of Excellence for Marine Bioenvironment and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hyvönen MT, Weisell J, Khomutov AR, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA. Metabolism of Triethylenetetramine and 1,12-Diamino-3,6,9-Triazadodecane by the Spermidine/Spermine-N1-Acetyltransferase and Thialysine Acetyltransferase. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:30-2. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
19
|
Cerrada-Gimenez M, Weisell J, Hyvönen MT, Park MH, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Keinänen TA. Complex N-acetylation of triethylenetetramine. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2242-9. [PMID: 21878558 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.041798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triethylenetetramine (TETA) is an efficient copper chelator that has versatile clinical potential. We have recently shown that spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT1), the key polyamine catabolic enzyme, acetylates TETA in vitro. Here, we studied the metabolism of TETA in three different mouse lines: syngenic, SSAT1-overexpressing, and SSAT1-deficient (SSAT1-KO) mice. The mice were sacrificed at 1, 2, or 4 h after TETA injection (300 mg/kg i.p.). We found only N(1)-acetyltriethylenetetramine (N(1)AcTETA) and/or TETA in the liver, kidney, and plasma samples. As expected, SSAT1-overexpressing mice acetylated TETA at an accelerated rate compared with syngenic and SSAT1-KO mice. It is noteworthy that SSAT1-KO mice metabolized TETA as syngenic mice did, probably by thialysine acetyltransferase, which had a K(m) value of 2.5 ± 0.3 mM and a k(cat) value of 1.3 s(-1) for TETA when tested in vitro with the human recombinant enzyme. Thus, the present results suggest that there are at least two N-acetylases potentially metabolizing TETA. However, their physiological significance for TETA acetylation requires further studies. Furthermore, we detected chemical intramolecular N-acetyl migration from the N(1) to N(3) position of N(1)AcTETA and N(1),N(8)-diacetyltriethylenetetramine in an acidified high-performance liquid chromatography sample matrix. The complex metabolism of TETA together with the intramolecular N-acetyl migration may explain the huge individual variations in the acetylation rate of TETA reported earlier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cerrada-Gimenez
- Department of Medicine, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyue-Chu Ke
- Department of Physics; National Dong Hwa University; Hualien; 974-01; Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
LEE SB, PARK JH, FOLK J, DECK JA, PEGG AE, SOKABE M, FRASER CS, PARK MH. Inactivation of eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) by specific acetylation of its hypusine residue by spermidine/spermine acetyltransferase 1 (SSAT1). Biochem J 2011; 433:205-13. [PMID: 20942800 PMCID: PMC3003598 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
eIF5A (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A) is the only cellular protein containing hypusine [Nϵ-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl)lysine]. eIF5A is activated by the post-translational synthesis of hypusine and the hypusine modification is essential for cell proliferation. In the present study, we report selective acetylation of the hypusine and/or deoxyhypusine residue of eIF5A by a key polyamine catabolic enzyme SSAT1 (spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase 1). This enzyme normally catalyses the N1-acetylation of spermine and spermidine to form acetyl-derivatives, which in turn are degraded to lower polyamines. Although SSAT1 has been reported to exert other effects in cells by its interaction with other cellular proteins, eIF5A is the first target protein specifically acetylated by SSAT1. Hypusine or deoxyhypusine, as the free amino acid, does not act as a substrate for SSAT1, suggesting a macromolecular interaction between eIF5A and SSAT1. Indeed, the binding of eIF5A and SSAT1 was confirmed by pull-down assays. The effect of the acetylation of hypusine on eIF5A activity was assessed by comparison of acetylated with non-acetylated bovine testis eIF5A in the methionyl-puromycin synthesis assay. The loss of eIF5A activity by this SSAT1-mediated acetylation confirms the strict structural requirement for the hypusine side chain and suggests a possible regulation of eIF5A by hypusine acetylation/deacetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bum LEE
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Jong Hwan PARK
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - J.E. FOLK
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Jason A. DECK
- Chemical Biology Research Branch, National Institute of Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| | - Anthony E. PEGG
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 17033 USA
| | - Masaaki SOKABE
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Christopher S. FRASER
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Myung Hee PARK
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892 USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maity AN, Shaikh AC, Srimurugan S, Wu CJ, Chen C, Ke SC. Synthesis of 4-thia-[6-(13)C]lysine from [2- (13)C]glycine: access to site-directed isotopomers of 2-aminoethanol, 2-bromoethylamine and 4-thialysine. Amino Acids 2010; 42:309-15. [PMID: 21103898 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0808-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
4-Thialysine (S-(2-aminoethyl)-L: -cysteine) is an analog of lysine. It has been used as an alternative substrate for lysine in enzymatic reactions. Site-directed isotopomers are often needed for elucidation of mechanism of reactions. 4-Thialysine can be synthesized by reacting cysteine with 2-bromoethylamine, an important reagent in chemical-modification rescue (CMR) of proteins. Here, we present the synthesis of 4-thia-[6-(13)C]lysine, one of the isotopomers of 4-thialysine, from commercially available starting material [2-(13)C]glycine via formation of five intermediates including 2-amino[2-(13)C]ethanol and 2-bromo[1-(13)C]ethylamine. The compounds were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Moreover, we discuss that our strategy would provide access to site-directed isotopomers of 2-aminoethanol, 2-bromoethylamine and 4-thialysine. Biological activity of 4-thia-[6-(13)C]lysine was tested in the enzymatic reaction of lysine 5,6-aminomutase.
