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Delescluse J, Simonnet MM, Ziegler AB, Piffaretti K, Alves G, Grosjean Y, Manière G. A LAT1-Like Amino Acid Transporter Regulates Neuronal Activity in the Drosophila Mushroom Bodies. Cells 2024; 13:1340. [PMID: 39195231 DOI: 10.3390/cells13161340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The proper functioning of neural circuits that integrate sensory signals is essential for individual adaptation to an ever-changing environment. Many molecules can modulate neuronal activity, including neurotransmitters, receptors, and even amino acids. Here, we ask whether amino acid transporters expressed by neurons can influence neuronal activity. We found that minidiscs (mnd), which encodes a light chain of a heterodimeric amino acid transporter, is expressed in different cell types of the adult Drosophila brain: in mushroom body neurons (MBs) and in glial cells. Using live calcium imaging, we found that MND expressed in α/β MB neurons is essential for sensitivity to the L-amino acids: Leu, Ile, Asp, Glu, Lys, Thr, and Arg. We found that the Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway but not the Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GDH) pathway is involved in the Leucine-dependent response of α/β MB neurons. This study strongly supports the key role of MND in regulating MB activity in response to amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Delescluse
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mégane M Simonnet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Anna B Ziegler
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kévin Piffaretti
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Georges Alves
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, CNRS, INRAe, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne, F-21000 Dijon, France
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2
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Hikawa N, Kashio S, Miura M. Mating-induced increase of kynurenine in Drosophila ovary enhances starvation resistance of progeny. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105663. [PMID: 38246353 PMCID: PMC10882137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The maternal nutritional environment can impact progeny development, stress tolerance, and longevity. Such phenotypic variation of offspring resulting from the maternal environment is often referred to as the 'maternal effect' and is observed across taxa, including in humans. While some mechanisms behind maternal effects have been revealed, such as histone modification, many studies rely on drastic genetic or nutritional manipulation in describing these mechanisms. Here we aimed to reveal how the maternal environment is regulated under physiological conditions to affect the progeny. Specifically, we detailed metabolic regulation in oocytes in response to mating using Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we found that upon mating, the ovary metabolites shifted, predominantly toward increasing amino acids and the tryptophan/kynurenine (Kyn) pathway. This mating-induced increase in ovary Kyn was driven by increased Kyn production in the fat body, a functional counterpart of the mammalian liver and white adipose tissue and the source of Kyn storage for the ovary after mating. Furthermore, we show that maternal Kyn repression decreased the starvation resistance of progeny and that administering exogenous Kyn to the maternal generation enhanced the starvation resistance of female progeny. Taken together, these findings point to a previously unidentified role of fat body Kyn distribution during reproduction on progeny survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Hikawa
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soshiro Kashio
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Miura
- Department of Genetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Ghosh S, Chakraborti S, Devi D, Sahu R, Mandal S, Mandal L. A conserved nutrient responsive axis mediates autophagic degradation of miRNA-mRNA hybrids in blood cell progenitors. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:385-403. [PMID: 37994707 PMCID: PMC10783512 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad1047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, microRNAs are amongst the primary non-coding RNAs involved in regulating the gene expression of a cell. Most mRNAs in a cell are targeted by one or many miRNAs. Although several mechanisms can be attributed to the degradation of miRNA and mRNA within a cell, but the involvement of autophagy in the clearance of miRNA and its target mRNA is not known. We discover a leucine-responsive axis in blood cell progenitors that can mediate an autophagy-directed degradation of miRNA-bound mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens. This previously unknown miRNA clearance axis is activated upon amino acid deprivation that can traffic miRNA-mRNA-loaded Argonaute for autophagic degradation in a p62-dependent manner. Thus, our research not only reports a novel axis that can address the turnover of a catalytically active miRISC but also elucidates a slicer-independent mechanism through which autophagy can selectively initiate the clearance of target mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmit Ghosh
- Developmental Genetic Laboratory, 140306 Punjab, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli P.O., 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Sreemoyee Chakraborti
- Developmental Genetic Laboratory, 140306 Punjab, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli P.O., 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Devki Devi
- Developmental Genetic Laboratory, 140306 Punjab, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli P.O., 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Sahu
- Developmental Genetic Laboratory, 140306 Punjab, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli P.O., 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Sudip Mandal
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Laboratory,140306 Punjab, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli P.O., 140306 Punjab, India
| | - Lolitika Mandal
- Developmental Genetic Laboratory, 140306 Punjab, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali (IISER Mohali), SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Sector 81, Manauli P.O., 140306 Punjab, India
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4
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Li H, Aboudhiaf S, Parrot S, Scote-Blachon C, Benetollo C, Lin JS, Seugnet L. Pallidin function in Drosophila surface glia regulates sleep and is dependent on amino acid availability. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113025. [PMID: 37682712 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pallidin protein is a central subunit of a multimeric complex called biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC1) that regulates specific endosomal functions and has been linked to schizophrenia. We show here that downregulation of Pallidin and other members of BLOC1 in the surface glia, the Drosophila equivalent of the blood-brain barrier, reduces and delays nighttime sleep in a circadian-clock-dependent manner. In agreement with BLOC1 involvement in amino acid transport, downregulation of the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-like transporters JhI-21 and mnd, as well as of TOR (target of rapamycin) amino acid signaling, phenocopy Pallidin knockdown. Furthermore, supplementing food with leucine normalizes the sleep/wake phenotypes of Pallidin downregulation, and we identify a role for Pallidin in the subcellular trafficking of JhI-21. Finally, we provide evidence that Pallidin in surface glia is required for GABAergic neuronal activity. These data identify a BLOC1 function linking essential amino acid availability and GABAergic sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Sami Aboudhiaf
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, NeuroDialyTics Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Céline Scote-Blachon
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GenCyTi Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Claire Benetollo
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GenCyTi Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France.
