1
|
Uddin MB, Holl MMB, Chowdhury EH. Delivery of siRNAs Against Selective Ion Channels and Transporter Genes Using Hyaluronic Acid-coupled Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticles Synergistically Inhibits Growth and Survival of Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:7709-7727. [PMID: 39099788 PMCID: PMC11297548 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s440419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dysregulated calcium homeostasis and consequentially aberrant Ca2+ signalling could enhance survival, proliferation and metastasis in various cancers. Despite rapid development in exploring the ion channel functions in relation to cancer, most of the mechanisms accounting for the impact of ion channel modulators have yet to be fully clarified. Although harnessing small interfering RNA (siRNA) to specifically silence gene expression has the potential to be a pivotal approach, its success in therapeutic intervention is dependent on an efficient delivery system. Nanoparticles have the capacity to strongly bind siRNAs. They remain in the circulation and eventually deliver the siRNA payload to the target organ. Afterward, they interact with the cell surface and enter the cell via endocytosis. Finally, they help escape the endo-lysosomal degradation system prior to unload the siRNAs into cytosol. Carbonate apatite (CA) nanocrystals primarily is composed of Ca2+, carbonate and phosphate. CA possesses both anion and cation binding domains to target negatively charged siRNA molecules. Methods Hybrid CA was synthesized by complexing CA NPs with a hydrophilic polysaccharide - hyaluronic acid (HA). The average diameter of the composite particles was determined using Zetasizer and FE-SEM and their zeta potential values were also measured. Results and Discussion The stronger binding affinity and cellular uptake of a fluorescent siRNA were observed for HA-CA NPs as compared to plain CA NPs. Hybrid CA was electrostatically bound individually and combined with three different siRNAs to silence expression of calcium ion channel and transporter genes, TRPC6, TRPM8 and SLC41A1 in a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and evaluate their potential for treating breast cancer. Hybrid NPs carrying TRPC6, TRPM8 and SLC41A1 siRNAs could significantly enhance cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. The resultant composite CA influenced biodistribution of the delivered siRNA, facilitating reduced off target distribution and enhanced breast tumor targetability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Borhan Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ezharul Hoque Chowdhury
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- Nanoflex LLC, Leesburg, FL, 34748, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rashid U, Becker SK, Sponder G, Trappe S, Sandhu MA, Aschenbach JR. Low Magnesium Concentration Enforces Bone Calcium Deposition Irrespective of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 Concentration. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108679. [PMID: 37240030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient coordination between Mg2+ and vitamin D maintains adequate Ca2+ levels during lactation. This study explored the possible interaction between Mg2+ (0.3, 0.8, and 3 mM) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D; 0.05 and 5 nM) during osteogenesis using bovine mesenchymal stem cells. After 21 days, differentiated osteocytes were subjected to OsteoImage analysis, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity measurements, and immunocytochemistry of NT5E, ENG (endoglin), SP7 (osterix), SPP1 (osteopontin), and the BGLAP gene product osteocalcin. The mRNA expression of NT5E, THY1, ENG, SP7, BGLAP, CYP24A1, VDR, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, SLC41A3, TRPM6, TRPM7, and NIPA1 was also assessed. Reducing the Mg2+ concentration in the medium increased the accumulation of mineral hydroxyapatite and ALP activity. There was no change in the immunocytochemical localization of stem cell markers. Expression of CYP24A1 was higher in all groups receiving 5 nM 1,25D. There were tendencies for higher mRNA abundance of THY1, BGLAP, and NIPA1 in cells receiving 0.3 mM Mg2+ and 5 nM 1,25D. In conclusion, low levels of Mg2+ greatly enhanced the deposition of bone hydroxyapatite matrix. The effect of Mg2+ was not modulated by 1,25D, although the expression of certain genes (including BGLAP) tended to be increased by the combination of low Mg2+ and high 1,25D concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usman Rashid
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Sandra K Becker
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerhard Sponder
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Trappe
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mansur A Sandhu
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Jörg R Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Functional characteristics and therapeutic potential of SLC41 transporters. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 151:88-92. [PMID: 36707183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) plays an important role in various cellular functions such as protein synthesis, DNA stability, energy metabolism, enzyme and channel activities, and muscle contractility. Therefore, intracellular Mg2+ concentration is tightly regulated by multiple Mg2+ transporters and channels. So far, various candidate genes of Mg2+ transporters have been identified, and the research on their structure and function is currently in progress. The Solute Carrier 41 (SLC41) family, which is related to the bacterial Mg2+ transporter/channel MgtE, comprises three isoforms of SLC41A1, SLC41A2, and SLC41A3. Based on recent studies, SLC41A1 is thought to mediate Mg2+ influx or Na+-dependent Mg2+ efflux across the plasma membrane, whereas SLC41A2 and SLC41A3 may mediate Mg2+ fluxes across either the plasma membrane or organellar membranes. Intriguingly, SLC41A1 variants have been identified in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and nephronophthisis-related ciliopathies. Further genetic analyses reveal the association of SLC41A1 polymorphisms with PD risks. This review highlights the recent advances in the understanding of the molecular and functional characteristics of SLC41 family towards its therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Romero JR, Inostroza‐Nieves Y, Pulido‐Perez P, Lopez P, Wohlgemuth JG, Dlott JS, Snyder LM, Alper SL, Rivera A. Magnesium homeostasis in deoxygenated sickle erythrocytes is modulated by endothelin-1 via Na + /Mg 2+ exchange. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22638. [PMID: 36331552 PMCID: PMC9703344 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Painful crises in sickle cell disease (SCD) are associated with increased plasma cytokines levels, including endothelin-1 (ET-1). Reduced red cell magnesium content, mediated in part by increased Na+ /Mg2+ exchanger (NME) activity, contributes to erythrocyte K+ loss, dehydration and sickling in SCD. However, the relationship between ET-1 and the NME in SCD has remained unexamined. We observed increased NME activity in sickle red cells incubated in the presence of 500 nM ET-1. Deoxygenation of sickle red cells, in contrast, led to decreased red cell NME activity and cellular dehydration that was reversed by the NME inhibitor, imipramine. Increased NME activity in sickle red cells was significantly blocked by pre-incubation with 100 nM BQ788, a selective blocker of ET-1 type B receptors. These results suggest an important role for ET-1 and for cellular magnesium homeostasis in SCD. Consistent with these results, we observed increased NME activity in sickle red cells of three mouse models of sickle cell disease greater than that in red cells of C57BL/J6 mice. In vivo treatment of BERK sickle transgenic mice with ET-1 receptor antagonists reduced red cell NME activity. Our results suggest that ET-1 receptor blockade may be a promising therapeutic approach to control erythrocyte volume and magnesium homeostasis in SCD and may thus attenuate or retard the associated chronic inflammatory and vascular complications of SCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José R. Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yaritza Inostroza‐Nieves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA,Department of Biochemistry and PharmacologySan Juan Bautista School of MedicineCaguasPuerto RicoUSA
| | - Patricia Pulido‐Perez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pablo Lopez
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | | | - Seth L. Alper
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Alicia Rivera
- Division of Nephrology and Vascular Biology Research Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, and Department of MedicineHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA,Division of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of PathologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin F, Huang Y, Hattori M. Recent Advances in the Structural Biology of Mg 2+ Channels and Transporters. J Mol Biol 2022; 434:167729. [PMID: 35841930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are the most abundant divalent cations in living organisms and are essential for various physiological processes, including ATP utilization and the catalytic activity of numerous enzymes. Therefore, the homeostatic mechanisms associated with cellular Mg2+ are crucial for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms and are thus strictly controlled by Mg2+ channels and transporters. Technological advances in structural biology, such as the expression screening of membrane proteins, in meso phase crystallization, and recent cryo-EM techniques, have enabled the structure determination of numerous Mg2+ channels and transporters. In this review article, we provide an overview of the families of Mg2+ channels and transporters (MgtE/SLC41, TRPM6/7, CorA/Mrs2, CorC/CNNM), and discuss the structural biology prospects based on the known structures of MgtE, TRPM7, CorA and CorC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Franken GAC, Huynen MA, Martínez-Cruz LA, Bindels RJM, de Baaij JHF. Structural and functional comparison of magnesium transporters throughout evolution. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:418. [PMID: 35819535 PMCID: PMC9276622 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is the most prevalent divalent intracellular cation. As co-factor in many enzymatic reactions, Mg2+ is essential for protein synthesis, energy production, and DNA stability. Disturbances in intracellular Mg2+ concentrations, therefore, unequivocally result in delayed cell growth and metabolic defects. To maintain physiological Mg2+ levels, all organisms rely on balanced Mg2+ influx and efflux via Mg2+ channels and transporters. This review compares the structure and the function of prokaryotic Mg2+ transporters and their eukaryotic counterparts. In prokaryotes, cellular Mg2+ homeostasis is orchestrated via the CorA, MgtA/B, MgtE, and CorB/C Mg2+ transporters. For CorA, MgtE, and CorB/C, the motifs that form the selectivity pore are conserved during evolution. These findings suggest that CNNM proteins, the vertebrate orthologues of CorB/C, also have Mg2+ transport capacity. Whereas CorA and CorB/C proteins share the gross quaternary structure and functional properties with their respective orthologues, the MgtE channel only shares the selectivity pore with SLC41 Na+/Mg2+ transporters. In eukaryotes, TRPM6 and TRPM7 Mg2+ channels provide an additional Mg2+ transport mechanism, consisting of a fusion of channel with a kinase. The unique features these TRP channels allow the integration of hormonal, cellular, and transcriptional regulatory pathways that determine their Mg2+ transport capacity. Our review demonstrates that understanding the structure and function of prokaryotic magnesiotropic proteins aids in our basic understanding of Mg2+ transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A C Franken
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M A Huynen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L A Martínez-Cruz
