1
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Wolfram M, Greif A, Baidukova O, Voll H, Tauber S, Lindacher J, Hegemann P, Kreimer G. Insights into degradation and targeting of the photoreceptor channelrhodopsin-1. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38935876 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In Chlamydomonas, the directly light-gated, plasma membrane-localized cation channels channelrhodopsins ChR1 and ChR2 are the primary photoreceptors for phototaxis. Their targeting and abundance is essential for optimal movement responses. However, our knowledge how Chlamydomonas achieves this is still at its infancy. Here we show that ChR1 internalization occurs via light-stimulated endocytosis. Prior or during endocytosis ChR1 is modified and forms high molecular mass complexes. These are the solely detectable ChR1 forms in extracellular vesicles and their abundance therein dynamically changes upon illumination. The ChR1-containing extracellular vesicles are secreted via the plasma membrane and/or the ciliary base. In line with this, ciliogenesis mutants exhibit increased ChR1 degradation rates. Further, we establish involvement of the cysteine protease CEP1, a member of the papain-type C1A subfamily. ΔCEP1-knockout strains lack light-induced ChR1 degradation, whereas ChR2 degradation was unaffected. Low light stimulates CEP1 expression, which is regulated via phototropin, a SPA1 E3 ubiquitin ligase and cyclic AMP. Further, mutant and inhibitor analyses revealed involvement of the small GTPase ARL11 and SUMOylation in ChR1 targeting to the eyespot and cilia. Our study thus defines the degradation pathway of this central photoreceptor of Chlamydomonas and identifies novel elements involved in its homoeostasis and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Wolfram
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Arne Greif
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Olga Baidukova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hildegard Voll
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Tauber
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Jana Lindacher
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Kreimer
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
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2
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Niu M, Zhang X, Wu Z, Li B, Bao J, Dai J, Yang Z, Zeng Y, Li L, Pandol S, Sutton R, Wen L. Neutrophil-specific ORAI1 Calcium Channel Inhibition Reduces Pancreatitis-associated Acute Lung Injury. FUNCTION 2023; 5:zqad061. [PMID: 38020066 PMCID: PMC10666672 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is initiated within pancreatic exocrine cells and sustained by dysregulated systemic inflammatory responses mediated by neutrophils. Store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) through ORAI1 channels in pancreatic acinar cells triggers acute pancreatitis, and ORAI1 inhibitors ameliorate experimental acute pancreatitis, but the role of ORAI1 in pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury has not been determined. Here, we showed mice with pancreas-specific deletion of Orai1 (Orai1ΔPdx1, ∼70% reduction in the expression of Orai1) are protected against pancreatic tissue damage and immune cell infiltration, but not pancreatitis-associated acute lung injury, suggesting the involvement of unknown cells that may cause such injury through SOCE via ORAI1. Genetic (Orai1ΔMRP8) or pharmacological inhibition of ORAI1 in murine and human neutrophils decreased Ca2+ influx and impaired chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species production, and neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Unlike pancreas-specific Orai1 deletion, mice with neutrophil-specific deletion of Orai1 (Orai1ΔMRP8) were protected against pancreatitis- and sepsis-associated lung cytokine release and injury, but not pancreatic injury in experimental acute pancreatitis. These results define critical differences between contributions from different cell types to either pancreatic or systemic organ injury in acute pancreatitis. Our findings suggest that any therapy for acute pancreatitis that targets multiple rather than single cell types is more likely to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Center for Biomarker Discovery and Validation, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine (PUMCH), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zengkai Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Jingpiao Bao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Juanjuan Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yue Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Pancreatic Disease, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201600, China
| | - Stephen Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Center for Biomarker Discovery and Validation, National Infrastructures for Translational Medicine (PUMCH), Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe, and Rare Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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3
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Gerasimenko JV, Gerasimenko OV. The role of Ca 2+ signalling in the pathology of exocrine pancreas. Cell Calcium 2023; 112:102740. [PMID: 37058923 PMCID: PMC10840512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2023.102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Exocrine pancreas has been the field of many successful studies in pancreatic physiology and pathology. However, related disease - acute pancreatitis (AP) is still takes it toll with more than 100,000 related deaths worldwide per year. In spite of significant scientific progress and several human trials currently running for AP, there is still no specific treatment in the clinic. Studies of the mechanism of initiation of AP have identified two crucial conditions: sustained elevations of cytoplasmic calcium concentration (Ca2+ plateau) and significantly reduced intracellular energy (ATP depletion). These hallmarks are interdependent, i.e., Ca2+ plateau increase energy demand for its clearance while energy production is greatly affected by the pathology. Result of long standing Ca2+ plateau is destabilisation of the secretory granules and premature activation of the digestive enzymes leading to necrotic cell death. Main attempts so far to break the vicious circle of cell death have been concentrated on reduction of Ca2+ overload or reduction of ATP depletion. This review will summarise these approaches, including recent developments of potential therapies for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Gerasimenko
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Oleg V Gerasimenko
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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4
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Williams JA, Groblewski GE, Gorelick FS, Mayerle J, Apte M, Gukovskaya A. American Pancreatic Association Frank Brooks Symposium: Fifty Years of Pancreatic Cell Biology. Pancreas 2021; 49:604-611. [PMID: 32433396 PMCID: PMC7249997 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Williams
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Internal Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Guy E. Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | - Fred S. Gorelick
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Medicine II, Liver Centre Munich, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anna Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, and, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA
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5
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Shawer H, Norman K, Cheng CW, Foster R, Beech DJ, Bailey MA. ORAI1 Ca 2+ Channel as a Therapeutic Target in Pathological Vascular Remodelling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653812. [PMID: 33937254 PMCID: PMC8083964 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are normally physiologically quiescent, arranged circumferentially in one or more layers within blood vessel walls. Remodelling of native VSMC to a proliferative state for vascular development, adaptation or repair is driven by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). A key effector downstream of PDGF receptors is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) mediated through the plasma membrane calcium ion channel, ORAI1, which is activated by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium store sensor, stromal interaction molecule-1 (STIM1). This SOCE was shown to play fundamental roles in the pathological remodelling of VSMC. Exciting transgenic lineage-tracing studies have revealed that the contribution of the phenotypically-modulated VSMC in atherosclerotic plaque formation is more significant than previously appreciated, and growing evidence supports the relevance of ORAI1 signalling in this pathologic remodelling. ORAI1 has also emerged as an attractive potential therapeutic target as it is accessible to extracellular compound inhibition. This is further supported by the progression of several ORAI1 inhibitors into clinical trials. Here we discuss the current knowledge of ORAI1-mediated signalling in pathologic vascular remodelling, particularly in the settings of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and neointimal hyperplasia, and the recent developments in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ORAI1 coordinates VSMC phenotypic remodelling, through the activation of key transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T-cell (NFAT). In addition, we discuss advances in therapeutic strategies aimed at the ORAI1 target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba Shawer
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Norman
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Chew W Cheng