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5
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Rebelo AR, Homem CCF. dMyc-dependent upregulation of CD98 amino acid transporters is required for Drosophila brain tumor growth. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:30. [PMID: 36609617 PMCID: PMC9823048 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04668-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells have an increased demand for nutrients to sustain their growth, but how these increased metabolic needs are ensured or how this influences tumor formation and progression remains unclear. To unravel tumor metabolic dependencies, particularly from extracellular metabolites, we have analyzed the role of plasma membrane metabolic transporters in Drosophila brain tumors. Using a well-established neural stem cell-derived tumor model, caused by brat knockdown, we have found that 13 plasma membrane metabolic transporters, including amino acid, carbohydrate and monocarboxylate transporters, are upregulated in tumors and are required for tumor growth. We identified CD98hc and several of the light chains with which it can form heterodimeric amino acid transporters, as crucial players in brat RNAi (brat IR) tumor progression. Knockdown of these components of CD98 heterodimers caused a dramatic reduction in tumor growth. Our data also reveal that the oncogene dMyc is required and sufficient for the upregulation of CD98 transporter subunits in these tumors. Furthermore, tumor-upregulated dmyc and CD98 transporters orchestrate the overactivation of the growth-promoting signaling pathway TOR, forming a core growth regulatory network to support brat IR tumor progression. Our findings highlight the important link between oncogenes, metabolism, and signaling pathways in the regulation of tumor growth and allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms necessary for tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana R Rebelo
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina C F Homem
- iNOVA4Health, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NMS, FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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6
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Ratnaparkhi A, Sudhakaran J. Neural pathways in nutrient sensing and insulin signaling. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1002183. [PMID: 36439265 PMCID: PMC9691681 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1002183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient sensing and metabolic homeostasis play an important role in the proper growth and development of an organism, and also in the energy intensive process of reproduction. Signals in response to nutritional and metabolic status is received and integrated by the brain to ensure homeostasis. In Drosophila, the fat body is one of the key organs involved in energy and nutrient sensing, storage and utilization. It also relays the nutritional status of the animal to the brain, activating specific circuits which modulate the synthesis and release of insulin-like peptides to regulate metabolism. Here, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in nutrient sensing with an emphasis on the neural pathways that modulate this process and discuss some of the open questions that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Developmental Biology, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
- Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Jyothish Sudhakaran
- Department of Developmental Biology, MACS-Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
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7
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Kawakami J, Brooks D, Zalmai R, Hartson SD, Bouyain S, Geisbrecht ER. Complex protein interactions mediate Drosophila Lar function in muscle tissue. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269037. [PMID: 35622884 PMCID: PMC9140312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The type IIa family of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), including Lar, RPTPσ and RPTPδ, are well-studied in coordinating actin cytoskeletal rearrangements during axon guidance and synaptogenesis. To determine whether this regulation is conserved in other tissues, interdisciplinary approaches were utilized to study Lar-RPTPs in the Drosophila musculature. Here we find that the single fly ortholog, Drosophila Lar (Dlar), is localized to the muscle costamere and that a decrease in Dlar causes aberrant sarcomeric patterning, deficits in larval locomotion, and integrin mislocalization. Sequence analysis uncovered an evolutionarily conserved Lys-Gly-Asp (KGD) signature in the extracellular region of Dlar. Since this tripeptide sequence is similar to the integrin-binding Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) motif, we tested the hypothesis that Dlar directly interacts with integrin proteins. However, structural analyses of the fibronectin type III domains of Dlar and two vertebrate orthologs that include this conserved motif indicate that this KGD tripeptide is not accessible and thus unlikely to mediate physical interactions with integrins. These results, together with the proteomics identification of basement membrane (BM) proteins as potential ligands for type IIa RPTPs, suggest a complex network of protein interactions in the extracellular space that may mediate Lar function and/or signaling in muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Kawakami
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - David Brooks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Rana Zalmai
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Samuel Bouyain
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Erika R. Geisbrecht
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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8
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Ceder MM, Fredriksson R. A phylogenetic analysis between humans and D. melanogaster: A repertoire of solute carriers in humans and flies. Gene 2022; 809:146033. [PMID: 34673204 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily is the largest group of transporters in humans, with the role to transport solutes across plasma membranes. The SLCs are currently divided into 65 families with 430 members. Here, we performed a detailed mining of the SLC superfamily and the recent annotated family of "atypical" SLCs in human and D. melanogaster using Hidden Markov Models and PSI-BLAST. Our analyses identified 381 protein sequences in D. melanogaster and of those, 55 proteins have not been previously identified in flies. In total, 11 of the 65 human SLC families were found to not be conserved in flies, while a few families are highly conserved, which perhaps reflects the families' functions and roles in cellular pathways. This study provides the first collection of all SLC sequences in D. melanogaster and can serve as a SLC database to be used for classification of SLCs in other phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaela M Ceder
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Sensory Circuits, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden, Mikaela.