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, Derio, 48160, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - R J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferreira A, Rivera A, Wohlgemuth JG, Dlott JS, Snyder LM, Alper SL, Romero JR. Dysregulated Erythroid Mg2+ Efflux in Type 2 Diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:861644. [PMID: 35445032 PMCID: PMC9013827 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.861644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is associated with decreased Mg2+ content in red blood cells (RBC), but mechanisms remain unclear. We characterized the regulation of Mg2+ efflux by glucose in ex vivo human RBC. We observed that hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values correlated with Na+-dependent Mg2+ efflux (Na+/Mg2+ exchange) and inversely correlated with cellular Mg content. Treatment of cells with 50 mM D-glucose, but not with sorbitol, lowered total cellular Mg (2.2 ± 0.1 to 2.0 ± 0.1 mM, p < 0.01) and enhanced Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity [0.60 ± 0.09 to 1.12 ± 0.09 mmol/1013 cell × h (flux units, FU), p < 0.05]. In contrast, incubation with selective Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 or SU6656 reduced glucose-stimulated exchange activation (p < 0.01). Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity was also higher in RBC from individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D, 1.19 ± 0.13 FU) than from non-diabetic individuals (0.58 ± 0.05 FU, p < 0.01). Increased Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity in RBC from T2D subjects was associated with lower intracellular Mg content. Similarly increased exchange activity was evident in RBC from the diabetic db/db mouse model as compared to its non-diabetic control (p < 0.03). Extracellular exposure of intact RBC from T2D subjects to recombinant peptidyl-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) reduced Na+/Mg2+ exchange activity from 0.98 ± 0.14 to 0.59 ± 0.13 FU (p < 0.05) and increased baseline intracellular Mg content (1.8 ± 0.1 mM) to normal values (2.1 ± 0.1 mM, p < 0.05). These data suggest that the reduced RBC Mg content of T2D RBC reflects enhanced RBC Na+/Mg2+ exchange subject to regulation by Src family kinases and by the N-glycosylation state of one or more membrane proteins. The data extend our understanding of dysregulated RBC Mg2+ homeostasis in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ferreira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences (CICS.NOVA), Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alicia Rivera
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alicia Rivera,
| | | | | | | | - Seth L. Alper
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jose R. Romero
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim EY, Lee JM. Transcriptional Control of Trpm6 by the Nuclear Receptor FXR. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041980. [PMID: 35216094 PMCID: PMC8874704 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Farnesoid x receptor (FXR) is a nuclear bile acid receptor that belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily. It plays an essential role in bile acid biosynthesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, liver regeneration, and vertical sleeve gastrectomy. A loss of the FXR gene or dysregulations of FXR-mediated gene expression are associated with the development of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and diabetes mellitus. Magnesium ion (Mg2+) is essential for mammalian physiology. Over 600 enzymes are dependent on Mg2+ for their activity. Here, we show that the Trpm6 gene encoding a Mg2+ channel is a direct FXR target gene in the intestinal epithelial cells of mice. FXR expressed in the intestinal epithelial cells is absolutely required for sustaining a basal expression of intestinal Trpm6 that can be robustly induced by the treatment of GW4064, a synthetic FXR agonist. Analysis of FXR ChIP-seq data revealed that intron regions of Trpm6 contain two prominent FXR binding peaks. Among them, the proximal peak from the transcription start site contains a functional inverted repeat 1 (IR1) response element that directly binds to the FXR-RXRα heterodimer. Based on these results, we proposed that an intestinal FXR-TRPM6 axis may link a bile acid signaling to Mg2+ homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
| | - Jae Man Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea;
- BK21 FOUR KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-420-4826
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tao L, Moreno‐Smith M, Ibarra‐García‐Padilla R, Milazzo G, Drolet NA, Hernandez BE, Oh YS, Patel I, Kim JJ, Zorman B, Patel T, Kamal AHM, Zhao Y, Hicks J, Vasudevan SA, Putluri N, Coarfa C, Sumazin P, Perini G, Parchem RJ, Uribe RA, Barbieri E. CHAF1A Blocks Neuronal Differentiation and Promotes Neuroblastoma Oncogenesis via Metabolic Reprogramming. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2005047. [PMID: 34365742 PMCID: PMC8498874 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202005047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) arises from oncogenic disruption of neural crest (NC) differentiation. Treatment with retinoic acid (RA) to induce differentiation has improved survival in some NB patients, but not all patients respond, and most NBs eventually develop resistance to RA. Loss of the chromatin modifier chromatin assembly factor 1 subunit p150 (CHAF1A) promotes NB cell differentiation; however, the mechanism by which CHAF1A drives NB oncogenesis has remained unexplored. This study shows that CHAF1A gain-of-function supports cell malignancy, blocks neuronal differentiation in three models (zebrafish NC, human NC, and human NB), and promotes NB oncogenesis. Mechanistically, CHAF1A upregulates polyamine metabolism, which blocks neuronal differentiation and promotes cell cycle progression. Targeting polyamine synthesis promotes NB differentiation and enhances the anti-tumor activity of RA. The authors' results provide insight into the mechanisms that drive NB oncogenesis and suggest a rapidly translatable therapeutic approach (DFMO plus RA) to enhance the clinical efficacy of differentiation therapy in NB patients.
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Q, Xiong DL, Wang H, Jin WL, Ma YY, Fan XM. High Expression of SLC41A3 Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:2975-2988. [PMID: 33981147 PMCID: PMC8107057 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s296187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose SLC41A3 is a member of the solute carrier family 41 (SLC41) and is involved in many cellular processes as a magnesium ion transporter. Although it plays an important role in cancer formation and development, the correlation between the expression of SLC41A3 and the occurrence and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Therefore, this study was focused on the evaluation of the relationship between SLC41A3 and the development and prognosis of HCC. Patients and Methods Firstly, we collected the mRNA expression of SLC41A3 in HCC through the platform of Oncomine. Then, the subgroups of HCC were performed by the UALCAN website and the prognosis of HCC was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier Plotter database. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used to detect SLC41A3 expression in 323 clinically confirmed HCC samples and 184 non-cancerous liver tissues. Finally, function enrichment analysis was done using the LinkInterpreter module in LinkedOmics, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using TCGA data set. Results The Oncomine database and immunohistochemical (IHC) showed higher SLC41A3 expression in HCC tissue compared to normal tissue. The expression of SLC41A3 was significantly correlated with tumor metastasis, Edmondson grade, microvascular invasion, and AFP level. Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses verified that high SLC41A3 expression is a significant prognostic factor for reduced overall survival in HCC patients. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that high expression of SLC41A3 was the predictor of poor prognosis in HCC patients, suggesting that this protein may be a potential target for HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Lei Xiong
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Wang
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Li Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanxun People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Nanxun Branch), Huzhou, 313009, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Yu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Graduate Department, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, People's Republic of China.,Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jin F, Sun M, Fujii T, Yamada Y, Wang J, Maturana AD, Wada M, Su S, Ma J, Takeda H, Kusakizako T, Tomita A, Nakada-Nakura Y, Liu K, Uemura T, Nomura Y, Nomura N, Ito K, Nureki O, Namba K, Iwata S, Yu Y, Hattori M. The structure of MgtE in the absence of magnesium provides new insights into channel gating. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001231. [PMID: 33905418 PMCID: PMC8104411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MgtE is a Mg2+ channel conserved in organisms ranging from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, including humans, and plays an important role in Mg2+ homeostasis. The previously determined MgtE structures in the Mg2+-bound, closed-state, and structure-based functional analyses of MgtE revealed that the binding of Mg2+ ions to the MgtE cytoplasmic domain induces channel inactivation to maintain Mg2+ homeostasis. There are no structures of the transmembrane (TM) domain for MgtE in Mg2+-free conditions, and the pore-opening mechanism has thus remained unclear. Here, we determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the MgtE-Fab complex in the absence of Mg2+ ions. The Mg2+-free MgtE TM domain structure and its comparison with the Mg2+-bound, closed-state structure, together with functional analyses, showed the Mg2+-dependent pore opening of MgtE on the cytoplasmic side and revealed the kink motions of the TM2 and TM5 helices at the glycine residues, which are important for channel activity. Overall, our work provides structure-based mechanistic insights into the channel gating of MgtE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takashi Fujii
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yurika Yamada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrés D. Maturana
- Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Wada
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shichen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Multiscale Research Institute for Complex Systems, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbiao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Multiscale Research Institute for Complex Systems, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hironori Takeda
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Kusakizako
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Tomita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nakada-Nakura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kehong Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoko Uemura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yayoi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norimichi Nomura
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Namba
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Riken Quantitative Biology Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - So Iwata
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Kouto, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Ye Yu
