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Batliner M, Schumacher F, Wigger D, Vivas W, Prell A, Fohmann I, Köhler T, Schempp R, Riedel A, Vaeth M, Fekete A, Kleuser B, Kurzai O, Nieuwenhuizen NE. The Candida albicans quorum-sensing molecule farnesol alters sphingolipid metabolism in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. mBio 2024:e0073224. [PMID: 38953353 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00732-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, produces the quorum-sensing molecule farnesol, which we have shown alters the transcriptional response and phenotype of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs), including their cytokine secretion and ability to prime T cells. This is partially dependent on the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ), which has numerous ligands, including the sphingolipid metabolite sphingosine 1-phosphate. Sphingolipids are a vital component of membranes that affect membrane protein arrangement and phagocytosis of C. albicans by DCs. Thus, we quantified sphingolipid metabolites in monocytes differentiating into DCs by High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Farnesol increased the activity of serine palmitoyltransferase, leading to increased levels of 3-keto-dihydrosphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, and dihydrosphingosine 1-phosphate and inhibited dihydroceramide desaturase by inducing oxidative stress, leading to increased levels of dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingomyelin species and reduced ceramide levels. Accumulation of dihydroceramides can inhibit mitochondrial function; accordingly, farnesol reduced mitochondrial respiration. Dihydroceramide desaturase inhibition increases lipid droplet formation, which we observed in farnesol-treated cells, coupled with an increase in intracellular triacylglycerol species. Furthermore, inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase with either farnesol or specific inhibitors impaired the ability of DCs to prime interferon-γ-producing T cells. The effect of farnesol on sphingolipid metabolism, triacylglycerol synthesis, and mitochondrial respiration was not dependent on PPAR-γ. In summary, our data reveal novel effects of farnesol on sphingolipid metabolism, neutral lipid synthesis, and mitochondrial function in DCs that affect their instruction of T cell cytokine secretion, indicating that C. albicans can manipulate host cell metabolism via farnesol secretion.IMPORTANCECandida albicans is a common commensal yeast, but it is also an opportunistic pathogen which is one of the leading causes of potentially lethal hospital-acquired infections. There is growing evidence that its overgrowth in the gut can influence diseases as diverse as alcohol-associated liver disease and COVID-19. Previously, we found that its quorum-sensing molecule, farnesol, alters the phenotype of dendritic cells differentiating from monocytes, impairing their ability to drive protective T cell responses. Here, we demonstrate that farnesol alters the metabolism of sphingolipids, important structural components of the membrane that also act as signaling molecules. In monocytes differentiating to dendritic cells, farnesol inhibited dihydroceramide desaturase, resulting in the accumulation of dihydroceramides and a reduction in ceramide levels. Farnesol impaired mitochondrial respiration, known to occur with an accumulation of dihydroceramides, and induced the accumulation of triacylglycerol and oil bodies. Inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase resulted in the impaired ability of DCs to induce interferon-γ production by T cells. Thus, farnesol production by C. albicans could manipulate the function of dendritic cells by altering the sphingolipidome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Batliner
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Dominik Wigger
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Vivas
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
- Associated Research Group Translational Infection Medicine, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital-Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Agata Prell
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingo Fohmann
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Köhler
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Schempp
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Angela Riedel
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center (MSNZ), University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Vaeth
- Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Research Group Fungal Septomics, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
- National Reference Center for Invasive Fungal Infections, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie E Nieuwenhuizen
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Jamjoum R, Majumder S, Issleny B, Stiban J. Mysterious sphingolipids: metabolic interrelationships at the center of pathophysiology. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1229108. [PMID: 38235387 PMCID: PMC10791800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1229108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathways are complex and intertwined. Deficiencies in one or more enzymes in a given pathway are directly linked with genetic diseases, most of them having devastating manifestations. The metabolic pathways undertaken by sphingolipids are diverse and elaborate with ceramide species serving as the hubs of sphingolipid intermediary metabolism and function. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids that serve a multitude of cellular functions. Being pleiotropic in function, deficiency or overproduction of certain sphingolipids is associated with many genetic and chronic diseases. In this up-to-date review article, we strive to gather recent scientific evidence about sphingolipid metabolism, its enzymes, and regulation. We shed light on the importance of sphingolipid metabolism in a variety of genetic diseases and in nervous and immune system ailments. This is a comprehensive review of the state of the field of sphingolipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jamjoum
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Saurav Majumder
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Batoul Issleny
- Department of Pharmacy, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
| | - Johnny Stiban
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Birzeit University, West Bank, Palestine
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Afrin F, Mateen S, Oman J, Lai JCK, Barrott JJ, Pashikanti S. Natural Products and Small Molecules Targeting Cellular Ceramide Metabolism to Enhance Apoptosis in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4645. [PMID: 37760612 PMCID: PMC10527029 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular targeting strategies have been used for years in order to control cancer progression and are often based on targeting various enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. Keeping this in mind, it is essential to determine the role of each enzyme in a particular metabolic pathway. In this review, we provide in-depth information on various enzymes such as ceramidase, sphingosine kinase, sphingomyelin synthase, dihydroceramide desaturase, and ceramide synthase which are associated with various types of cancers. We also discuss the physicochemical properties of well-studied inhibitors with natural product origins and their related structures in terms of these enzymes. Targeting ceramide metabolism exhibited promising mono- and combination therapies at preclinical stages in preventing cancer progression and cemented the significance of sphingolipid metabolism in cancer treatments. Targeting ceramide-metabolizing enzymes will help medicinal chemists design potent and selective small molecules for treating cancer progression at various levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Afrin
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Sameena Mateen
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Jordan Oman
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - James C. K. Lai
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
| | - Jared J. Barrott
- Cell Biology and Physiology, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA;
| | - Srinath Pashikanti
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kasiska Division of Health Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209, USA; (F.A.); (S.M.); (J.O.); (J.C.K.L.)
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Babiy B, Ramos-Molina B, Ocaña L, Sacristán S, Burgos-Santamaría D, Martínez-Botas J, Busto R, Perna C, Frutos MD, Albillos A, Pastor Ó. Dihydrosphingolipids are associated with steatosis and increased fibrosis damage in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2023; 1868:159318. [PMID: 37059386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2023.159318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrosphingolipids are lipids biosynthetically related to ceramides. An increase in ceramides is associated with enhanced fat storage in the liver and inhibition of their synthesis is reported to prevent the appearance of steatosis in animal models. However, the precise association of dihydrosphingolipids with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is yet to be established. We employed a diet induced NAFLD mouse model to study the association between this class of compounds and disease progression. Mice fed a high-fat diet were sacrificed at 22, 30 and 40 weeks to reproduce the full spectrum of histological damage found in human disease, steatosis (NAFL) and steatohepatitis (NASH) with and without significant fibrosis. Blood and liver tissue samples were obtained from patients whose NAFLD severity was assessed histologically. To demonstrate the effect of dihydroceramides over NAFLD progression we treated mice with fenretinide an inhibitor of dihydroceramide desaturse-1 (DEGS1). Lipidomic analyses were performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and dihydrosphingolipids were increased in the liver of model mice in association with the degree of steatosis and fibrosis. Dihydroceramides increased with the histological severity observed in liver samples of mice (0.024 ± 0.003 nmol/mg vs 0.049 ± 0.005 nmol/mg, non-NAFLD vs NASH-fibrosis, p < 0.0001) and patients (0.105 ± 0.011 nmol/mg vs 0.165 ± 0.021 nmol/mg, p = 0.0221). Inhibition of DEGS1 induce a four-fold increase in dihydroceramides improving steatosis but increasing the inflammatory activity and fibrosis. In conclusion, the degree of histological damage in NAFLD correlate with dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingolipid accumulation. LAY SUMMARY: Accumulation of triglyceride and cholesteryl ester lipids is the hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Using lipidomics, we examined the role of dihydrosphingolipids in NAFLD progression. Our results demonstrate that de novo dihydrosphingolipid synthesis is an early event in NAFLD and the concentrations of these lipids are correlated with histological severity in both mouse and human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Babiy
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, UCA-CCM, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB-Arrixaca), Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Ocaña
- Servicio de Cirugía General, HCU Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Silvia Sacristán
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Rebeca Busto
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristian Perna
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Dolores Frutos
- Departamento de Cirugía General y Aparato Digestivo, HU Virgen de la Arraixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Agustín Albillos
- Servicio de Gastroenterología, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), ISCIII, Spain
| | - Óscar Pastor
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, UCA-CCM, HU Ramón y Cajal-IRYCIS, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Targeting the Sphingolipid Rheostat in Gliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169255. [PMID: 36012521 PMCID: PMC9408832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are highly aggressive cancer types that are in urgent need of novel drugs and targeted therapies. Treatment protocols have not improved in over a decade, and glioma patient survival remains among the worst of all cancer types. As a result, cancer metabolism research has served as an innovative approach to identifying novel glioma targets and improving our understanding of brain tumors. Recent research has uncovered a unique metabolic vulnerability in the sphingolipid pathways of gliomas that possess the IDH1 mutation. Sphingolipids are a family of lipid signaling molecules that play a variety of second messenger functions in cellular regulation. The two primary metabolites, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide, maintain a rheostat balance and play opposing roles in cell survival and proliferation. Altering the rheostat such that the pro-apoptotic signaling of the ceramides outweighs the pro-survival S1P signaling in glioma cells diminishes the hallmarks of cancer and enhances tumor cell death. Throughout this review, we discuss the sphingolipid pathway and identify the enzymes that can be most effectively targeted to alter the sphingolipid rheostat and enhance apoptosis in gliomas. We discuss each pathway’s steps based on their site of occurrence in the organelles and postulate novel targets that can effectively exploit this vulnerability.