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Molecular Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Cong B, Nakamura M, Sando Y, Kondo T, Ohsawa S, Igaki T. JNK and Yorkie drive tumor malignancy by inducing L-amino acid transporter 1 in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009893. [PMID: 34780467 PMCID: PMC8629376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying a common oncogenesis pathway among tumors with different oncogenic mutations is critical for developing anti-cancer strategies. Here, we performed transcriptome analyses on two different models of Drosophila malignant tumors caused by Ras activation with cell polarity defects (RasV12/scrib-/-) or by microRNA bantam overexpression with endocytic defects (bantam/rab5-/-), followed by an RNAi screen for genes commonly essential for tumor growth and malignancy. We identified that Juvenile hormone Inducible-21 (JhI-21), a Drosophila homolog of the L-amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), is upregulated in these malignant tumors with different oncogenic mutations and knocking down of JhI-21 strongly blocked their growth and invasion. JhI-21 expression was induced by simultaneous activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Yorkie (Yki) in these tumors and thereby contributed to tumor growth and progression by activating the mTOR-S6 pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of LAT1 activity in Drosophila larvae significantly suppressed growth of RasV12/scrib-/- tumors. Intriguingly, LAT1 inhibitory drugs did not suppress growth of bantam/rab5-/- tumors and overexpression of bantam rendered RasV12/scrib-/- tumors unresponsive to LAT1 inhibitors. Further analyses with RNA sequencing of bantam-expressing clones followed by an RNAi screen suggested that bantam induces drug resistance against LAT1 inhibitors via downregulation of the TMEM135-like gene CG31157. Our observations unveil an evolutionarily conserved role of LAT1 induction in driving Drosophila tumor malignancy and provide a powerful genetic model for studying cancer progression and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojie Cong
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukari Sando
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kondo
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- The Keihanshin Consortium for Fostering the Next Generation of Global Leaders in Research (K-CONNEX), Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shizue Ohsawa
- Group of Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furocho, Nagoya Chikusa-ku, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wan B, Belghazi M, Lemauf S, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Proteomics of purified lamellocytes from Drosophila melanogaster HopT um-l identifies new membrane proteins and networks involved in their functions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 134:103584. [PMID: 34033897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In healthy Drosophila melanogaster larvae, plasmatocytes and crystal cells account for 95% and 5% of the hemocytes, respectively. A third type of hemocytes, lamellocytes, are rare, but their number increases after oviposition by parasitoid wasps. The lamellocytes form successive layers around the parasitoid egg, leading to its encapsulation and melanization, and finally the death of this intruder. However, the total number of lamellocytes per larva remains quite low even after parasitoid infestation, making direct biochemical studies difficult. Here, we used the HopTum-l mutant strain that constitutively produces large numbers of lamellocytes to set up a purification method and analyzed their major proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis and their plasma membrane surface proteins by 1D SDS-PAGE after affinity purification. Mass spectrometry identified 430 proteins from 2D spots and 344 affinity-purified proteins from 1D bands, for a total of 639 unique proteins. Known lamellocyte markers such as PPO3 and the myospheroid integrin were among the components identified with specific chaperone proteins. Affinity purification detected other integrins, as well as a wide range of integrin-associated proteins involved in the formation and function of cell-cell junctions. Overall, the newly identified proteins indicate that these cells are highly adapted to the encapsulation process (recognition, motility, adhesion, signaling), but may also have several other physiological functions (such as secretion and internalization of vesicles) under different signaling pathways. These results provide the basis for further in vivo and in vitro studies of lamellocytes, including the development of new markers to identify coexisting populations and their respective origins and functions in Drosophila immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology (INP), UMR7051, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Galagovsky D, Depetris-Chauvin A, Manière G, Geillon F, Berthelot-Grosjean M, Noirot E, Alves G, Grosjean Y. Sobremesa L-type Amino Acid Transporter Expressed in Glia Is Essential for Proper Timing of Development and Brain Growth. Cell Rep 2019; 24:3156-3166.e4. [PMID: 30231999 PMCID: PMC6167638 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, ecdysone hormone levels determine the timing of larval development. Its production is regulated by the stereotypical rise in prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) levels. Additionally, ecdysone levels can also be modulated by nutrition (specifically by amino acids) through their action on Drosophila insulin-like peptides (Dilps). Moreover, in glia, amino-acid-sensitive production of Dilps regulates brain development. In this work, we describe the function of an SLC7 amino acid transporter, Sobremesa (Sbm). Larvae with reduced Sbm levels in glia remain in third instar for an additional 24 hr. These larvae show reduced brain growth with increased body size but do not show reduction in insulin signaling or production. Interestingly, Sbm downregulation in glia leads to reduced Ecdysone production and a surprising delay in the rise of PTTH levels. Our work highlights Sbm as a modulator of both brain development and the timing of larval development via an amino-acid-sensitive and Dilp-independent function of glia. Glia express the SLC7 amino acid transporter Sobremesa, which controls development Sobremesa downregulation in glia leads to contrasting effects: small brain and big body size Sobremesa downregulation results in reduced ecdysone production Sobremesa downregulation causes a delayed rise in PTTH
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Galagovsky
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Ana Depetris-Chauvin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France; Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Flore Geillon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Martine Berthelot-Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Elodie Noirot
- Plateforme DImaCell, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Georges Alves