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Russum S, Lam KJK, Wong NA, Iddamsetty V, Hendargo KJ, Wang J, Dubey A, Zhang Y, Medrano-Soto A, Saier MH. Comparative population genomic analyses of transporters within the Asgard archaeal superphylum. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247806. [PMID: 33770091 PMCID: PMC7997004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon discovery of the first archaeal species in the 1970s, life has been subdivided into three domains: Eukarya, Archaea, and Bacteria. However, the organization of the three-domain tree of life has been challenged following the discovery of archaeal lineages such as the TACK and Asgard superphyla. The Asgard Superphylum has emerged as the closest archaeal ancestor to eukaryotes, potentially improving our understanding of the evolution of life forms. We characterized the transportomes and their substrates within four metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), that is, Odin-, Thor-, Heimdall- and Loki-archaeota as well as the fully sequenced genome of Candidatus Prometheoarchaeum syntrophicum strain MK-D1 that belongs to the Loki phylum. Using the Transporter Classification Database (TCDB) as reference, candidate transporters encoded within the proteomes were identified based on sequence similarity, alignment coverage, compatibility of hydropathy profiles, TMS topologies and shared domains. Identified transport systems were compared within the Asgard superphylum as well as within dissimilar eukaryotic, archaeal and bacterial organisms. From these analyses, we infer that Asgard organisms rely mostly on the transport of substrates driven by the proton motive force (pmf), the proton electrochemical gradient which then can be used for ATP production and to drive the activities of secondary carriers. The results indicate that Asgard archaea depend heavily on the uptake of organic molecules such as lipid precursors, amino acids and their derivatives, and sugars and their derivatives. Overall, the majority of the transporters identified are more similar to prokaryotic transporters than eukaryotic systems although several instances of the reverse were documented. Taken together, the results support the previous suggestions that the Asgard superphylum includes organisms that are largely mixotrophic and anaerobic but more clearly define their metabolic potential while providing evidence regarding their relatedness to eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven Russum
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Katie Jing Kay Lam
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Alan Wong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Vasu Iddamsetty
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Hendargo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jianing Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Aditi Dubey
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Arturo Medrano-Soto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MHS); (AMS)
| | - Milton H. Saier
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MHS); (AMS)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gagnon KB, Delpire E. Sodium Transporters in Human Health and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 11:588664. [PMID: 33716756 PMCID: PMC7947867 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.588664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium (Na+) electrochemical gradients established by Na+/K+ ATPase activity drives the transport of ions, minerals, and sugars in both excitable and non-excitable cells. Na+-dependent transporters can move these solutes in the same direction (cotransport) or in opposite directions (exchanger) across both the apical and basolateral plasma membranes of polarized epithelia. In addition to maintaining physiological homeostasis of these solutes, increases and decreases in sodium may also initiate, directly or indirectly, signaling cascades that regulate a variety of intracellular post-translational events. In this review, we will describe how the Na+/K+ ATPase maintains a Na+ gradient utilized by multiple sodium-dependent transport mechanisms to regulate glucose uptake, excitatory neurotransmitters, calcium signaling, acid-base balance, salt-wasting disorders, fluid volume, and magnesium transport. We will discuss how several Na+-dependent cotransporters and Na+-dependent exchangers have significant roles in human health and disease. Finally, we will discuss how each of these Na+-dependent transport mechanisms have either been shown or have the potential to use Na+ in a secondary role as a signaling molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Gagnon
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Eric Delpire
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dominguez LJ, Veronese N, Guerrero-Romero F, Barbagallo M. Magnesium in Infectious Diseases in Older People. Nutrients 2021; 13:E180. [PMID: 33435521 PMCID: PMC7827130 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced magnesium (Mg) intake is a frequent cause of deficiency with age together with reduced absorption, renal wasting, and polypharmacotherapy. Chronic Mg deficiency may result in increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation, which may be linked to several age-related diseases, including higher predisposition to infectious diseases. Mg might play a role in the immune response being a cofactor for immunoglobulin synthesis and other processes strictly associated with the function of T and B cells. Mg is necessary for the biosynthesis, transport, and activation of vitamin D, another key factor in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. The regulation of cytosolic free Mg in immune cells involves Mg transport systems, such as the melastatin-like transient receptor potential 7 channel, the solute carrier family, and the magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1). The functional importance of Mg transport in immunity was unknown until the description of the primary immunodeficiency XMEN (X-linked immunodeficiency with Mg defect, Epstein-Barr virus infection, and neoplasia) due to a genetic deficiency of MAGT1 characterized by chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection. This and other research reporting associations of Mg deficit with viral and bacterial infections indicate a possible role of Mg deficit in the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its complications. In this review, we will discuss the importance of Mg for the immune system and for infectious diseases, including the recent pandemic of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ligia J. Dominguez
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (L.J.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (L.J.D.); (M.B.)
| | | | - Mario Barbagallo
- Geriatric Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (L.J.D.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mellott A, Rockwood J, Zhelay T, Luu CT, Kaitsuka T, Kozak JA. TRPM7 channel activity in Jurkat T lymphocytes during magnesium depletion and loading: implications for divalent metal entry and cytotoxicity. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1589-1606. [PMID: 32964285 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02457-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
TRPM7 is a cation channel-protein kinase highly expressed in T lymphocytes and other immune cells. It has been proposed to constitute a cellular entry pathway for Mg2+ and divalent metal cations such as Ca2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, and Ni2+. TRPM7 channels are inhibited by cytosolic Mg2+, rendering them largely inactive in intact cells. The dependence of channel activity on extracellular Mg2+ is less well studied. Here, we measured native TRPM7 channel activity in Jurkat T cells maintained in external Mg2+ concentrations varying between 400 nM and 1.4 mM for 1-3 days, obtaining an IC50 value of 54 μM. Maintaining the cells in 400 nM or 8 μM [Mg2+]o resulted in almost complete activation of TRPM7 in intact cells, due to cytosolic Mg2+ depletion. A total of 1.4 mM [Mg2+]o was sufficient to fully eliminate the basal current. Submillimolar concentrations of amiloride prevented cellular Mg2+ depletion but not loading. We investigated whether the cytotoxicity of TRPM7 permeant metal ions Ni2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+ requires TRPM7 channel activity. Mg2+ loading modestly reduced cytotoxicity of Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Mn2+ but not of Cd2+. Channel blocker NS8593 reduced Co2+ and Mn2+ but not Cd2+ or Zn2+ cytotoxicity and interfered with Mg2+ loading as evaluated by TRPM7 channel basal activity. Ba2+ and Sr2+ were neither detectably toxic nor permeant through the plasma membrane. These results indicate that in Jurkat T cells, entry of toxic divalent metal cations primarily occurs through pathways distinct from TRPM7. By contrast, we found evidence that Mg2+ entry requires TRPM7 channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alayna Mellott
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine and College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Jananie Rockwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine and College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Tetyana Zhelay
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine and College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Charles Tuan Luu
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine and College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Taku Kaitsuka
- School of Pharmacy in Fukuoka, International University of Health and Welfare, Enokizu 137-1, Okawa, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - J Ashot Kozak
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine and College of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang W, Yan H, Deng Y, Lou J, Zhang P, Cui Q, Sun H, Tang H, Sun Y, Yang J, Li D, Sun Y. Expression profile and bioinformatics analysis of circular RNA in intestinal mucosal injury and repair after severe burns. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:2570-2587. [PMID: 32910511 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNA (circRNA) is a novel noncoding RNA that is mostly found in humans and animals. Although the flux of circRNA research has increased in recent years, its precise function is still unclear. Some studies demonstrate that circRNAs can function as microRNA (miRNA) sponges involved in the regulation of competitive endogenous RNAs networks and play a crucial role in many biological processes. Other studies show that circRNAs play multiple biological roles in gastrointestinal diseases. However, the expression characteristics and function of circRNA in intestinal mucosal injury and repair after severe burn have not been reported. This study aims to screen differentially expressed circRNAs in intestinal mucosal injury and repair after severe burns and understand their underlying mechanisms. To test our hypothesis that circRNA may play a role in promoting repair in intestinal mucosa injury after severe burns, we collected the intestinal tissues of three severely burned mice and three pseudo-scalded mice and evaluated the expression of circRNAs via microarray analysis. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was also used to validate the circRNA microarray data by selecting six based on different multiples, original values, and p values. The host genes of all differentially expressed circRNAs and the downstream target genes of six selected DEcircRNAs were identified by Gene Ontology and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis. Meanwhile, we also created a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA network to predict the role and function of circRNAs in intestinal mucosal injury and repair after severe burns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Yan
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuequ Deng
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqi Lou
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingwei Cui
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Tang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Burn Surgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The 71st Group Army Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Solute carrier transporters: the metabolic gatekeepers of immune cells. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:61-78. [PMID: 31993307 PMCID: PMC6977534 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solute carrier (SLC) transporters meditate many essential physiological functions, including nutrient uptake, ion influx/efflux, and waste disposal. In its protective role against tumors and infections, the mammalian immune system coordinates complex signals to support the proliferation, differentiation, and effector function of individual cell subsets. Recent research in this area has yielded surprising findings on the roles of solute carrier transporters, which were discovered to regulate lymphocyte signaling and control their differentiation, function, and fate by modulating diverse metabolic pathways and balanced levels of different metabolites. In this review, we present current information mainly on glucose transporters, amino-acid transporters, and metal ion transporters, which are critically important for mediating immune cell homeostasis in many different pathological conditions.