Collapse
|
23
|
Kim YH, Coon A, Baker AF, Powis G. Antitumor agent PX-12 inhibits HIF-1α protein levels through an Nrf2/PMF-1-mediated increase in spermidine/spermine acetyl transferase. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2010; 68:405-13. [PMID: 21069338 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-010-1500-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) redox signaling regulates multiple aspects of cell growth and survival, and elevated tumor levels of Trx-1 have been associated with decreased patient survival. PX-12, an inhibitor of Trx-1 currently in clinical development, has been found to decrease tumor levels of the HIF-1α transcription factor. SSAT1 has been reported to bind to HIF-1α and RACK1, resulting in oxygen-independent HIF-1 ubiquitination and degradation. SSAT2, a related protein, stabilizes the interaction of the VHL protein and elongin C with HIF-1 leading to oxygen-dependent HIF-1α ubiquitination and degradation. We investigated the effects of PX-12 and Trx-1 on SSAT1, SSAT2, and inhibition of HIF-1α. METHODS A panel of cell lines was treated with PX-12 to investigate its effects on SSAT1 and SSAT2 expression, and on HIF-1α protein levels. We also evaluated the regulation of SSAT1 through the Nrf2 and PMF-1, two trans-acting transcription factors. RESULTS We found that PX-12 increased nuclear Nrf2 activity and antioxidant response element binding. PX-12 also increased the expression of SSAT1 but not SSAT2 in a PMF-1-dependent manner that was independent of Trx-1. Inhibition of Nrf2 or PMF-1 prevented the increase in SSAT1 caused by PX-12. CONCLUSIONS The results show that PX-12, acting independently of Trx-1, increases nuclear Nrf2, which interacts with PMF-1 to increase the expression of SSAT1. The degradation of HIF-1α that results from binding with SSAT1 may explain the decrease in HIF-1α caused by PX-12 and could contribute to the antitumor activity of PX-12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yon Hui Kim
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee SB, Park JH, Woster PM, Casero RA, Park MH. Suppression of exogenous gene expression by spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1 (SSAT1) cotransfection. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:15548-15556. [PMID: 20212040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.092007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase 1 (SSAT1), which catalyzes the N(1)-acetylation of spermidine and spermine to form acetyl derivatives, is a rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine catabolism. We now report a novel activity of transiently transfected SSAT1 in suppressing the exogenous expression of other proteins, i.e. green fluorescent protein (GFP) or GFP-eIF5A. Spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase 2 (SSAT2) or inactive SSAT1 mutant enzymes (R101A or R101K) were without effect. The loss of exogenous gene expression is not due to accelerated protein degradation, because various inhibitors of proteases, lysosome, or autophagy did not mitigate the effects. This SSAT1 effect cannot be attributed to the depletion of overall cellular polyamines or accumulation of N(1)-acetylspermidine (N(1)-AcSpd) because of the following: (i) addition of putrescine, spermidine, spermine, or N(1)-AcSpd did not restore the expression of GFP or GFP-eIF5A; (ii) depletion of cellular polyamines with alpha-difluoromethylornithine, an inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, did not inhibit exogenous gene expression; and (iii) N(1),N(11)-bis(ethyl)norspermine caused a drastic depletion of cellular polyamines through induction of endogenous SSAT1 but did not block exogenous gene expression. SSAT1 transient transfection did not affect stable expression of GFP, and stably expressed SSAT1 did not affect exogenous expression of GFP, suggesting that only transiently (episomally) expressed SSAT1 blocks exogenous (episomal) expression of other proteins. SSAT1 may regulate exogenous gene expression by blocking steps involved in transcription/translation from an episomal vector by targeting non-polyamine substrate(s) critical for this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Bum Lee
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jong Hwan Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201
| | - Robert A Casero
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
In addition to polyamine homoeostasis, it has become increasingly clear that polyamine catabolism can play a dominant role in drug response, apoptosis and the response to stressful stimuli, and contribute to the aetiology of several pathological states, including cancer. The highly inducible enzymes SSAT (spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase) and SMO (spermine oxidase) and the generally constitutively expressed APAO (N1-acetylpolyamine oxidase) appear to play critical roles in many normal and disease processes. The dysregulation of polyamine catabolism frequently accompanies several disease states and suggests that such dysregulation may both provide useful insight into disease mechanism and provide unique druggable targets that can be exploited for therapeutic benefit. Each of these enzymes has the potential to alter polyamine homoeostasis in response to multiple cell signals and the two oxidases produce the reactive oxygen species H2O2 and