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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Aboudhiaf S, Alves G, Parrot S, Amri M, Simonnet MM, Grosjean Y, Manière G, Seugnet L. LAT1-like transporters regulate dopaminergic transmission and sleep in Drosophila. Sleep 2019; 41:5054580. [PMID: 30016498 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters are involved in functions reportedly linked to the sleep/wake cycle: neurotransmitter synthesis and recycling, the regulation of synaptic strength, protein synthesis, and energy metabolism. In addition, the existence of bidirectional relationships among extracellular content, transport systems, and sleep/wake states is receiving emerging support. Nevertheless, the connection between amino acid transport and sleep/wake regulation remains elusive. To address this question, we used Drosophila melanogaster and investigated the role of LAT1 (large neutral amino acid transporter 1) transporters. We show that the two Drosophila LAT1-like transporters: Juvenile hormone Inducible-21 and minidiscs (Mnd) are required in dopaminergic neurons for sleep/wake regulation. Down-regulating either gene in dopaminergic neurons resulted in higher daily sleep and longer sleep bout duration during the night, suggesting a defect in dopaminergic transmission. Since LAT1 transporters can mediate in mammals the uptake of L-DOPA, a precursor of dopamine, we assessed amino acid transport efficiency by L-DOPA feeding. We find that downregulation of JhI-21, but not Mnd, reduced the sensitivity to L-DOPA as measured by sleep loss. JhI-21 downregulation also attenuated the sleep loss induced by continuous activation of dopaminergic neurons. Since LAT1 transporters are known to regulate target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling, we investigated the role of this amino acid sensing pathway in dopaminergic neurons. Consistently, we report that TOR activity in dopaminergic neurons modulates sleep/wake states. Altogether, this study provides evidence that LAT1-mediated amino acid transport in dopaminergic neurons is playing a significant role in sleep/wake regulation and is providing several entry points to elucidate the role of nutrients such as amino acids in sleep/wake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Aboudhiaf
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon - INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292 - Université de Lyon - WAKING group, Lyon, France.,Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Georges Alves
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon - INSERM U1028 - UMR 5292 - Université de Lyon - NeuroDialytics Unit, Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, UR/11ES09 Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mégane M Simonnet
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Agrosup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon - INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292 - Université de Lyon - WAKING group, Lyon, France
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Sitaram P, Lu S, Harsh S, Herrera SC, Bach EA. Next-Generation Sequencing Reveals Increased Anti-oxidant Response and Ecdysone Signaling in STAT Supercompetitors in Drosophila. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2609-2622. [PMID: 31227525 PMCID: PMC6686945 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cell competition is the elimination of one viable population of cells (the losers) by a neighboring fitter population (the winners) and was discovered by studies in the Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc. Supercompetition is a process in which cells with elevated JAK/STAT signaling or increased Myc become winners and outcompete wild-type neighbors. To identify the genes that are differentially regulated in STAT supercompetitors, we purified these cells from Drosophila wing imaginal discs and performed next-generation sequencing. Their transcriptome was compared to those of control wing disc cells and Myc supercompetitors. Bioinformatics revealed that STAT and Myc supercompetitors have distinct transcriptomes with only 41 common differentially regulated genes. Furthermore, STAT supercompetitors have elevated reactive oxygen species, an anti-oxidant response and increased ecdysone signaling. Using a combination of methods, we validated 13 differentially expressed genes. These data sets will be useful resources to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojitha Sitaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Sean Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Sneh Harsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Salvador C Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
| | - Erika A Bach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, NY
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14
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Holtof M, Lenaerts C, Cullen D, Vanden Broeck J. Extracellular nutrient digestion and absorption in the insect gut. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 377:397-414. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Miguel-Aliaga I, Jasper H, Lemaitre B. Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive Tract of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2018; 210:357-396. [PMID: 30287514 PMCID: PMC6216580 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.300224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract has recently come to the forefront of multiple research fields. It is now recognized as a major source of signals modulating food intake, insulin secretion and energy balance. It is also a key player in immunity and, through its interaction with microbiota, can shape our physiology and behavior in complex and sometimes unexpected ways. The insect intestine had remained, by comparison, relatively unexplored until the identification of adult somatic stem cells in the Drosophila intestine over a decade ago. Since then, a growing scientific community has exploited the genetic amenability of this insect organ in powerful and creative ways. By doing so, we have shed light on a broad range of biological questions revolving around stem cells and their niches, interorgan signaling and immunity. Despite their relatively recent discovery, some of the mechanisms active in the intestine of flies have already been shown to be more widely applicable to other gastrointestinal systems, and may therefore become relevant in the context of human pathologies such as gastrointestinal cancers, aging, or obesity. This review summarizes our current knowledge of both the formation and function of the Drosophila melanogaster digestive tract, with a major focus on its main digestive/absorptive portion: the strikingly adaptable adult midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Miguel-Aliaga
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, California 94945-1400