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Ouro A, Correa-Paz C, Maqueda E, Custodia A, Aramburu-Núñez M, Romaus-Sanjurjo D, Posado-Fernández A, Candamo-Lourido M, Alonso-Alonso ML, Hervella P, Iglesias-Rey R, Castillo J, Campos F, Sobrino T. Involvement of Ceramide Metabolism in Cerebral Ischemia. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:864618. [PMID: 35531465 PMCID: PMC9067562 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.864618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by the interruption of blood flow to the brain and subsequent neuronal death, represents one of the main causes of disability in worldwide. Although reperfusion therapies have shown efficacy in a limited number of patients with acute ischemic stroke, neuroprotective drugs and recovery strategies have been widely assessed, but none of them have been successful in clinical practice. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic approaches is still necessary. Sphingolipids consist of a family of lipidic molecules with both structural and cell signaling functions. Regulation of sphingolipid metabolism is crucial for cell fate and homeostasis in the body. Different works have emphasized the implication of its metabolism in different pathologies, such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegeneration, or atherosclerosis. Other studies have shown its implication in the risk of suffering a stroke and its progression. This review will highlight the implications of sphingolipid metabolism enzymes in acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ouro
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara Correa-Paz
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Maqueda
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Antía Custodia
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marta Aramburu-Núñez
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Daniel Romaus-Sanjurjo
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Adrián Posado-Fernández
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Candamo-Lourido
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Luz Alonso-Alonso
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Pablo Hervella
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ramón Iglesias-Rey
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Castillo
- Neuroimaging and Biotechnology Laboratory (NOBEL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Francisco Campos
- Translational Stroke Laboratory Group (TREAT), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Tomás Sobrino
- NeuroAging Group (NEURAL), Clinical Neurosciences Research Laboratory (LINC), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Beger AW, Dudzik B, Woltjer RL, Wood PL. Human Brain Lipidomics: Pilot Analysis of the Basal Ganglia Sphingolipidome in Parkinson’s Disease and Lewy Body Disease. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12020187. [PMID: 35208260 PMCID: PMC8875811 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids constitute a complex class of bioactive lipids with diverse structural and functional roles in neural tissue. Lipidomic techniques continue to provide evidence for their association in neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Lewy body disease (LBD). However, prior studies have primarily focused on biological tissues outside of the basal ganglia, despite the known relevancy of this brain region in motor and cognitive dysfunction associated with PD and LBD. Therefore electrospray ionization high resolution mass spectrometry was used to analyze levels of sphingolipid species, including ceramides (Cer), dihydroceramides (DHC), hydoxyceramides (OH-Cer), phytoceramides (Phyto-Cer), phosphoethanolamine ceramides (PE-Cer), sphingomyelins (SM), and sulfatides (Sulf) in the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus of PD (n = 7) and LBD (n = 14) human subjects and were compared to healthy controls (n = 9). The most dramatic alterations were seen in the putamen, with depletion of Cer and elevation of Sulf observed in both groups, with additional depletion of OH-Cer and elevation of DHC identified in LBD subjects. Diverging levels of DHC in the caudate suggest differing roles of this lipid in PD and LBD pathogenesis. These sphingolipid alterations in PD and LBD provide evidence for biochemical involvement of the neuronal cell death that characterize these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Beger
- Anatomy Department, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Beatrix Dudzik
- Anatomy Department, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
| | - Randall L. Woltjer
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA;
| | - Paul L. Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Cumberland Gap Pkwy, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA;
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Gallion LA, Wang Y, Massaro A, Yao M, Petersen BV, Zhang Q, Huang W, Carr AJ, Zhang Q, Allbritton NL. "Fix and Click" for Assay of Sphingolipid Signaling in Single Primary Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1594-1600. [PMID: 35020354 PMCID: PMC8931668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis with fluorescence detection (CE-F) is a powerful method to measure enzyme activation in single cells. However, cellular enzymatic assays used in CE-F routinely utilize reporter substrates that possess a bulky fluorophore that may impact enzyme kinetics. To address these challenges, we describe a "fix and click" method utilizing an alkyne-terminated enzyme activation reporter, aldehyde-based fixation, and a click chemistry reaction to attach a fluorophore prior to analysis by single-cell CE-F. The "fix and click" strategy was utilized to investigate sphingolipid signaling in both immortalized cell lines and primary human colonic epithelial cells. When the sphingosine alkyne reporter was loaded into cells, this reporter was metabolized to ceramide (31.6 ± 3.3% peak area) without the production of sphingosine-1-phosphate. In contrast, when the reporter sphingosine fluorescein was introduced into cells, sphingosine fluorescein was converted to sphingosine-1-phosphate and downstream products (32.8 ± 5.7% peak area) without the formation of ceramide. Sphingolipid metabolism was measured in single cells from both differentiated and stem/proliferative human colonic epithelium using "fix and click" paired with CE-F to highlight the diversity of sphingosine metabolism in single cells from primary human colonic epithelium. This novel method will find widespread utility for the performance of single-cell enzyme assays by virtue of its ability to temporally and spatially separate cellular reactions with alkyne-terminated reporters, followed by the assay of enzyme activation at a later time and place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Gallion
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, United States of America,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America
| | - Yuli Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America
| | - Angelo Massaro
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America
| | - Ming Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America
| | - Brae V. Petersen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America
| | - Quanzheng Zhang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, United States of America
| | - Weigang Huang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, United States of America
| | - Adam J. Carr
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, United States of America
| | - Qisheng Zhang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27514, United States of America
| | - Nancy L. Allbritton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America,Correspondence: Nancy L. Allbritton, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, 98105, United States of America;
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Duflot T, Tu L, Leuillier M, Messaoudi H, Groussard D, Feugray G, Azhar S, Thuillet R, Bauer F, Humbert M, Richard V, Guignabert C, Bellien J. Preventing the Increase in Lysophosphatidic Acids: A New Therapeutic Target in Pulmonary Hypertension? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110784. [PMID: 34822442 PMCID: PMC8621392 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of premature death and disability in humans that are closely related to lipid metabolism and signaling. This study aimed to assess whether circulating lysophospholipids (LPL), lysophosphatidic acids (LPA) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) may be considered as potential therapeutic targets in CVD. For this objective, plasma levels of 22 compounds (13 LPL, 6 LPA and 3 MAG) were monitored by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS2) in different rat models of CVD, i.e., angiotensin-II-induced hypertension (HTN), ischemic chronic heart failure (CHF) and sugen/hypoxia(SuHx)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). On one hand, there were modest changes on the monitored compounds in HTN (LPA 16:0, 18:1 and 20:4, LPC 16:1) and CHF (LPA 16:0, LPC 18:1 and LPE 16:0 and 18:0) models compared to control rats but these changes were no longer significant after multiple testing corrections. On the other hand, PH was associated with important changes in plasma LPA with a significant increase in LPA 16:0, 18:1, 18:2, 20:4 and 22:6 species. A deleterious impact of LPA was confirmed on cultured human pulmonary smooth muscle cells (PA-SMCs) with an increase in their proliferation. Finally, plasma level of LPA(16:0) was positively associated with the increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure in patients with cardiac dysfunction. This study demonstrates that circulating LPA may contribute to the pathophysiology of PH. Additional experiments are needed to assess whether the modulation of LPA signaling in PH may be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Duflot
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, CHU Rouen, Department of Pharmacology, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (V.R.); (J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-32-88-84-91
| | - Ly Tu
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, F-92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (L.T.); (R.T.); (M.H.); (C.G.)
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Matthieu Leuillier
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (M.L.); (H.M.); (D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Hind Messaoudi
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (M.L.); (H.M.); (D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Déborah Groussard
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (M.L.); (H.M.); (D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Guillaume Feugray
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, CHU Rouen, Department of General Biochemistry, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Saïda Azhar
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (M.L.); (H.M.); (D.G.); (S.A.)
| | - Raphaël Thuillet
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, F-92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (L.T.); (R.T.); (M.H.); (C.G.)
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Fabrice Bauer
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, CHU Rouen, Department of Cardiology, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Marc Humbert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, F-92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (L.T.); (R.T.); (M.H.); (C.G.)