aldehydes, each with the potential to produce pathological states. The activity of SSAT provides substrates for APAO or substrates for the polyamine exporter, thus reducing the intracellular polyamine concentration, the net effect of which depends on the magnitude and rate of any increase in SSAT. SSAT may also influence cellular metabolism via interaction with other proteins and by perturbing the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. The goal of the present review is to cover those aspects of polyamine catabolism that have an impact on disease aetiology or treatment and to provide a solid background in this ever more exciting aspect of polyamine biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yee Koh M, Spivak-Kroizman TR, Powis G. HIF-1 regulation: not so easy come, easy go. Trends Biochem Sci 2008; 33:526-34. [PMID: 18809331 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the master regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia and its expression levels are tightly controlled through synthesis and degradation. It is widely accepted that HIF-1alpha protein accumulation during hypoxia results from inhibition of its oxygen-dependent degradation by the von Hippel Lindau protein (pVHL) pathway. However, recent data describe new pVHL- or oxygen-independent mechanisms for HIF-1alpha degradation. Furthermore, the hypoxia-induced increase in HIF-1alpha levels is facilitated by the continued translation of HIF-1alpha during hypoxia despite the global inhibition of protein translation. Recent work has contributed to an increased understanding of the mechanisms that control the translation and degradation of HIF-1alpha under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yee Koh
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) regulates cellular polyamine content. Its acetylated products are either excreted from the cell or oxidized by acetylpolyamine oxidase. Since polyamines play critical roles in normal and neoplastic growth and in ion channel regulation, SSAT is a key enzyme in these processes. SSAT is very highly regulated. Its content is adjusted in response to alterations in polyamine content to maintain polyamine homeostasis. Certain polyamine analogs can mimic the induction of SSAT and cause a loss of normal polyamines. This may have utility in cancer chemotherapy. SSAT activity is also induced via a variety of other stimuli, including toxins, hormones, cytokines, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, natural products, and stress pathways, and by ischemia-reperfusion injury. These increases are initiated by alterations in Sat1 gene transcription reinforced by alterations at the other regulatory steps, including protein turnover, mRNA processing, and translation. Transgenic manipulation of SSAT activity has revealed that SSAT activity links polyamine metabolism to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism by means of alterations in the content of acetyl-CoA and ATP. A high level of SSAT stimulates flux through the polyamine biosynthetic pathway, since biosynthetic enzymes are induced in response to the fall in polyamines. This sets up a futile cycle in which ATP is used to generate S-adenosylmethionine for polyamine biosynthesis and acetyl-CoA is consumed in the acetylation reaction. A variety of other effects of increased SSAT activity include death of pancreatic cells, blockage of regenerative tissue growth, behavioral changes, keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans, and hair loss. These are very likely due to changes in polyamine and putrescine levels, although increased oxidative stress via the oxidation of acetylated polyamines may also contribute. Recently, it was found that the SSAT protein and/or a related protein, thialysine acetyltransferase, interacts with a number of other important proteins, including the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha-subunit, the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB, and alpha9beta1-integrin, altering the function of these proteins. It is not yet clear whether this functional alteration involves protein acetylation, local polyamine concentration changes, or other effects. It has been suggested that SSAT may also be a useful target in diseases other than cancer, but the wide-ranging physiological and pathophysiological effects of altered SSAT expression will require very careful limitation of such strategies to the relevant cells to avoid toxic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baek JH, Liu YV, McDonald KR, Wesley JB, Hubbi ME, Byun H, Semenza GL. Spermidine/Spermine-N1-Acetyltransferase 2 Is an Essential Component of the Ubiquitin Ligase Complex That Regulates Hypoxia-inducible Factor 1α. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:23572-80. [PMID: 17558023 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m703504200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a heterodimeric transcription factor that functions as a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The HIF-1alpha subunit is subjected to O(2)-dependent prolyl hydroxylation leading to ubiquitination by the von Hippel-Lindau protein (VHL)-Elongin C ubiquitin-ligase complex and degradation by the 26 S proteasome. In this study, we demonstrate that spermidine/spermine-N(1)-acetyltransferase (SSAT) 2 plays an essential role in this process. SSAT2 binds to HIF-1alpha, VHL, and Elongin C and promotes ubiquitination of hydroxylated HIF-1alpha by stabilizing the interaction of VHL and Elongin C. Multivalent interactions by SSAT2 provide a mechanism to ensure efficient complex formation, which is necessary for the extremely rapid ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-1alpha that is observed in oxygenated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hyen Baek