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Wang Y, Moussian B, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Nies AT. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as an innovative preclinical ADME model for solute carrier membrane transporters, with consequences for pharmacology and drug therapy. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1746-1760. [PMID: 29890226 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solute carrier membrane transporters (SLCs) control cell exposure to small-molecule drugs, thereby contributing to drug efficacy and failure and/or adverse effects. Moreover, SLCs are genetically linked to various diseases. Hence, in-depth knowledge of SLC function is fundamental for a better understanding of disease pathophysiology and the drug development process. Given that the model organism Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) expresses SLCs, such as for the excretion of endogenous and toxic compounds by the hindgut and Malpighian tubules, equivalent to human intestine and kidney, this system appears to be a promising preclinical model to use to study human SLCs. Here, we systematically compare current knowledge of SLCs in Drosophila and humans and describe the Drosophila model as an innovative tool for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Wang
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernard Moussian
- Animal Genetics, University of Tübingen, Germany; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Nice, France; Applied Zoology, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Ziegler AB, Manière G, Grosjean Y. JhI-21 plays a role in Drosophila insulin-like peptide release from larval IPCs via leucine transport. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1908. [PMID: 29382949 PMCID: PMC5789877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20394-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is present all across the animal kingdom. Its proper release after feeding is of extraordinary importance for nutrient uptake, regulation of metabolism, and growth. We used Drosophila melanogaster to shed light on the processes linking dietary leucine intake to insulin secretion. The Drosophila genome encodes 8 insulin-like peptides (“Dilps”). Of these, Dilp2 is secreted after the ingestion of a leucine-containing diet. We previously demonstrated that Minidiscs, related to mammalian system-L transporters, acts as a leucine sensor within the Dilp2-secreting insulin-producing cells (“IPCs”) of the brain. Here, we show that a second leucine transporter, JhI-21, of the same family is additionally necessary for proper leucine sensing in the IPCs. Using calcium imaging and ex-vivo cultured brains we show that knockdown of JhI-21 in IPCs causes malfunction of these cells: they are no longer able to sense dietary leucine or to release Dilp2 in a leucine dependent manner. JhI-21 knockdown in IPCs further causes systemic metabolic defects including defective sugar uptake and altered growth. Finally, we showed that JhI-21 and Minidiscs have no cumulative effect on Dilp2 release. Since system-L transporters are expressed by mammalian β-cells our results could help to better understand the role of these proteins in insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna B Ziegler
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.,Dendrite Differentiation Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gérard Manière
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yael Grosjean
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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18
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Direct Sensing of Nutrients via a LAT1-like Transporter in Drosophila Insulin-Producing Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 17:137-148. [PMID: 27681427 PMCID: PMC5055474 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary leucine has been suspected to play an important role in insulin release, a hormone that controls satiety and metabolism. The mechanism by which insulin-producing cells (IPCs) sense leucine and regulate insulin secretion is still poorly understood. In Drosophila, insulin-like peptides (DILP2 and DILP5) are produced by brain IPCs and are released in the hemolymph after leucine ingestion. Using Ca2+-imaging and ex vivo cultured larval brains, we demonstrate that IPCs can directly sense extracellular leucine levels via minidiscs (MND), a leucine transporter. MND knockdown in IPCs abolished leucine-dependent changes, including loss of DILP2 and DILP5 in IPC bodies, consistent with the idea that MND is necessary for leucine-dependent DILP release. This, in turn, leads to a strong increase in hemolymph sugar levels and reduced growth. GDH knockdown in IPCs also reduced leucine-dependent DILP release, suggesting that nutrient sensing is coupled to the glutamate dehydrogenase pathway. IPCs directly sense extracellular leucine levels via minidiscs (MND) MND knockdown in IPCs abolishes loss of DILP2 and DILP5 This leads to a strong increase in hemolymph sugar levels and reduces growth GDH knockdown in IPCs reduces leucine-dependent DILP release
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19
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Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Hertenstein H, Schirmeier S. Metabolite transport across the mammalian and insect brain diffusion barriers. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 107:15-31. [PMID: 28237316 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nervous system in higher vertebrates is separated from the circulation by a layer of specialized endothelial cells. It protects the sensitive neurons from harmful blood-derived substances, high and fluctuating ion concentrations, xenobiotics or even pathogens. To this end, the brain endothelial cells and their interlinking tight junctions build an efficient diffusion barrier. A structurally analogous diffusion barrier exists in insects, where glial cell layers separate the hemolymph from the neural cells. Both types of diffusion barriers, of course, also prevent influx of metabolites from the circulation. Because neuronal function consumes vast amounts of energy and necessitates influx of diverse substrates and metabolites, tightly regulated transport systems must ensure a constant metabolite supply. Here, we review the current knowledge about transport systems that carry key metabolites, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates into the vertebrate and Drosophila brain and how this transport is regulated. Blood-brain and hemolymph-brain transport functions are conserved and we can thus use a simple, genetically accessible model system to learn more about features and dynamics of metabolite transport into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Weiler
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Helen Hertenstein
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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20