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Vincent Richard
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, CHU Rouen, Department of Pharmacology, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (V.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, F-92350 Le Plessis-Robinson, France; (L.T.); (R.T.); (M.H.); (C.G.)
- School of Medicine, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Jérémy Bellien
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1096, CHU Rouen, Department of Pharmacology, Normandie University, F-76000 Rouen, France; (V.R.); (J.B.)
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10
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Pitman M, Oehler MK, Pitson SM. Sphingolipids as multifaceted mediators in ovarian cancer. Cell Signal 2021; 81:109949. [PMID: 33571664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynaecological malignancy. It is commonly diagnosed at advanced stage when it has metastasised to the abdominal cavity and treatment becomes very challenging. While current standard therapy involving debulking surgery and platinum + taxane-based chemotherapy is associated with high response rates initially, the large majority of patients relapse and ultimately succumb to chemotherapy-resistant disease. In order to improve survival novel strategies for early detection and therapeutics against treatment-refractory disease are urgently needed. A promising new target against ovarian cancer is the sphingolipid pathway which is commonly hijacked in cancer to support cell proliferation and survival and has been shown to promote chemoresistance and metastasis in a wide range of malignant neoplasms. In particular, the sphingosine kinase 1-sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 axis has been shown to be altered in ovarian cancer in multiple ways and therefore represents an attractive therapeutic target. Here we review the roles of sphingolipids in ovarian cancer progression, metastasis and chemoresistance, highlighting novel strategies to target this pathway that represent potential avenues to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- MelissaR Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, UniSA CRI Building, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - Martin K Oehler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, UniSA CRI Building, North Tce, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
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11
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Lachkar F, Ferré P, Foufelle F, Papaioannou A. Dihydroceramides: their emerging physiological roles and functions in cancer and metabolic diseases. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021; 320:E122-E130. [PMID: 33135459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00330.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroceramides (DhCers) are a type of sphingolipids that for a long time were regarded as biologically inactive. They are metabolic intermediates of the de novo sphingolipid synthesis pathway, and are converted into ceramides (Cers) with the addition of a double bond. Ceramides are abundant in tissues and have well-established biological functions. On the contrary, dihydroceramides are less prevalent, and despite their hitherto characterization as inert lipids, studies of the past decade began to unravel their implication in various biological processes distinct from those involving ceramides. These processes include cellular stress responses and autophagy, cell growth, pro-death or pro-survival pathways, hypoxia, and immune responses. In addition, their plasma concentration has been related to metabolic diseases and shown as a long-term predictor of type 2 diabetes onset. They are thus important players and potential biomarkers in pathologies ranging from diabetes to cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight the emergence of dihydroceramides as a new class of bioactive sphingolipids by reporting recent advances on their biological characterization and pathological implications, focusing on cancer and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriane Lachkar
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ferré
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Oncology and Endocrine Biochemistry, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Foufelle
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Papaioannou
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition (ICAN), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
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12
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Fonteh AN, Chiang AJ, Arakaki X, Edminster SP, Harrington MG. Accumulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Glycerophospholipids and Sphingolipids in Cognitively Healthy Participants With Alzheimer's Biomarkers Precedes Lipolysis in the Dementia Stage. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:611393. [PMID: 33390893 PMCID: PMC7772205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.611393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Insight into lipids' roles in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology is limited because brain membrane lipids have not been characterized in cognitively healthy (CH) individuals. Since age is a significant risk factor of AD, we hypothesize that aging renders the amyloid precursor protein (APP) more susceptible to abnormal processing because of deteriorating membrane lipids. To reflect brain membranes, we studied their lipid components in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain-derived CSF nanoparticle membranes. Based on CSF Aβ42/Tau levels established biomarkers of AD, we define a subset of CH participants with normal Aβ42/Tau (CH-NAT) and another group with abnormal or pathological Aβ42/Tau (CH-PAT). We report that glycerophospholipids are differentially metabolized in the CSF supernatant fluid and nanoparticle membrane fractions from CH-NAT, CH-PAT, and AD participants. Phosphatidylcholine molecular species from the supernatant fraction of CH-PAT were higher than in the CH-NAT and AD participants. Sphingomyelin levels in the supernatant fraction were lower in the CH-PAT and AD than in the CH-NAT group. The decrease in sphingomyelin corresponded with an increase in ceramide and dihydroceramide and an increase in the ceramide to sphingomyelin ratio in AD. In contrast to the supernatant fraction, sphingomyelin is higher in the nanoparticle fraction from the CH-PAT group, accompanied by lower ceramide and dihydroceramide and a decrease in the ratio of ceramide to sphingomyelin in CH-PAT compared with CH-NAT. On investigating the mechanism for the lipid changes in AD, we observed that phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity was higher in the AD group than the CH groups. Paradoxically, acid and neutral sphingomyelinase (SMase) activities were lower in AD compared to the CH groups. Considering external influences on lipids, the clinical groups did not differ in their fasting blood lipids or dietary lipids, consistent with the CSF lipid changes originating from brain pathophysiology. The lipid accumulation in a prodromal AD biomarker positive stage identifies perturbation of lipid metabolism and disturbances in APP/Amyloid beta (Aβ) as early events in AD pathophysiology. Our results identify increased lipid turnover in CH participants with AD biomarkers, switching to a predominantly lipolytic state in dementia. This knowledge may be useful for targeting and testing new AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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13
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Jakobi K, Beyer S, Koch A, Thomas D, Schwalm S, Zeuzem S, Pfeilschifter J, Grammatikos G. Sorafenib Treatment and Modulation of the Sphingolipid Pathway Affect Proliferation and Viability of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072409. [PMID: 32244391 PMCID: PMC7177910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows a remarkable heterogeneity and is recognized as a chemoresistant tumor with dismal prognosis. In previous studies, we observed significant alterations in the serum sphingolipids of patients with HCC. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of sorafenib, which is the most widely used systemic HCC medication, on the sphingolipid pathway as well as the effects of inhibiting the sphingolipid pathway in HCC. Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells were stimulated with sorafenib, and inhibitors of the sphingolipid pathway and cell proliferation, viability, and concentrations of bioactive metabolites were assessed. We observed a significant downregulation of cell proliferation and viability and a simultaneous upregulation of dihydroceramides upon sorafenib stimulation. Interestingly, fumonisin B1 (FB1) and the general sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKI II were able to inhibit cell proliferation more prominently in HepG2 and Huh7.5 cells, whereas there were no consistent effects on the formation of dihydroceramides, thus implying an involvement of distinct metabolic pathways. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a significant downregulation of HCC proliferation upon sorafenib, FB1, and SKI II treatment, whereas it seems they exert antiproliferative effects independently from sphingolipids. Certainly, further data would be required to elucidate the potential of FB1 and SKI II as putative novel therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jakobi
- Medizinische Klinik 1, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (K.J.); (S.Z.)
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sandra Beyer
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Alexander Koch
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Schwalm
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (K.J.); (S.Z.)
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Georgios Grammatikos
- Medizinische Klinik 1, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (K.J.); (S.Z.)
