1
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Chen C, Xie Y, Qian S. Multifaceted role of GCN2 in tumor adaptation and therapeutic targeting. Transl Oncol 2024; 49:102096. [PMID: 39178574 PMCID: PMC11388189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells voraciously consume nutrients from their environment to facilitate rapid proliferation, necessitating effective strategies to manage nutrient scarcity during tumor growth and progression. A pivotal regulatory mechanism in this context is the Integrated Stress Response (ISR), which ensures cellular homeostasis under conditions such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, the unfolded protein response, and nutrient deprivation. Within the ISR framework, the kinase GCN2 is critical, orchestrating a myriad of cellular processes including the inhibition of protein synthesis, the enhancement of amino acid transport, autophagy initiation, and angiogenesis. These processes collectively enable tumor survival and adaptation under nutrient-limited conditions. Furthermore, GCN2-mediated pathways may induce apoptosis, a property exploited by specific therapeutic agents. Leveraging extensive datasets from TCGA, GEO, and GTEx projects, we conducted a pan-cancer analysis to investigate the prognostic significance of GCN2 expression across diverse cancer types. Our analysis indicates that GCN2 expression significantly varies and correlates with both adverse and favorable prognoses depending on the type of cancer, illustrating its complex role in tumorigenesis. Importantly, GCN2 also modulates the tumor immune microenvironment, influencing immune checkpoint expression and the functionality of immune cells, thereby affecting immunotherapy outcomes. This study highlights the potential of targeting GCN2 with specific inhibitors, as evidenced by their efficacy in preclinical models to augment treatment responses and combat resistance in oncology. These findings advocate for a deeper exploration of GCN2's multifaceted roles, which could pave the way for novel targeted therapies in cancer treatment, aiming to improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yaping Xie
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Shenxian Qian
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Westlake University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Wu Y, Yang Y, Qin X, Zhang Z, Ullah M, Li Y, Zhang Z. Unfolded proteins in the mitochondria activate HRI and inhibit mitochondrial protein translation. Cell Signal 2024; 123:111353. [PMID: 39168261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is triggered through eIF2α phosphorylation in mammals. However, the mechanisms of UPRmt activation and the influence of eIF2α phosphorylation on mitochondrial protein translation remain unclear. In this study, we confirmed that the UPRmt is a rapid and specific stress response that occurs through pharmacological induction of eIF2α phosphorylation, along with the phosphorylation of eIF2α, ATF4, and CHOP. Moreover, with the upregulation of the expression of some chaperones, cytochrome P450 enzymes, and DDIT4, as determined by RNA-Seq and ribosome profiling, eIF2α phosphorylation was found to be essential for the expression of ATF4 and CHOP, after which ATF4 trafficked into the nucleus and initiated CHOP expression. In addition, the generation of ROS and mitochondrial morphology were not affected by the GTPP-induced UPRmt. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism by which HRI kinase-mediated UPRmt is induced by mitochondrial unfolded proteins via CRISPR-Cas9 technology, mitochondrial recruitment of HRI and interaction with other proteins. Moreover, we confirmed that mitochondrial protein translation and mitochondrial protein import were inhibited through eIF2α phosphorylation with the accumulation of unfolded mitochondrial proteins. These findings reveal the molecular mechanism of the UPRmt and its impact on cellular protein translation, which will offer novel insights into the functions of the UPRmt, including its implications for human disease and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshu Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology College of Veterinary Medicine/Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province/Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection and Internet Technology/Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management/China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaodong Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Munib Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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3
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Čunátová K, Vrbacký M, Puertas-Frias G, Alán L, Vanišová M, Saucedo-Rodríguez MJ, Houštěk J, Fernández-Vizarra E, Neužil J, Pecinová A, Pecina P, Mráček T. Mitochondrial translation is the primary determinant of secondary mitochondrial complex I deficiencies. iScience 2024; 27:110560. [PMID: 39184436 PMCID: PMC11342289 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Individual complexes of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) are not linked solely by their function; they also share dependencies at the maintenance/assembly level, where one complex depends on the presence of a different individual complex. Despite the relevance of this "interdependence" behavior for mitochondrial diseases, its true nature remains elusive. To understand the mechanism that can explain this phenomenon, we examined the consequences of the aberration of different OXPHOS complexes in human cells. We demonstrate here that the complete disruption of each of the OXPHOS complexes resulted in a decrease in the complex I (cI) level and that the major reason for this is linked to the downregulation of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins. We conclude that the secondary cI defect is due to mitochondrial protein synthesis attenuation, while the responsible signaling pathways could differ based on the origin of the OXPHOS defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Čunátová
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Marek Vrbacký
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Guillermo Puertas-Frias
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Alán
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Vanišová
- Laboratory for Study of Mitochondrial Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, 12808 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - María José Saucedo-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Houštěk
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Erika Fernández-Vizarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
| | - Jiří Neužil
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Qld 4222, Australia
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25250 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Diseases, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 12108 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 12800 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Pecinová
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pecina
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Mráček
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic
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4
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Kusuma F, Park S, Nguyen KA, Elvira R, Lee D, Han J. PKR Mediates the Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response through Double-Stranded RNA Accumulation under Mitochondrial Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7738. [PMID: 39062980 PMCID: PMC11276775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress, resulting from dysfunction and proteostasis disturbances, triggers the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT), which activates gene encoding chaperones and proteases to restore mitochondrial function. Although ATFS-1 mediates mitochondrial stress UPRMT induction in C. elegans, the mechanisms relaying mitochondrial stress signals to the nucleus in mammals remain poorly defined. Here, we explored the role of protein kinase R (PKR), an eIF2α kinase activated by double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), in mitochondrial stress signaling. We found that UPRMT does not occur in cells lacking PKR, indicating its crucial role in this process. Mechanistically, we observed that dsRNAs accumulate within mitochondria under stress conditions, along with unprocessed mitochondrial transcripts. Furthermore, we demonstrated that accumulated mitochondrial dsRNAs in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) deficient in the Bax/Bak channels are not released into the cytosol and do not induce the UPRMT upon mitochondrial stress, suggesting a potential role of the Bax/Bak channels in mediating the mitochondrial stress response. These discoveries enhance our understanding of how cells maintain mitochondrial integrity, respond to mitochondrial dysfunction, and communicate stress signals to the nucleus through retrograde signaling. This knowledge provides valuable insights into prospective therapeutic targets for diseases associated with mitochondrial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedho Kusuma
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (F.K.); (S.P.); (K.A.N.)
| | - Soyoung Park
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (F.K.); (S.P.); (K.A.N.)
| | - Kim Anh Nguyen
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (F.K.); (S.P.); (K.A.N.)
| | - Rosalie Elvira
- Soonchunyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (R.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Duckgue Lee
- Soonchunyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (R.E.); (D.L.)
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (F.K.); (S.P.); (K.A.N.)
- Soonchunyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science, Soonchunyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea; (R.E.); (D.L.)
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5
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Chen J, Huang X, Zhang S, Zhu X. ATF4 inhibits tumor development and mediates p-GCN2/ASNS upregulation in colon cancer. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13042. [PMID: 38844625 PMCID: PMC11156644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63895-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) is a highly malignant tumor with a high incidence and poor prognosis. This study aimed to explore the function and molecular mechanisms of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) in CC. The expression levels of ATF4, GCN2, and ASNS in CC tissues were measured using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), clone formation, transwell, and flow cytometry assays were conducted to assess cell viability, clonogenicity, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis, respectively, in the ATF4 knockdown and overexpression SW480 cell lines. The effect of ATF4 on the expression of GCN2 and ASNS was detected using RT-qPCR, Chip-qPCR, and western blotting. ATF4, GCN2, and ASNS were expressed at low levels in CC tissues, and all had a significant negative correlation with tumor diameter. ATF4 knockdown promoted cell proliferation, invasion, and S-phase cell cycle and inhibited apoptosis in SW480 cells. In contrast, ATF4 overexpression had the opposite effect. Furthermore, ATF4 overexpression enhanced ATF4 binding to the ASNS promoter region. ATF4 knockdown significantly inhibited the expression of p-GCN2 and ASNS, whereas ATF4 overexpression significantly upregulated their expression. ATF4 inhibited CC cell viability, clone formation ability, migration, and invasion and promoted apoptosis, possibly by regulating the expression of p-GCN2 and ASNS. Our study provides a novel potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71 Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaopeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hainan General Hospital, Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China.
