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Cheng SY, Chu PK, Chen YJ, Wu YH, Huang MD. Exploring the extensin gene family: an updated genome-wide survey in plants and algae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:152-167. [PMID: 37769205 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs), a class of hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein with multiple Ser-Pro3-5 motifs, are known to play roles in cell wall reinforcement and environmental responses. EXTs with repetitive Tyr-X-Tyr (YXY) motifs for crosslinking are referred as crosslinking EXTs. Our comprehensive study spanned 194 algal and plant species, categorizing EXTs into seven subfamilies: classical extensins (EXT I and II), arabinogalactan-protein extensins (AGP-EXTs), proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases (PERKs), leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRX I and II), formin homology (FH) domain-containing extensins (FH-EXTs), proline-rich, arabinogalactan proteins, conserved cysteines (PAC) domain-containing extensins (PAC I and II), and eight-cysteine motif (8CM)-containing extensins (8CM-EXTs). In the examined dataset, EXTs were detected ubiquitously in plants but infrequently in algae, except for one Coccomyxa and four Chlamydomonadales species. No crosslinking EXTs were found in Poales or certain Zingiberales species. Notably, the previously uncharacterized EXT II, PAC II, and liverwort-specific 8CM-EXTs were found to be crosslinking EXTs. EXT II, featuring repetitive YY motifs instead of the conventional YXY motif, was exclusively identified in Solanaceae. Furthermore, tandem genes encoding distinctive 8CM-EXTs specifically expressed in the germinating spores of Marchantia polymorpha. This updated classification of EXT types allows us to propose a plausible evolutionary history of EXT genes during the course of plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sou-Yu Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Kuan Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Hsuan Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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2
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Moussu S, Lee HK, Haas KT, Broyart C, Rathgeb U, De Bellis D, Levasseur T, Schoenaers S, Fernandez GS, Grossniklaus U, Bonnin E, Hosy E, Vissenberg K, Geldner N, Cathala B, Höfte H, Santiago J. Plant cell wall patterning and expansion mediated by protein-peptide-polysaccharide interaction. Science 2023; 382:719-725. [PMID: 37943924 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of cell wall polysaccharides into specific patterns is required for plant growth. A complex of RAPID ALKALINIZATION FACTOR 4 (RALF4) and its cell wall-anchored LEUCINE-RICH REPEAT EXTENSIN 8 (LRX8)-interacting protein is crucial for cell wall integrity during pollen tube growth, but its molecular connection with the cell wall is unknown. Here, we show that LRX8-RALF4 complexes adopt a heterotetrametric configuration in vivo, displaying a dendritic distribution. The LRX8-RALF4 complex specifically interacts with demethylesterified pectins in a charge-dependent manner through RALF4's polycationic surface. The LRX8-RALF4-pectin interaction exerts a condensing effect, patterning the cell wall's polymers into a reticulated network essential for wall integrity and expansion. Our work uncovers a dual structural and signaling role for RALF4 in pollen tube growth and in the assembly of complex extracellular polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Moussu
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hyun Kyung Lee
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kalina T Haas
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Caroline Broyart
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ursina Rathgeb
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sébastjen Schoenaers
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gorka S Fernandez
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Grossniklaus
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Eric Hosy
- IINS, CNRS UMR5297, University of Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research (IMPRES), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry & Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos PC 71410, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Niko Geldner
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Herman Höfte
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Julia Santiago
- The Plant Signaling Mechanisms Laboratory, Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tan L, Xu J, Held M, Lamport DTA, Kieliszewski M. Arabinogalactan Structures of Repetitive Serine-Hydroxyproline Glycomodule Expressed by Arabidopsis Cell Suspension Cultures. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1036. [PMID: 36903897 PMCID: PMC10005752 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) are members of the hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily. They are heavily glycosylated with arabinogalactans, which are usually composed of a β-1,3-linked galactan backbone with 6-O-linked galactosyl, oligo-1,6-galactosyl, or 1,6-galactan side chains that are further decorated with arabinosyl, glucuronosyl, rhamnosyl, and/or fucosyl residues. Here, our work with Hyp-O-polysaccharides isolated from (Ser-Hyp)32-EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) fusion glycoproteins overexpressed in transgenic Arabidopsis suspension culture is consistent with the common structural features of AGPs isolated from tobacco. In addition, this work confirms the presence of β-1,6-linkage on the galactan backbone identified previously in AGP fusion glycoproteins expressed in tobacco suspension culture. Furthermore, the AGPs expressed in Arabidopsis suspension culture lack terminal-rhamnosyl residues and have a much lower level of glucuronosylation compared with those expressed in tobacco suspension culture. These differences not only suggest the presence of distinct glycosyl transferases for AGP glycosylation in the two systems, but also indicate the existence of minimum AG structures for type II AG functional features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- DOE Center for Plant and Microbial Complex Carbohydrates, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xu
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR 72401, USA
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | | | - Marcia Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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4
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Moussu S, Ingram G. The EXTENSIN enigma. Cell Surf 2023; 9:100094. [PMID: 36659959 PMCID: PMC9842689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2023.100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
EXTENSINS (EXTs) are an abundant and yet enigmatic class of cell wall proteins that are found across multicellular plant lineages, from Bryophytes to Angiosperms. They have been shown to be integrated within the cell wall matrix, and are proposed to play key roles in the dynamic regulation of cell-wall properties. Consistent with this, EXTs are thought to be important for plant growth and development. However, like many other classes of cell wall proteins, EXTs are biochemically complex, highly diverse, and are encoded by multiple genes, making in-depth functional characterization a challenging undertaking. Here we will provide an overview of current knowledge of the biochemistry and properties of EXTs, and of the tools that have been deployed to study their biological functions in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Moussu
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding authors at: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France (S. Moussu) and Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plants, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, UCBL, Lyon, France (G.Ingram).
| | - Gwyneth Ingram
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, UCBL, Lyon, France
- Corresponding authors at: Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France (S. Moussu) and Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plants, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, INRAE, UCBL, Lyon, France (G.Ingram).