Collapse
Key Words
- 3-PG, 3-phosphoglyceric acid
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AP-1, activator protein 1
- ASCT2, alanine serine and cysteine transporter system 2
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- BCR, B cell receptor
- BMDMs, bone marrow-derived macrophages
- CD45R, a receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase
- CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, dendritic cells
- EAATs, excitatory amino acid transporters
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERRα, estrogen related receptor alpha
- FFA, free fatty acids
- G-6-P, glucose 6-phosphate
- GLUT, glucose transporters
- GSH, glutathione
- Glucose
- Glutamine
- HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- HIV-1, human immunodeficiency virus type 1
- Hk1, hexokinase-1
- IFNβ, interferon beta
- IFNγ, interferon gamma
- IKK, IκB kinase
- IKKβ, IκB kinase beta subunit
- IL, interleukin
- LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- Lymphocytes
- Lyn, tyrosine-protein kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporters
- MS, multiple sclerosis
- Metal ion
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
- NO, nitric oxide
- NOD2, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2
- PEG2, prostaglandin E2
- PI-3K/AKT, phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase/serine–threonine kinase
- PPP, pentose phosphate pathway
- Pfk, phosphofructokinase
- RA, rheumatoid arthritis
- RLR, RIG-I-like receptor
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLE, systemic lupus erythematosus
- SNAT, sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters
- STAT, signal transducers and activators of transcription
- Solute carrier
- TAMs, tumor-associated macrophages
- TCA, tricarboxylic acid
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TLR, toll-like receptor
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- TRPM7, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7
- Teffs, effector T cells
- Th1/2/17, type 1/2/17 helper T cells
- Tregs, regulatory T cells
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- ZIP, zrt/irt-like proteins
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- iTregs, induced regulatory T cells
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- α-KG, α-ketoglutaric acid
Collapse
|
18
|
Vignal A, Boitard S, Thébault N, Dayo GK, Yapi-Gnaore V, Youssao Abdou Karim I, Berthouly-Salazar C, Pálinkás-Bodzsár N, Guémené D, Thibaud-Nissen F, Warren WC, Tixier-Boichard M, Rognon X. A guinea fowl genome assembly provides new evidence on evolution following domestication and selection in galliformes. Mol Ecol Resour 2019; 19:997-1014. [PMID: 30945415 PMCID: PMC6579635 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The helmeted guinea fowl Numida meleagris belongs to the order Galliformes. Its natural range includes a large part of sub‐Saharan Africa, from Senegal to Eritrea and from Chad to South Africa. Archaeozoological and artistic evidence suggest domestication of this species may have occurred about 2,000 years BP in Mali and Sudan primarily as a food resource, although villagers also benefit from its capacity to give loud alarm calls in case of danger, of its ability to consume parasites such as ticks and to hunt snakes, thus suggesting its domestication may have resulted from a commensal association process. Today, it is still farmed in Africa, mainly as a traditional village poultry, and is also bred more intensively in other countries, mainly France and Italy. The lack of available molecular genetic markers has limited the genetic studies conducted to date on guinea fowl. We present here a first‐generation whole‐genome sequence draft assembly used as a reference for a study by a Pool‐seq approach of wild and domestic populations from Europe and Africa. We show that the domestic populations share a higher genetic similarity between each other than they do to wild populations living in the same geographical area. Several genomic regions showing selection signatures putatively related to domestication or importation to Europe were detected, containing candidate genes, most notably EDNRB2, possibly explaining losses in plumage coloration phenotypes in domesticated populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Vignal
- GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Simon Boitard
- GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Noémie Thébault
- GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, INP-ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francoise Thibaud-Nissen
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Wesley C Warren
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.,Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | | | - Xavier Rognon
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feord HK, Dear FEG, Obbard DJ, van Ooijen G. A Magnesium Transport Protein Related to Mammalian SLC41 and Bacterial MgtE Contributes to Circadian Timekeeping in a Unicellular Green Alga. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10020158. [PMID: 30791470 PMCID: PMC6410215 DOI: 10.3390/genes10020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks in eukaryotes involve both transcriptional-translational feedback loops, post-translational regulation, and metabolic, non-transcriptional oscillations. We recently identified the involvement of circadian oscillations in the intracellular concentrations of magnesium ions (Mg2+i) that were conserved in three eukaryotic kingdoms. Mg2+i in turn contributes to transcriptional clock properties of period and amplitude, and can function as a zeitgeber to define phase. However, the mechanism-or mechanisms-responsible for the generation of Mg2+i oscillations, and whether these are functionally conserved across taxonomic groups, remain elusive. We employed the cellular clock model Ostreococcustauri to provide a first study of an MgtE domain-containing protein in the green lineage. OtMgtE shares homology with the mammalian SLC41A1 magnesium/sodium antiporter, which has previously been implicated in maintaining clock period. Using genetic overexpression, we found that OtMgtE contributes to both timekeeping and daily changes in Mg2+i. However, pharmacological experiments and protein sequence analyses indicated that critical differences exist between OtMgtE and either the ancestral MgtE channel or the mammalian SLC41 antiporters. We concluded that even though MgtE domain-containing proteins are only distantly related, these proteins retain a shared role in contributing to cellular timekeeping and the regulation of Mg2+i.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Feord
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Frederick E G Dear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Darren J Obbard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| | - Gerben van Ooijen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Carbonate Apatite Nanoparticles-Facilitated Intracellular Delivery of siRNA(s) Targeting Calcium Ion Channels Efficiently Kills Breast Cancer Cells. TOXICS 2018; 6:toxics6030034. [PMID: 29949888 PMCID: PMC6161028 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Specific gene knockdown facilitated by short interfering RNA (siRNA) is a potential approach for suppressing the expression of ion channels and transporter proteins to kill breast cancer cells. The overexpression of calcium ion channels and transporter genes is seen in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Since naked siRNA is anionic and prone to nuclease-mediated degradation, it has limited permeability across the cationic cell membrane and short systemic half-life, respectively. Carbonate apatite (CA) nanoparticles were formulated, characterized, loaded with a series of siRNAs, and delivered into MCF-7 and 4T1 breast cancer cells to selectively knockdown the respective calcium and magnesium ion channels and transporters. Individual knockdown of TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPM8, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, ORAI1, ORAI3, and ATP2C1 genes showed significant reduction (p < 0.001) in cell viability depending on the cancer cell type. From a variety of combinations of siRNAs, the combination of TRPC6, TRPM8, SLC41A2, and MAGT1 siRNAs delivered via CA produced the greatest cell viability reduction, resulting in a cytotoxicity effect of 57.06 ± 3.72% (p < 0.05) and 59.83 ± 2.309% (p = 0.09) in 4T1 and MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Some of the combinations were shown to suppress the Akt pathway in Western Blot analysis when compared to the controls. Therefore, CA-siRNA-facilitated gene knockdown in vitro holds a high prospect for deregulating cell proliferation and survival pathways through the modulation of Ca2+ signaling in breast cancer cells.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Abumaria N, Li W, Liu Y. TRPM7 functions in non-neuronal and neuronal systems: Perspectives on its role in the adult brain. Behav Brain Res 2018; 340:81-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
23
|
Magnesium Extravaganza: A Critical Compendium of Current Research into Cellular Mg 2+ Transporters Other than TRPM6/7. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 176:65-105. [PMID: 30406297 DOI: 10.1007/112_2018_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium research has boomed within the last 20 years. The real breakthrough came at the start of the new millennium with the discovery of a plethora of possible Mg homeostatic factors that, in particular, included putative Mg2+ transporters. Until that point, Mg research was limited to biochemical and physiological work, as no target molecular entities were known that could be used to explore the molecular biology of Mg homeostasis at the level of the cell, tissue, organ, or organism and to translate such knowledge into the field of clinical medicine and pharmacology. Because of the aforementioned, Mg2+ and Mg homeostasis, both of which had been heavily marginalized within the biomedical field in the twentieth century, have become overnight a focal point of many studies ranging from primary biomedical research to translational medicine.The amount of literature concerning cellular Mg2+ transport and cellular Mg homeostasis is increasing, together with a certain amount of confusion, especially about the function(s) of the newly discovered and, in the majority of instances, still only putative Mg2+ transporters/Mg2+ homeostatic factors. Newcomers to the field of Mg research will thus find it particularly difficult to orient themselves.Here, we briefly but critically summarize the status quo of the current understanding of the molecular entities behind cellular Mg2+ homeostasis in mammalian/human cells other than TRPM6/7 chanzymes, which have been universally accepted as being unspecific cation channel kinases allowing the flux of Mg2+ while constituting the major gateway for Mg2+ to enter the cell.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tomita A, Zhang M, Jin F, Zhuang W, Takeda H, Maruyama T, Osawa M, Hashimoto KI, Kawasaki H, Ito K, Dohmae N, Ishitani R, Shimada I, Yan Z, Hattori M, Nureki O. ATP-dependent modulation of MgtE in Mg 2+ homeostasis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:148. [PMID: 28747715 PMCID: PMC5529423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnesium is an essential ion for numerous physiological processes. MgtE is a Mg2+ selective channel involved in the maintenance of intracellular Mg2+ homeostasis, whose gating is regulated by intracellular Mg2+ levels. Here, we report that ATP binds to MgtE, regulating its Mg2+-dependent gating. Crystal structures of MgtE–ATP complex show that ATP binds to the intracellular CBS domain of MgtE. Functional studies support that ATP binding to MgtE enhances the intracellular domain affinity for Mg2+ within physiological concentrations of this divalent cation, enabling MgtE to function as an in vivo Mg2+ sensor. ATP dissociation from MgtE upregulates Mg2+ influx at both high and low intracellular Mg2+ concentrations. Using site-directed mutagenesis and structure based-electrophysiological and biochemical analyses, we identify key residues and main structural changes involved in the process. This work provides the molecular basis of ATP-dependent modulation of MgtE in Mg2+ homeostasis. MgtE is an Mg2+ transporter involved in Mg2+ homeostasis. Here, the authors report that ATP regulates the Mg+2-dependent gating of MgtE and use X-ray crystallography combined with functional studies to propose the molecular mechanisms involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Tomita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Fei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Wenhui Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hironori Takeda
- Faculty of Life Science, Kyoto Sangyo University, Kamigamo-motoyama, Kita-ku, Kyoto, 603-8555, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Maruyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Osawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hashimoto
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Asahi-cho, Senju, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-8551, Japan
| | - Hisashi Kawasaki
- Department of Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, 5 Asahi-cho, Senju, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, 120-8551, Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Ishitani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ichio Shimada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Zhiqiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Institute of Brain Science, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China. .,Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China.
| | - Motoyuki Hattori
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438, China.