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 71 Hedi Road, Qingxiu District, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Department of Oncology, Wuming Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Guangxi Medical University, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment for Regional High Frequency Tumor, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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6
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Wang SF, Chang YL, Liu TY, Huang KH, Fang WL, Li AFY, Yeh TS, Hung GY, Lee HC. Mitochondrial dysfunction decreases cisplatin sensitivity in gastric cancer cells through upregulation of integrated stress response and mitokine GDF15. FEBS J 2024; 291:1131-1150. [PMID: 37935441 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Gastric neoplasm is a high-mortality cancer worldwide. Chemoresistance is the obstacle against gastric cancer treatment. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been observed to promote malignant progression. However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. The mitokine growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is a significant biomarker for mitochondrial disorder and is activated by the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. The serum level of GDF15 was found to be correlated with the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. In this study, we found that high GDF15 protein expression might increase disease recurrence in adjuvant chemotherapy-treated gastric cancer patients. Moreover, treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors, especially oligomycin (a complex V inhibitor) and salubrinal (an ISR activator), respectively, was found to upregulate GDF15 and enhance cisplatin insensitivity of human gastric cancer cells. Mechanistically, it was found that the activating transcription factor 4-C/EBP homologous protein pathway has a crucial function in the heightened manifestation of GDF15. In addition, reactive oxygen species-activated general control nonderepressible 2 mediates the oligomycin-induced ISR, and upregulates GDF15. The GDF15-glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor a-like-ISR-cystine/glutamate transporter-enhanced glutathione production was found to be involved in cisplatin resistance. These results suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction might enhance cisplatin insensitivity through GDF15 upregulation, and targeting mitokine GDF15-ISR regulation might be a strategy against cisplatin resistance of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Liu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Hung Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Gastric Cancer Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Liang Fang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, Gastric Cancer Medical Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Anna Fen-Yau Li
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Giun-Yi Hung
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Singh V. F 1F o adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase is a potential drug target in non-communicable diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3849-3862. [PMID: 36715790 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08299-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
F1Fo adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, also known as the complex V, is the central ATP-producing unit in the cells arranged in the mitochondrial and plasma membranes. F1Fo ATP synthase also regulates the central metabolic processes in the human body driven by proton motive force (Δp). Numerous studies have immensely contributed toward highlighting its regulation in improving energy homeostasis and maintaining mitochondrial integrity, which otherwise gets compromised in illnesses. Yet, its role in the implication of non-communicable diseases remains unknown. F1Fo ATP synthase dysregulation at gene level leads to reduced activity and delocalization in the cristae and plasma membranes, which is directly associated with non-communicable diseases: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and renal diseases. Individual subunits of the F1Fo ATP synthase target ligand-based competitive or non-competitive inhibition. After performing a systematic literature review to understand its specific functions and its novel drug targets, the present article focuses on the central role of F1Fo ATP synthase in primary non-communicable diseases. Next, it discusses its involvement through various pathways and the effects of multiple inhibitors, activators, and modulators specific to non-communicable diseases with a futuristic outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Centre for Life Sciences, Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, 140401, India.
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8
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Bennett CF, Ronayne CT, Puigserver P. Targeting adaptive cellular responses to mitochondrial bioenergetic deficiencies in human disease. FEBS J 2022; 289:6969-6993. [PMID: 34510753 PMCID: PMC8917243 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is increasingly appreciated as a central contributor to human disease. Oxidative metabolism at the mitochondrial respiratory chain produces ATP and is intricately tied to redox homeostasis and biosynthetic pathways. Metabolic stress arising from genetic mutations in mitochondrial genes and environmental factors such as malnutrition or overnutrition is perceived by the cell and leads to adaptive and maladaptive responses that can underlie pathology. Here, we will outline cellular sensors that react to alterations in energy production, organellar redox, and metabolites stemming from mitochondrial disease (MD) mutations. MD is a heterogeneous group of disorders primarily defined by defects in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation from nuclear or mitochondrial-encoded gene mutations. Preclinical therapies that improve fitness of MD mouse models have been recently identified. Targeting metabolic/energetic deficiencies, maladaptive signaling processes, and hyper-oxygenation of tissues are all strategies aside from direct genetic approaches that hold therapeutic promise. A further mechanistic understanding of these curative processes as well as the identification of novel targets will significantly impact mitochondrial biology and disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher F Bennett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Conor T Ronayne
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pere Puigserver
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Doolittle WKL, Park S, Lee SG, Jeong S, Lee G, Ryu D, Schoonjans K, Auwerx J, Lee J, Jo YS. Non-genomic activation of the AKT-mTOR pathway by the mitochondrial stress response in thyroid cancer. Oncogene 2022; 41:4893-4904. [PMID: 36195659 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression is associated with metabolic reprogramming and causes significant intracellular stress; however, the mechanisms that link cellular stress and growth signalling are not fully understood. Here, we identified a mechanism that couples the mitochondrial stress response (MSR) with tumour progression. We demonstrated that the MSR is activated in a significant proportion of human thyroid cancers via the upregulation of heat shock protein D family members and the mitokine, growth differentiation factor 15. Our study also revealed that MSR triggered AKT/S6K signalling by activating mTORC2 via activating transcription factor 4/sestrin 2 activation whilst promoting leucine transporter and nutrient-induced mTORC1 activation. Importantly, we found that an increase in mtDNA played an essential role in MSR-induced mTOR activation and that crosstalk between MYC and MSR potentiated mTOR activation. Together, these findings suggest that the MSR could be a predictive marker for aggressive human thyroid cancer as well as a useful therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Kyung Lee Doolittle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,Department of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Sunmi Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Surgery, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 34824, South Korea
| | - Seonhyang Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Gibbeum Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Integrative Biology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Kristina Schoonjans
- Laboratory of Metabolic Signaling, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei Cancer Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, South Korea.