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Foster
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - David J Beech
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Marc A Bailey
- School of Medicine, The Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Zheng Z, Ding YX, Qu YX, Cao F, Li F. A narrative review of acute pancreatitis and its diagnosis, pathogenetic mechanism, and management. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:69. [PMID: 33553362 PMCID: PMC7859757 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease that can progress to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), which increases the risk of death. AP is characterized by inappropriate activation of trypsinogen, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and destruction of secretory cells. Other contributing factors may include calcium (Ca2+) overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, exosomes are also associated with pathophysiological processes of many human diseases and may play a biological role in AP. However, the pathogenic mechanism has not been fully elucidated and needs to be further explored to inform treatment. Recently, the treatment guidelines have changed; minimally invasive therapy is advocated more as the core multidisciplinary participation and "step-up" approach. The surgical procedures have gradually changed from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery that primarily includes percutaneous catheter drainage (PCD), endoscopy, small incision surgery, and video-assisted surgery. The current guidelines for the management of AP have been updated and revised in many aspects. The type of fluid to be used, the timing, volume, and speed of administration for fluid resuscitation has been controversial. In addition, the timing and role of nutritional support and prophylactic antibiotic therapy, as well as the timing of the surgical or endoscopic intervention, and the management of complications still have many uncertainties that could negatively impact the prognosis and patients' quality of life. Consequently, to inform clinicians about optimal treatment, we aimed to review recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of AP and its diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Ding
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Xu Qu
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for Acute Pancreatitis, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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7
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The role of Ca2+ signalling in the physiology and pathophysiology of exocrine pancreas. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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8
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Marcantoni A, Calorio C, Hidisoglu E, Chiantia G, Carbone E. Cav1.2 channelopathies causing autism: new hallmarks on Timothy syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:775-789. [PMID: 32621084 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cav1.2 L-type calcium channels play key roles in long-term synaptic plasticity, sensory transduction, muscle contraction, and hormone release. De novo mutations in the gene encoding Cav1.2 (CACNA1C) causes two forms of Timothy syndrome (TS1, TS2), characterized by a multisystem disorder inclusive of cardiac arrhythmias, long QT, autism, and adrenal gland dysfunction. In both TS1 and TS2, the missense mutation G406R is on the alternatively spliced exon 8 and 8A coding for the IS6-helix of Cav1.2 and is responsible for the penetrant form of autism in most TS individuals. The mutation causes specific gain-of-function changes to Cav1.2 channel gating: a "leftward shift" of voltage-dependent activation, reduced voltage-dependent inactivation, and a "leftward shift" of steady-state inactivation. How this occurs and how Cav1.2 gating changes alter neuronal firing and synaptic plasticity is still largely unexplained. Trying to better understanding the molecular basis of Cav1.2 gating dysfunctions leading to autism, here, we will present and discuss the properties of recently reported typical and atypical TS phenotypes and the effective gating changes exhibited by missense mutations associated with long QTs without extracardiac symptoms, unrelated to TS. We will also discuss new emerging views achieved from using iPSCs-derived neurons and the newly available autistic TS2-neo mouse model, both appearing promising for understanding neuronal mistuning in autistic TS patients. We will also analyze and describe recent proposals of molecular pathways that might explain mistuned Ca2+-mediated and Ca2+-independent excitation-transcription signals to the nucleus. Briefly, we will also discuss possible pharmacological approaches to treat autism associated with L-type channelopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Calorio
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Enis Hidisoglu
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Giuseppe Chiantia
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, N.I.S. Centre, Corso Raffaello 30, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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De Faveri F, Chvanov M, Voronina S, Moore D, Pollock L, Haynes L, Awais M, Beckett AJ, Mayer U, Sutton R, Criddle DN, Prior IA, Wileman T, Tepikin AV. LAP-like non-canonical autophagy and evolution of endocytic vacuoles in pancreatic acinar cells. Autophagy 2020; 16:1314-1331. [PMID: 31651224 PMCID: PMC7469629 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1679514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of trypsinogen (formation of trypsin) inside the pancreas is an early pathological event in the development of acute pancreatitis. In our previous studies we identified the activation of trypsinogen within endocytic vacuoles (EVs), cellular organelles that appear in pancreatic acinar cells treated with the inducers of acute pancreatitis. EVs are formed as a result of aberrant compound exocytosis and subsequent internalization of post-exocytic structures. These organelles can be up to 12 μm in diameter and can be actinated (i.e. coated with F-actin). Notably, EVs can undergo intracellular rupture and fusion with the plasma membrane, providing trypsin with access to cytoplasmic and extracellular targets. Unraveling the mechanisms involved in cellular processing of EVs is an interesting cell biological challenge with potential benefits for understanding acute pancreatitis. In this study we have investigated autophagy of EVs and discovered that it involves a non-canonical LC3-conjugation mechanism, reminiscent in its properties to LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP); in both processes LC3 was recruited to single, outer organellar membranes. Trypsinogen activation peptide was observed in approximately 55% of LC3-coated EVs indicating the relevance of the described process to the early cellular events of acute pancreatitis. We also investigated relationships between actination and non-canonical autophagy of EVs and concluded that these processes represent sequential steps in the evolution of EVs. Our study expands the known roles of LAP and indicates that, in addition to its well-established functions in phagocytosis and macropinocytosis, LAP is also involved in the processing of post-exocytic organelles in exocrine secretory cells. ABBREVIATIONS AP: acute pancreatitis; CCK: cholecystokinin; CLEM: correlative light and electron microscopy; DPI: diphenyleneiodonium; EV: endocytic vacuole; LAP: LC3-associate phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; PACs: pancreatic acinar cells; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PtdIns3P: phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate; Res: resveratrol; TAP: trypsinogen activation peptide; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TLC-S: taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate; TRD: Dextran Texas Red 3000 MW Neutral; ZGs: zymogen granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Faveri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danielle Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Liam Pollock
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee Haynes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alison J. Beckett
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ulrike Mayer
- Bio-Medical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David N. Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian A. Prior
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tom Wileman
- Bio-Medical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Alexei V. Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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10