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
- St Luke’s Hospital, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2316-014-910
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14
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Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019:100995. [PMID: 31445071 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN) and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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15
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Bergqvist F, Ossipova E, Idborg H, Raouf J, Checa A, Englund K, Englund P, Khoonsari PE, Kultima K, Wheelock CE, Larsson K, Korotkova M, Jakobsson PJ. Inhibition of mPGES-1 or COX-2 Results in Different Proteomic and Lipidomic Profiles in A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:636. [PMID: 31231223 PMCID: PMC6567928 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES)-1 for selective reduction in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis is protective in experimental models of cancer and inflammation. Targeting mPGES-1 is envisioned as a safer alternative to traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Herein, we compared the effects of mPGES-1 inhibitor Compound III (CIII) with the cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor NS-398 on protein and lipid profiles in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced A549 lung cancer cells using mass spectrometry. Inhibition of mPGES-1 decreased PGE2 production and increased PGF2α and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) formation, while inhibition of COX-2 decreased the production of all three prostanoids. Our proteomics results revealed that CIII downregulated multiple canonical pathways including eIF2, eIF4/P70S6K, and mTOR signaling, compared to NS-398 that activated these pathways. Moreover, pathway analysis predicted that CIII increased cell death of cancer cells (Z = 3.8, p = 5.1E-41) while NS-398 decreased the same function (Z = -5.0, p = 6.5E-35). In our lipidomics analyses, we found alterations in nine phospholipids between the two inhibitors, with a stronger alteration in the lysophospholipid (LPC) profile with NS-398 compared to CIII. Inhibition of mPGES-1 increased the concentration of sphinganine and dihydroceramide (C16:0DhCer), while inhibition of COX-2 caused a general decrease in most ceramides, again suggesting different effects on cell death between the two inhibitors. We showed that CIII decreased proliferation and potentiated the cytotoxic effect of the cytostatic drugs cisplatin, etoposide, and vincristine when investigated in a live cell imaging system. Our results demonstrate differences in protein and lipid profiles after inhibition of mPGES-1 or COX-2 with important implications on the therapeutic potential of mPGES-1 inhibitors as adjuvant treatment in cancer. We encourage further investigations to illuminate the clinical benefit of mPGES-1 inhibitors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Bergqvist
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Ossipova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Idborg
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan Raouf
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Antonio Checa
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Englund
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Petter Englund
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Payam Emami Khoonsari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kim Kultima
- Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Larsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per-Johan Jakobsson
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Carreira AC, Santos TC, Lone MA, Zupančič E, Lloyd-Evans E, de Almeida RFM, Hornemann T, Silva LC. Mammalian sphingoid bases: Biophysical, physiological and pathological properties. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 75:100988. [PMID: 31132366 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases encompass a group of long chain amino alcohols which form the essential structure of sphingolipids. Over the last years, these amphiphilic molecules were moving more and more into the focus of biomedical research due to their role as bioactive molecules. In fact, free sphingoid bases interact with specific receptors and target molecules, and have been associated with numerous biological and physiological processes. In addition, they can modulate the biophysical properties of biological membranes. Several human diseases are related to pathological changes in the structure and metabolism of sphingoid bases. Yet, the mechanisms underlying their biological and pathophysiological actions remain elusive. Within this review, we aimed to summarize the current knowledge on the biochemical and biophysical properties of the most common sphingoid bases and to discuss their importance in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Carreira
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal; Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - T C Santos
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M A Lone
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - E Zupančič
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal
| | - E Lloyd-Evans
- Sir Martin Evans Building, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R F M de Almeida
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB) e Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Ed. C8, Campo Grande, Lisboa 1749-016, Portugal
| | - T Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L C Silva
- iMed.ULisboa - Research Institute for Medicines, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisboa 1649-003, Portugal; Centro de Química-Física Molecular - Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CQFM-IN), IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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17
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Snider JM, Luberto C, Hannun YA. Approaches for probing and evaluating mammalian sphingolipid metabolism. Anal Biochem 2019; 575:70-86. [PMID: 30917945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipid metabolism plays a critical role in regulating processes that control cellular fate. This dynamic pathway can generate and degrade the central players: ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate in almost any membrane in the cell, adding an unexpected level of complexity in deciphering signaling events. While in vitro assays have been developed for most enzymes in SL metabolism, these assays are setup for optimal activity conditions and can fail to take into account regulatory components such as compartmentalization, substrate limitations, and binding partners that can affect cellular enzymatic activity. Therefore, many in-cell assays have been developed to derive results that are authentic to the cellular situation which may give context to alteration in SL mass. This review will discuss approaches for utilizing probes for mammalian in-cell assays to interrogate most enzymatic steps central to SL metabolism. The use of inhibitors in conjunction with these probes can verify the specificity of cellular assays as well as provide valuable insight into flux in the SL network. The use of inhibitors specific to each of the central sphingolipid enzymes are also discussed to assist researchers in further interrogation of these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Luberto
- The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Departments of Biochemistry, Pathology and Pharmacology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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18
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Magaye RR, Savira F, Hua Y, Kelly DJ, Reid C, Flynn B, Liew D, Wang BH. The role of dihydrosphingolipids in disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1107-1134. [PMID: 30523364 PMCID: PMC11105797 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2984-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrosphingolipids refer to sphingolipids early in the biosynthetic pathway that do not contain a C4-trans-double bond in the sphingoid backbone: 3-ketosphinganine (3-ketoSph), dihydrosphingosine (dhSph), dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate (dhS1P) and dihydroceramide (dhCer). Recent advances in research related to sphingolipid biochemistry have shed light on the importance of sphingolipids in terms of cellular signalling in health and disease. However, dihydrosphingolipids have received less attention and research is lacking especially in terms of their molecular mechanisms of action. This is despite studies implicating them in the pathophysiology of disease, for example dhCer in predicting type 2 diabetes in obese individuals, dhS1P in cardiovascular diseases and dhSph in hepato-renal toxicity. This review gives a comprehensive summary of research in the last 10-15 years on the dihydrosphingolipids, 3-ketoSph, dhSph, dhS1P and dhCer, and their relevant roles in different diseases. It also highlights gaps in research that could be of future interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth R Magaye
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Feby Savira
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yue Hua
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher Reid
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bernard Flynn
- Australian Translational Medicinal Chemistry Facility, Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Danny Liew
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bing H Wang
- Monash Centre of Cardiovascular Research and Education in Therapeutics, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Vitamin E δ-tocotrienol inhibits TNF-α-stimulated NF-κB activation by up-regulation of anti-inflammatory A20 via modulation of sphingolipid including elevation of intracellular dihydroceramides. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:101-109. [PMID: 30471562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) regulates inflammation and cell survival, and is considered a potential target for anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapy. δ-Tocotrienol (δTE), a vitamin E form, has been shown to inhibit NF-κB, but the mechanism underlying this action is not clear. In the present study, we show that δTE inhibited TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB and LPS-stimulated IL-6 in a dose- and time-dependent manner in Raw 264.7 macrophages. δTE potently inhibited TNF-α-induced phosphorylation of transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), an upstream kinase essential for the activation of NF-κB. Interestingly, δTE significantly increased the expression of A20 and to a less extent, cylindromatosis (CYLD), both of which are inhibitors of NF-κB. The importance of induction of A20 in δTE's anti-NF-κB effect is validated in A20 knockout cells where δTE's inhibition of NF-κB was largely diminished. In pursuit of the cause for A20 induction, we found that δTE treatment caused rapid and persistent elevation of dihydroceramides, while decreased ceramides initially but increased ceramides during prolonged treatment. These changes of sphingolipids were accompanied by increased cellular stress markers. Importantly, δTE's induction of A20 and inhibition of NF-κB activation were partially counteracted by myriocin, a potent inhibitor of de novo synthesis of sphingolipids, indicating a critical role of sphingolipid modulation in δTE-mediated effects. Since dihydroceramide has been shown to induce A20 and inhibit NF-κB in RAW cells, we conclude that that δTE inhibits NF-κB activation by enhancing its negative regulator A20 as a result of modulating sphingolipids especially elevation of dihydroceramides.
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McNaughton M, Pitman M, Pitson SM, Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Proteasomal degradation of sphingosine kinase 1 and inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase by the sphingosine kinase inhibitors, SKi or ABC294640, induces growth arrest in androgen-independent LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16663-75. [PMID: 26934645 PMCID: PMC4941342 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinases (two isoforms termed SK1 and SK2) catalyse the formation of the bioactive lipid sphingosine 1-phosphate. We demonstrate here that the SK2 inhibitor, ABC294640 (3-(4-chlorophenyl)-adamantane-1-carboxylic acid (pyridin-4-ylmethyl)amide) or the SK1/SK2 inhibitor, SKi (2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl)thiazole)) induce the proteasomal degradation of SK1a (Mr = 42 kDa) and inhibit DNA synthesis in androgen-independent LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cells. These effects are recapitulated by the dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1) inhibitor, fenretinide. Moreover, SKi or ABC294640 reduce Des1 activity in Jurkat cells and ABC294640 induces the proteasomal degradation of Des1 (Mr = 38 kDa) in LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, SKi or ABC294640 or fenretinide increase the expression of the senescence markers, p53 and p21 in LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cells. The siRNA knockdown of SK1 or SK2 failed to increase p53 and p21 expression, but the former did reduce DNA synthesis in LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cells. Moreover, N-acetylcysteine (reactive oxygen species scavenger) blocked the SK inhibitor-induced increase in p21 and p53 expression but had no effect on the proteasomal degradation of SK1a. In addition, siRNA knockdown of Des1 increased p53 expression while a combination of Des1/SK1 siRNA increased the expression of p21. Therefore, Des1 and SK1 participate in regulating LNCaP-AI prostate cancer cell growth and this involves p53/p21-dependent and -independent pathways. Therefore, we propose targeting androgen-independent prostate cancer cells with compounds that affect Des1/SK1 to modulate both de novo and sphingolipid rheostat pathways in order to induce growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa McNaughton
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Melissa Pitman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nigel J Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Susan Pyne
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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Jang Y, Rao X, Jiang Q. Gamma-tocotrienol profoundly alters sphingolipids in cancer cells by inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase and possibly activation of sphingolipid hydrolysis during prolonged treatment. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 46:49-56. [PMID: 28456081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin E gamma-tocotrienol (γTE) is known to have anticancer effects, but mechanisms underlying these actions are not clear. Here using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we show that γTE induced marked changes of sphingolipids including rapid elevation of dihydrosphingosine and dihydroceramides (dhCers) in various types of cancer cells. The elevation of dihydrosphingolipids coincided with increased cellular stress, as indicated by JNK phosphorylation, and was prior to any sign of induction of apoptosis. Chemically blocking de novo synthesis of sphingolipids partially counteracted γTE-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Experiments using 13C3, 15N-labeled l-serine together with enzyme assays indicate that γTE inhibited cellular dihydroceramide desaturase (DEGS) activity without affecting its protein expression or de novo synthesis of sphingolipids. Unlike the effect on dhCers, γTE decreased ceramides (Cers) after 8-h treatment but increased C18:0-Cer and C16:0-Cer after 16 and 24 h, respectively. The increase of Cers coincides with γTE-induced apoptosis and autophagy. Since γTE inhibits DEGS and decreases de novo Cer synthesis, elevation of Cers during prolonged γTE treatment is likely caused by sphingomeylinase-mediated hydrolysis of sphingomyelin. This idea is supported by the observation that an acid sphingomeylinase inhibitor partially reversed γTE-induced cell death. Our study demonstrates that γTE altered sphingolipid metabolism by inhibiting DEGS activity and possibly by activating SM hydrolysis during prolonged treatment in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Jang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Xiayu Rao
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Qing Jiang
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907.