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10
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Kang Z, Chen F, Wu W, Liu R, Chen T, Xu F. UPRmt and coordinated UPRER in type 2 diabetes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:974083. [PMID: 36187475 PMCID: PMC9523447 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.974083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a molecular mechanism that maintains mitochondrial proteostasis under stress and is closely related to various metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Similarly, the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER) is responsible for maintaining proteomic stability in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Since the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are the primary centers of energy metabolism and protein synthesis in cells, respectively, a synergistic mechanism must exist between UPRmt and UPRER to cooperatively resist stresses such as hyperglycemia in T2D. Increasing evidence suggests that the protein kinase RNA (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling pathway is likely an important node for coordinating UPRmt and UPRER. The PERK pathway is activated in both UPRmt and UPRER, and its downstream molecules perform important functions. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of UPRmt, UPRER and their crosstalk in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfang Kang
- Department of Basic Medical Research, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanhui Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianda Chen
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Basic Medical Research, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Degradation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Fang Xu,
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11
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Sorge S, Theelke J, Yildirim K, Hertenstein H, McMullen E, Müller S, Altbürger C, Schirmeier S, Lohmann I. ATF4-Induced Warburg Metabolism Drives Over-Proliferation in Drosophila. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107659. [PMID: 32433968 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) enables essential metabolic reactions; nonetheless, the cellular responses to defects in mitochondria and the modulation of signaling pathway outputs are not understood. We show that Notch signaling and ETC attenuation via knockdown of COX7a induces massive over-proliferation. The tumor-like growth is caused by a transcriptional response through the eIF2α-kinase PERK and ATF4, which activates the expression of metabolic enzymes, nutrient transporters, and mitochondrial chaperones. We find this stress adaptation to be beneficial for progenitor cell fitness, as it renders cells sensitive to proliferation induced by the Notch signaling pathway. Intriguingly, over-proliferation is not caused by transcriptional cooperation of Notch and ATF4, but it is mediated in part by pH changes resulting from the Warburg metabolism induced by ETC attenuation. Our results suggest that ETC function is monitored by the PERK-ATF4 pathway, which can be hijacked by growth-promoting signaling pathways, leading to oncogenic pathway activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Sorge
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Theelke
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerem Yildirim
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Helen Hertenstein
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ellen McMullen
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stephan Müller
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ingrid Lohmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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12
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Mirzaei S, Hushmandi K, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Torabi SMR, Ranjbar A, SeyedSaleh S, Sharifzadeh SO, Khan H, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Ahn KS. Elucidating Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cisplatin Chemotherapy: A Focus on Molecular Pathways and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:2382. [PMID: 33921908 PMCID: PMC8073650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of chemotherapy is a major challenge nowadays, and in order to ensure effective treatment of cancer patients, it is of great importance to reveal the molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in chemoresistance. Cisplatin (CP) is a platinum-containing drug with anti-tumor activity against different cancers in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, drug resistance has restricted its potential in the treatment of cancer patients. CP can promote levels of free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cell death. Due to the double-edged sword role of ROS in cancer as a pro-survival or pro-death mechanism, ROS can result in CP resistance. In the present review, association of ROS with CP sensitivity/resistance is discussed, and in particular, how molecular pathways, both upstream and downstream targets, can affect the response of cancer cells to CP chemotherapy. Furthermore, anti-tumor compounds, such as curcumin, emodin, chloroquine that regulate ROS and related molecular pathways in increasing CP sensitivity are described. Nanoparticles can provide co-delivery of CP with anti-tumor agents and by mediating photodynamic therapy, and induce ROS overgeneration to trigger CP sensitivity. Genetic tools, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) can down-regulate molecular pathways such as HIF-1α and Nrf2 to promote ROS levels, leading to CP sensitivity. Considering the relationship between ROS and CP chemotherapy, and translating these findings to clinic can pave the way for effective treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Torabi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Adnan Ranjbar
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - SeyedHesam SeyedSaleh
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Sharifzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Kwang-Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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13
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Lu Y, Mao J, Han X, Zhang W, Li Y, Liu Y, Li Q. Downregulated hypoxia-inducible factor 1α improves myoblast differentiation under hypoxic condition in mouse genioglossus. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:1351-1364. [PMID: 33389500 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome targets the narrow anatomic structure of the upper airway (UA) and lacks an effective therapy for UA dilator muscle dysfunction. Long-term hypoxia can cause damage to UA dilator muscles and trigger a vicious cycle. We previously confirmed that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) upregulation mediates muscle fatigue in hypoxia condition, but the underlying mechanism remains to be determined. The present study investigated the intrinsic mechanisms and related pathways of HIF-1α that affect myoblast differentiation, with an aim to search for compounds that have protective effects in hypoxic condition. Differentiation of myoblasts was induced under hypoxia, and we found that hypoxia significantly inhibits the differentiation of myoblasts, damages the ultrastructure of mitochondria, and reduces the expression of myogenin, PGC-1β and pAMPKα1. HIF-1α has a negative regulation effect on AMPK. Downregulation of HIF-1α increases the expression of the abovementioned proteins, promotes the differentiation of myoblasts, and protects mitochondrial integrity. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis occurs during myogenic differentiation. Inhibition of the AMPK pathway inhibits mitochondrial biogenesis, decreases the level of PGC-1β, and increases apoptosis. Resveratrol dimer can reverse the mitochondrial damage induced by AMPK pathway inhibition and decrease myoblast apoptosis. Our results provided a regulatory mechanism for hypoxic injury in genioglossus which may contribute to the pathogenesis and treatment of OSAHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, No.356 East Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jiaqi Mao
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Hebei Medical University, 383 East Zhongshan Road, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Xinxin Han
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, No.356 East Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 356 East Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Yuehua Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, No.356 East Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, No.356 East Beijing Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
- Oral Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University, 2 Tianjin Road, Shanghai, 200001, China.
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14
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Mitochondrial control of cellular protein homeostasis. Biochem J 2021; 477:3033-3054. [PMID: 32845275 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are involved in several vital functions of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of mitochondrial proteins are coded by nuclear DNA. Constant import of proteins from the cytosol is a prerequisite for the efficient functioning of the organelle. The protein import into mitochondria is mediated by diverse import pathways and is continuously under watch by quality control systems. However, it is often challenged by both internal and external factors, such as oxidative stress or energy shortage. The impaired protein import and biogenesis leads to the accumulation of mitochondrial precursor proteins in the cytosol and activates several stress response pathways. These defense mechanisms engage a network of processes involving transcription, translation, and protein clearance to restore cellular protein homeostasis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of various factors and processes contributing to mitochondrial stress caused by protein biogenesis failure and summarize the recovery mechanisms employed by the cell.
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15
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De Oliveira MP, Liesa M. The Role of Mitochondrial Fat Oxidation in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Survival. Cells 2020; 9:E2600. [PMID: 33291682 PMCID: PMC7761891 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors remodel their metabolism to support anabolic processes needed for replication, as well as to survive nutrient scarcity and oxidative stress imposed by their changing environment. In most healthy tissues, the shift from anabolism to catabolism results in decreased glycolysis and elevated fatty acid oxidation (FAO). This change in the nutrient selected for oxidation is regulated by the glucose-fatty acid cycle, also known as the Randle cycle. Briefly, this cycle consists of a decrease in glycolysis caused by increased mitochondrial FAO in muscle as a result of elevated extracellular fatty acid availability. Closing the cycle, increased glycolysis in response to elevated extracellular glucose availability causes a decrease in mitochondrial FAO. This competition between glycolysis and FAO and its relationship with anabolism and catabolism is conserved in some cancers. Accordingly, decreasing glycolysis to lactate, even by diverting pyruvate to mitochondria, can stop proliferation. Moreover, colorectal cancer cells can effectively shift to FAO to survive both glucose restriction and increases in oxidative stress at the expense of decreasing anabolism. However, a subset of B-cell lymphomas and other cancers require a concurrent increase in mitochondrial FAO and glycolysis to support anabolism and proliferation, thus escaping the competing nature of the Randle cycle. How mitochondria are remodeled in these FAO-dependent lymphomas to preferably oxidize fat, while concurrently sustaining high glycolysis and increasing de novo fatty acid synthesis is unclear. Here, we review studies focusing on the role of mitochondrial FAO and mitochondrial-driven lipid synthesis in cancer proliferation and survival, specifically in colorectal cancer and lymphomas. We conclude that a specific metabolic liability of these FAO-dependent cancers could be a unique remodeling of mitochondrial function that licenses elevated FAO concurrent to high glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis. In addition, blocking this mitochondrial remodeling could selectively stop growth of tumors that shifted to mitochondrial FAO to survive oxidative stress and nutrient scarcity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Pinto De Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Liesa
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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16
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Girardin SE, Cuziol C, Philpott DJ, Arnoult D. The eIF2α kinase HRI in innate immunity, proteostasis, and mitochondrial stress. FEBS J 2020; 288:3094-3107. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Girardin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology University of Toronto ON Canada
| | - Camille Cuziol
- INSERM UMR_S 1197 Hôpital Paul Brousse Villejuif France
- Université Paris‐Saclay France
| | | | - Damien Arnoult
- INSERM UMR_S 1197 Hôpital Paul Brousse Villejuif France
- Université Paris‐Saclay France
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17
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Natural products and other inhibitors of F 1F O ATP synthase. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 207:112779. [PMID: 32942072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
F1FO ATP synthase is responsible for the production of >95% of all ATP synthesis within the cell. Dysregulation of its expression, activity or localization is linked to various human diseases including cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In addition, ATP synthase is a novel and viable drug target for the development of antimicrobials as evidenced by bedaquiline, which was approved in 2012 for the treatment of tuberculosis. Historically, natural products have been a rich source of ATP synthase inhibitors that help unravel the role of F1FO ATP synthase in cellular bioenergetics. During the last decade, new modulators of ATP synthase have been discovered through the isolation of novel natural products as well as through a ligand-based drug design process. In addition, new data has been obtained with regards to the structure and function of ATP synthase under physiological and pathological conditions. Crystal structure studies have provided a significant insight into the rotary function of the enzyme and may provide additional opportunities to design a new generation of inhibitors. This review provides an update on recently discovered ATP synthase modulators as well as an update on existing scaffolds.