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Ramos-Álvarez I, Lee L, Jensen RT. Group II p21-activated kinase, PAK4, is needed for activation of focal adhesion kinases, MAPK, GSK3, and β-catenin in rat pancreatic acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G490-G503. [PMID: 31984786 PMCID: PMC7099487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00229.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PAK4 is the only member of the Group II p21-activated kinases (PAKs) present in rat pancreatic acinar cells and is activated by gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters stimulating PLC/cAMP and by various pancreatic growth factors. However, little is known of the role of PAK4 activation in cellular signaling cascades in pancreatic acinar cells. In the present study, we examined the role of PAK4's participation in five different cholecystokinin-8 (CCK-8)-stimulated signaling pathways (PI3K/Akt, MAPK, focal adhesion kinase, GSK3, and β-catenin), which mediate many of its physiological acinar-cell effects, as well as effects in pathophysiological conditions. To define PAK4's role, the effect of two different PAK4 inhibitors, PF-3758309 and LCH-7749944, was examined under experimental conditions that only inhibited PAK4 activation and not activation of the other pancreatic PAK, Group I PAK2. The inhibitors' effects on activation of these five signaling cascades by both physiological and pathophysiological concentrations of CCK, as well as by 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate (TPA), a PKC-activator, were examined. CCK/TPA activation of focal adhesion kinases(PYK2/p125FAK) and the accompanying adapter proteins (paxillin/p130CAS), Mek1/2, and p44/42, but not c-Raf or other MAPKs (JNK/p38), were mediated by PAK4. Activation of PI3K/Akt/p70s6K was independent of PAK4, whereas GSK3 and β-catenin stimulation was PAK4-dependent. These results, coupled with recent studies showing PAK4 is important in pancreatic fluid/electrolyte/enzyme secretion and acinar cell growth, show that PAK4 plays an important role in different cellular signaling cascades, which have been shown to mediate numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes in pancreatic acinar cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In pancreatic acinar cells, cholecystokinin (CCK) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate (TPA) activation of focal adhesion kinases (p125FAK,PYK2) and its accompanying adapter proteins, p130CAS/paxillin; Mek1/2, p44/42, GSK3, and β-catenin are mediated by PAK4. PI3K/Akt/p70s6K, c-Raf, JNK, or p38 pathways are independent of PAK4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Mukherjee R, Nunes Q, Huang W, Sutton R. Precision medicine for acute pancreatitis: current status and future opportunities. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:81-86. [PMID: 35692449 PMCID: PMC8985768 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a common inflammatory condition affecting the pancreas, predominantly caused by gallstones, alcohol excess, and hypertriglyceridaemia, with severe disease carrying up to 50% mortality. Despite significant research and preclinical promise, no targeted drug treatments exist for the disease and precision medicine approaches are lacking significantly, when compared to other health conditions. Advances in omics applications will facilitate improved preclinical models and target identification as well as biomarker discovery for refined trial design, focusing on risk stratification, subject selection, and outcome determination. Randomised treatment of Acute Pancreatitis with Infliximab: Double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial (RAPID-I) is a pioneering trial, currently under way in acute pancreatitis, which may serve as an innovative model for the implementation of precision medicine strategies for acute pancreatitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarshi Mukherjee
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Quentin Nunes
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Wei Huang
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- Liverpool Pancreatitis Research Group, Royal Liverpool University Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Correspondence: Robert Sutton,
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12
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Waldron RT, Chen Y, Pham H, Go A, Su HY, Hu C, Wen L, Husain SZ, Sugar CA, Roos J, Ramos S, Lugea A, Dunn M, Stauderman K, Pandol SJ. The Orai Ca 2+ channel inhibitor CM4620 targets both parenchymal and immune cells to reduce inflammation in experimental acute pancreatitis. J Physiol 2019; 597:3085-3105. [PMID: 31050811 PMCID: PMC6582954 DOI: 10.1113/jp277856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS This work confirms previous reports that CM4620, a small molecule inhibitor of Ca2+ entry via store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channels formed by stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)/Orai complexes, attenuates acinar cell pathology and acute pancreatitis in mouse experimental models. Here we report that intravenous administration of CM4620 reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis in the rat, a hitherto untested species. Using CM4620, we probe further the mechanisms whereby SOCE via STIM1/Orai complexes contributes to the disease in pancreatic acinar cells, supporting a role for endoplasmic reticulum stress/cell death pathways in these cells. Using CM4620, we show that SOCE via STIM1/Orai complexes promotes neutrophil oxidative burst and inflammatory gene expression during acute pancreatitis, including in immune cells which may be either circulating or invading the pancreas. Using CM4620, we show that SOCE via STIM1/Orai complexes promotes activation and fibroinflammatory gene expression within pancreatic stellate cells. ABSTRACT Key features of acute pancreatitis include excess cellular Ca2+ entry driven by Ca2+ depletion from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequent activation of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) channels in the plasma membrane. In several cell types, including pancreatic acinar, stellate cells (PaSCs) and immune cells, SOCE is mediated via channels composed primarily of Orai1 and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1). CM4620, a selective Orai1 inhibitor, prevents Ca2+ entry in acinar cells. This study investigates the effects of CM4620 in preventing or reducing acute pancreatitis features and severity. We tested the effects of CM4620 on SOCE, trypsinogen activation, acinar cell death, activation of NFAT and NF-κB, and inflammatory responses in ex vivo and in vivo rodent models of acute pancreatitis and human pancreatic acini. We also examined whether CM4620 inhibited cytokine release in immune cells, fibro-inflammatory responses in PaSCs, and oxidative burst in neutrophils, all cell types participating in pancreatitis. CM4620 administration to rats by i.v. infusion starting 30 min after induction of pancreatitis significantly diminished pancreatitis features including pancreatic oedema, acinar cell vacuolization, intrapancreatic trypsin activity, cell death signalling and acinar cell death. CM4620 also decreased myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cytokine expression in pancreas and lung tissues, fMLF peptide-induced oxidative burst in human neutrophils, and cytokine production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and rodent PaSCs, indicating that Orai1/STIM1 channels participate in the inflammatory responses of these cell types during acute pancreatitis. These findings support pathological Ca2+ entry-mediated cell death and proinflammatory signalling as central mechanisms in acute pancreatitis pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T. Waldron
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System,University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yafeng Chen
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Putuo Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hung Pham
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ariel Go
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cheng Hu
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital/West China Medical School, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wen
- University of Pittsburgh
- the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UMPC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sohail Z. Husain
- University of Pittsburgh
- the Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh of UMPC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Aurelia Lugea
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System,University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | | | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System,University of California, Los Angeles, CA
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA
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13
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Yuan J, Hasdemir B, Tan T, Chheda C, Rivier J, Pandol SJ, Bhargava A. Protective effects of urocortin 2 against caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217065. [PMID: 31100090 PMCID: PMC6524941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because little is known about the role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) agonists in regulating responses in pancreatitis, we evaluated the effects of urocortin 2 (UCN2) and stressin1 in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP) model in rats. Male rats were pretreated with UCN2 or stressin1 for 30 min followed by induction of AP with supraphysiologic doses of caerulein. Serum amylase and lipase activity, pancreatic tissue necrosis, immune cell infiltrate, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, trypsin levels, and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) were ascertained. UCN2, but not stressin1 attenuated the severity of AP in rats. UCN2, but not stressin1, reduced serum amylase and lipase activity, cell necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in AP. NF-κB activity in pancreatic nuclear extracts increased in AP and UCN2 treatment reduced caerulein-induced increases in NF-κB activity by 42%. UCN2 treatment prevented caerulein-induced degradation of IκB-α in the cytosolic fraction as well as increased levels of p65 subunit of NF-κB in the cytosolic fraction. Pancreatic UCN2 levels decreased in AP compared with saline. UCN2 evoked [Ca2+]i responses in primary acinar cells and abolished caerulein-evoked [Ca2+]i responses at 0.1nM, and decreased by ~50% at 1.0nM caerulein. UCN2 stimulation resulted in redistribution of a portion of F-actin from the apical to the basolateral pole. UCN2 prevented the massive redistribution of F-actin observed with supraphysiologic doses of caerulein. UCN2, but not stressin1 attenuated severity of an experimental pancreatitis model. The protective effects of UCN2, including anti-inflammatory and anti-necrotic effects involve activation of the CRF2 receptor, [Ca2+]i signaling, and inhibition of NF-κB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Burcu Hasdemir