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Lu HL, Chang CC, Wilson ACC. Amino acid transporters implicated in endocytosis of Buchnera during symbiont transmission in the pea aphid. EvoDevo 2016; 7:24. [PMID: 27895889 PMCID: PMC5117694 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-016-0061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many insects host their obligate, maternally transmitted symbiotic bacteria in specialized cells called bacteriocytes. One of the best-studied insect nutritional endosymbioses is that of the aphid and its endosymbiont, Buchnera aphidicola. Aphids and Buchnera are metabolically and developmentally integrated, but the molecular mechanisms underlying Buchnera transmission and coordination with aphid development remain largely unknown. Previous work using electron microscopy to study aphid asexual embryogenesis has revealed that Buchnera transmission involves exocytosis from a maternal bacteriocyte followed by endocytotic uptake by a blastula. While the importance of exo- and endocytic cellular processes for symbiont transmission is clear, the molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes are not known. Here, we shed light on the molecular mechanisms that regulate Buchnera transmission and developmental integration. Results We present the developmental atlas of ACYPI000536 and ACYPI008904 mRNAs during asexual embryogenesis in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. Immediately before Buchnera invasion, transcripts of both genes were detected by whole-mount in situ hybridization in the posterior syncytial nuclei of late blastula embryos. Following Buchnera invasion, expression of both genes was identified in the region occupied by Buchnera throughout embryogenesis. Notably during Buchnera migration, expression of both genes was not concomitant with the entirety of the bacterial mass but rather expression colocalized with Buchnera in the anterior region of the bacterial mass. In addition, we found that ACYPI000536 was expressed in nuclei at the leading edge of the bacterial mass, joining the bacterial mass in subsequent developmental stages. Finally, quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR suggested that early in development both transcripts were maternally provisioned to embryos. Conclusions We venture that ACYPI000536 and ACYPI008904 function as nutrient sensors at the site of symbiont invasion to facilitate TOR-pathway-mediated endocytosis of Buchnera by the aphid blastula. Our data support earlier reports of bacteriocyte determination involving a two-step recruitment process but suggest that the second wave of recruitment occurs earlier than previously described. Finally, our work highlights that bacteriocyte-enriched amino acid transporter paralogs have additionally been retained to play novel developmental roles in both symbiont recruitment and bacteriome development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-016-0061-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Ling Lu
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA ; Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Chun-Che Chang
- Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan ; Institute of Biotechnology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - Alex C C Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
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Janeček Š, Gabriško M. Remarkable evolutionary relatedness among the enzymes and proteins from the α-amylase family. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2707-25. [PMID: 27154042 PMCID: PMC11108405 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The α-amylase is a ubiquitous starch hydrolase catalyzing the cleavage of the α-1,4-glucosidic bonds in an endo-fashion. Various α-amylases originating from different taxonomic sources may differ from each other significantly in their exact substrate preference and product profile. Moreover, it also seems to be clear that at least two different amino acid sequences utilizing two different catalytic machineries have evolved to execute the same α-amylolytic specificity. The two have been classified in the Cabohydrate-Active enZyme database, the CAZy, in the glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH13 and GH57. While the former and the larger α-amylase family GH13 evidently forms the clan GH-H with the families GH70 and GH77, the latter and the smaller α-amylase family GH57 has only been predicted to maybe define a future clan with the family GH119. Sequences and several tens of enzyme specificities found throughout all three kingdoms in many taxa provide an interesting material for evolutionarily oriented studies that have demonstrated remarkable observations. This review emphasizes just the three of them: (1) a close relatedness between the plant and archaeal α-amylases from the family GH13; (2) a common ancestry in the family GH13 of animal heavy chains of heteromeric amino acid transporter rBAT and 4F2 with the microbial α-glucosidases; and (3) the unique sequence features in the primary structures of amylomaltases from the genus Borrelia from the family GH77. Although the three examples cannot represent an exhaustive list of exceptional topics worth to be interested in, they may demonstrate the importance these enzymes possess in the overall scientific context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Štefan Janeček
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius in Trnava, Nám. J. Herdu 2, 91701, Trnava, Slovakia.
| | - Marek Gabriško
- Laboratory of Protein Evolution, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551, Bratislava, Slovakia
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The Amino Acid Transporter JhI-21 Coevolves with Glutamate Receptors, Impacts NMJ Physiology, and Influences Locomotor Activity in Drosophila Larvae. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19692. [PMID: 26805723 PMCID: PMC4726445 DOI: 10.1038/srep19692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in synaptic physiology underlie neuronal network plasticity and behavioral phenomena, which are adjusted during development. The Drosophila larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) represents a powerful synaptic model to investigate factors impacting these processes. Amino acids such as glutamate have been shown to regulate Drosophila NMJ physiology by modulating the clustering of postsynaptic glutamate receptors and thereby regulating the strength of signal transmission from the motor neuron to the muscle cell. To identify amino acid transporters impacting glutmatergic signal transmission, we used Evolutionary Rate Covariation (ERC), a recently developed bioinformatic tool. Our screen identified ten proteins co-evolving with NMJ glutamate receptors. We selected one candidate transporter, the SLC7 (Solute Carrier) transporter family member JhI-21 (Juvenile hormone Inducible-21), which is expressed in Drosophila larval motor neurons. We show that JhI-21 suppresses postsynaptic muscle glutamate receptor abundance, and that JhI-21 expression in motor neurons regulates larval crawling behavior in a developmental stage-specific manner.