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kieboom BCT, Ligthart S, Dehghan A, Kurstjens S, de Baaij JHF, Franco OH, Hofman A, Zietse R, Stricker BH, Hoorn EJ. Serum magnesium and the risk of prediabetes: a population-based cohort study. Diabetologia 2017; 60:843-853. [PMID: 28224192 PMCID: PMC6518103 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-017-4224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Previous studies have found an association between serum magnesium and incident diabetes; however, this association may be due to reverse causation, whereby diabetes may induce urinary magnesium loss. In contrast, in prediabetes (defined as impaired fasting glucose), serum glucose levels are below the threshold for urinary magnesium wasting and, hence, unlikely to influence serum magnesium levels. Thus, to study the directionality of the association between serum magnesium levels and diabetes, we investigated its association with prediabetes. We also investigated whether magnesium-regulating genes influence diabetes risk through serum magnesium levels. Additionally, we quantified the effect of insulin resistance in the association between serum magnesium levels and diabetes risk. METHODS Within the population-based Rotterdam Study, we used Cox models, adjusted for age, sex, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, kidney function, serum levels of electrolytes and diuretic use, to study the association between serum magnesium and prediabetes/diabetes. In addition, we performed two mediation analyses: (1) to study if common genetic variation in eight magnesium-regulating genes influence diabetes risk through serum magnesium levels; and (2) to quantify the proportion of the effect of serum magnesium levels on diabetes that is mediated through insulin resistance (quantified by HOMA-IR). RESULTS A total of 8555 participants (mean age, 64.7 years; median follow-up, 5.7 years) with normal glucose levels (mean ± SD: 5.46 ± 0.58 mmol/l) at baseline were included. A 0.1 mmol/l decrease in serum magnesium level was associated with an increase in diabetes risk (HR 1.18 [95% CI 1.04, 1.33]), confirming findings from previous studies. Of interest, a similar association was found between serum magnesium levels and prediabetes risk (HR 1.12 [95% CI 1.01, 1.25]). Genetic variation in CLDN19, CNNM2, FXYD2, SLC41A2, and TRPM6 significantly influenced diabetes risk (p < 0.05), and for CNNM2, FXYD2, SLC41A2 and TRPM6 this risk was completely mediated by serum magnesium levels. We found that 29.1% of the effect of serum magnesium levels on diabetes was mediated through insulin resistance, whereas for prediabetes 13.4% was mediated through insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Low serum magnesium levels are associated with an increased risk of prediabetes and this increased risk is similar to that of diabetes. Furthermore, common variants in magnesium-regulating genes modify diabetes risk through serum magnesium levels. Both findings support a potential causal role of magnesium in the development of diabetes, where the hypothesised pathway is partly mediated through insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C T Kieboom
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Inspectorate for Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Symen Ligthart
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Steef Kurstjens
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert Zietse
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno H Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Inspectorate for Health Care, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Ewout J Hoorn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Huguet F, Calvez ML, Benz N, Le Hir S, Mignen O, Buscaglia P, Horgen FD, Férec C, Kerbiriou M, Trouvé P. Function and regulation of TRPM7, as well as intracellular magnesium content, are altered in cells expressing ΔF508-CFTR and G551D-CFTR. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3351-73. [PMID: 26874684 PMCID: PMC11108291 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF), one of the most common fatal hereditary disorders, is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. The CFTR gene product is a multidomain adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) protein that functions as a chloride (Cl(-)) channel that is regulated by intracellular magnesium [Mg(2+)]i. The most common mutations in CFTR are a deletion of a phenylalanine residue at position 508 (ΔF508-CFTR, 70-80 % of CF phenotypes) and a Gly551Asp substitution (G551D-CFTR, 4-5 % of alleles), which lead to decreased or almost abolished Cl(-) channel function, respectively. Magnesium ions have to be finely regulated within cells for optimal expression and function of CFTR. Therefore, the melastatin-like transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7), which is responsible for Mg(2+) entry, was studies and [Mg(2+)]i measured in cells stably expressing wildtype CFTR, and two mutant proteins (ΔF508-CFTR and G551D-CFTR). This study shows for the first time that [Mg(2+)]i is decreased in cells expressing ΔF508-CFTR and G551D-CFTR mutated proteins. It was also observed that the expression of the TRPM7 protein is increased; however, membrane localization was altered for both ΔF508del-CFTR and G551D-CFTR. Furthermore, both the function and regulation of the TRPM7 channel regarding Mg(2+) is decreased in the cells expressing the mutated CFTR. Ca(2+) influx via TRPM7 were also modified in cells expressing a mutated CFTR. Therefore, there appears to be a direct involvement of TRPM7 in CF physiopathology. Finally, we propose that the TRPM7 activator Naltriben is a new potentiator for G551D-CFTR as the function of this mutant increases upon activation of TRPM7 by Naltriben.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Huguet
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 29200, France
| | - M L Calvez
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 29200, France
- Association G. Saleun, Brest, 29218, France
| | - N Benz
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Association G. Saleun, Brest, 29218, France
| | - S Le Hir
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Morvan, C.H.U. Brest, Brest, 29200, France
| | - O Mignen
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 29200, France
| | - P Buscaglia
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 29200, France
| | - F D Horgen
- Laboratory of Marine Biological Chemistry, Department of Natural Sciences, Hawaii Pacific University, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA
| | - C Férec
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France.
- Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 29200, France.
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Morvan, C.H.U. Brest, Brest, 29200, France.
- Etablissement Français du Sang - Bretagne, Brest, 29200, France.
| | - M Kerbiriou
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France
- Faculté de Médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Brest, 29200, France
| | - P Trouvé
- Inserm, UMR1078, 46, rue Félix le Dantec, CS 51819, 29218, Brest Cedex 2, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shindo Y, Yamanaka R, Suzuki K, Hotta K, Oka K. Altered expression of Mg(2+) transport proteins during Parkinson's disease-like dopaminergic cell degeneration in PC12 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1979-84. [PMID: 27157538 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mg(2+) is an essential cation to maintain cellular functions, and intracellular Mg(2+) concentration ([Mg(2+)]i) is regulated by Mg(2+) channels and transporters. In our previous study, we demonstrated that MPP(+) elicits Mg(2+) influx across the cell membrane and Mg(2+) mobilization from mitochondria, and the resulting [Mg(2+)]i is an important determinants of the cell viability in MPP(+) model of Parkinson's disease (PD). It indicates that cellular Mg(2+) transport is one of the important factors to determine the progress of PD. However, whether the expression levels of Mg(2+) transport proteins change in the progress of PD has still been obscure. In this study, we estimated the mRNA expression levels of Mg(2+) transport proteins upon the exposure to MPP(+). In thirteen Mg(2+) transport proteins examined, mRNA expression level of SLC41A2 was increased and that of ACDP2, NIPA1 and MMgT2 were decreased. Knockdown of SLC41A2, ACDP2 or NIPA1 accelerated the MPP(+)-induced cell degeneration, and overexpression attenuated it. The decrease in the mRNA expression levels of NIPA1 and MMgT2 were also elicited by rotenone, H2O2 and FCCP, indicating that mitochondrial dysfunction related to this down-regulation. The increase in that of SLC41A2 was induced by an uncoupler, FCCP, as well as MPP(+), suggesting that it is an intrinsic protection mechanism against depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential and/or cellular ATP depletion. Our results shown here indicate that alteration of Mg(2+) transport proteins is implicated in the MPP(+) model of PD, and it affects cell degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryu Yamanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shindo Y, Yamanaka R, Suzuki K, Hotta K, Oka K. Intracellular magnesium level determines cell viability in the MPP(+) model of Parkinson's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:3182-91. [PMID: 26319097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons. Mitochondria are believed to be responsible for cellular Mg²⁺ homeostasis. Mg²⁺ is indispensable for maintaining ordinal cellular functions, hence perturbation of the cellular Mg²⁺ homeostasis may be responsible for the disorders of physiological functions and diseases including PD. However, the changes in intracellular Mg²⁺ concentration ([Mg²⁺]i) and the role of Mg²⁺ in PD have still been obscure. In this study, we investigated [Mg²⁺]i and its effect on neurodegeneration in the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺) model of PD in differentiated PC12 cells. Application of MPP⁺ induced an increase in [Mg²⁺]i immediately via two different pathways: Mg²⁺ release from mitochondria and Mg²⁺ influx across cell membrane, and the increased [Mg²⁺]i sustained for more than 16 h after MPP⁺ application. Suppression of Mg²⁺ influx decreased the viability of the cells exposed to MPP⁺. The cell viability correlated highly with [Mg²⁺]i. In the PC12 cells with suppressed Mg²⁺ influx, ATP concentration decreased and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased after an 8h exposure to MPP⁺. Our results indicate that the increase in [Mg²⁺]i inhibited cellular ROS generation and maintained ATP production, which resulted in the protection from MPP⁺ toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Shindo
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Ryu Yamanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kohji Hotta
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan
| | - Kotaro Oka
- Department of Bioscience and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
de Baaij JHF, Hoenderop JGJ, Bindels RJM. Magnesium in man: implications for health and disease. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:1-46. [PMID: 25540137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 886] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg(2+)) is an essential ion to the human body, playing an instrumental role in supporting and sustaining health and life. As the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium, it is involved in over 600 enzymatic reactions including energy metabolism and protein synthesis. Although Mg(2+) availability has been proven to be disturbed during several clinical situations, serum Mg(2+) values are not generally determined in patients. This review aims to provide an overview of the function of Mg(2+) in human health and disease. In short, Mg(2+) plays an important physiological role particularly in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. Moreover, Mg(2+) supplementation has been shown to be beneficial in treatment of, among others, preeclampsia, migraine, depression, coronary artery disease, and asthma. Over the last decade, several hereditary forms of hypomagnesemia have been deciphered, including mutations in transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 (TRPM6), claudin 16, and cyclin M2 (CNNM2). Recently, mutations in Mg(2+) transporter 1 (MagT1) were linked to T-cell deficiency underlining the important role of Mg(2+) in cell viability. Moreover, hypomagnesemia can be the consequence of the use of certain types of drugs, such as diuretics, epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and proton pump inhibitors. This review provides an extensive and comprehensive overview of Mg(2+) research over the last few decades, focusing on the regulation of Mg(2+) homeostasis in the intestine, kidney, and bone and disturbances which may result in hypomagnesemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H F de Baaij