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of OB/GYN, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tanya Tan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Chintan Chheda
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Jean Rivier
- The Salk Institute, The Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Aditi Bhargava
- The Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Department of OB/GYN, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Mayerle J, Sendler M, Hegyi E, Beyer G, Lerch MM, Sahin-Tóth M. Genetics, Cell Biology, and Pathophysiology of Pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:1951-1968.e1. [PMID: 30660731 PMCID: PMC6903413 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the first trypsinogen mutation in families with hereditary pancreatitis, pancreatic genetics has made rapid progress. The identification of mutations in genes involved in the digestive protease-antiprotease pathway has lent additional support to the notion that pancreatitis is a disease of autodigestion. Clinical and experimental observations have provided compelling evidence that premature intrapancreatic activation of digestive proteases is critical in pancreatitis onset. However, disease course and severity are mostly governed by inflammatory cells that drive local and systemic immune responses. In this article, we review the genetics, cell biology, and immunology of pancreatitis with a focus on protease activation pathways and other early events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mayerle
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany,Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Sendler
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Eszter Hegyi
- Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Georg Beyer
- Medical Department II, University Hospital, LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus M. Lerch
- Department of Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Miklós Sahin-Tóth
- Center for Exocrine Disorders, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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15
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Molinaro R, Mukherjee T, Flick R, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. Trace levels of peptidoglycan in serum underlie the NOD-dependent cytokine response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:9007-9015. [PMID: 30996003 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.007997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NOD1 and NOD2 are intracellular sensors of bacterial peptidoglycan that belong to the Nod-like receptor family of innate immune proteins. In addition to their role as direct bacterial sensors, it was proposed that the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins could detect endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase family that pumps Ca2+ into the ER, resulting in pro-inflammatory signaling. Here, we confirm that thapsigargin induces NOD-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling in epithelial cells. However, the effect was specific to thapsigargin, as tunicamycin and the subtilase cytotoxin SubAB from Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli, which induce ER stress by other mechanisms, did not induce cytokine expression. The calcium ionophore A23187 also induced NOD-dependent signaling, and calcium chelators demonstrated a role for both intracellular and extracellular calcium in mediating thapsigargin-induced and NOD-dependent pro-inflammatory signaling, in part through the activation of plasma membrane-associated calcium release-activated channels. Moreover, our results demonstrate that both endocytosis and the addition of serum to the cell culture medium were required for thapsigargin-mediated NOD activation. Finally, we analyzed cell culture grade fetal calf serum as well as serum from laboratory mice using HPLC and MS identified the presence of various peptidoglycan fragments. We propose that cellular perturbations that affect intracellular Ca2+ can trigger internalization of peptidoglycan trace contaminants found in culture serum, thereby stimulating pro-inflammatory signaling. The presence of peptidoglycan in animal serum suggests that a homeostatic function of NOD signaling may have been previously overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Molinaro
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Tapas Mukherjee
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and
| | - Robert Flick
- BioZone, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5 Canada
| | - Dana J Philpott
- Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 and
| | - Stephen E Girardin
- From the Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology and .,Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8 and
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16
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Ramos-Alvarez I, Lee L, Jensen RT. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A and EPAC mediate VIP and secretin stimulation of PAK4 and activation of Na +,K +-ATPase in pancreatic acinar cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2019; 316:G263-G277. [PMID: 30520694 PMCID: PMC6397337 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00275.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rat pancreatic acinar cells possess only the p21-activated kinase (PAKs), PAK4 of the group II PAK, and it is activated by gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters stimulating PLC and by a number of growth factors. However, little is known generally of cAMP agents causing PAK4 activation, and there are no studies with gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters activating cAMP cascades. In the present study, we examined the ability of VIP and secretin, which stimulate cAMP generation in pancreatic acini, to stimulate PAK4 activation, the signaling cascades involved, and their possible role in activating sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase). PAK4 activation was compared with activation of the well-established cAMP target, cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB). Secretin-stimulated PAK4 activation was inhibited by KT-5720 and PKA Type II inhibitor (PKI), protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitors, whereas VIP activation was inhibited by ESI-09 and HJC0197, exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) inhibitors. In contrast, both VIP/secretin-stimulated phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB) via EPAC activation; however, it was inhibited by the p44/42 inhibitor PD98059 and the p38 inhibitor SB202190. The specific EPAC agonist 8-CPT-2- O-Me-cAMP as well 8-Br-cAMP and forskolin stimulated PAK4 activation. Secretin/VIP activation of Na+,K+-ATPase, was inhibited by PAK4 inhibitors (PF-3758309, LCH-7749944). These results demonstrate PAK4 is activated in pancreatic acini by stimulation of both VIP-/secretin-preferring receptors, as is CREB. However, they differ in their signaling cascades. Furthermore, PAK4 activation is needed for Na+,K+ATPase activation, which mediates pancreatic fluid secretion. These results, coupled with recent studies reporting PAKs are involved in both pancreatitis/pancreatic cancer growth/enzyme secretion, show that PAK4, similar to PAK2, likely plays an important role in both pancreatic physiological/pathological responses. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Pancreatic acini possess only the group II p21-activated kinase, PAK4, which is activated by PLC-stimulating agents/growth factors and is important in enzyme-secretion/growth/pancreatitis. Little information exists on cAMP-activating agents stimulating group II PAKs. We studied ability/effect of cyclic AMP-stimulating agents [vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), secretin] on PAK4 activity in rat pancreatic-acini. Both VIP/secretin activated PAK4/CREB, but the cAMP signaling cascades differed for EPAC, MAPK, and PKA pathways. Both hormones require PAK4 activation to stimulate sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity. This study shows PAK4 plays an important role in VIP-/secretin-stimulated pancreatic fluid secretion and suggests it plays important roles in pancreatic acinar physiological/pathophysiological responses mediated by cAMP-activating agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lingaku Lee