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Brinzer RA, Henderson L, Marchiondo AA, Woods DJ, Davies SA, Dow JAT. Metabolomic profiling of permethrin-treated Drosophila melanogaster identifies a role for tryptophan catabolism in insecticide survival. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 67:74-86. [PMID: 26474926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides and associated synergists are rapidly losing efficacy in target insect pest populations making the discovery of alternatives a priority. To discover novel targets for permethrin synergists, metabolomics was performed on permethrin-treated Drosophila melanogaster. Changes were observed in several metabolic pathways including those for amino acids, glycogen, glycolysis, energy, nitrogen, NAD(+), purine, pyrimidine, lipids and carnitine. Markers for acidosis, ammonia stress, oxidative stress and detoxification responses were also observed. Many of these changes had not been previously characterized after permethrin exposure. From the altered pathways, tryptophan catabolism was selected for further investigation. The knockdown of some tryptophan catabolism genes (vermilion, cinnabar and CG6950) in the whole fly and in specific tissues including fat body, midgut and Malpighian tubules using targeted RNAi resulted in altered survival phenotypes against acute topical permethrin exposure. The knockdown of vermilion, cinnabar and CG6950 in the whole fly also altered survival phenotypes against chronic oral permethrin, fenvalerate, DDT, chlorpyriphos and hydramethylnon exposure. Thus tryptophan catabolism has a previously uncharacterized role in defence against insecticides, and shows that metabolomics is a powerful tool for target identification in pesticide research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Brinzer
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Louise Henderson
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | - Shireen A Davies
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Julian A T Dow
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
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Limmer S, Weiler A, Volkenhoff A, Babatz F, Klämbt C. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier: development and function of a glial endothelium. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:365. [PMID: 25452710 PMCID: PMC4231875 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of neuronal function requires a well-balanced extracellular ion homeostasis and a steady supply with nutrients and metabolites. Therefore, all organisms equipped with a complex nervous system developed a so-called blood-brain barrier, protecting it from an uncontrolled entry of solutes, metabolites or pathogens. In higher vertebrates, this diffusion barrier is established by polarized endothelial cells that form extensive tight junctions, whereas in lower vertebrates and invertebrates the blood-brain barrier is exclusively formed by glial cells. Here, we review the development and function of the glial blood-brain barrier of Drosophila melanogaster. In the Drosophila nervous system, at least seven morphologically distinct glial cell classes can be distinguished. Two of these glial classes form the blood-brain barrier. Perineurial glial cells participate in nutrient uptake and establish a first diffusion barrier. The subperineurial glial (SPG) cells form septate junctions, which block paracellular diffusion and thus seal the nervous system from the hemolymph. We summarize the molecular basis of septate junction formation and address the different transport systems expressed by the blood-brain barrier forming glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Limmer
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Astrid Weiler
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Anne Volkenhoff
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Babatz
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster Münster, Germany
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Abstract
The digestive tract plays a central role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients. Far from being a passive tube, it provides the first line of defense against pathogens and maintains energy homeostasis by exchanging neuronal and endocrine signals with other organs. Historically neglected, the gut of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has recently come to the forefront of Drosophila research. Areas as diverse as stem cell biology, neurobiology, metabolism, and immunity are benefitting from the ability to study the genetics of development, growth regulation, and physiology in the same organ. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of the Drosophila digestive tract, with an emphasis on the adult midgut and its functional underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Rapid screening of membrane protein expression in transiently transfected insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 88:134-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Lewerenz J, Hewett SJ, Huang Y, Lambros M, Gout PW, Kalivas PW, Massie A, Smolders I, Methner A, Pergande M, Smith SB, Ganapathy V, Maher P. The cystine/glutamate antiporter system x(c)(-) in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to novel therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:522-55. [PMID: 22667998 PMCID: PMC3545354 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antiporter system x(c)(-) imports the amino acid cystine, the oxidized form of cysteine, into cells with a 1:1 counter-transport of glutamate. It is composed of a light chain, xCT, and a heavy chain, 4F2 heavy chain (4F2hc), and, thus, belongs to the family of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the important antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and, along with cystine, it also forms a key redox couple on its own. Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). By phylogenetic analysis, we show that system x(c)(-) is a rather evolutionarily new amino acid transport system. In addition, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate system x(c)(-), including the transcriptional regulation of the xCT light chain, posttranscriptional mechanisms, and pharmacological inhibitors of system x(c)(-). Moreover, the roles of system x(c)(-) in regulating GSH levels, the redox state of the extracellular cystine/cysteine redox couple, and extracellular glutamate levels are discussed. In vitro, glutamate-mediated system x(c)(-) inhibition leads to neuronal cell death, a paradigm called oxidative glutamate toxicity, which has successfully been used to identify neuroprotective compounds. In vivo, xCT has a rather restricted expression pattern with the highest levels in the CNS and parts of the immune system. System x(c)(-) is also present in the eye. Moreover, an elevated expression of xCT has been reported in cancer. We highlight the diverse roles of system x(c)(-) in the regulation of the immune response, in various aspects of cancer and in the eye and the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