- Vascular Biology Program, Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Pediatrics, and McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vogel NL, Boeke M, Ashburner BP. Spermidine/Spermine N1-Acetyltransferase 2 (SSAT2) functions as a coactivator for NF-kappaB and cooperates with CBP and P/CAF to enhance NF-kappaB-dependent transcription. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 1759:470-7. [PMID: 17011643 PMCID: PMC1829416 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 08/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activation of transcription by NF-kappaB requires association with coactivator proteins, including CBP/p300 and P/CAF. To identify new coregulatory proteins, a cytoplasmic two-hybrid screen was performed using the C-terminus of the p65 subunit as bait. Through this screen, the spermidine/spermine N(1)-acetyltransferase 2 (SSAT2) protein was identified as a potential modulator of NF-kappaB activity. SSAT2 was originally identified based on homology to SSAT1, a protein involved in polyamine catabolism. However both proteins contain an acetyltransferase domain that has similarity to the acetyltransferase domains of the GNAT superfamily of coactivators. Although SSAT2 is 46% identical to SSAT1, based on a recent report, SSAT2 does not appear to function in polyamine catabolism. Because of the similarity of SSAT2 to coactivators, we wanted to determine if SSAT2 could function as a coactivator for NF-kappaB. Coimmunoprecipitations confirmed the interaction between p65 and SSAT2. In transient transfection reporter gene assays, SSAT2 functions as a transcriptional coactivator for NF-kappaB and cooperates with CBP and P/CAF to enhance TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB activity. Moreover, SSAT2 transiently associates with the promoters of the NF-kappaB-regulated cIAP2 and IL-8 genes in response to TNFalpha. Although the overall function of SSAT2 is not known, it appears that it can function as a transcriptional coactivator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Vogel
- Department of Biological Sciences, MS 601, The University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Han BW, Bingman CA, Wesenberg GE, Phillips GN. Crystal structure of Homo sapiens thialysine Nepsilon-acetyltransferase (HsSSAT2) in complex with acetyl coenzyme A. Proteins 2006; 64:288-93. [PMID: 16596569 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byung Woo Han
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706-1544, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bewley MC, Graziano V, Jiang J, Matz E, Studier FW, Pegg AE, Coleman CS, Flanagan JM. Structures of wild-type and mutant human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, a potential therapeutic drug target. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:2063-8. [PMID: 16455797 PMCID: PMC1360125 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0511008103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) is a key enzyme in the control of polyamine levels in human cells, as acetylation of spermidine and spermine triggers export or degradation. Increased intracellular polyamine levels accompany several types of cancers as well as other human diseases, and compounds that affect the expression, activity, or stability of SSAT are being explored as potential therapeutic drugs. We have expressed human SSAT from the cloned cDNA in Escherichia coli and have determined high-resolution structures of wild-type and mutant SSAT, as the free dimer and in binary and ternary complexes with CoA, acetyl-CoA (AcCoA), spermine, and the inhibitor N1,N11bis-(ethyl)-norspermine (BE-3-3-3). These structures show details of binding sites for cofactor, substrates, and inhibitor and provide a framework to understand enzymatic activity, mutations, and the action of potential drugs. Two dimer conformations were observed: a symmetric form with two open surface channels capable of binding substrate or cofactor, and an asymmetric form in which only one of the surface channels appears capable of binding and acetylating polyamines. SSAT was found to self-acetylate lysine-26 in the presence of AcCoA and absence of substrate, a reaction apparently catalzyed by AcCoA bound in the second channel of the asymmetric dimer. These unexpected and intriguing complexities seem likely to have some as yet undefined role in regulating SSAT activity or stability as a part of polyamine homeostasis. Sequence signatures group SSAT with proteins that appear to have thialysine Nepsilon-acetyltransferase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Bewley
- *Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and Departments of
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033. E-mail:
| | - Vito Graziano
- *Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and Departments of
| | - Jiangsheng Jiang
- *Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and Departments of