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R. T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Calorio C, Gavello D, Guarina L, Salio C, Sassoè-Pognetto M, Riganti C, Bianchi FT, Hofer NT, Tuluc P, Obermair GJ, Defilippi P, Balzac F, Turco E, Bett GC, Rasmusson RL, Carbone E. Impaired chromaffin cell excitability and exocytosis in autistic Timothy syndrome TS2-neo mouse rescued by L-type calcium channel blockers. J Physiol 2019; 597:1705-1733. [PMID: 30629744 DOI: 10.1113/jp277487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Tymothy syndrome (TS) is a multisystem disorder featuring cardiac arrhythmias, autism and adrenal gland dysfunction that originates from a de novo point mutation in the gene encoding the Cav1.2 (CACNA1C) L-type channel. To study the role of Cav1.2 channel signals in autism, the autistic TS2-neo mouse has been generated bearing the G406R point-mutation associated with TS type-2. Using heterozygous TS2-neo mice, we report that the G406R mutation reduces the rate of inactivation and shifts leftward the activation and inactivation of L-type channels, causing marked increase of resting Ca2+ influx ('window' Ca2+ current). The increased 'window current' causes marked reduction of NaV channel density, switches normal tonic firing to abnormal burst firing, reduces mitochondrial metabolism, induces cell swelling and decreases catecholamine release. Overnight incubations with nifedipine rescue NaV channel density, normal firing and the quantity of catecholamine released. We provide evidence that chromaffin cell malfunction derives from altered Cav1.2 channel gating. ABSTRACT L-type voltage-gated calcium (Cav1) channels have a key role in long-term synaptic plasticity, sensory transduction, muscle contraction and hormone release. A point mutation in the gene encoding Cav1.2 (CACNA1C) causes Tymothy syndrome (TS), a multisystem disorder featuring cardiac arrhythmias, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and adrenal gland dysfunction. In the more severe type-2 form (TS2), the missense mutation G406R is on exon 8 coding for the IS6-helix of the Cav1.2 channel. The mutation causes reduced inactivation and induces autism. How this occurs and how Cav1.2 gating-changes alter cell excitability, neuronal firing and hormone release on a molecular basis is still largely unknown. Here, using the TS2-neo mouse model of TS we show that the G406R mutation altered excitability and reduced secretory activity in adrenal chromaffin cells (CCs). Specifically, the TS2 mutation reduced the rate of voltage-dependent inactivation and shifted leftward the activation and steady-state inactivation of L-type channels. This markedly increased the resting 'window' Ca2+ current that caused an increased percentage of CCs undergoing abnormal action potential (AP) burst firing, cell swelling, reduced mitochondrial metabolism and decreased catecholamine release. The increased 'window' Ca2+ current caused also decreased NaV channel density and increased steady-state inactivation, which contributed to the increased abnormal burst firing. Overnight incubation with the L-type channel blocker nifedipine rescued the normal AP firing of CCs, the density of functioning NaV channels and their steady-state inactivation. We provide evidence that CC malfunction derives from the altered Cav1.2 channel gating and that dihydropyridines are potential therapeutics for ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Calorio
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniela Gavello
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Laura Guarina
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Salio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Sassoè-Pognetto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Nadja T Hofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Petronel Tuluc
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerald J Obermair
- Department of Physiology & Medical Physics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paola Defilippi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Balzac
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emilia Turco
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Glenna C Bett
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Randall L Rasmusson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Emilio Carbone
- Department of Drug Science, NIS Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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18
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Ramos-Alvarez I, Jensen RT. P21-activated kinase 4 in pancreatic acinar cells is activated by numerous gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters and growth factors by novel signaling, and its activation stimulates secretory/growth cascades. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G302-G317. [PMID: 29672153 PMCID: PMC6139648 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00005.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases, which are divided into two groups: group-I (PAKs1-3) and group-II (PAKs4-6). In various tissues, Group-II PAKs play important roles in cytoskeletal dynamics and cell growth as well as neoplastic development/progression. However, little is known about Group-II PAK's role in a number of physiological events, including their ability to be activated by gastrointestinal (GI) hormones/neurotransmitters/growth factors (GFs). We used rat pancreatic acini to explore the ability of GI hormones/neurotransmitters/GFs to activate Group-II-PAKs and the signaling cascades involved. Only PAK4 was detected in pancreatic acini. PAK4 was activated by endothelin, secretagogues-stimulating phospholipase C (bombesin, CCK-8, and carbachol), by pancreatic GFs (insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1, hepatocyte growth factor, epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor), and by postreceptor stimulants (12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate and A23187 ). CCK-8 activation of PAK4 required both high- and low-affinity CCK1-receptor state activation. It was reduced by PKC-, Src-, p44/42-, or p38-inhibition but not with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-inhibitors and only minimally by thapsigargin. A protein kinase D (PKD)-inhibitor completely inhibited CCK-8-stimulated PKD-activation; however, stimulated PAK4 phosphorylation was only inhibited by 60%, demonstrating that it is both PKD-dependent and PKD-independent. PF-3758309 and LCH-7749944, inhibitors of PAK4, decreased CCK-8-stimulated PAK4 activation but not PAK2 activation. Each inhibited ERK1/2 activation and amylase release induced by CCK-8 or bombesin. These results show that PAK4 has an important role in modulating signal cascades activated by a number of GI hormones/neurotransmitters/GFs that have been shown to mediate both physiological/pathological responses in acinar cells. Therefore, in addition to the extensive studies on PAK4 in pancreatic cancer, PAK4 should also be considered an important signaling molecule for pancreatic acinar physiological responses and, in the future, should be investigated for a possible role in pancreatic acinar pathophysiological responses, such as in pancreatitis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that the only Group-II p21-activated kinase (PAK) in rat pancreatic acinar cells is PAK4, and thus differs from islets/pancreatic cancer. Both gastrointestinal hormones/neurotransmitters stimulating PLC and pancreatic growth factors activate PAK4. With cholecystokinin (CCK), activation is PKC-dependent/-independent, requires both CCK1-R affinity states, Src, p42/44, and p38 activation. PAK4 activation is required for CCK-mediated p42/44 activation/amylase release. These results show PAK4 plays an important role in mediating CCK physiological signal cascades and suggest it may be a target in pancreatic acinar diseases besides cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Alvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Wang L, Wagner LE, Alzayady KJ, Yule DI. Region-specific proteolysis differentially modulates type 2 and type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor activity in models of acute pancreatitis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13112-13124. [PMID: 29970616 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fine-tuning of the activity of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3R) by a diverse array of regulatory inputs results in intracellular Ca2+ signals with distinct characteristics. These events allow the activation of specific downstream effectors. We reported previously that region-specific proteolysis represents a novel regulatory event for type 1 IP3R (R1). Specifically, caspase-fragmented R1 display a marked increase in single-channel open probability. More importantly, the distinct characteristics of the Ca2+ signals elicited via fragmented R1 can activate alternate downstream effectors. In this report, we expand these studies to investigate whether all IP3R subtypes are regulated by proteolysis. We now show that type 2 and type 3 IP3R (R2 and R3, respectively) are proteolytically cleaved in rodent models of acute pancreatitis. Surprisingly, fragmented IP3R retained tetrameric architecture, remained embedded in endoplasmic reticulum membranes and were not functionally disabled. Proteolysis was associated with a marked attenuation of the frequency of Ca2+ signals in pancreatic lobules. Consistent with these data, expression of DNAs encoding complementary R2 and R3 peptides mimicking fragmented receptors at particular sites, resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of agonist-stimulated Ca2+ oscillations. Further, proteolysis of R2 resulted in a marked decrease in single-channel open probability. Taken together, proteolytic fragmentation modulates R2 and R3 activity in a region-specific manner, and this event may contribute to the altered Ca2+ signals in pancreatic acinar cells during acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Wang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Larry E Wagner
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Kamil J Alzayady
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - David I Yule
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14642
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20
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Chvanov M, De Faveri F, Moore D, Sherwood MW, Awais M, Voronina S, Sutton R, Criddle DN, Haynes L, Tepikin AV. Intracellular rupture, exocytosis and actin interaction of endocytic vacuoles in pancreatic acinar cells: initiating events in acute pancreatitis. J Physiol 2018; 596:2547-2564. [PMID: 29717784 PMCID: PMC6023832 DOI: 10.1113/jp275879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Giant trypsin‐containing endocytic vacuoles are formed in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated with inducers of acute pancreatitis. F‐actin envelops endocytic vacuoles and regulates their properties. Endocytic vacuoles can rupture and release their content into the cytosol of acinar cells. Endocytic vacuoles can fuse with the plasma membrane of acinar cells and exocytose their content.