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18
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Anderson NS, Haynes CM. Folding the Mitochondrial UPR into the Integrated Stress Response. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:428-439. [PMID: 32413314 PMCID: PMC7230072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells must accurately monitor the integrity of the mitochondrial network to overcome environmental insults and respond to physiological cues. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is a mitochondrial-to-nuclear signaling pathway that maintains mitochondrial proteostasis, mediates signaling between tissues, and regulates organismal aging. Aberrant UPRmt signaling is associated with a wide spectrum of disorders, including congenital diseases as well as cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review recent research into the mechanisms underlying UPRmt signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans and discuss emerging connections between the UPRmt signaling and a translational regulation program called the 'integrated stress response'. Further study of the UPRmt will potentially enable development of new therapeutic strategies for inherited metabolic disorders and diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine S Anderson
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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19
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Wang SF, Chen S, Tseng LM, Lee HC. Role of the mitochondrial stress response in human cancer progression. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:861-878. [PMID: 32326760 PMCID: PMC7268930 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220920558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Dysregulated mitochondria often occurred in cancers. Mitochondrial dysfunction might contribute to cancer progression. We reviewed several mitochondrial stresses in cancers. Mitochondrial stress responses might contribute to cancer progression. Several mitochondrion-derived molecules (ROS, Ca2+, oncometabolites, exported mtDNA, mitochondrial double-stranded RNA, humanin, and MOTS-c), integrated stress response, and mitochondrial unfolded protein response act as retrograde signaling pathways and might be critical in the development and progression of cancer. Targeting these mitochondrial stress responses may be an important strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 110 Taipei
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei
| | - Shiuan Chen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, CA 91010, USA
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 112 Taipei
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 112 Taipei
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20
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Kakoty V, K C S, Tang RD, Yang CH, Dubey SK, Taliyan R. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and autophagy: A complex interplay in Parkinson disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110145. [PMID: 32361164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease (AD). The predominant pathological hallmark is progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurones in the substantia nigra (SN) complicated by aggregation of misfolded forms of alpha-synuclein (α-syn). α-syn is a cytosolic synaptic protein localized in the presynaptic neuron under normal circumstances. What drives misfolding of this protein is largely unknown. However, recent studies suggest that autophagy might be an important risk factor for contributing towards PD. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that causes the clearance or degradation of misfolded, mutated and damaged proteins, organelles etc. However, in an aging individual this process might deteriorate which could possibly lead to the accumulation of damaged proteins. Hence, autophagy modulation might provide some interesting cues for the treatment of PD. Additionally, Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) which is known for its role as a potent regulator of glucose and energy metabolism has also proved to be neuroprotective in various neurodegenerative conditions possibly via mediation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violina Kakoty
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Sarathlal K C
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Ruei-Dun Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chih Hao Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
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21
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Domesticated gag Gene of Drosophila LTR Retrotransposons Is Involved in Response to Oxidative Stress. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11040396. [PMID: 32268600 PMCID: PMC7231272 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is one of the most extensively used genetic model organisms for studying LTR retrotransposons that are represented by various groups in its genome. However, the phenomenon of molecular domestication of LTR retrotransposons has been insufficiently studied in Drosophila, as well as in other invertebrates. The present work is devoted to studying the role of the domesticated gag gene, Gagr, in the Drosophila genome. The Gagr gene has been shown to be involved in the response to stress caused by exposure to ammonium persulfate, but not in the stress response to oligomycin A, zeomycin, and cadmium chloride. Ammonium persulfate tissue specifically activates the expression of Gagr in the tissues of the carcass, but not in the gut. We found that the Gagr gene promoter contains one binding motif for the transcription factor kayak, a component of the JNK signaling pathway, and two binding motifs for the transcription factor Stat92E, a component of the Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Remarkably, Gagr orthologs contain the second binding motif for Stat92E only in D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. sechellia, whereas in D. yakuba and D. erecta, Gagr orthologs contain a single motif, and there are no binding sites for Stat92E in the promoters of Gagr orthologs in D. ananassae and in species outside the melanogaster group. The data obtained indicate the formation of the protective function of the Gagr gene during evolution.
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22
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García-Aguilar A, Martínez-Reyes I, Cuezva JM. Changes in the Turnover of the Cellular Proteome during Metabolic Reprogramming: A Role for mtROS in Proteostasis. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3142-3155. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana García-Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martínez-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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23
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Mitochondrial unfolded protein response: a stress response with implications for fertility and reproductive aging. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Wang SF, Wung CH, Chen MS, Chen CF, Yin PH, Yeh TS, Chang YL, Chou YC, Hung HH, Lee HC. Activated Integrated Stress Response Induced by Salubrinal Promotes Cisplatin Resistance in Human Gastric Cancer Cells via Enhanced xCT Expression and Glutathione Biosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113389. [PMID: 30380689 PMCID: PMC6275069 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) pathway is essential for adaption of various stresses and is related to mitochondrion-to-nucleus communication. Mitochondrial dysfunction-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) was demonstrated to activate general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2)–eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α)–activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) pathway-mediated cisplatin resistance of human gastric cancer cells. However, whether or how ISR activation per se could enhance chemoresistance remains unclear. In this study, we used eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor salubrinal to activate the ISR pathway and found that salubrinal reduced susceptibility to cisplatin. Moreover, salubrinal up-regulated ATF4-modulated gene expression, and knockdown of ATF4 attenuated salubrinal-induced drug resistance, suggesting that ATF4-modulated genes contribute to the process. The ATF4-modulated genes, xCT (a cystine/glutamate anti-transporter), tribbles-related protein 3 (TRB3), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2), were associated with a poorer prognosis for gastric cancer patients. By silencing individual genes, we found that xCT, but not TRB3, HO-1, or PCK2, is responsible for salubrinal-induced cisplatin resistance. In addition, salubrinal increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) and decreased cisplatin-induced lipid peroxidation. Salubrinal-induced cisplatin resistance was attenuated by inhibition of xCT and GSH biosynthesis. In conclusion, our results suggest that ISR activation by salubrinal up-regulates ATF4-modulated gene expression, increases GSH synthesis, and decreases cisplatin-induced oxidative damage, which contribute to cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wung
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Shian Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Chian-Feng Chen
- VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Pen-Hui Yin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yuh-Lih Chang
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Ching Chou
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Hsu Hung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Genomic Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
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25
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Kasai S, Yamazaki H, Tanji K, Engler MJ, Matsumiya T, Itoh K. Role of the ISR-ATF4 pathway and its cross talk with Nrf2 in mitochondrial quality control. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2018; 64:1-12. [PMID: 30705506 PMCID: PMC6348405 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.18-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have clarified the importance of mitochondria in various age-related degenerative diseases, including late-onset Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Although mitochondrial disturbances can be involved in every step of disease progression, several observations have demonstrated that a subtle mitochondrial functional disturbance is observed preceding the actual appearance of pathophysiological alterations and can be the target of early therapeutic intervention. The signals from damaged mitochondria are transferred to the nucleus, leading to the altered expression of nuclear-encoded genes, which includes mitochondrial proteins (i.e., mitochondrial retrograde signaling). Mitochondrial retrograde signaling improves mitochondrial perturbation (i.e., mitohormesis) and is considered a homeostatic stress response against intrinsic (ex. aging or pathological mutations) and extrinsic (ex. chemicals and pathogens) stimuli. There are several branches of the mitochondrial retrograde signaling, including mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRMT), but recent observations increasingly show the importance of the ISR-ATF4 pathway in mitochondrial retrograde signaling. Furthermore, Nrf2, a master regulator of the oxidative stress response, interacts with ATF4 and cooperatively upregulates a battery of antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes while repressing the ATF4-mediated proapoptotic gene, CHOP. In this review article, we summarized the upstream and downstream mechanisms of ATF4 activation during mitochondrial stresses and disturbances and discuss therapeutic intervention against degenerative diseases by using Nrf2 activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kasai