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - René J M Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Differential mRNA expression and glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of TRPM6 and TRPM7 in the heart and kidney throughout murine pregnancy and development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117978. [PMID: 25692682 PMCID: PMC4333289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels TRPM6 and TRPM7 are critically involved in maintaining whole body and cellular Mg2+ homeostasis and ensuring the normal function of organs such as the heart and kidney. However, we do not know how the expression of TRPM6 and TPRM7 in these organs changes throughout fetal development and adult life, and whether this expression can be hormonally regulated. This study determined the ontogeny of TRPM6 and TRPM7 mRNA expression from mid-gestation through to adulthood in the mouse. In a second series of experiments, we examined how maternal administration of the glucocorticoids corticosterone and dexamethasone between embryonic days 12.5–15 affected TRPM6 and TRPM7 channel mRNA expression in the mother and fetus. Whilst renal TRPM7 expression was relatively constant throughout development, renal TRPM6 expression was markedly upregulated after birth. In contrast, cardiac TRPM7 expression was 2–4 fold higher in the fetus than in the adult. Surprisingly, TRPM6 expression was detected in the fetal heart (qPCR and in situ hybridization). Glucocorticoid administration during gestation increased fetal cardiac expression of both channels without affecting renal expression. In contrast, in the dam renal TRPM6 and TRPM7 expression was increased by glucocorticoids with no change in the cardiac channel expression. These data suggest that TRPM6 and TRPM7 channels are important in organogenesis, and that elevated maternal glucocorticoid levels can alter the expression of these channels. This suggests that perturbations in hormonal regulatory systems during pregnancy may adversely impact upon normal fetal development, at least in part by altering expression of TRPM channels.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Magnesium, the fourth most abundant cation in the human body, is involved in several essential physiological, biochemical, and cellular processes regulating cardiovascular function. It plays a critical role in modulating vascular smooth muscle tone, endothelial cell function, and myocardial excitability and is thus central to the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. This review discusses the vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-ischemic, and antiarrhythmic properties of magnesium and its current role in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
|
32
|
Chandrasekaran NC, Weir C, Alfraji S, Grice J, Roberts MS, Barnard RT. Effects of magnesium deficiency--more than skin deep. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1280-91. [PMID: 24928863 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214537745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dead Sea and magnesium salt therapy are two of the oldest forms of treatment for skin disease and several other disorders, supported by a body of largely anecdotal evidence. In this paper we review possible pathways for penetration of magnesium ions through the epidermis to reach the circulation, in turn replenishing cellular magnesium levels. We also discuss mechanisms for intercellular movement of magnesium ions and possible mechanisms for the interaction between magnesium ions and inflammatory mediators. Upon addition of magnesium ions in vitro, the expression of inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα) and nuclear factor κβ (NFκβ) is down regulated. Dysregulation of these and other inflammatory mediators has been linked to several inflammatory disorders, including asthma, arthritis, atherosclerosis and neuroinflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navin Chandrakanth Chandrasekaran
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Christopher Weir
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sumaya Alfraji
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jeff Grice
- School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Wooloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Ross T Barnard
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Chaigne-Delalande B, Lenardo MJ. Divalent cation signaling in immune cells. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:332-44. [PMID: 24932518 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Divalent cations of two alkaline earth metals Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) and the transition metal Zn(2+) play vital roles in the immune system, and several immune disorders are associated with disturbances of their function. Until recently only Ca(2+) was considered to serve as a second messenger. However, signaling roles for Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) have been recently described, leading to a reevaluation of their role as potential second messengers. We review here the roles of these cations as second messengers in light of recent advances in Ca(2+), Mg(2+), and Zn(2+) signaling in the immune system. Developing a better understanding of these signaling cations may lead to new therapeutic strategies for immune disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Chaigne-Delalande
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Lymphocyte Molecular Genetics Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Brandao K, Deason-Towne F, Zhao X, Perraud AL, Schmitz C. TRPM6 kinase activity regulates TRPM7 trafficking and inhibits cellular growth under hypomagnesic conditions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:4853-67. [PMID: 24858416 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1647-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The channel kinases TRPM6 and TRPM7 are both members of the melastatin-related transient receptor potential (TRPM) subfamily of ion channels and the only known fusions of an ion channel pore with a kinase domain. TRPM6 and TRPM7 form functional, tetrameric channel complexes at the plasma membrane by heteromerization. TRPM6 was previously shown to cross-phosphorylate TRPM7 on threonine residues, but not vice versa. Genetic studies demonstrated that TRPM6 and TRPM7 fulfill non-redundant functions and that each channel contributes uniquely to the regulation of Mg(2+) homeostasis. Although there are indications that TRPM6 and TRPM7 can influence each other's cellular distribution and activity, little is known about the functional relationship between these two channel-kinases. In the present study, we examined how TRPM6 kinase activity influences TRPM7 serine phosphorylation, intracellular trafficking, and cell surface expression of TRPM7, as well as Mg(2+)-dependent cellular growth. We found TRPM7 serine phosphorylation via the TRPM6 kinase, but no TRPM6 serine phosphorylation via the TRPM7 kinase. Intracellular trafficking of TRPM7 was altered in HEK-293 epithelial kidney cells and DT40 B cells in the presence of TRPM6 with intact kinase activity, independently of the availability of extracellular Mg(2+), but TRPM6/7 surface labeling experiments indicate comparable levels of the TRPM6/7 channels at the plasma membrane. Furthermore, using a complementation approach in TRPM7-deficient DT40 B-cells, we demonstrated that wild-type TRPM6 inhibited cell growth under hypomagnesic cell culture conditions in cells co-expressing TRPM6 and TRPM7; however, co-expression of a TRPM6 kinase dead mutant had no effect-a similar phenotype was also observed in TRPM6/7 co-expressing HEK-293 cells. Our results provide first clues about how heteromer formation between TRPM6 and TRPM7 influences the biological activity of these ion channels. We show that TRPM6 regulates TRPM7 intracellular trafficking and TRPM7-dependent cell growth. All these effects are dependent upon the presence of an active TRPM6 kinase domain. Dysregulated Mg(2+)-homeostasis causes or exacerbates many pathologies. As TRPM6 and TRPM7 are expressed simultaneously in numerous cell types, understanding how their relationship impacts regulation of Mg(2+)-uptake is thus important knowledge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Brandao
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO, 80206, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Brionne A, Nys Y, Hennequet-Antier C, Gautron J. Hen uterine gene expression profiling during eggshell formation reveals putative proteins involved in the supply of minerals or in the shell mineralization process. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:220. [PMID: 24649854 PMCID: PMC3999959 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The chicken eggshell is a natural mechanical barrier to protect egg components from physical damage and microbial penetration. Its integrity and strength is critical for the development of the embryo or to ensure for consumers a table egg free of pathogens. This study compared global gene expression in laying hen uterus in the presence or absence of shell calcification in order to characterize gene products involved in the supply of minerals and / or the shell biomineralization process. RESULTS Microarrays were used to identify a repertoire of 302 over-expressed genes during shell calcification. GO terms enrichment was performed to provide a global interpretation of the functions of the over-expressed genes, and revealed that the most over-represented proteins are related to reproductive functions. Our analysis identified 16 gene products encoding proteins involved in mineral supply, and allowed updating of the general model describing uterine ion transporters during eggshell calcification. A list of 57 proteins potentially secreted into the uterine fluid to be active in the mineralization process was also established. They were classified according to their potential functions (biomineralization, proteoglycans, molecular chaperone, antimicrobials and proteases/antiproteases). CONCLUSIONS Our study provides detailed descriptions of genes and corresponding proteins over-expressed when the shell is mineralizing. Some of these proteins involved in the supply of minerals and influencing the shell fabric to protect the egg contents are potentially useful biological markers for the genetic improvement of eggshell quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joël Gautron
- INRA, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Schweigel-Röntgen M, Kolisek M. SLC41 transporters--molecular identification and functional role. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2014; 73:383-410. [PMID: 24745990 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800223-0.00011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The solute carrier family 41 (SLC41) encompasses three members A1, A2, and A3. Based on their distant homology to the bacterial Mg²⁺ channel MgtE, all have been linked to Mg²⁺ transport. There is only very limited knowledge on the molecular biology and exact functions of SLC41A2 and SLC41A3. SLC41A1 is ubiquitously expressed and data on its functional and molecular properties, regulation, complex-forming ability, and spectrum of binding partners are available. SLC41A1 was recently identified as being the Na⁺/Mg²⁺ exchanger (NME)-a predominant Mg²⁺ efflux system. Mg²⁺-dependent and hormonal regulation of NME activity is now known to depend on the intracellular N terminus of SLC41A1 that is involved in Mg²⁺ sensing and contains phosphorylation sites for protein kinase (PK) A and PKC. Data showing a link between SLC41A1 and human disorders such as Parkinson's disease, nephronophthisis (induced by the null mutation c.698G>T in renal SLC41A1), and preeclampsia make the protein a candidate therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Schweigel-Röntgen
- Institute for Muscle Biology & Growth, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany.