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Pitman MR, Costabile M, Pitson SM. Recent advances in the development of sphingosine kinase inhibitors. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1349-1363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Murakami S, Shimamoto T, Nagano H, Tsuruno M, Okuhara H, Hatanaka H, Tojo H, Kodama Y, Funato K. Producing human ceramide-NS by metabolic engineering using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16319. [PMID: 26573460 PMCID: PMC4647206 DOI: 10.1038/srep16319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is one of the most important intercellular components responsible for the barrier and moisture retention functions of the skin. Because of the risks involved with using products of animal origin and the low productivity of plants, the availability of ceramides is currently limited. In this study, we successfully developed a system that produces sphingosine-containing human ceramide-NS in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae by eliminating the genes for yeast sphingolipid hydroxylases (encoded by SUR2 and SCS7) and introducing the gene for a human sphingolipid desaturase (encoded by DES1). The inactivation of the ceramidase gene YDC1, overexpression of the inositol phosphosphingolipid phospholipase C gene ISC1, and endoplasmic reticulum localization of the DES1 gene product resulted in enhanced production of ceramide-NS. The engineered yeast strains can serve as hosts not only for providing a sustainable source of ceramide-NS but also for developing further systems to produce sphingosine-containing sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Murakami
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | - Toshi Shimamoto
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Tsuruno
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiromasa Tojo
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kodama
- Suntory World Research Center, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
| | - Kouichi Funato
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 739-8528, Japan
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24
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Casasampere M, Ordoñez YF, Pou A, Casas J. Inhibitors of dihydroceramide desaturase 1: Therapeutic agents and pharmacological tools to decipher the role of dihydroceramides in cell biology. Chem Phys Lipids 2015; 197:33-44. [PMID: 26248324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1) is the last enzyme in the de novo synthesis of ceramides (Cer). It catalyzes the insertion of a double bond into dihydroceramides (dhCer) to convert them to Cer, both of which are further metabolized to more complex (dihydro) sphingolipids. For many years dhCer have received poor attention, mainly due to their supposed lack of biological activity. It was not until about ten years ago that the concept that dhCer might have regulatory roles in biology emerged for the first time. Since then, multiple publications have established that dhCer are implicated in a wide spectrum of biological processes. Physiological and pathophysiological functions of dhCer have been recently reviewed. In this review we will focus on the biochemical features of Des1 and on its inhibition by different compounds with presumably different modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Casasampere
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yadira F Ordoñez
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Pou
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules, Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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25
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Siddique MM, Li Y, Chaurasia B, Kaddai VA, Summers SA. Dihydroceramides: From Bit Players to Lead Actors. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:15371-15379. [PMID: 25947377 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r115.653204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid synthesis involves a highly conserved biosynthetic pathway that produces fundamental precursors of complex sphingolipids. The final reaction involves the insertion of a double bond into dihydroceramides to generate the more abundant ceramides, which are converted to sphingomyelins and glucosylceramides/gangliosides by the addition of polar head groups. Although ceramides have long been known to mediate cellular stress responses, the dihydroceramides that are transiently produced during de novo sphingolipid synthesis were deemed inert. Evidence published in the last few years suggests that these dihydroceramides accumulate to a far greater extent in tissues than previously thought. Moreover, they have biological functions that are distinct and non-overlapping with those of the more prevalent ceramides. Roles are being uncovered in autophagy, hypoxia, and cellular proliferation, and the lipids are now implicated in the etiology, treatment, and/or diagnosis of diabetes, cancer, ischemia/reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. This minireview summarizes recent findings on this emerging class of bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ying Li
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | | | - Vincent A Kaddai
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Scott A Summers
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia.
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Fonteh AN, Ormseth C, Chiang J, Cipolla M, Arakaki X, Harrington MG. Sphingolipid metabolism correlates with cerebrospinal fluid Beta amyloid levels in Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125597. [PMID: 25938590 PMCID: PMC4418746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important in many brain functions but their role in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not completely defined. A major limit is availability of fresh brain tissue with defined AD pathology. The discovery that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains abundant nanoparticles that include synaptic vesicles and large dense core vesicles offer an accessible sample to study these organelles, while the supernatant fluid allows study of brain interstitial metabolism. Our objective was to characterize sphingolipids in nanoparticles representative of membrane vesicle metabolism, and in supernatant fluid representative of interstitial metabolism from study participants with varying levels of cognitive dysfunction. We recently described the recruitment, diagnosis, and CSF collection from cognitively normal or impaired study participants. Using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, we report that cognitively normal participants had measureable levels of sphingomyelin, ceramide, and dihydroceramide species, but that their distribution differed between nanoparticles and supernatant fluid, and further differed in those with cognitive impairment. In CSF from AD compared with cognitively normal participants: a) total sphingomyelin levels were lower in nanoparticles and supernatant fluid; b) levels of ceramide species were lower in nanoparticles and higher in supernatant fluid; c) three sphingomyelin species were reduced in the nanoparticle fraction. Moreover, three sphingomyelin species in the nanoparticle fraction were lower in mild cognitive impairment compared with cognitively normal participants. The activity of acid, but not neutral sphingomyelinase was significantly reduced in the CSF from AD participants. The reduction in acid sphingomylinase in CSF from AD participants was independent of depression and psychotropic medications. Acid sphingomyelinase activity positively correlated with amyloid β42 concentration in CSF from cognitively normal but not impaired participants. In dementia, altered sphingolipid metabolism, decreased acid sphingomyelinase activity and its lost association with CSF amyloid β42 concentration, underscores the potential of sphingolipids as disease biomarkers, and acid sphingomyelinase as a target for AD diagnosis and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred N. Fonteh
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cora Ormseth
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Jiarong Chiang
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Matthew Cipolla
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
| | - Michael G. Harrington
- Molecular Neurology Program, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, 99 N El Molino Ave, Pasadena, California, United Sates of America
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27
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Ueda N. Ceramide-induced apoptosis in renal tubular cells: a role of mitochondria and sphingosine-1-phoshate. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5076-124. [PMID: 25751724 PMCID: PMC4394466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is synthesized upon stimuli, and induces apoptosis in renal tubular cells (RTCs). Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) functions as a survival factor. Thus, the balance of ceramide/S1P determines ceramide-induced apoptosis. Mitochondria play a key role for ceramide-induced apoptosis by altered mitochondrial outer membrane permeability (MOMP). Ceramide enhances oligomerization of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins, ceramide channel, and reduces anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins in the MOM. This process alters MOMP, resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytochrome C release into the cytosol, caspase activation, and apoptosis. Ceramide regulates apoptosis through mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)-dependent and -independent pathways. Conversely, MAPKs alter ceramide generation by regulating the enzymes involving ceramide metabolism, affecting ceramide-induced apoptosis. Crosstalk between Bcl-2 family proteins, ROS, and many signaling pathways regulates ceramide-induced apoptosis. Growth factors rescue ceramide-induced apoptosis by regulating the enzymes involving ceramide metabolism, S1P, and signaling pathways including MAPKs. This article reviews evidence supporting a role of ceramide for apoptosis and discusses a role of mitochondria, including MOMP, Bcl-2 family proteins, ROS, and signaling pathways, and crosstalk between these factors in the regulation of ceramide-induced apoptosis of RTCs. A balancing role between ceramide and S1P and the strategy for preventing ceramide-induced apoptosis by growth factors are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norishi Ueda
- Department of Pediatrics, Public Central Hospital of Matto Ishikawa, 3-8 Kuramitsu, Hakusan, Ishikawa 924-8588, Japan.
