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Huth C, Beuerle S, Zierer A, Heier M, Herder C, Kaiser T, Koenig W, Kronenberg F, Oexle K, Rathmann W, Roden M, Schwab S, Seissler J, Stöckl D, Meisinger C, Peters A, Thorand B. Biomarkers of iron metabolism are independently associated with impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the KORA F4 study. Eur J Endocrinol 2015; 173:643-53. [PMID: 26294793 DOI: 10.1530/eje-15-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Iron has been suggested to play a role in the etiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Except for ferritin, evidence is sparse for other markers of iron metabolism that are regulated differently and might act through independent pathways. We therefore investigated the associations of serum ferritin, transferrin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), transferrin saturation (TSAT), sTfR-to-log10ferritin (sTfR-F) index, and iron with impaired glucose metabolism (IGM/'prediabetes'), T2DM, and four continuous glucose and insulin traits. DESIGN AND METHODS Data from 2893 participants of the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) F4 study (Germany) was investigated through regression analysis. The results were adjusted for socio-demographic, life-style, and obesity measures as well as metabolic, inflammatory, and other iron biomarkers following a step-wise approach. Non-linearity was tested by adding a non-linear spline component to the model. RESULTS Ferritin and transferrin were positively associated with IGM (fourth vs first sex-specific quartile: ferritin odds ratio (OR)=2.08 (95% CI 1.43-3.04) and transferrin OR=1.89 (95% CI 1.32-2.70)), T2DM (ferritin OR=1.98 (95% CI 1.22-3.22) and transferrin OR=2.42 (95% CI 1.54-3.81)), and fasting as well as 2-h glucose. TSAT (OR=0.55 (95% CI 0.34-0.88)) and iron (OR=0.61 (95% CI 0.38-0.97)) were inversely associated with T2DM, sTfR-F-index was inversely associated with IGM (OR=0.67 (95% CI 0.48-0.95)). There was no strong evidence for non-linear relationships. CONCLUSIONS The observed associations of several markers of iron metabolism with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance suggest that iron stores as well as iron-related metabolic pathways contribute to the pathogenesis of IGM and T2DM. Moreover, TSAT levels are decreased in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Huth
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Simon Beuerle
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Astrid Zierer
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Margit Heier
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Christian Herder
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Thorsten Kaiser
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Koenig
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Florian Kronenberg
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rathmann
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Michael Roden
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Sigrid Schwab
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany
| | - Jochen Seissler
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
| | - Barbara Thorand
- Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Düsseldorf, GermanyInstitute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Leipzig, Leipzig, GermanyDepartment of Internal Medicine II - CardiologyUniversity of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, GermanyDivision of Genetic EpidemiologyDepartment of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, AustriaInstitute of Human GeneticsKlinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, GermanyInstitute of Biometrics and EpidemiologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyDepartment of Endocrinology and DiabetologyMedical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, GermanyMedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IVDiabetes Zentrum - Campus Innenstadt, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, GermanyClinical Cooperation Group DiabetesLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany Institute of Epidemiology IIHelmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, GermanyGerman Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Partner Neuherberg, GermanyMONICA/KORA Myocardial Infarction RegistryCentral Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, GermanyInstitute for Clinical DiabetologyGerman Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University
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