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
The channel kinases TRPM6 and TRPM7 are fusion proteins with an ion transport domain and an enzymatically active kinase domain. TRPM7 has been found in every mammalian tissue investigated to date. The two-in-one protein structure, the ubiquitous expression profile, and the protein's unique biophysical characteristics that enable divalent ion transport involve TRPM7 in a plethora of (patho)physiological processes. With its prominent role in cellular and systemic magnesium homeostasis, TRPM7 emerges as a key player in embryonic development, global ischemia, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fleig
- Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fleig A, Schweigel-Röntgen M, Kolisek M. Solute Carrier Family SLC41, what do we really know about it? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2. [PMID: 24340240 DOI: 10.1002/wmts.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The 41st family of solute carriers (SLC41) comprises three members A1, A2 and A3, which are distantly homologous to bacterial Mg2+ channel MgtE. SLC41A1 was recently characterized as being an Na+/Mg2+ exchanger (NME; a predominant cellular Mg2+ efflux system). Little is known about the exact function of SLC41A2 and SLC41A3, although, these proteins have also been linked to Mg2+ transport in human (animal) cells. The molecular biology (including membrane topology, cellular localization, transcriptomics and proteomics) of SLC41A2 and SLC41A3 compared with SLC41A1 has only been poorly explored. Significantly more data with regard to function, functional regulation, involvement in cellular signalling, complex-forming ability, spectrum of binding partners and involvement in the pathophysiology of human diseases are available for SLC41A1. Three recent observations namely the identification of the null mutation, c.698G>T, in SLC41A1 underlying the nephronophthisis-like phenotype, the recognition of a putative link between SLC41A1 and Parkinson's disease, and the observation that nearly 55% of preeclamptic placental samples overexpress SLC41A1, marks the protein as a possible therapeutic target of these diseases. A potential role of the SLC41 family of Mg2+ transporters in the pathophysiology of human diseases is further substantiated by the finding that SLC41A3 knockout mice develop abnormal locomotor coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fleig
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Signalling, Center for Biomedical Research at The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sahni J, Scharenberg AM. The SLC41 family of MgtE-like magnesium transporters. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:620-8. [PMID: 23506895 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the most predominant intracellular divalent cations and is requisite to the regulation of a diverse array of cellular functions. Although accumulating data from multiple studies have begun to illuminate the critical role(s) played by Mg(2+) transporters in pathways involved in cell signaling, metabolism, growth and proliferation, there is still a lack of understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms that govern those various functions. In this review, we focus on the recently described SLC41 family of magnesium transporters, two members of which have been shown to mediate Mg(2+) uptake and transport, and highlight what is known about their expression, localization, and function, as well as their roles and contributions to cellular Mg(2+) transport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Sahni
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Payandeh J, Pfoh R, Pai EF. The structure and regulation of magnesium selective ion channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1828:2778-92. [PMID: 23954807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The magnesium ion (Mg(2+)) is the most abundant divalent cation within cells. In man, Mg(2+)-deficiency is associated with diseases affecting the heart, muscle, bone, immune, and nervous systems. Despite its impact on human health, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate magnesium transport and storage. Complete structural information on eukaryotic Mg(2+)-transport proteins is currently lacking due to associated technical challenges. The prokaryotic MgtE and CorA magnesium transport systems have recently succumbed to structure determination by X-ray crystallography, providing first views of these ubiquitous and essential Mg(2+)-channels. MgtE and CorA are unique among known membrane protein structures, each revealing a novel protein fold containing distinct arrangements of ten transmembrane-spanning α-helices. Structural and functional analyses have established that Mg(2+)-selectivity in MgtE and CorA occurs through distinct mechanisms. Conserved acidic side-chains appear to form the selectivity filter in MgtE, whereas conserved asparagines coordinate hydrated Mg(2+)-ions within the selectivity filter of CorA. Common structural themes have also emerged whereby MgtE and CorA sense and respond to physiologically relevant, intracellular Mg(2+)-levels through dedicated regulatory domains. Within these domains, multiple primary and secondary Mg(2+)-binding sites serve to staple these ion channels into their respective closed conformations, implying that Mg(2+)-transport is well guarded and very tightly regulated. The MgtE and CorA proteins represent valuable structural templates to better understand the related eukaryotic SLC41 and Mrs2-Alr1 magnesium channels. Herein, we review the structure, function and regulation of MgtE and CorA and consider these unique proteins within the expanding universe of ion channel and transporter structural biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Payandeh
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
The physiological and clinical relevance of Mg(2+) has evolved over the last decades. The molecular identification of multiple Mg(2+) transporters (Acdp2, MagT1, Mrs2, Paracellin-1, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, TRPM6 and TRPM7) and their biophysical characterization in recent years has improved our understanding of Mg(2+) homeostasis regulation and has provided a basis for investigating the role of Mg(2+) in the immune system. Deletions and mutations of Mg(2+) transporters produce severe phenotypes with more systemic symptoms than those seen with Ca(2+) channel deletions, which tend to be more specific and less profound. Deficiency of the Mg(2+) permeable ion channels TRPM6 or TRPM7 in mice is lethal at embryonic day 12.5 or at day 6.5, respectively, and, even more surprisingly, chicken DT40 B cells lacking TRPM7 die after 24-48 h. Recent progress made in Mg(2+) research has helped to define underlying mechanisms of two hereditary diseases, human Hypomagnesemia (TRPM6 deletion) and X-chromosomal immunodeficiency (MagT1 deletion), and has revealed a potential new role for Mg(2+) as a second messenger. Future elucidation of human Mg(2+) transporters (Mrs2, SLC41A1, SLC41A2, TRPM7) expressed in immunocytes, beyond MagT1 and TRPM6, will widen our knowledge about the potential role of Mg(2+) in the activation of the immune response.