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28
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Barbarroja N, Vidal-Puig A. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1, the gatekeeper of ceramide induced lipotoxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:40-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Noack J, Choi J, Richter K, Kopp-Schneider A, Régnier-Vigouroux A. A sphingosine kinase inhibitor combined with temozolomide induces glioblastoma cell death through accumulation of dihydrosphingosine and dihydroceramide, endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1425. [PMID: 25255218 PMCID: PMC4540206 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are very aggressive tumors with low chemosensitivity. The DNA-alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) is currently the most efficient chemotoxic drug for GBM therapy; however, many patients develop resistance to TMZ. Combining TMZ with another agent could present an improved treatment option if it could overcome TMZ resistance and avoid side effects. Sphingosine kinase inhibitors (SKIs) have emerged as anticancer agents. Sphingosine kinases are often overexpressed in tumors where their activity of phosphorylating sphingosine (Sph) contributes to tumor growth and migration. They control the levels of the pro-apoptotic ceramide (Cer) and Sph and of the pro-survival sphingosine-1 phosphate. In the present work, TMZ was combined with a specific SKI, and the cytotoxic effect of each drug alone or in combination was tested on GBM cell lines. The combination of sublethal doses of both agents resulted in the cell death potentiation of GBM cell lines without affecting astrocyte viability. It triggered a caspase-3-dependent cell death that was preceded by accumulation of dihydrosphingosine (dhSph) and dihydroceramide (dhCer), oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Autophagy was identified as the crucial switch that facilitated induction of this cell death potentiation. The sublethal dose of the inhibitor induced these stress events, whereas that of TMZ induced the destructive autophagy switch. Remarkably, neither Cer nor Sph, but rather the Cer intermediates, dhSph and dhCer, was involved in the cytotoxicity from the combination. Cell lines sensitive to the combination expressed low levels of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase-1, indicating this enzyme as a potential marker of sensitivity to such treatment. This work shows for the first time a strong interaction between a SKI and TMZ, leading to a tumor cell-specific death induction. It further demonstrates the biological relevance of dihydrosphingolipids in cell death mechanisms and emphasizes the potential of drugs that affect sphingolipid metabolism for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Noack
- German Cancer Research Centre, Program Infection and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Choi
- 1] German Cancer Research Centre, Program Infection and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany [2] University of Mainz, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - K Richter
- German Cancer Research Centre, Program Imaging and Cytometry, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Kopp-Schneider
- German Cancer Research Centre, Biostatistics, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Régnier-Vigouroux
- 1] German Cancer Research Centre, Program Infection and Cancer, Heidelberg, Germany [2] University of Mainz, Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Mainz, Germany
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Cingolani F, Casasampere M, Sanllehí P, Casas J, Bujons J, Fabrias G. Inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase activity by the sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKI II. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1711-20. [PMID: 24875537 PMCID: PMC4109765 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m049759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine kinase inhibitor (SKI) II has been reported as a dual inhibitor of sphingosine kinases (SKs) 1 and 2 and has been extensively used to prove the involvement of SKs and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in cellular processes. Dihydroceramide desaturase (Des1), the last enzyme in the de novo synthesis of ceramide (Cer), regulates the balance between dihydroceramides (dhCers) and Cers. Both SKs and Des1 have interest as therapeutic targets. Here we show that SKI II is a noncompetitive inhibitor (Ki = 0.3 μM) of Des1 activity with effect also in intact cells without modifying Des1 protein levels. Molecular modeling studies support that the SKI II-induced decrease in Des1 activity could result from inhibition of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase. SKI II, but not the SK1-specific inhibitor PF-543, provoked a remarkable accumulation of dhCers and their metabolites, while both SKI II and PF-543 reduced S1P to almost undetectable levels. SKI II, but not PF543, reduced cell proliferation with accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase. SKI II, but not PF543, induced autophagy. These overall findings should be taken into account when using SKI II as a pharmacological tool, as some of the effects attributed to decreased S1P may actually be caused by augmented dhCers and/or their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cingolani
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departments of Biomedicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Casasampere
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departments of Biomedicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pol Sanllehí
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departments of Biomedicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Unit of Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departments of Biomedicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Bujons
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modeling, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabrias
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Departments of Biomedicinal Chemistry Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Shin KO, Park NY, Seo CH, Hong SP, Oh KW, Hong JT, Han SK, Lee YM. Inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism enhances resveratrol chemotherapy in human gastric cancer cells. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 20:470-6. [PMID: 24009836 PMCID: PMC3762276 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a chemopreventive agent, is rapidly metabolized in the intestine and liver via glucuronidation. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of resveratrol limits its efficacy. To improve efficacy, the activity of resveratrol was investigated in the context of sphingolipid metabolism in human gastric cancer cells. Diverse sphingolipid metabolites, including dihydroceramides (DHCer), were tested for their ability to induce resveratrol cytotoxicity. Exposure to resveratrol (100 μM) for 24 hr induced cell death and cell cycle arrest in gastric cancer cells. Exposure to the combination of resveratrol and dimethylsphingosine (DMS) increased cytotoxicity, demonstrating that sphingolipid metabolites intensify resveratrol activity. Specifically, DHCer accumulated in a resveratrol concentration-dependent manner in SNU-1 and HT-29 cells, but not in SNU-668 cells. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that specific DHCer species containing C24:0, C16:0, C24:1, and C22:0 fatty acids chain were increased by up to 30-fold by resveratrol, indicating that resveratrol may partially inhibit DHCer desaturase. Indeed, resveratrol mildly inhibited DHCer desaturase activity compared to the specific inhibitor GT-11 or to retinamide (4-HPR); however, in SNU-1 cells resveratrol alone exhibited a typical cell cycle arrest pattern, which GT-11 did not alter, indicating that inhibition of DHCer desaturase is not essential to the cytotoxicity induced by the combination of resveratrol and sphingolipid metabolites. Resveratrol-induced p53 expression strongly correlated with the enhancement of cytotoxicity observed upon combination of resveratrol with DMS or 4-HPR. Taken together, these results show that DHCer accumulation is a novel lipid biomarker of resveratrol-induced cytotoxicity in human gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Oh Shin
- College of Pharmacy and MRC, Chungbuk National University, Chongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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Korbelik M, Zhang W, Saw KM, Szulc ZM, Bielawska A, Separovic D. Cationic ceramides and analogues, LCL30 and LCL85, as adjuvants to photodynamic therapy of tumors. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 126:72-7. [PMID: 23911762 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is known to alter the expression of various genes in treated cells. This prompted us to examine the activity of genes encoding two important enzymes in sphingolipid (SL) metabolism, dihydroceramide desaturase (DES) and sphingosine kinase (SPHK), in mouse SCCVII tumor cells treated by PDT using either the porphyrin-based photosensitizer Photofrin or silicon phthalocyanine Pc4. The results revealed that PDT induced an upregulation in the expression of two major isoforms of both genes (DES1 and DES2 as well as SPHK1 and SPHK2). While the changes were generally moderate (2-3-fold gains), the increase in DES2 expression was more pronounced and it was much greater with Photofrin-PDT than with Pc4-PDT (over 23-fold vs. less than 5-fold). Combining either Photofrin-PDT or Pc4-PDT with the cationic C16-ceramide LCL30 (20mg/kg i.p.) for treatment of subcutaneously growing SCCVII tumors rendered important differences in the therapy outcome. Photofrin-PDT, used at a dose that attained good initial response but no tumor cures, produced 50% cures when combined with a single LCL30 treatment. In contrast, the same LCL30 treatment combined with Pc4-PDT had no significant effect on tumor response. The optimal timing of LCL30 injection was immediately after Photofrin-PDT. The therapeutic benefit was lost when LCL30 was given in two 20mg/kg injections encompassing intervals before and after PDT. LCL85, the cationic B13 ceramide analogue and SL-modulating agent, also increased cure rates of Photofrin-PDT treated tumors, but the therapeutic benefit was less pronounced than with LCL30. These results with LCL30 and LCL85, and our previous findings for LCL29 (another SL analogue), assert the potential of SLs for use as adjuvants to augment the efficacy of PDT-mediated tumor destruction.