Abstract Intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen is an early event in and hallmark of the development of acute pancreatitis. Endocytic vacuoles, which form by disconnection and transport of large post‐exocytic structures, are the only resolvable sites of the trypsin activity in live pancreatic acinar cells. In the present study, we characterized the dynamics of endocytic vacuole formation induced by physiological and pathophysiological stimuli and visualized a prominent actin coat that completely or partially surrounded endocytic vacuoles. An inducer of acute pancreatitis taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulphate and supramaximal concentrations of cholecystokinin triggered the formation of giant (more than 2.5 μm in diameter) endocytic vacuoles. We discovered and characterized the intracellular rupture of endocytic vacuoles and the fusion of endocytic vacuoles with basal and apical regions of the plasma membrane. Experiments with specific protease inhibitors suggest that the rupture of endocytic vacuoles is probably not induced by trypsin or cathepsin B. Perivacuolar filamentous actin (observed on the surface of ∼30% of endocytic vacuoles) may play a stabilizing role by preventing rupture of the vacuoles and fusion of the vacuoles with the plasma membrane. The rupture and fusion of endocytic vacuoles allow trypsin to escape the confinement of a membrane‐limited organelle, gain access to intracellular and extracellular targets, and initiate autodigestion of the pancreas, comprising a crucial pathophysiological event. Giant trypsin‐containing endocytic vacuoles are formed in pancreatic acinar cells stimulated with inducers of acute pancreatitis. F‐actin envelops endocytic vacuoles and regulates their properties. Endocytic vacuoles can rupture and release their content into the cytosol of acinar cells. Endocytic vacuoles can fuse with the plasma membrane of acinar cells and exocytose their content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Francesca De Faveri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Danielle Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark W Sherwood
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert Sutton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David N Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lee Haynes
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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21
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Szatmary P, Liu T, Abrams ST, Voronina S, Wen L, Chvanov M, Huang W, Wang G, Criddle DN, Tepikin AV, Toh CH, Sutton R. Systemic histone release disrupts plasmalemma and contributes to necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 2017; 17:884-892. [PMID: 29102149 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical and experimental acute pancreatitis feature histone release within the pancreas from innate immune cells and acinar cell necrosis. In this study, we aimed to detail the source of circulating histones and assess their role in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. METHODS Circulating nucleosomes were measured in patient plasma, taken within 24 and 48 h of onset of acute pancreatitis and correlated with clinical outcomes. Using caerulein hyperstimulation, circulating histones were measured in portal, systemic venous and systemic arterial circulation in mice, and the effects of systemic administration of histones in this model were assessed. The sites of actions of circulating histones were assessed by administration of FITC-labelled histones. The effects of histones on isolated pancreatic acinar cells were further assessed by measuring acinar cell death and calcium permeability in vitro. RESULTS Cell-free histones were confirmed to be abundant in human acute pancreatitis and found to derive from pancreatitis-associated liver injury in a rodent model of the disease. Fluorescein isothianate-labelled histones administered systemically targeted the pancreas and exacerbated injury in experimental acute pancreatitis. Histones induce charge- and concentration-dependent plasmalemma leakage and necrosis in isolated pancreatic acinar cells, independent of extracellular calcium. CONCLUSION We conclude that histones released systemically in acute pancreatitis concentrate within the inflamed pancreas and exacerbate injury. Circulating histones may provide meaningful biomarkers and targets for therapy in clinical acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szatmary
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK; Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Tingting Liu
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK; Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Simon T Abrams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Li Wen
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Wei Huang
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK; Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
| | - David N Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Alexey V Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Cheng-Hock Toh
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK; Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK.
| | - Robert Sutton
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
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22
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Peng S, Gerasimenko JV, Tsugorka T, Gryshchenko O, Samarasinghe S, Petersen OH, Gerasimenko OV. Calcium and adenosine triphosphate control of cellular pathology: asparaginase-induced pancreatitis elicited via protease-activated receptor 2. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0423. [PMID: 27377732 PMCID: PMC4938023 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocytotic secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic acinar cells is elicited by physiological cytosolic Ca2+ signals, occurring as repetitive short-lasting spikes largely confined to the secretory granule region, that stimulate mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. By contrast, sustained global cytosolic Ca2+ elevations decrease ATP levels and cause necrosis, leading to the disease acute pancreatitis (AP). Toxic Ca2+ signals can be evoked by products of alcohol and fatty acids as well as bile acids. Here, we have investigated the mechanism by which l-asparaginase evokes AP. Asparaginase is an essential element in the successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, the most common type of cancer affecting children, but AP is a side-effect occurring in about 5–10% of cases. Like other pancreatitis-inducing agents, asparaginase evoked intracellular Ca2+ release followed by Ca2+ entry and also substantially reduced Ca2+ extrusion because of decreased intracellular ATP levels. The toxic Ca2+ signals caused extensive necrosis. The asparaginase-induced pathology depended on protease-activated receptor 2 and its inhibition prevented the toxic Ca2+ signals and necrosis. We tested the effects of inhibiting the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ entry by the Ca2+ channel inhibitor GSK-7975A. This markedly reduced asparaginase-induced Ca2+ entry and also protected effectively against the development of necrosis. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Peng
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Julia V Gerasimenko
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Tatiana Tsugorka
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Oleksiy Gryshchenko
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev 01024, Ukraine
| | - Sujith Samarasinghe
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Ole H Petersen
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales, UK
| | - Oleg V Gerasimenko
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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23