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamazaki
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tanji
- Department of Neuropathology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Máté János Engler
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tomoh Matsumiya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki 036-8562, Japan
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26
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Lebeau J, Rainbolt TK, Wiseman RL. Coordinating Mitochondrial Biology Through the Stress-Responsive Regulation of Mitochondrial Proteases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 340:79-128. [PMID: 30072094 PMCID: PMC6402875 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are localized throughout mitochondria and function as critical regulators of all aspects of mitochondrial biology. As such, the activities of these proteases are sensitively regulated through transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms to adapt mitochondrial function to specific cellular demands. Here, we discuss the stress-responsive mechanisms responsible for regulating mitochondrial protease activity and the implications of this regulation on mitochondrial function. Furthermore, we describe how imbalances in the activity or regulation of mitochondrial proteases induced by genetic, environmental, or aging-related factors influence mitochondria in the context of disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which cells regulate mitochondrial function through alterations in protease activity provide insights into the contributions of these proteases in pathologic mitochondrial dysfunction and reveals new therapeutic opportunities to ameliorate this dysfunction in the context of diverse classes of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Lebeau
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - T Kelly Rainbolt
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - R Luke Wiseman
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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27
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Ge L, Chen W, Cao W, Liu G, Zhang Q, Zhuang J, Zhang M, Yang J, Guo S, Zhao X, Guo H. GCN2 is a potential prognostic biomarker for human papillary renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biomark 2018; 22:395-403. [PMID: 29865032 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-170922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Ge
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenmin Cao
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxiang Liu
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junlong Zhuang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suhan Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaozhi Zhao
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongqian Guo
- Department of Urology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Institute of Urology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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28
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Franco-Iborra S, Vila M, Perier C. Mitochondrial Quality Control in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Focus on Parkinson's Disease and Huntington's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:342. [PMID: 29875626 PMCID: PMC5974257 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several important advances have been made in our understanding of the pathways that lead to cell dysfunction and death in Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Despite distinct clinical and pathological features, these two neurodegenerative diseases share critical processes, such as the presence of misfolded and/or aggregated proteins, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial anomalies. Even though the mitochondria are commonly regarded as the "powerhouses" of the cell, they are involved in a multitude of cellular events such as heme metabolism, calcium homeostasis, and apoptosis. Disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction play a key role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases, further highlighting the importance of these organelles, especially in neurons. The maintenance of mitochondrial integrity through different surveillance mechanisms is thus critical for neuron survival. Mitochondria display a wide range of quality control mechanisms, from the molecular to the organellar level. Interestingly, many of these lines of defense have been found to be altered in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and HD. Current knowledge and further elucidation of the novel pathways that protect the cell through mitochondrial quality control may offer unique opportunities for disease therapy in situations where ongoing mitochondrial damage occurs. In this review, we discuss the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration with a special focus on the recent findings regarding mitochondrial quality control pathways, beyond the classical effects of increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and bioenergetic alterations. We also discuss how disturbances in these processes underlie the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders such as PD and HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Franco-Iborra
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel Vila
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celine Perier
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR)-Center for Networked Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Callegari S, Dennerlein S. Sensing the Stress: A Role for the UPR mt and UPR am in the Quality Control of Mitochondria. Front Cell Dev Biol 2018; 6:31. [PMID: 29644217 PMCID: PMC5882792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria exist as compartmentalized units, surrounded by a selectively permeable double membrane. Within is contained the mitochondrial genome and protein synthesis machinery, required for the synthesis of OXPHOS components and ultimately, ATP production. Despite their physical barrier, mitochondria are tightly integrated into the cellular environment. A constant flow of information must be maintained to and from the mitochondria and the nucleus, to ensure mitochondria are amenable to cell metabolic requirements and also to feedback on their functional state. This review highlights the pathways by which mitochondrial stress is signaled to the nucleus, with a particular focus on the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and the unfolded protein response activated by the mistargeting of proteins (UPRam). Although these pathways were originally discovered to alleviate proteotoxic stress from the accumulation of mitochondrial-targeted proteins that are misfolded or unimported, we review recent findings indicating that the UPRmt can also sense defects in mitochondrial translation. We further discuss the regulation of OXPHOS assembly and speculate on a possible role for mitochondrial stress pathways in sensing OXPHOS biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Callegari
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sven Dennerlein
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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30
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Wang SF, Chen MS, Chou YC, Ueng YF, Yin PH, Yeh TS, Lee HC. Mitochondrial dysfunction enhances cisplatin resistance in human gastric cancer cells via the ROS-activated GCN2-eIF2α-ATF4-xCT pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:74132-74151. [PMID: 27708226 PMCID: PMC5342041 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA mutations and defects in mitochondrial enzymes have been identified in gastric cancers, and they might contribute to cancer progression. In previous studies, mitochondrial dysfunction was induced by oligomycin-enhanced chemoresistance to cisplatin. Herein, we dissected the regulatory mechanism for mitochondrial dysfunction-enhanced cisplatin resistance in human gastric cancer cells. Repeated cisplatin treatment-induced cisplatin-resistant cells exhibited high SLC7A11 (xCT) expression, and xCT inhibitors (sulfasalazine or erastin), xCT siRNA, or a GSH synthesis inhibitor (buthionine sulphoximine, BSO) could sensitize these cells to cisplatin. Clinically, the high expression of xCT was associated with a poorer prognosis for gastric cancer patients under adjuvant chemotherapy. Moreover, we found that mitochondrial dysfunction enhanced cisplatin resistance and up-regulated xCT expression, as well as intracellular glutathione (GSH). The xCT inhibitors, siRNA against xCT or BSO decreased mitochondrial dysfunction-enhanced cisplatin resistance. We further demonstrated that the upregulation of the eIF2α-ATF4 pathway contributed to mitochondrial dysfunction-induced xCT expression, and activated eIF2α kinase GCN2, but not PERK, stimulated the eIF2α-ATF4-xCT pathway in response to mitochondrial dysfunction-increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In conclusion, our results suggested that the ROS-activated GCN2-eIF2α-ATF4-xCT pathway might contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction-enhanced cisplatin resistance and could be a potential target for gastric cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Fan Wang
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shian Chen
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Ching Chou
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pen-Hui Yin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Shun Yeh
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Chen Lee
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Abstract
The mitochondrial network is not only required for the production of energy, essential cofactors and amino acids, but also serves as a signaling hub for innate immune and apoptotic pathways. Multiple mechanisms have evolved to identify and combat mitochondrial dysfunction to maintain the health of the organism. One such pathway is the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), which is regulated by the mitochondrial import efficiency of the transcription factor ATFS-1 in C. elegans and potentially orthologous transcription factors in mammals (ATF4, ATF5, CHOP). Upon mitochondrial dysfunction, import of ATFS-1 into mitochondria is reduced, allowing it to be trafficked to the nucleus where it promotes the expression of genes that promote survival and recovery of the mitochondrial network. Here, we discuss recent findings underlying UPRmt signal transduction and how this adaptive transcriptional response may interact with other mitochondrial stress response pathways.