| | - Eileen Matz
- *Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and Departments of
| | - F. William Studier
- *Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and Departments of
- To whom correspondence may be addressed at:
Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973. E-mail:
| | - Anthony E. Pegg
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Catherine S. Coleman
- Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - John M. Flanagan
- *Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973; and Departments of
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lüersen K. Leishmania major thialysine Nepsilon-acetyltransferase: identification of amino acid residues crucial for substrate binding. FEBS Lett 2005; 579:5347-52. [PMID: 16194533 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2005.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 07/28/2005] [Accepted: 08/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferases and spermidine/spermine N-acetyltransferases (SSAT) are closely related members of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily. Accordingly, a putative orthologue from the human protozoan parasite Leishmania major exhibits an almost equal similarity to human SSAT and thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase. Characterisation of the recombinantly expressed L. major protein indicated that it represents a thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase, preferring thialysine (S-aminoethyl-l-cysteine) and structurally related amino acids as acceptor molecules. The known thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferases contain five conserved amino acid residues that are replaced in SSAT sequences. Kinetic analyses of the respective recombinant mutant proteins suggest that Ser(82) and Thr(83) of L. major thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase are key residues for acceptor binding. In addition, the conserved Leu(130) is tentatively involved in specific interaction with the sulphur-containing side chain of thialysine. The presence of these three amino acid residues is suggested to be a means by which thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferases can be distinguished from SSAT sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lüersen
- Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abo-Dalo B, Ndjonka D, Pinnen F, Liebau E, Lüersen K. A novel member of the GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase superfamily from Caenorhabditis elegans preferentially catalyses the N-acetylation of thialysine [S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine]. Biochem J 2005; 384:129-37. [PMID: 15283700 PMCID: PMC1134096 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The putative diamine N-acetyltransferase D2023.4 has been cloned from the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The 483 bp open reading frame of the cDNA encodes a deduced polypeptide of 18.6 kDa. Accordingly, the recombinantly expressed His6-tagged protein forms an enzymically active homodimer with a molecular mass of approx. 44000 Da. The protein belongs to the GNAT (GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase) superfamily, and its amino acid sequence exhibits considerable similarity to mammalian spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferases. However, neither the polyamines spermidine and spermine nor the diamines putrescine and cadaverine were efficiently acetylated by the protein. The smaller diamines diaminopropane and ethylenediamine, as well as L-lysine, represent better substrates, but, surprisingly, the enzyme most efficiently catalyses the N-acetylation of amino acids analogous with L-lysine. As determined by the k(cat)/K(m) values, the C. elegans N-acetyltransferase prefers thialysine [S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine], followed by O-(2-aminoethyl)-L-serine and S-(2-aminoethyl)-D,L-homocysteine. Reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometric analyses revealed that N-acetylation of L-lysine and L-thialysine occurs exclusively at the amino moiety of the side chain. Remarkably, heterologous expression of C. elegans N-acetyltransferase D2023.4 in Escherichia coli, which does not possess a homologous gene, results in a pronounced resistance against the anti-metabolite thialysine. Furthermore, C. elegans N-acetyltransferase D2023.4 exhibits the highest homology with a number of GNATs found in numerous genomes from bacteria to mammals that have not been biochemically characterized so far, suggesting a novel group of GNAT enzymes closely related to spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase, but with a distinct substrate specificity. Taken together, we propose to name the enzyme 'thialysine N(epsilon)-acetyltransferase'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Abo-Dalo
- *Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dieudonne Ndjonka
- *Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Pinnen
- †Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Universita degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Via dei Vestini, I-66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Eva Liebau
- *Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- *Department of Biochemistry, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
| |
Collapse
|