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Lugea A, Waldron RT, Mareninova OA, Shalbueva N, Deng N, Su HY, Thomas DD, Jones EK, Messenger SW, Yang J, Hu C, Gukovsky I, Liu Z, Groblewski GE, Gukovskaya AS, Gorelick FS, Pandol SJ. Human Pancreatic Acinar Cells: Proteomic Characterization, Physiologic Responses, and Organellar Disorders in ex Vivo Pancreatitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2726-2743. [PMID: 28935577 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of acute pancreatitis is largely based on studies using rodents. To assess similar mechanisms in humans, we performed ex vivo pancreatitis studies in human acini isolated from cadaveric pancreata from organ donors. Because data on these human acinar preparations are sparse, we assessed their functional integrity and cellular and organellar morphology using light, fluorescence, and electron microscopy; and their proteome by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acinar cell responses to the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh) and the bile acid taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate were also analyzed. Proteomic analysis of acini from donors of diverse ethnicity showed similar profiles of digestive enzymes and proteins involved in translation, secretion, and endolysosomal function. Human acini preferentially expressed the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 and maintained physiological responses to CCh for at least 20 hours. As in rodent acini, human acini exposed to toxic concentrations of CCh and taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate responded with trypsinogen activation, decreased cell viability, organelle damage manifest by mitochondrial depolarization, disordered autophagy, and pathological endoplasmic reticulum stress. Human acini also secreted inflammatory mediators elevated in acute pancreatitis patients, including IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, chemokine (C-C motif) ligands 2 and 3, macrophage inhibitory factor, and chemokines mediating neutrophil and monocyte infiltration. In conclusion, human cadaveric pancreatic acini maintain physiological functions and have similar pathological responses and organellar disorders with pancreatitis-causing treatments as observed in rodent acini.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelia Lugea
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Richard T Waldron
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga A Mareninova
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Natalia Shalbueva
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Nan Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane D Thomas
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Elaina K Jones
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott W Messenger
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jiayue Yang
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cheng Hu
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ilya Gukovsky
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Guy E Groblewski
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Anna S Gukovskaya
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Fred S Gorelick
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Veterans Administration Connecticut Healthcare, West Haven, Connecticut
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Veterans Administration Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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24
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Gukovskaya AS, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I. New insights into the pathways initiating and driving pancreatitis. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2016; 32:429-435. [PMID: 27428704 PMCID: PMC5235997 DOI: 10.1097/mog.0000000000000301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we discuss recent studies that advance our understanding of molecular and cellular factors initiating and driving pancreatitis, with the emphasis on the role of acinar cell organelle disorders. RECENT FINDINGS The central physiologic function of the pancreatic acinar cell - to synthesize, store, and secrete digestive enzymes - critically relies on coordinated actions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the endolysosomal system, mitochondria, and autophagy. Recent studies begin to unravel the roles of these organelles' disordering in the mechanism of pancreatitis. Mice deficient in key autophagy mediators Atg5 or Atg7, or lysosome-associated membrane protein-2, exhibit dysregulation of multiple signaling and metabolic pathways in pancreatic acinar cells and develop spontaneous pancreatitis. Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by sustained opening of the permeability transition pore is shown to mediate pancreatitis in several clinically relevant experimental models, and its inhibition by pharmacologic or genetic means greatly reduces local and systemic pathologic responses. Experimental pancreatitis is also alleviated with inhibitors of ORAI1, a key component of the plasma membrane channel mediating pathologic rise in acinar cell cytosolic Ca2+. Pancreatitis-promoting mutations are increasingly associated with the ER stress. These findings suggest novel pathways and drug targets for pancreatitis treatment. In addition, the recent studies identify new mediators (e.g., neutrophil extracellular traps) of the inflammatory and other responses of pancreatitis. SUMMARY The recent findings illuminate a critical role of organelles regulating the autophagic, endolysosomal, mitochondrial, and ER pathways in maintaining pancreatic acinar cell homeostasis and secretory function; provide compelling evidence that organelle disordering is a key pathogenic mechanism initiating and driving pancreatitis; and identify molecular and cellular factors that could be targeted to restore organellar functions and thus alleviate or treat pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S. Gukovskaya
- University of California, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Ilya Gukovsky
- University of California, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Okeke E, Dingsdale H, Parker T, Voronina S, Tepikin AV. Endoplasmic reticulum-plasma membrane junctions: structure, function and dynamics. J Physiol 2016; 594:2837-47. [PMID: 26939537 DOI: 10.1113/jp271142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-plasma membrane (PM) junctions are contact sites between the ER and the PM; the distance between the two organelles in the junctions is below 40 nm and the membranes are connected by protein tethers. A number of molecular tools and technical approaches have been recently developed to visualise, modify and characterise properties of ER-PM junctions. The junctions serve as the platforms for lipid exchange between the organelles and for cell signalling, notably Ca(2+) and cAMP signalling. Vice versa, signalling events regulate the development and properties of the junctions. Two Ca(2+) -dependent mechanisms of de novo formation of ER-PM junctions have been recently described and characterised. The junction-forming proteins and lipids are currently the focus of vigorous investigation. Junctions can be relatively short-lived and simple structures, forming and dissolving on the time scale of a few minutes. However, complex, sophisticated and multifunctional ER-PM junctions, capable of attracting numerous protein residents and other cellular organelles, have been described in some cell types. The road from simplicity to complexity, i.e. the transformation from simple 'nascent' ER-PM junctions to advanced stable multiorganellar complexes, is likely to become an attractive research avenue for current and future junctologists. Another area of considerable research interest is the downstream cellular processes that can be activated by specific local signalling events in the ER-PM junctions. Studies of the cell physiology and indeed pathophysiology of ER-PM junctions have already produced some surprising discoveries, likely to expand with advances in our understanding of these remarkable organellar contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Okeke
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Hayley Dingsdale
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Tony Parker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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26
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Fenech MA, Sullivan CM, Ferreira LT, Mehmood R, MacDonald WA, Stathopulos PB, Pin CL. Atp2c2 Is Transcribed From a Unique Transcriptional Start Site in Mouse Pancreatic Acinar Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2768-78. [PMID: 27017909 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Proper regulation of cytosolic Ca(2+) is critical for pancreatic acinar cell function. Disruptions in normal Ca(2+) concentrations affect numerous cellular functions and are associated with pancreatitis. Membrane pumps and channels regulate cytosolic Ca(2+) homeostasis by promoting rapid Ca(2+) movement. Determining how expression of Ca(2+) modulators is regulated and the cellular alterations that occur upon changes in expression can provide insight into initiating events of pancreatitis. The goal of this study was to delineate the gene structure and regulation of a novel pancreas-specific isoform for Secretory Pathway Ca(2+) ATPase 2 (termed SPCA2C), which is encoded from the Atp2c2 gene. Using Next Generation Sequencing of RNA (RNA-seq), chromatin immunoprecipitation for epigenetic modifications and promoter-reporter assays, a novel transcriptional start site was identified that promotes expression of a transcript containing the last four exons of the Atp2c2 gene (Atp2c2c). This region was enriched for epigenetic marks and pancreatic transcription factors that promote gene activation. Promoter activity for regions upstream of the ATG codon in Atp2c2's 24th exon was observed in vitro but not in in vivo. Translation from this ATG encodes a protein aligned with the carboxy terminal of SPCA2. Functional analysis in HEK 293A cells indicates a unique role for SPCA2C in increasing cytosolic Ca(2+) . RNA analysis indicates that the decreased Atp2c2c expression observed early in experimental pancreatitis reflects a global molecular response of acinar cells to reduce cytosolic Ca(2+) levels. Combined, these results suggest SPCA2C affects Ca(2+) homeostasis in pancreatic acinar cells in a unique fashion relative to other Ca(2+) ATPases. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2768-2778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Fenech