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Cantor JM, Ginsberg MH. CD98 at the crossroads of adaptive immunity and cancer. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1373-82. [PMID: 22499670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.096040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity, a vertebrate specialization, adds memory and exquisite specificity to the basic innate immune responses present in invertebrates while conserving metabolic resources. In adaptive immunity, antigenic challenge requires extremely rapid proliferation of rare antigen-specific lymphocytes to produce large, clonally expanded effector populations that neutralize pathogens. Rapid proliferation and resulting clonal expansion are dependent on CD98, a protein whose well-conserved orthologs appear restricted to vertebrates. Thus, CD98 supports lymphocyte clonal expansion to enable protective adaptive immunity, an advantage that could account for the presence of CD98 in vertebrates. CD98 supports lymphocyte clonal expansion by amplifying integrin signals that enable proliferation and prevent apoptosis. These integrin-dependent signals can also provoke cancer development and invasion, anchorage-independence and the rapid proliferation of tumor cells. CD98 is highly expressed in many cancers and contributes to formation of tumors in experimental models. Strikingly, vertebrates, which possess highly conserved CD98 proteins, CD98-binding integrins and adaptive immunity, also display propensity towards invasive and metastatic tumors. In this Commentary, we review the roles of CD98 in lymphocyte biology and cancer. We suggest that the CD98 amplification of integrin signaling in adaptive immunity provides survival benefits to vertebrates, which, in turn, bear the price of increased susceptibility to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cantor
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Boudko DY. Molecular basis of essential amino acid transport from studies of insect nutrient amino acid transporters of the SLC6 family (NAT-SLC6). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:433-49. [PMID: 22230793 PMCID: PMC3397479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two protein families that represent major components of essential amino acid transport in insects have been identified. They are annotated as the SLC6 and SLC7 families of transporters according to phylogenetic proximity to characterized amino acid transporters (HUGO nomenclature). Members of these families have been identified as important apical and basolateral parts of transepithelial essential amino acid absorption in the metazoan alimentary canal. Synergistically, they play critical physiological roles as essential substrate providers to diverse metabolic processes, including generic protein synthesis. This review briefly clarifies the requirements for amino acid transport and a variety of amino acid transport mechanisms, including the aforementioned families. Further it focuses on the large group of Nutrient Amino acid Transporters (NATs), which comprise a recently identified subfamily of the Neurotransmitter Sodium Symporter family (NSS or SLC6). The first insect NAT, cloned from the caterpillar gut, has a broad substrate spectrum similar to mammalian B(0) transporters. Several new NAT-SLC6 members have been characterized in an effort to explore mechanisms for the essential amino acid absorption in model dipteran insects. The identification and functional characterization of new B(0)-like and narrow specificity transporters of essential amino acids in fruit fly and mosquitoes leads to a fundamentally important insight: that NATs evolved and act together as the integrated active core of a transport network that mediates active alimentary absorption and systemic distribution of essential amino acids. This role of NATs is projected from the most primitive prokaryotes to the most complex metazoan organisms, and represents an interesting platform for unraveling the molecular evolution of amino acid transport and modeling amino acid transport disorders. The comparative study of NATs elucidates important adaptive differences between essential amino acid transportomes of invertebrate and vertebrate organisms, outlining a new possibility for selective targeting of essential amino acid absorption mechanisms to control medically and economically important arthropods and other invertebrate organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Y Boudko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics of Rosalind Franklin University, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
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Yan L, Lamb RF. Amino acid sensing and regulation of mTORC1. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:621-5. [PMID: 22342805 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids play fundamental roles in the cell both as the building blocks of new proteins and as metabolic precursors. To adapt to their limitation during periods of protein starvation, multiple adaptive mechanisms have evolved, including a rapid cessation of new protein synthesis, an increase in amino acid biosynthesis and transport, and autophagy. Here, we discuss what we currently know about how amino acid limitation is sensed, and how this sensing might be transmitted to mTORC1 to regulate protein synthesis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin, 150076, PR China.
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Nerveless and gutsy: intestinal nutrient sensing from invertebrates to humans. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 23:614-20. [PMID: 22248674 PMCID: PMC3712190 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increasingly recognized role of gastrointestinal signals in the regulation of food intake, insulin production and peripheral nutrient storage has prompted a surge of interest in studying how the gastrointestinal tract senses and responds to nutritional information. Identification of metabolically important intestinal nutrient sensors could provide potential new drug targets for the treatment of diabetes, obesity and gastrointestinal disorders. From a more fundamental perspective, the study of intestinal chemosensation is revealing novel, non-neuronal modes of communication involving differentiated epithelial cells. It is also identifying signalling mechanisms downstream of not only canonical receptors but also nutrient transporters, thereby supporting a chemosensory role for “transceptors” in the intestine. This review describes known and proposed mechanisms of intestinal carbohydrate, protein and lipid sensing, best characterized in mammalian systems. It also highlights the potential of invertebrate model systems such as C. elegans and Drosophila melanogaster by summarizing known examples of molecular evolutionary conservation. Recently developed genetic tools in Drosophila, an emerging model system for the study of physiology and metabolism, allow the temporal, spatial and high-throughput manipulation of putative intestinal sensors. Hence, fruit flies may prove particularly suited to the study of the link between intestinal nutrient sensing and metabolic homeostasis.
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Featherstone DE. Glial solute carrier transporters in Drosophila and mice. Glia 2010; 59:1351-63. [PMID: 21732427 DOI: 10.1002/glia.21085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Glia regulate brain physiology primarily by regulating the movement and concentration of substances in the extracellular fluid. Therefore, one approach to understanding the role of glia in brain physiology is to study what happens when glial transporters are removed or modified. The largest and most highly conserved class of transporter is solute carrier (SLC) proteins. SLC proteins are highly expressed in brain, and many are found in glia. The function of many SLC proteins in the brain--particularly in glia--is very poorly understood. SLC proteins can be relatively easily knocked out or modified in genetic model organisms to better understand glial function. Drosophila are popular genetic model organisms that offer a nice balance between genetic malleability and brain complexity. They are ideal for such an endeavor. This article lists and discusses SLC transporter family members that are expressed in both mouse and Drosophila glia, in an effort to provide a foundation for studies of glial SLC transporters using Drosophila as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Featherstone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Gabriško M, Janeček Š. Looking for the ancestry of the heavy-chain subunits of heteromeric amino acid transporters rBAT and 4F2hc within the GH13 α-amylase family. FEBS J 2009; 276:7265-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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