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32
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Hunt RJ, Bateman JM. Mitochondrial retrograde signaling in the nervous system. FEBS Lett 2017; 592:663-678. [PMID: 29086414 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria generate the majority of cellular ATP and are essential for neuronal function. Loss of mitochondrial activity leads to primary mitochondrial diseases and may contribute to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Mitochondria communicate with the cell through mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways. These signaling pathways are triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction and allow the organelle to control nuclear gene transcription. Neuronal mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathways have been identified in disease model systems and targeted to restore neuronal function and prevent neurodegeneration. In this review, we describe yeast and mammalian cellular models that have paved the way in the investigation of mitochondrial retrograde mechanisms. We then discuss the evidence for retrograde signaling in neurons and our current knowledge of retrograde signaling mechanisms in neuronal model systems. We argue that targeting mitochondrial retrograde pathways has the potential to lead to novel treatments for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Hunt
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, UK
| | - Joseph M Bateman
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, UK
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33
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Del Rey MJ, Valín Á, Usategui A, García-Herrero CM, Sánchez-Aragó M, Cuezva JM, Galindo M, Bravo B, Cañete JD, Blanco FJ, Criado G, Pablos JL. Hif-1α Knockdown Reduces Glycolytic Metabolism and Induces Cell Death of Human Synovial Fibroblasts Under Normoxic Conditions. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623342 PMCID: PMC5473902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased glycolysis and HIF-1α activity are characteristics of cells under hypoxic or inflammatory conditions. Besides, in normal O2 environments, elevated rates of glycolysis support critical cellular mechanisms such as cell survival. The purpose of this study was to analyze the contribution of HIF-1α to the energy metabolism and survival of human synovial fibroblasts (SF) under normoxic conditions. HIF-1α was silenced using lentiviral vectors or small-interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR and western blot of known HIF-1α target genes in hypoxia demonstrated the presence of functional HIF-1α in normoxic SF and confirmed the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) as a HIF-1α target even in normoxia. HIF-1α silencing induced apoptotic cell death in cultured SF and, similarly, treatment with glycolytic, but not with OXPHOS inhibitors, induced SF death. Finally, in vivo HIF-1α targeting by siRNA showed a significant reduction in the viability of human SF engrafted into a murine air pouch. Our results demonstrate that SF are highly dependent on glycolytic metabolism and that HIF-1α plays a regulatory role in glycolysis even under aerobic conditions. Local targeting of HIF-1α provides a feasible strategy to reduce SF hyperplasia in chronic arthritic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Del Rey
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Valín
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Usategui
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen M García-Herrero
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Aragó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Galindo
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Bravo
- Servicio de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan D Cañete
- Unitat d'Artritis, Servei de Reumatologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pí i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Laboratorio de Investigación Osteoarticular y del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña, INIBIC, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Gabriel Criado
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - José L Pablos
- Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain. .,Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Quirós PM, Prado MA, Zamboni N, D'Amico D, Williams RW, Finley D, Gygi SP, Auwerx J. Multi-omics analysis identifies ATF4 as a key regulator of the mitochondrial stress response in mammals. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2027-2045. [PMID: 28566324 PMCID: PMC5496626 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201702058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial stress activates a mitonuclear response to safeguard and repair mitochondrial function and to adapt cellular metabolism to stress. Using a multiomics approach in mammalian cells treated with four types of mitochondrial stressors, we identify activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) as the main regulator of the stress response. Surprisingly, canonical mitochondrial unfolded protein response genes mediated by ATF5 are not activated. Instead, ATF4 activates the expression of cytoprotective genes, which reprogram cellular metabolism through activation of the integrated stress response (ISR). Mitochondrial stress promotes a local proteostatic response by reducing mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, inhibiting mitochondrial translation, and coupling the activation of the ISR with the attenuation of mitochondrial function. Through a trans-expression quantitative trait locus analysis, we provide genetic evidence supporting a role for Fh1 in the control of Atf4 expression in mammals. Using gene expression data from mice and humans with mitochondrial diseases, we show that the ATF4 pathway is activated in vivo upon mitochondrial stress. Our data illustrate the value of a multiomics approach to characterize complex cellular networks and provide a versatile resource to identify new regulators of mitochondrial-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Quirós
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A Prado
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide D'Amico
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Fiorese CJ, Haynes CM. Integrating the UPR mt into the mitochondrial maintenance network. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:304-313. [PMID: 28276702 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1291577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is central to many different processes in the cell, from oxidative phosphorylation to the synthesis of iron-sulfur clusters. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction underlies a diverse array of diseases, from neurodegenerative diseases to cancer. Stress can be communicated to the cytosol and nucleus from the mitochondria through many different signals, and in response the cell can effect everything from transcriptional to post-transcriptional responses to protect the mitochondrial network. How these responses are coordinated have only recently begun to be understood. In this review, we explore how the cell maintains mitochondrial function, focusing on the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt), a transcriptional response that can activate a wide array of programs to repair and restore mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Fiorese
- a Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA.,b BCMB Allied Program , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Cole M Haynes
- a Department of Molecular Cell and Cancer Biology , University of Massachusetts Medical School , Worcester , MA , USA.,b BCMB Allied Program , Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
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36
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García-Bermúdez J, Cuezva JM. The ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1): A master regulator of energy metabolism and of cell survival. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1857:1167-1182. [PMID: 26876430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution we summarize most of the findings reported for the molecular and cellular biology of the physiological inhibitor of the mitochondrial H(+)-ATP synthase, the engine of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and gate of cell death. We first describe the structure and major mechanisms and molecules that regulate the activity of the ATP synthase placing the ATPase Inhibitory Factor 1 (IF1) as a major determinant in the regulation of the activity of the ATP synthase and hence of OXPHOS. Next, we summarize the post-transcriptional mechanisms that regulate the expression of IF1 and emphasize, in addition to the regulation afforded by the protonation state of histidine residues, that the activity of IF1 as an inhibitor of the ATP synthase is also regulated by phosphorylation of a serine residue. Phosphorylation of S39 in IF1 by the action of a mitochondrial cAMP-dependent protein kinase A hampers its interaction with the ATP synthase, i.e., only dephosphorylated IF1 interacts with the enzyme. Upon IF1 interaction with the ATP synthase both the synthetic and hydrolytic activities of the engine of OXPHOS are inhibited. These findings are further placed into the physiological context to stress the emerging roles played by IF1 in metabolic reprogramming in cancer, in hypoxia and in cellular differentiation. We review also the implication of IF1 in other cellular situations that involve the malfunctioning of mitochondria. Special emphasis is given to the role of IF1 as driver of the generation of a reactive oxygen species signal that, emanating from mitochondria, is able to reprogram the nucleus of the cell to confer by various signaling pathways a cell-death resistant phenotype against oxidative stress. Overall, our intention is to highlight the urgent need of further investigations in the molecular and cellular biology of IF1 and of its target, the ATP synthase, to unveil new therapeutic strategies in human pathology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras CIBERER-ISCIII, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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Bao XR, Ong SE, Goldberger O, Peng J, Sharma R, Thompson DA, Vafai SB, Cox AG, Marutani E, Ichinose F, Goessling W, Regev A, Carr SA, Clish CB, Mootha VK. Mitochondrial dysfunction remodels one-carbon metabolism in human cells. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27307216 PMCID: PMC4911214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.10575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a spectrum of human disorders, ranging from rare, inborn errors of metabolism to common, age-associated diseases such as neurodegeneration. How these lesions give rise to diverse pathology is not well understood, partly because their proximal consequences have not been well-studied in mammalian cells. Here we provide two lines of evidence that mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction leads to alterations in one-carbon metabolism pathways. First, using hypothesis-generating metabolic, proteomic, and transcriptional profiling, followed by confirmatory experiments, we report that mitochondrial DNA depletion leads to an ATF4-mediated increase in serine biosynthesis and transsulfuration. Second, we show that lesioning the respiratory chain impairs mitochondrial production of formate from serine, and that in some cells, respiratory chain inhibition leads to growth defects upon serine withdrawal that are rescuable with purine or formate supplementation. Our work underscores the connection between the respiratory chain and one-carbon metabolism with implications for understanding mitochondrial pathogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10575.001 Mitochondria are found within virtually all of our body’s cells and are best known as their power plants. Damaged mitochondria cause many diseases in humans – from rare, inherited metabolic disorders that cause symptoms including muscle weakness and developmental problems, to age-related diseases such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. How does mitochondrial damage lead to such a variety of symptoms and conditions? To answer this question, researchers must understand how cells respond to and compensate for such damage. To mimic mitochondrial failure, Bao et al. reduced the amount of DNA in the mitochondria of human cells and observed that this caused the cells to accumulate more of an amino acid called serine. Further investigation showed that this accumulation comes in part from cells producing more serine, and that a protein called Activating Transcription Factor 4 is responsible for increasing the expression of the genes needed to produce serine in the cells. Bao et al. also found that damaged mitochondria are less able to consume serine to produce a compound called formate, which is a precursor for DNA building blocks. If cells cannot acquire enough extra serine to compensate for this inefficiency, they cannot produce some of the building blocks required to make DNA and other critical compounds in the cell. Supplementing the cells with formate or the DNA building blocks enabled the cells to recover, which suggests that formate supplements may help to treat some mitochondrial disorders. At a higher level, these results suggest that the mitochondrion’s role as a major chemical factory in the cell, and not just as the power plant, may also contribute to disease when the mitochondria are broken. Further work is now needed to investigate how cells know to turn on Activating Transcription Factor 4 when their mitochondria are damaged. It also remains to be discovered whether this reduces or exacerbates the symptoms of mitochondrial disease. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10575.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Robert Bao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Shao-En Ong
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Olga Goldberger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Dawn A Thompson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Scott B Vafai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Andrew G Cox
- Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Eizo Marutani
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Masaschusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Fumito Ichinose
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Masaschusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Genetics Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Aviv Regev
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States.,Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States
| | - Steven A Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Clary B Clish
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
| | - Vamsi K Mootha
- Department of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute , Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, United States
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38