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Caitlin M Sullivan
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucimar T Ferreira
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rashid Mehmood
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - William A MacDonald
- Magee-Womens Research Institute and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher L Pin
- Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Calcium signalling in pancreatic stellate cells: Mechanisms and potential roles. Cell Calcium 2016; 59:140-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Gryshchenko O, Gerasimenko JV, Gerasimenko OV, Petersen OH. Ca(2+) signals mediated by bradykinin type 2 receptors in normal pancreatic stellate cells can be inhibited by specific Ca(2+) channel blockade. J Physiol 2015; 594:281-93. [PMID: 26442817 PMCID: PMC4713750 DOI: 10.1113/jp271468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Bradykinin may play a role in the autodigestive disease acute pancreatitis, but little is known about its pancreatic actions. In this study, we have investigated bradykinin-elicited Ca(2+) signal generation in normal mouse pancreatic lobules. We found complete separation of Ca(2+) signalling between pancreatic acinar (PACs) and stellate cells (PSCs). Pathophysiologically relevant bradykinin concentrations consistently evoked Ca(2+) signals, via B2 receptors, in PSCs but never in neighbouring PACs, whereas cholecystokinin, consistently evoking Ca(2+) signals in PACs, never elicited Ca(2+) signals in PSCs. The bradykinin-elicited Ca(2+) signals were due to initial Ca(2+) release from inositol trisphosphate-sensitive stores followed by Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) release-activated channels (CRACs). The Ca(2+) entry phase was effectively inhibited by a CRAC blocker. B2 receptor blockade reduced the extent of PAC necrosis evoked by pancreatitis-promoting agents and we therefore conclude that bradykinin plays a role in acute pancreatitis via specific actions on PSCs. ABSTRACT Normal pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are regarded as quiescent, only to become activated in chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer. However, we now report that these cells in their normal microenvironment are far from quiescent, but are capable of generating substantial Ca(2+) signals. We have compared Ca(2+) signalling in PSCs and their better studied neighbouring acinar cells (PACs) and found complete separation of Ca(2+) signalling in even closely neighbouring PACs and PSCs. Bradykinin (BK), at concentrations corresponding to the slightly elevated plasma BK levels that have been shown to occur in the auto-digestive disease acute pancreatitis in vivo, consistently elicited substantial Ca(2+) signals in PSCs, but never in neighbouring PACs, whereas the physiological PAC stimulant cholecystokinin failed to evoke Ca(2+) signals in PSCs. The BK-induced Ca(2+) signals were mediated by B2 receptors and B2 receptor blockade protected against PAC necrosis evoked by agents causing acute pancreatitis. The initial Ca(2+) rise in PSCs was due to inositol trisphosphate receptor-mediated release from internal stores, whereas the sustained phase depended on external Ca(2+) entry through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels. CRAC channel inhibitors, which have been shown to protect PACs against damage caused by agents inducing pancreatitis, therefore also inhibit Ca(2+) signal generation in PSCs and this may be helpful in treating acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksiy Gryshchenko
- Medical Research Council Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.,Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Kiev, 01024, Ukraine
| | - Julia V Gerasimenko
- Medical Research Council Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Oleg V Gerasimenko
- Medical Research Council Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Ole H Petersen
- Medical Research Council Group, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
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Abstract
An international symposium entitled "Acute pancreatitis: progress and challenges" was held on November 5, 2014 at the Hapuna Beach Hotel, Big Island, Hawaii, as part of the 45th Anniversary Meeting of the American Pancreatic Association and the Japanese Pancreas Society. The course was organized and directed by Drs. Stephen Pandol, Tooru Shimosegawa, Robert Sutton, Bechien Wu, and Santhi Swaroop Vege. The symposium objectives were to: (1) highlight current issues in management of acute pancreatitis, (2) discuss promising treatments, (3) consider development of quality indicators and improved measures of disease activity, and (4) present a framework for international collaboration for development of new therapies. This article represents a compilation and adaptation of brief summaries prepared by speakers at the symposium with the purpose of broadly disseminating information and initiatives.
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30
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Wen L, Voronina S, Javed MA, Awais M, Szatmary P, Latawiec D, Chvanov M, Collier D, Huang W, Barrett J, Begg M, Stauderman K, Roos J, Grigoryev S, Ramos S, Rogers E, Whitten J, Velicelebi G, Dunn M, Tepikin AV, Criddle DN, Sutton R. Inhibitors of ORAI1 Prevent Cytosolic Calcium-Associated Injury of Human Pancreatic Acinar Cells and Acute Pancreatitis in 3 Mouse Models. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:481-92.e7. [PMID: 25917787 PMCID: PMC4556985 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Sustained activation of the cytosolic calcium concentration induces injury to pancreatic acinar cells and necrosis. The calcium release-activated calcium modulator ORAI1 is the most abundant Ca(2+) entry channel in pancreatic acinar cells; it sustains calcium overload in mice exposed to toxins that induce pancreatitis. We investigated the roles of ORAI1 in pancreatic acinar cell injury and the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. METHODS Mouse and human acinar cells, as well as HEK 293 cells transfected to express human ORAI1 with human stromal interaction molecule 1, were hyperstimulated or incubated with human bile acid, thapsigargin, or cyclopiazonic acid to induce calcium entry. GSK-7975A or CM_128 were added to some cells, which were analyzed by confocal and video microscopy and patch clamp recordings. Acute pancreatitis was induced in C57BL/6J mice by ductal injection of taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate or intravenous' administration of cerulein or ethanol and palmitoleic acid. Some mice then were given GSK-7975A or CM_128, which inhibit ORAI1, at different time points to assess local and systemic effects. RESULTS GSK-7975A and CM_128 each separately inhibited toxin-induced activation of ORAI1 and/or activation of Ca(2+) currents after Ca(2+) release, in a concentration-dependent manner, in mouse and human pancreatic acinar cells (inhibition >90% of the levels observed in control cells). The ORAI1 inhibitors also prevented activation of the necrotic cell death pathway in mouse and human pancreatic acinar cells. GSK-7975A and CM_128 each inhibited all local and systemic features of acute pancreatitis in all 3 models, in dose- and time-dependent manners. The agents were significantly more effective, in a range of parameters, when given at 1 vs 6 hours after induction of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Cytosolic calcium overload, mediated via ORAI1, contributes to the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. ORAI1 inhibitors might be developed for the treatment of patients with pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wen
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Svetlana Voronina
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad A Javed
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Szatmary
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Latawiec
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Collier
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Huang
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John Barrett
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm Begg
- Respiratory Therapy Area Unit, Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David N Criddle
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sutton
- Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, National Institute for Health Research Liverpool, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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