Collapse
|
42
|
Islam Z, Hayashi N, Yamamoto Y, Doi H, Romero MF, Hirose S, Kato A. Identification and proximal tubular localization of the Mg²⁺ transporter, Slc41a1, in a seawater fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R385-96. [PMID: 23761638 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00507.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The second most abundant cation in seawater (SW), Mg²⁺, is present at concentrations of ~53 mM. Marine teleosts maintain plasma Mg²⁺ concentration at 1-2 mM by excreting Mg²⁺ into the urine. Urine Mg²⁺ concentrations of SW teleosts exceed 70 mM, most of which is secreted by the renal tubular epithelial cells. However, molecular mechanisms of the Mg²⁺ secretion have yet to be clarified. To identify transporters involved in Mg²⁺ secretion, we analyzed the expression of fish homologs of the Slc41 Mg²⁺ transporter family in various tissues of SW pufferfish torafugu (Takifugu rubripes) and its closely related euryhaline species mefugu (Takifugu obscurus). Takifugu genome contained five members of Slc41 genes, and only Slc41a1 was highly expressed in the kidney. Renal expression of Slc41a1 was markedly elevated when mefugu were transferred from fresh water (FW) to SW. In situ hybridization analysis and immunohistochemistry at the light and electron microscopic levels revealed that Slc41a1 is localized to vacuoles in the apical cytoplasm of the proximal tubules. These results suggest that pufferfish Slc41a1 is a Mg²⁺ transporter involved in renal tubular transepithelial Mg²⁺ secretion by mediating Mg²⁺ transport from the cytosol to the vacuolar lumen, and support the hypothesis that Mg²⁺ secretion is mediated by exocytosis of Mg²⁺-rich vacuoles to the lumen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zinia Islam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
|
44
|
Njiaju UO, Gamazon ER, Gorsic LK, Delaney SM, Wheeler HE, Im HK, Dolan ME. Whole-genome studies identify solute carrier transporters in cellular susceptibility to paclitaxel. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:498-507. [PMID: 22437668 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e328352f436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The clinical use of paclitaxel is limited by variable responses and the potential for significant toxicity. To date, studies of associations between variants in candidate genes and paclitaxel effects have yielded conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate the relationships between global gene expression and paclitaxel sensitivity. METHODS We utilized well-genotyped lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from the International HapMap Project to evaluate the relationships between cellular susceptibility to paclitaxel and global gene expression. Cells were exposed to varying concentrations of paclitaxel to evaluate paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Among the top genes, we identified solute carrier (SLC) genes associated with paclitaxel sensitivity and narrowed down the list to those that had single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with both the expression level of the SLC gene and also with paclitaxel sensitivity. We performed an independent validation in an independent set of cell lines and also conducted functional studies using RNA interference. RESULTS Of all genes associated with paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity at P less than 0.05 (1713 genes), there was a significant enrichment in SLC genes (31 genes). A subset of SLC genes, namely SLC31A2, SLC43A1, SLC35A5, and SLC41A2, was associated with paclitaxel sensitivity and had regulating single nucleotide polymorphisms that were also associated with paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity. Multivariate modeling demonstrated that those four SLC genes together explained 20% of the observed variability in paclitaxel susceptibility. Using RNA interference, we demonstrated increased paclitaxel susceptibility with knockdown of three SLC genes, SLC31A2, SLC35A5, and SLC41A2. CONCLUSION Our findings are novel and lend further support to the role of transporters, specifically solute carriers, in mediating cellular susceptibility to paclitaxel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna O Njiaju
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The TRPM7 (transient receptor potential melastatin 7) channel has been shown to play a pivotal role in cell survival during brain ischaemia as well as in the survival of other cell types challenged with apoptotic stimuli. Ca(2+) is thought to be central to the channel's ability to regulate ROS (reactive oxygen species) production. However, channel-mediated entry of Mg(2+) and Zn(2+) have also been implicated in cell death. In the present study, we show that depletion of TRPM7 by RNA interference in fibroblasts increases cell resistance to apoptotic stimuli by decreasing ROS levels in an Mg(2+)-dependent manner. Depletion of TRPM7 lowered cellular Mg(2+), decreased the concentration of ROS and lessened p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) activation as well as decreased caspase 3 activation and PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase] cleavage in response to apoptotic stimuli. Re-expression of TRPM7 or of a kinase-inactive mutant of TRPM7 in TRPM7-knockdown cells increased cellular Mg(2+) and ROS levels, as did expression of the Mg(2+) transporter SLC41A2 (solute carrier family 41 member 2). In addition, expression of SLC41A2 increased the sensitivity of TRPM7-knockdown cells to apoptotic stimuli and boosted ROS generation in response to cell stress. Taken together, these data uncover an essential role for Mg(2+) in TRPM7's control of cell survival and in the regulation of cellular ROS levels.
Collapse
|
46
|
Sahni J, Song Y, Scharenberg AM. The B. subtilis MgtE magnesium transporter can functionally compensate TRPM7-deficiency in vertebrate B-cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44452. [PMID: 22970223 PMCID: PMC3435302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that the vertebrate magnesium transporters Solute carrier family 41, members 1 and 2 (SLC41A1, SLC41A2) and Magnesium transporter subtype 1 (MagT1) can endow vertebrate B-cells lacking the ion-channel kinase Transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7 (TRPM7) with a capacity to grow and proliferate. SLC41A1 and SLC41A2 display distant homology to the prokaryotic family of Mg2+ transporters, MgtE, first characterized in Bacillus subtilis. These sequence similarities prompted us to investigate whether MgtE could potentially compensate for the lack of TRPM7 in the vertebrate TRPM7-deficient DT40 B-cell model system. Here, we report that overexpression of MgtE is able to rescue the growth of TRPM7-KO DT40 B-cells. However, contrary to a previous report that describes regulation of MgtE channel gating by Mg2+ in a bacterial spheroplast model system, whole cell patch clamp analysis revealed no detectable current development in TRPM7-deficient cells expressing MgtE. In addition, we observed that MgtE expression is strongly downregulated at high magnesium concentrations, similar to what has been described for its vertebrate homolog, SLC41A1. We also show that the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of MgtE is required for normal MgtE channel function, functionally confirming the predicted importance of this domain in regulation of MgtE-mediated Mg2+ entry. Overall, our findings show that consistent with its proposed function, Mg2+ uptake mediated by MgtE is able to restore cell growth and proliferation of TRPM7-deficient cells and supports the concept of functional homology between MgtE and its vertebrate homologs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Sahni
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JS); (AS)
| | - Yumei Song
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Scharenberg
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics and Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JS); (AS)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
TRPM7: A unique channel involved in magnesium homeostasis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1381-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
48
|
Kolisek M, Nestler A, Vormann J, Schweigel-Röntgen M. Human geneSLC41A1encodes for the Na+/Mg2+exchanger. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C318-26. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00289.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+), the second most abundant divalent intracellular cation, is involved in the vast majority of intracellular processes, including the synthesis of nucleic acids, proteins, and energy metabolism. The concentration of intracellular free Mg2+([Mg2+]i) in mammalian cells is therefore tightly regulated to its optimum, mainly by an exchange of intracellular Mg2+for extracellular Na+. Despite the importance of this process for cellular Mg2+homeostasis, the gene(s) encoding for the functional Na+/Mg2+exchanger is (are) still unknown. Here, using the fluorescent probe mag-fura 2 to measure [Mg2+]ichanges, we examine Mg2+extrusion from hSLC41A1-overexpressing human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells. A three- to fourfold elevation of [Mg2+]iwas accompanied by a five- to ninefold increase of Mg2+efflux. The latter was strictly dependent on extracellular Na+and reduced by 91% after complete replacement of Na+with N-methyl-d-glucamine. Imipramine and quinidine, known unspecific Na+/Mg2+exchanger inhibitors, led to a strong 88% to 100% inhibition of hSLC41A1-related Mg2+extrusion. In addition, our data show regulation of the transport activity via phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A. As these are the typical characteristics of a Na+/Mg2+exchanger, we conclude that the human SLC41A1 gene encodes for the Na+/Mg2+exchanger, the predominant Mg2+efflux system. Based on this finding, the analysis of Na+/Mg2+exchanger regulation and its involvement in the pathogenesis of diseases such as Parkinson's disease and hypertension at the molecular level should now be possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolisek
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin
| | - Axel Nestler
- Institute for Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin
| | | | - Monika Schweigel-Röntgen
- Research Unit Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner,” Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Xie J, Sun B, Du J, Yang W, Chen HC, Overton JD, Runnels LW, Yue L. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) controls magnesium gatekeeper TRPM6 activity. Sci Rep 2011; 1:146. [PMID: 22180838 PMCID: PMC3238349 DOI: 10.1038/srep00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
TRPM6 is crucial for human Mg2+ homeostasis as patients carrying TRPM6 mutations develop hypomagnesemia and secondary hypocalcemia (HSH). However, the activation mechanism of TRPM6 has remained unknown. Here we demonstrate that phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphophate (PIP2) controls TRPM6 activation and Mg2+ influx. Stimulation of PLC-coupled M1-receptors to deplete PIP2 potently inactivates TRPM6. Translocation of over-expressed 5-phosphatase to cell membrane to specifically hydrolyze PIP2 also completely inhibits TRPM6. Moreover, depolarization-induced-activation of the voltage-sensitive-phosphatase (Ci-VSP) simultaneously depletes PIP2 and inhibits TRPM6. PLC-activation induced PIP2-depletion not only inhibits TRPM6, but also abolishes TRPM6-mediated Mg2+ influx. Furthermore, neutralization of basic residues in the TRP domain leads to nonfunctional or dysfunctional mutants with reduced activity by PIP2, suggesting that they are likely to participate in interactions with PIP2. Our data indicate that PIP2 is required for TRPM6 channel function; hydrolysis of PIP2 by PLC-coupled hormones/agonists may constitute an important pathway for TRPM6 gating, and perhaps Mg2+ homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xie
- Calhoun Cardiology Center, Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
SLC41A1 Mg2+ transport is regulated via Mg2+-dependent endosomal recycling through its N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. Biochem J 2011; 439:129-39. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20110807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SLC41A1 (solute carrier family 41, member A1) is a recently described vertebrate member of the MgtE family of Mg2+ transporters. Although MgtE transporters are found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, and are highly conserved, little is known about the regulation of their Mg2+ transport function. In the present study, we have shown that endogenous SLC41A1 transporter expression is post-transcriptionally regulated by extracellular Mg2+ in TRPM7 (transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 7)-deficient cells, suggesting that SLC41A1 transporters underlie a novel plasma membrane Mg2+ transport function. Consistent with this conclusion, structure–function analyses of heterologous SLC41A1 transporter expression demonstrate that SLC41A1 transporters exhibit the same plasma membrane orientation as homologous bacterial MgtE proteins, are capable of complementing growth of TRPM7-deficient cells only when the Mg2+ transporting pore is intact, and require an N-terminal cytoplasmic domain for Mg2+-dependent regulation of lysosomal degradation and surface expression. Taken together, our results indicate that SLC41A1 proteins are a central component of vertebrate Mg2+ transport systems, and that their Mg2+ transport function is regulated primarily through an endosomal recycling mechanism involving the SLC41A1 N-terminal cytoplasmic domain.
Collapse
|