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Quirós PM, Mottis A, Auwerx J. Mitonuclear communication in homeostasis and stress. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2016; 17:213-26. [PMID: 26956194 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in crucial cellular processes such as energy harvesting and intermediate metabolism. Although mitochondria possess their own genome--a vestige of their bacterial origins and endosymbiotic evolution--most mitochondrial proteins are encoded in the nucleus. The expression of the mitochondrial proteome hence requires tight coordination between the two genomes to adapt mitochondrial function to the ever-changing cellular milieu. In this Review, we focus on the pathways that coordinate the communication between mitochondria and the nucleus during homeostasis and mitochondrial stress. These pathways include nucleus-to-mitochondria (anterograde) and mitochondria-to-nucleus (retrograde) communication, mitonuclear feedback signalling and proteostasis regulation, the integrated stress response and non-cell-autonomous communication. We discuss how mitonuclear communication safeguards cellular and organismal fitness and regulates lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Quirós
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adrienne Mottis
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Dasgupta B, Chhipa RR. Evolving Lessons on the Complex Role of AMPK in Normal Physiology and Cancer. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:192-206. [PMID: 26711141 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AMP kinase (AMPK) is an evolutionarily conserved enzyme required for adaptive responses to various physiological and pathological conditions. AMPK executes numerous cellular functions, some of which are often perceived at odds with each other. While AMPK is essential for embryonic growth and development, its full impact in adult tissues is revealed under stressful situations that organisms face in the real world. Conflicting reports about its cellular functions, particularly in cancer, are intriguing and a growing number of AMPK activators are being developed to treat human diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Whether these drugs will have only context-specific benefits or detrimental effects in the treatment of human cancer will be a subject of intense research. Here we review the current state of AMPK research with an emphasis on cancer and discuss the yet unresolved context-dependent functions of AMPK in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Dasgupta
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Rishi Raj Chhipa
- Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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40
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Peng M, Ostrovsky J, Kwon YJ, Polyak E, Licata J, Tsukikawa M, Marty E, Thomas J, Felix CA, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Gasser DL, Argon Y, Falk MJ. Inhibiting cytosolic translation and autophagy improves health in mitochondrial disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4829-47. [PMID: 26041819 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) disease therapies directed at intra-mitochondrial pathology are largely ineffective. Recognizing that RC dysfunction invokes pronounced extra-mitochondrial transcriptional adaptations, particularly involving dysregulated translation, we hypothesized that translational dysregulation is itself contributing to the pathophysiology of RC disease. Here, we investigated the activities, and effects from direct inhibition, of a central translational regulator (mTORC1) and its downstream biological processes in diverse genetic and pharmacological models of RC disease. Our data identify novel mechanisms underlying the cellular pathogenesis of RC dysfunction, including the combined induction of proteotoxic stress, the ER stress response and autophagy. mTORC1 inhibition with rapamycin partially ameliorated renal disease in B6.Pdss2(kd/kd) mice with complexes I-III/II-III deficiencies, improved viability and mitochondrial physiology in gas-1(fc21) nematodes with complex I deficiency, and rescued viability across a variety of RC-inhibited human cells. Even more effective was probucol, a PPAR-activating anti-lipid drug that we show also inhibits mTORC1. However, directly inhibiting mTORC1-regulated downstream activities yielded the most pronounced and sustained benefit. Partial inhibition of translation by cycloheximide, or of autophagy by lithium chloride, rescued viability, preserved cellular respiratory capacity and induced mitochondrial translation and biogenesis. Cycloheximide also ameliorated proteotoxic stress via a uniquely selective reduction of cytosolic protein translation. RNAseq-based transcriptome profiling of treatment effects in gas-1(fc21) mutants provide further evidence that these therapies effectively restored altered translation and autophagy pathways toward that of wild-type animals. Overall, partially inhibiting cytosolic translation and autophagy offer novel treatment strategies to improve health across the diverse array of human diseases whose pathogenesis involves RC dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Peng
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Genetics and
| | | | | | | | - Joseph Licata
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Mai Tsukikawa
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Eric Marty
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Jeffrey Thomas
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and
| | - Carolyn A Felix
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Yair Argon
- Division of Cell Pathology, Department of Pathology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA and
| | - Marni J Falk
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and
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Schulz AM, Haynes CM. UPR(mt)-mediated cytoprotection and organismal aging. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1448-56. [PMID: 25857997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Time- or age-dependent accumulation of mitochondrial damage and dysfunction is strongly associated with aging [1]. Thus, a major biomedical goal is to identify and therapeutically manipulate those inherent programs that protect against mitochondrial dysfunction to promote cell survival and organismal health. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR(mt)) is such a protective transcriptional response mediated by mitochondrial-to-nuclear signaling that includes mitochondrial proteostasis genes to stabilize mitochondrial function, metabolic adaptations, as well as an innate immunity program. Here, we review the UPR(mt) and its role during a variety of forms of mitochondrial dysfunction including those caused by mutations in respiratory chain genes as well as upon exposure to pathogens that produce mitochondrial toxins. We also review recent data in support of and against the emerging role of the UPR(mt) during aging and longevity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schulz
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Cole M Haynes
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA; BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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42
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Evstafieva AG, Garaeva AA, Khutornenko AA, Klepikova AV, Logacheva MD, Penin AA, Novakovsky GE, Kovaleva IE, Chumakov PM. A sustained deficiency of mitochondrial respiratory complex III induces an apoptotic cell death through the p53-mediated inhibition of pro-survival activities of the activating transcription factor 4. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1511. [PMID: 25375376 PMCID: PMC4260727 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Generation of energy in mitochondria is subjected to physiological regulation at many levels, and its malfunction may result in mitochondrial diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with different environmental influences or certain genetic conditions, and can be artificially induced by inhibitors acting at different steps of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). We found that a short-term (5 h) inhibition of ETC complex III with myxothiazol results in the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2α and upregulation of mRNA for the activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and several ATF4-regulated genes. The changes are characteristic for the adaptive integrated stress response (ISR), which is known to be triggered by unfolded proteins, nutrient and metabolic deficiency, and mitochondrial dysfunctions. However, after a prolonged incubation with myxothiazol (13-17 h), levels of ATF4 mRNA and ATF4-regulated transcripts were found substantially suppressed. The suppression was dependent on the p53 response, which is triggered by the impairment of the complex III-dependent de novo biosynthesis of pyrimidines by mitochondrial dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The initial adaptive induction of ATF4/ISR acted to promote viability of cells by attenuating apoptosis. In contrast, the induction of p53 upon a sustained inhibition of ETC complex III produced a pro-apoptotic effect, which was additionally stimulated by the p53-mediated abrogation of the pro-survival activities of the ISR. Interestingly, a sustained inhibition of ETC complex I by piericidine did not induce the p53 response and stably maintained the pro-survival activation of ATF4/ISR. We conclude that a downregulation of mitochondrial ETC generally induces adaptive pro-survival responses, which are specifically abrogated by the suicidal p53 response triggered by the genetic risks of the pyrimidine nucleotide deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Evstafieva
- 1] Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia [2] Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - A A Garaeva
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - A A Khutornenko
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - A V Klepikova
- 1] Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia [2] Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - M D Logacheva
- 1] Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia [2] Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - A A Penin
- 1] Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia [2] Faculty of Biology, Department of Genetics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - G E Novakovsky
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - I E Kovaleva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - P M Chumakov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova Street 32, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Gatsi R, Schulze B, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Hernando-Rodríguez B, Baumeister R, Artal-Sanz M. Prohibitin-mediated lifespan and mitochondrial stress implicate SGK-1, insulin/IGF and mTORC2 in C. elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107671. [PMID: 25265021 PMCID: PMC4180437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifespan regulation by mitochondrial proteins has been well described, however, the mechanism of this regulation is not fully understood. Amongst the mitochondrial proteins profoundly affecting ageing are prohibitins (PHB-1 and PHB-2). Paradoxically, in C. elegans prohibitin depletion shortens the lifespan of wild type animals while dramatically extending that of metabolically compromised animals, such as daf-2-insulin-receptor mutants. Here we show that amongst the three kinases known to act downstream of daf-2, only loss of function of sgk-1 recapitulates the ageing phenotype observed in daf-2 mutants upon prohibitin depletion. Interestingly, signalling through SGK-1 receives input from an additional pathway, parallel to DAF-2, for the prohibitin-mediated lifespan phenotype. We investigated the effect of prohibitin depletion on the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt). Remarkably, the lifespan extension upon prohibitin elimination, of both daf-2 and sgk-1 mutants, is accompanied by suppression of the UPRmt induced by lack of prohibitin. On the contrary, gain of function of SGK-1 results in further shortening of lifespan and a further increase of the UPRmt in prohibitin depleted animals. Moreover, SGK-1 interacts with RICT-1 for the regulation of the UPRmt in a parallel pathway to DAF-2. Interestingly, prohibitin depletion in rict-1 loss of function mutant animals also causes lifespan extension. Finally, we reveal an unprecedented role for mTORC2-SGK-1 in the regulation of mitochodrial homeostasis. Together, these results give further insight into the mechanism of lifespan regulation by mitochondrial function and reveal a cross-talk of mitochondria with two key pathways, Insulin/IGF and mTORC2, for the regulation of ageing and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxani Gatsi
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Bettina Schulze
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - María Jesús Rodríguez-Palero
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Blanca Hernando-Rodríguez
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marta Artal-Sanz
- CABD, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, Spain
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies (BIOSS), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Gcn2 was first described in budding yeast as a serine/threonine protein kinase involved in the response to amino acid starvation and this is its best characterized role to date. Recent work has revealed new and exciting roles for Gcn2, which affect many aspects of cellular physiology in response to a number of stresses in addition to starvation. Furthermore, the Gcn2 pathway has been implicated in diseases such as cancer and Alzheimer's disease, and therefore elucidating the new roles of Gcn2 seems ever more important.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Loss of cell growth control is not sufficient to explain why tumours form as the immune system recognizes many malignant cells and keeps them in check. The local inflammatory microenvironment is a pivotal factor in tumour formation, as tumour-associated inflammation actively suppresses antitumour immunity. The purpose of this review is to evaluate emerging evidence that amino acid catabolism is a key feature of tumour-associated inflammation that supports tumour progression and immune resistance to therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Enhanced amino acid catabolism in inflammatory tumour microenvironments correlates with carcinogen resistance and immune regulation mediated by tumour-associated immune cells that protect tumours from natural and vaccine-induced immunity. Interfering with metabolic pathways exploited by tumours is a promising antitumour strategy, especially when combined with other therapies. Moreover, molecular sensors that evolved to detect pathogens may enhance evasion of immune surveillance to permit tumour progression. SUMMARY Innate immune sensing that induces amino acid catabolism in tumour microenvironments may be pivotal in initiating and sustaining local inflammation that promotes immune resistance and attenuates antitumour immunity. Targeting molecular sensors that mediate these metabolic changes may be an effective strategy to enhance antitumour immunity that prevents tumour progression, as well as improving the efficacy of cancer therapy.