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Zigdon H, Kogot-Levin A, Park JW, Goldschmidt R, Kelly S, Merrill AH, Scherz A, Pewzner-Jung Y, Saada A, Futerman AH. Ablation of ceramide synthase 2 causes chronic oxidative stress due to disruption of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:4947-56. [PMID: 23283968 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ceramide is a key intermediate in the pathway of sphingolipid biosynthesis and is an important intracellular messenger. We recently generated a ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2) null mouse that cannot synthesize very long acyl chain (C22-C24) ceramides. This mouse displays severe and progressive hepatopathy. Significant changes were observed in the sphingolipid profile of CerS2 null mouse liver, including elevated C16-ceramide and sphinganine levels in liver and in isolated mitochondrial fractions. Because ceramide may be involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, we examined whether ROS generation was affected in CerS2 null mice. Levels of a number of anti-oxidant enzymes were elevated, as were lipid peroxidation, protein nitrosylation, and ROS. ROS were generated from mitochondria due to impaired complex IV activity. C16-ceramide, sphingosine, and sphinganine directly inhibited complex IV activity in isolated mitochondria and in mitoplasts, whereas other ceramide species, sphingomyelin, and diacylglycerol were without effect. A fluorescent analog of sphinganine accumulated in mitochondria. Heart mitochondria did not display a substantial alteration in the sphingolipid profile or in complex IV activity. We suggest that C16-ceramide and/or sphinganine induce ROS formation through the modulation of mitochondrial complex IV activity, resulting in chronic oxidative stress. These results are of relevance for understanding modulation of ROS signaling by sphingolipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Zigdon
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Breen P, Joseph N, Thompson K, Kraveka JM, Gudz TI, Li L, Rahmaniyan M, Bielawski J, Pierce JS, VAN Buren E, Bhatti G, Separovic D. Dihydroceramide desaturase knockdown impacts sphingolipids and apoptosis after photodamage in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Anticancer Res 2013; 33:77-84. [PMID: 23267130 PMCID: PMC3905466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (DES) is the enzyme responsible for converting dihydroceramide into ceramide in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway. Dihydroceramide can inhibit ceramide channel formation to interfere with apoptosis. We have shown that following ceramide synthase knockdown, photodynamic therapy (PDT), a cancer treatment modality, is associated with decreased levels of ceramides and dihydroceramides in cells that are resistant to apoptosis. AIM Here we investigated the effect of DES knockdown on the sphingolipid profile and apoptosis in human head and neck squamous carcinoma cells after PDT with the silicon phthalocyanine Pc 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS Following siRNA transfection and PDT treatment, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for quantification of DES mRNA, immunoblotting for protein expression, mass spectrometry for sphingolipid analysis, spectrofluorometry for caspase 3-like (DEVDase) activity, flow cytometry for apoptosis detection, and trypan blue assay for cell viability evaluation, were performed. RESULTS Down-regulation of DES led to a substantial increase in levels of dihydroceramides without affecting ceramide levels. PDT-induced accumulation of individual dihydroceramides and global ceramides was increased by DES knockdown. Concomitantly, mitochondrial depolarization, DEVDase activation, late-apoptosis and cell death were attenuated by DES knockdown. Early apoptosis, however, was enhanced. CONCLUSION Our findings support the following: (i) dihydroceramide reduces pro-apoptotic effects of ceramide; (ii) cells adapt to DES knockdown to become more sensitive to ceramide and early-apoptosis; (iii) DES is a potential molecular target for regulating apoptotic resistance to PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Breen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave., Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Dihydroceramide delays cell cycle G1/S transition via activation of ER stress and induction of autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:2135-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Siddique MM, Bikman BT, Wang L, Ying L, Reinhardt E, Shui G, Wenk MR, Summers SA. Ablation of dihydroceramide desaturase confers resistance to etoposide-induced apoptosis in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44042. [PMID: 22984457 PMCID: PMC3439484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipid biosynthesis is potently upregulated by factors associated with cellular stress, including numerous chemotherapeutics, inflammatory cytokines, and glucocorticoids. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (Des1), the third enzyme in the highly conserved pathway driving sphingolipid biosynthesis, introduces the 4,5-trans-double bond that typifies most higher-order sphingolipids. Surprisingly, recent studies have shown that certain chemotherapeutics and other drugs inhibit Des1, giving rise to a number of sphingolipids that lack the characteristic double bond. In order to assess the effect of an altered sphingolipid profile (via Des1 inhibition) on cell function, we generated isogenic mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking both Des1 alleles. Lipidomic profiling revealed that these cells contained higher levels of dihydroceramide than wild-type fibroblasts and that complex sphingolipids were comprised predominantly of the saturated backbone (e.g. sphinganine vs. sphingosine, dihydrosphingomyelin vs. sphingomyelin, etc.). Des1 ablation activated pro-survival and anabolic signaling intermediates (e.g. Akt/PKB, mTOR, MAPK, etc.) and provided protection from apoptosis caused by etoposide, a chemotherapeutic that induces sphingolipid synthesis by upregulating several sphingolipid biosynthesizing enzymes. These data reveal that the double bond present in most sphingolipids has a profound impact on cell survival pathways, and that the manipulation of Des1 could have important effects on apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monowarul M. Siddique
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (SAS); (MMS)
| | - Benjamin T. Bikman
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology and Developmental Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Liping Wang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Li Ying
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Erin Reinhardt
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R. Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Scott A. Summers
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SAS); (MMS)
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Ruangsiriluk W, Grosskurth SE, Ziemek D, Kuhn M, des Etages SG, Francone OL. Silencing of enzymes involved in ceramide biosynthesis causes distinct global alterations of lipid homeostasis and gene expression. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1459-71. [PMID: 22628619 PMCID: PMC3540863 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m020941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of ceramide synthesis has been associated with metabolic disorders such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. We examined the changes in lipid homeostasis and gene expression in Huh7 hepatocytes when the synthesis of ceramide is perturbed by knocking down serine pal mitoyltransferase subunits 1, 2, and 3 (SPTLC123) or dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (DEGS1). Although knocking down all SPTLC subunits is necessary to reduce total ceramides significantly, depleting DEGS1 is sufficient to produce a similar outcome. Lipidomic analysis of distribution and speciation of multiple lipid classes indicates an increase in phospholipids in SPTLC123-silenced cells, whereas DEGS1 depletion leads to the accumulation of sphingolipid intermediates, free fatty acids, and diacylglycerol. When cer amide synthesis is disrupted, the transcriptional profiles indicate inhibition in biosynthetic processes, downregulation of genes involved in general endomembrane trafficking, and upregulation of endocytosis and endosomal recycling. SPTLC123 silencing strongly affects the expression of genes involved with lipid metabolism. Changes in amino acid, sugar, and nucleotide metabolism, as well as vesicle trafficking between organelles, are more prominent in DEGS1-silenced cells. These studies are the first to provide a direct and comprehensive understanding at the lipidomic and transcriptomic levels of how Huh7 hepatocytes respond to changes in the inhibition of ceramide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanida Ruangsiriluk
- Department of Cardiovascular, Metabolic, and Endocrine Diseases, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Apraiz A, Idkowiak-Baldys J, Nieto-Rementería N, Boyano MD, Hannun YA, Asumendi A. Dihydroceramide accumulation and reactive oxygen species are distinct and nonessential events in 4-HPR-mediated leukemia cell death. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 90:209-23. [PMID: 22428532 DOI: 10.1139/o2012-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(Hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR) is a synthetic retinoid with a strong apoptotic effect towards different cancer cell lines in vitro, and it is currently tested in clinical trials. Increases of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulation of endogenous sphingolipid levels are well-described events observed upon 4-HPR treatment, but there is still a lack of understanding of their relationship and their contribution to cell death. LC-MS analysis of sphingolipids revealed that in human leukemia CCRF-CEM and Jurkat cells, 4-HPR induced dihydroceramide but not ceramide accumulation even at sublethal concentrations. Myriocin prevented the 4-HPR-induced dihydroceramide accumulation, but it did not prevent the loss of viability and increase of intracellular ROS production. On the other hand, ascorbic acid, Trolox, and vitamin E reversed 4-HPR effects on cell death but not dihydroceramide accumulation. NDGA, described as a lipoxygenase inhibitor, exerted a significantly higher antioxidant activity than vitamin E and abrogated 4-HPR-mediated ROS. It did not however rescue cellular viability. Taken together, this study demonstrates that early changes observed upon 4-HPR treatment, i.e., sphingolipid modulation and ROS production, are mechanistically independent events. Furthermore, the results indicate that 4-HPR-driven cell death may occur even in the absence of dihydroceramide or ROS accumulation. These observations should be taken into account for an improved design of drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aintzane Apraiz
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of the Basque Country, Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa (Bizkaia), Spain.
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Spassieva SD, Rahmaniyan M, Bielawski J, Clarke CJ, Kraveka JM, Obeid LM. Cell density-dependent reduction of dihydroceramide desaturase activity in neuroblastoma cells. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:918-928. [PMID: 22377532 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m019075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We applied a metabolic approach to investigate the role of sphingolipids in cell density-induced growth arrest in neuroblastoma cells. Our data revealed that sphingolipid metabolism in neuroblastoma cells significantly differs depending on the cells' population context. At high cell density, cells exhibited G0/G1 cell-cycle arrest and reduced ceramide, monohexosylceramide, and sphingomyelin, whereas dihydroceramide was significantly increased. In addition, our metabolic-labeling experiments showed that neuroblastoma cells at high cell density preferentially synthesized very long chain (VLC) sphingolipids and dramatically decreased synthesis of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Moreover, densely populated neuroblastoma cells showed increased message levels of both anabolic and catabolic enzymes of the sphingolipid pathway. Notably, our metabolic-labeling experiments indicated reduced dihydroceramide desaturase activity at confluence, which was confirmed by direct measurement of dihydroceramide desaturase activity in situ and in vitro. Importantly, we could reduce dihydroceramide desaturase activity in low-density cells by applying conditional media from high-density cells, as well as by adding reducing agents, such as DTT and L-cysteine to the media. In conclusion, our data suggest a role of the sphingolipid pathway, dihydroceramides desaturase in particular, in confluence-induced growth arrest in neuroblastoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefka D Spassieva
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425
| | - Mehrdad Rahmaniyan
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Jacek Bielawski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Jacqueline M Kraveka
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; and
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425; Division of General Internal Medicine, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Hospital, Charleston, SC 29401.