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Bonini MG, Gantner BN. The multifaceted activities of AMPK in tumor progression--why the "one size fits all" definition does not fit at all? IUBMB Life 2014; 65:889-96. [PMID: 24265196 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is a central cellular energetic biosensor and regulator of a broad array of cellular metabolic routes activated by nutrient deprivation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cytokines. The activation of AMPK maintains ATP levels in response to hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and shortage of essential metabolic fuels. Activated AMPK turns on energy sparing pathways and promotes antiapoptotic functions thereby permitting cells to survive extremely hostile conditions for prolonged periods of time. Cancer cells in solid tumors are generally subjected to such harsh conditions; however, they manage to efficiently survive and proliferate. This is likely due, in great part, to a peculiar form of metabolism that is heavily reliant on glycolysis and which promotes cancer cell adaptation and tumor progression. AMPK controls the influx and utilization of glucose by cancer cells and therefore has emerged as an attractive target to treat cancer. Investigations exploring this possibility demonstrated that activators or inhibitors of AMPK impact cancer cell viability and possibly cancer progression. For example, the AMPK activator metformin induces apoptosis in a variety of cancer cell lines and models. A major problem with many of the studies on metformin is that little effort has been invested in unraveling how metformin activates AMPK in the many contexts it has been tested. This is significant because many AMPK-independent effects of metformin have been documented. The notion that AMPK acts solely as a tumor suppressor also conflicts with findings that it confers resistance to nutrient deprivation, sustains NADPH levels in cancer cells, facilitates stress-induced gene transcription, promotes cell survival via antiapoptotic function upregulation, intermediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and increases malignant transformation. These are all recognized steps necessary for the successful evolution of tumors. This review highlights some of these findings and proposes that the role of AMPK in cancer should be reconsidered in light of the complex roles of AMPK under different metabolic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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Horan MP, Cooper DN. The emergence of the mitochondrial genome as a partial regulator of nuclear function is providing new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying age-related complex disease. Hum Genet 2013; 133:435-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Sánchez-Aragó M, García-Bermúdez J, Martínez-Reyes I, Santacatterina F, Cuezva JM. Degradation of IF1 controls energy metabolism during osteogenic differentiation of stem cells. EMBO Rep 2013; 14:638-44. [PMID: 23722655 PMCID: PMC3701239 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) requires the rewiring of energy metabolism. Herein, we demonstrate that the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) is expressed in hMSCs and in prostate and colon stem cells but is not expressed in the differentiated cells. IF1 inhibits oxidative phosphorylation and regulates the activity of aerobic glycolysis in hMSCs. Silencing of IF1 in hMSCs mimics the metabolic changes observed in osteocytes and accelerates cellular differentiation. Activation of IF1 degradation acts as the switch that regulates energy metabolism during differentiation. We conclude that IF1 is a stemness marker important for maintaining the quiescence state.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez-Aragó
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier García-Bermúdez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Martínez-Reyes
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fulvio Santacatterina
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Cuezva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Servero Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Centro de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre, ISCIII, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Hsu CC, Wang CH, Wu LC, Hsia CY, Chi CW, Yin PH, Chang CJ, Sung MT, Wei YH, Lu SH, Lee HC. Mitochondrial dysfunction represses HIF-1α protein synthesis through AMPK activation in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4743-51. [PMID: 23791554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is an important transcription factor that modulates cellular responses to hypoxia and also plays critical roles in cancer progression. Recently, somatic mutations and decreased copy number of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) were detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These mutations were shown to have the potential to cause mitochondrial dysfunction. However, the effects and mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction on HIF-1α function are not fully understood. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanism by which mitochondrial dysfunction regulates HIF-1α expression. METHODS Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were treated with various mitochondrial respiration inhibitors and an uncoupler, respectively, and the mRNA and protein expressions as well as transactivation activity of HIF-1α were determined. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) was further analyzed by compound C and AMPK knock-down. RESULTS Treatments of mitochondrial inhibitors and an uncoupler respectively reduced both the protein level and transactivation activity of HIF-1α in HepG2 cells under normoxia or hypoxia. The mitochondrial dysfunction-repressed HIF-1α protein synthesis was associated with decreased phosphorylations of p70(S6K) and 4E-BP-1. Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunction decreased intracellular ATP content and elevated the phosphorylation of AMPK. Treatments with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, and knock-down of AMPK partially rescued the mitochondrial dysfunction-repressed HIF-1α expression. CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial dysfunctions resulted in reduced HIF-1α protein synthesis through AMPK-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results provided a mechanism for communication from mitochondria to the nucleus through AMPK-HIF-1α. Mitochondrial function is important for HIF-1α expression in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taiwan
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Abstract
Recent findings in colon cancer cells indicate that inhibition of the mitochondrial H+-adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase by the ATPase inhibitory factor 1 (IF1) promotes aerobic glycolysis and a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signal that enhances proliferation and cell survival. Herein, we have studied the expression, biological relevance, mechanism of regulation and potential clinical impact of IF1 in some prevalent human carcinomas. We show that IF1 is highly overexpressed in most (>90%) of the colon (n=64), lung (n=30), breast (n=129) and ovarian (n=10) carcinomas studied as assessed by different approaches in independent cohorts of cancer patients. The expression of IF1 in the corresponding normal tissues is negligible. By contrast, the endometrium, stomach and kidney show high expression of IF1 in the normal tissue revealing subtle differences by carcinogenesis. The overexpression of IF1 also promotes the activation of aerobic glycolysis and a concurrent ROS signal in mitochondria of the lung, breast and ovarian cancer cells mimicking the activity of oligomycin. IF1-mediated ROS signaling activates cell-type specific adaptive responses aimed at preventing death in these cell lines. Remarkably, regulation of IF1 expression in the colon, lung, breast and ovarian carcinomas is exerted at post-transcriptional levels. We demonstrate that IF1 is a short-lived protein (t1/2 ∼100 min) strongly implicating translation and/or protein stabilization as main drivers of metabolic reprogramming and cell survival in these human cancers. Analysis of tumor expression of IF1 in cohorts of breast and colon cancer patients revealed its relevance as a predictive marker for clinical outcome, emphasizing the high potential of IF1 as therapeutic target.
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