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Dihydroceramide desaturase and dihydrosphingolipids: debutant players in the sphingolipid arena. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 51:82-94. [PMID: 22200621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are a wide family of lipids that share common sphingoid backbones, including (2S,3R)-2-amino-4-octadecane-1,3-diol (dihydrosphingosine) and (2S,3R,4E)-2-amino-4-octadecene-1,3-diol (sphingosine). The metabolism and biological functions of sphingolipids derived from sphingosine have been the subject of many reviews. In contrast, dihydrosphingolipids have received poor attention, mainly due to their supposed lack of biological activity. However, the reported biological effects of active site directed dihydroceramide desaturase inhibitors and the involvement of dihydrosphingolipids in the response of cells to known therapeutic agents support that dihydrosphingolipids are not inert but are in fact biologically active and underscore the importance of elucidating further the metabolic pathways and cell signaling networks involved in the biological activities of dihydrosphingolipids. Dihydroceramide desaturase is the enzyme involved in the conversion of dihydroceramide into ceramide and it is crucial in the regulation of the balance between sphingolipids and dihydrosphingolipids. Furthermore, given the enzyme requirement for O₂ and the NAD(P)H cofactor, the cellular redox balance and dihydroceramide desaturase activity may reciprocally influence each other. In this review both dihydroceramide desaturase and the biological functions of dihydrosphingolipids are addressed and perspectives on this field are discussed.
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Myristic acid increases dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) activity in cultured rat hepatocytes. Lipids 2011; 47:117-28. [PMID: 22139871 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroceramide Δ4-desaturase 1 (DES1) catalyzes the last step of the de novo ceramide biosynthesis, which consists of the introduction of a trans Δ4-double bond in the carbon chain of the dihydroceramide. It was previously observed that myristic acid binds DES1 through N-myristoylation. This N-terminal modification significantly increased the activity of the recombinant DES1 in COS-7 cells and targeted part of the enzyme initially present in the endoplasmic reticulum to the mitochondrial outer membrane, leading to an increase in ceramide levels. Since these results were obtained in a recombinant COS-7 cell model with high expression of rat DES1, the purpose of the present study was to investigate if the native DES1 enzyme was really upregulated by its N-myristoylation in cultured rat hepatocytes. We first showed that DES1 was the main dihydroceramide desaturase isoform expressed in rat hepatocytes. In this model, the wild-type myristoylable recombinant form of rat DES1 was found in both the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria whereas the mutated non-myristoylable recombinant form (N-terminal glycine replaced by an alanine) was almost exclusively localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, which evidenced the importance of the myristoylation. Then, we showed that compared to other fatty acids, myristic acid was the only one to increase native DES1 activity, in both total cell lysates and mitochondrial fractions. The myristic acid-associated increase in DES1 activity was not linked to elevated mRNA or protein expression but more likely to its N-terminal myristoylation. Finally, the myristic acid-associated increase in DES1 activity slightly enhanced the number of apoptotic cells.
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Evaluation of bioactive sphingolipids in 4-HPR-resistant leukemia cells. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:477. [PMID: 22061047 PMCID: PMC3218121 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-HPR, fenretinide) is a synthetic retinoid with potent pro-apoptotic activity against several types of cancer, but little is known regarding mechanisms leading to chemoresistance. Ceramide and, more recently, other sphingolipid species (e.g., dihydroceramide and dihydrosphingosine) have been implicated in 4-HPR-mediated tumor cell death. Because sphingolipid metabolism has been reported to be altered in drug-resistant tumor cells, we studied the implication of sphingolipids in acquired resistance to 4-HPR based on an acute lymphoblastic leukemia model. Methods CCRF-CEM cell lines resistant to 4-HPR were obtained by gradual selection. Endogenous sphingolipid profiles and in situ enzymatic activities were determined by LC/MS, and resistance to 4-HPR or to alternative treatments was measured using the XTT viability assay and annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide labeling. Results No major crossresistance was observed against other antitumoral compounds (i.e. paclitaxel, cisplatin, doxorubicin hydrochloride) or agents (i.e. ultra violet C, hydrogen peroxide) also described as sphingolipid modulators. CCRF-CEM cell lines resistant to 4-HPR exhibited a distinctive endogenous sphingolipid profile that correlated with inhibition of dihydroceramide desaturase. Cells maintained acquired resistance to 4-HPR after the removal of 4-HPR though the sphingolipid profile returned to control levels. On the other hand, combined treatment with sphingosine kinase inhibitors (unnatural (dihydro)sphingosines ((dh)Sph)) and glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor (PPMP) in the presence or absence of 4-HPR increased cellular (dh)Sph (but not ceramide) levels and were highly toxic for both parental and resistant cells. Conclusions In the leukemia model, acquired resistance to 4-HPR is selective and persists in the absence of sphingolipid profile alteration. Therapeutically, the data demonstrate that alternative sphingolipid-modulating antitumoral strategies are suitable for both 4-HPR-resistant and sensitive leukemia cells. Thus, whereas sphingolipids may not be critical for maintaining resistance to 4-HPR, manipulation of cytotoxic sphingolipids should be considered a viable approach for overcoming resistance.
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Merrill AH. Sphingolipid and glycosphingolipid metabolic pathways in the era of sphingolipidomics. Chem Rev 2011; 111:6387-422. [PMID: 21942574 PMCID: PMC3191729 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred H Merrill
- School of Biology, and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
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Devlin CM, Lahm T, Hubbard WC, Van Demark M, Wang KC, Wu X, Bielawska A, Obeid LM, Ivan M, Petrache I. Dihydroceramide-based response to hypoxia. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38069-38078. [PMID: 21914808 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.297994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms of ceramide-based responses to hypoxia, we performed a mass spectrometry-based survey of ceramide species elicited by a wide range of hypoxic conditions (0.2-5% oxygen). We describe a rapid, time-dependent, marked up-regulation of dihydroceramides (DHCs) in mammalian cells and in the lungs of hypoxic rats. The increase affected all DHC species and was proportional with the depth and duration of hypoxia, ranging from 2- (1 h) to 10-fold (24 h), with complete return to normal after 1 h of reoxygenation at the expense of increased ceramides. We demonstrate that a DHC-based response to hypoxia occurs in a hypoxia-inducible factor-independent fashion and is catalyzed by the DHC desaturase (DEGS) in the de novo ceramide pathway. Both the impact of hypoxia on DHC molecular species and its inhibitory effect on cell proliferation were reproduced by knockdown of DEGS1 or DEGS2 by siRNA during normoxia. Conversely, overexpression of DEGS1 or DEGS2 attenuated the DHC accumulation and increased cell proliferation during hypoxia. Based on the amplitude and kinetics of DHC accumulation, the enzymatic desaturation of DHCs fulfills the criteria of an oxygen sensor across physiological hypoxic conditions, regulating the balance between biologically active components of ceramide metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M Devlin
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Tim Lahm
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; R. L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Walter C Hubbard
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21286
| | - Mary Van Demark
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Kevin C Wang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Xue Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202
| | - Alicja Bielawska
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202; R. L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202.
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Rahmaniyan M, Curley RW, Obeid LM, Hannun YA, Kraveka JM. Identification of dihydroceramide desaturase as a direct in vitro target for fenretinide. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24754-64. [PMID: 21543327 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.250779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The dihydroceramide desaturase (DES) enzyme is responsible for inserting the 4,5-trans-double bond to the sphingolipid backbone of dihydroceramide. We previously demonstrated that fenretinide (4-HPR) inhibited DES activity in SMS-KCNR neuroblastoma cells. In this study, we investigated whether 4-HPR acted directly on the enzyme in vitro. N-C8:0-d-erythro-dihydroceramide (C(8)-dhCer) was used as a substrate to study the conversion of dihydroceramide into ceramide in vitro using rat liver microsomes, and the formation of tritiated water after the addition of the tritiated substrate was detected and used to measure DES activity. NADH served as a cofactor. The apparent K(m) for C(8)-dhCer and NADH were 1.92 ± 0.36 μm and 43.4 ± 6.47 μm, respectively; and the V(max) was 3.16 ± 0.24 and 4.11 ± 0.18 nmol/min/g protein. Next, the effects of 4-HPR and its metabolites on DES activity were investigated. 4-HPR was found to inhibit DES in a dose-dependent manner. At 20 min, the inhibition was competitive; however, longer incubation times demonstrated the inhibition to be irreversible. Among the major metabolites of 4-HPR, 4-oxo-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4-oxo-4-HPR) showed the highest inhibitory effect with substrate concentration of 0.5 μm, with an IC(50) of 1.68 μm as compared with an IC(50) of 2.32 μm for 4-HPR. N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-MPR) and 4-Oxo-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)retinamide (4-oxo-4-MPR) had minimal effects on DES activity. A known competitive inhibitor of DES, C(8)-cyclopropenylceramide was used as a positive control. These studies define for the first time a direct in vitro target for 4-HPR and suggest that inhibitors of DES may be used as therapeutic interventions to regulate ceramide desaturation and consequent function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Rahmaniyan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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