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5
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Marzol E, Borassi C, Carignani Sardoy M, Ranocha P, Aptekmann AA, Bringas M, Pennington J, Paez-Valencia J, Martínez Pacheco J, Rodríguez-Garcia DR, Rondón Guerrero YDC, Peralta JM, Fleming M, Mishler-Elmore JW, Mangano S, Blanco-Herrera F, Bedinger PA, Dunand C, Capece L, Nadra AD, Held M, Otegui MS, Estevez JM. Class III Peroxidases PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 Control Root Hair Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105375. [PMID: 35628189 PMCID: PMC9141322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Root hair cells are important sensors of soil conditions. They grow towards and absorb water-soluble nutrients. This fast and oscillatory growth is mediated by continuous remodeling of the cell wall. Root hair cell walls contain polysaccharides and hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, including extensins (EXTs). Class-III peroxidases (PRXs) are secreted into the apoplastic space and are thought to trigger either cell wall loosening or polymerization of cell wall components, such as Tyr-mediated assembly of EXT networks (EXT-PRXs). The precise role of these EXT-PRXs is unknown. Using genetic, biochemical, and modeling approaches, we identified and characterized three root-hair-specific putative EXT-PRXs, PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73. prx01,44,73 triple mutation and PRX44 and PRX73 overexpression had opposite effects on root hair growth, peroxidase activity, and ROS production, with a clear impact on cell wall thickness. We use an EXT fluorescent reporter with contrasting levels of cell wall insolubilization in prx01,44,73 and PRX44-overexpressing background plants. In this study, we propose that PRX01, PRX44, and PRX73 control EXT-mediated cell wall properties during polar expansion of root hair cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Mariana Carignani Sardoy
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Philippe Ranocha
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; (P.R.); (C.D.)
| | - Ariel A. Aptekmann
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (A.A.A.); (A.D.N.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Mauro Bringas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Janice Pennington
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.P.); (J.P.-V.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Julio Paez-Valencia
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.P.); (J.P.-V.); (M.S.O.)
| | - Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Diana R. Rodríguez-Garcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Yossmayer del Carmen Rondón Guerrero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Juan Manuel Peralta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Margaret Fleming
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA; (M.F.); (P.A.B.)
| | - John W. Mishler-Elmore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (J.W.M.-E.); (M.H.)
| | - Silvina Mangano
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
| | - Francisca Blanco-Herrera
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Santiago 8320000, Chile;
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) and Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - Patricia A. Bedinger
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1878, USA; (M.F.); (P.A.B.)
| | - Christophe Dunand
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, 24, Chemin de Borde-Rouge, 31320 Auzeville-Tolosane, France; (P.R.); (C.D.)
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (M.B.); (L.C.)
| | - Alejandro D. Nadra
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Biociencias, Biotecnología y Biología Traslacional (iB3). Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (A.A.A.); (A.D.N.)
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Michael Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA; (J.W.M.-E.); (M.H.)
| | - Marisa S. Otegui
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison and Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (J.P.); (J.P.-V.); (M.S.O.)
- Departments of Botany and Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET. Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires C1405BWE, Argentina; (E.M.); (C.B.); (M.C.S.); (J.M.P.); (D.R.R.-G.); (Y.d.C.R.G.); (J.M.P.); (S.M.)
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello Santiago, Santiago 8370146, Chile
- ANID—Millennium Science Initiative Program—Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio) and Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), Santiago 8370146, Chile
- Correspondence: or
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Gatin A, Duchambon P, van der Rest G, Billault I, Sicard-Roselli C. Protein Dimerization via Tyr Residues: Highlight of a Slow Process with Co-Existence of Numerous Intermediates and Final Products. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031174. [PMID: 35163094 PMCID: PMC8835203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein dimerization via tyrosine residues is a crucial process in response to an oxidative attack, which has been identified in many ageing-related pathologies. Recently, it has been found that for isolated tyrosine amino acid, dimerization occurs through three types of tyrosine–tyrosine crosslinks and leads to at least four final products. Herein, considering two protected tyrosine residues, tyrosine-containing peptides and finally proteins, we investigate the dimerization behavior of tyrosine when embedded in a peptidic sequence. After azide radical oxidation and by combining UPLC-MS and H/D exchange analyzes, we were able to evidence: (i) the slow kinetics of Michael Addition Dimers (MAD) formation, i.e., more than 48 h; (ii) the co-existence of intermediates and final cyclized dimer products; and (iii) the probable involvement of amide functions to achieve Michael additions even in proteins. This raises the question of the possible in vivo existence of both intermediates and final entities as well as their toxicity and the potential consequences on protein structure and/or function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Gatin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Patricia Duchambon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Curie UMR 9187, INSERM U1196, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Guillaume van der Rest
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Isabelle Billault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
| | - Cécile Sicard-Roselli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, CEDEX, 91405 Orsay, France; (A.G.); (G.v.d.R.); (I.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-69-15-77-32
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7
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Pacheco JM, Mansilla N, Moison M, Lucero L, Gabarain VB, Ariel F, Estevez JM. The lncRNA APOLO and the transcription factor WRKY42 target common cell wall EXTENSIN encoding genes to trigger root hair cell elongation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1920191. [PMID: 33944666 PMCID: PMC8244768 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1920191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are key chromatin dynamics regulators, directing the transcriptional programs driving a wide variety of developmental outputs. Recently, we uncovered how the lncRNA AUXIN REGULATED PROMOTER LOOP (APOLO) directly recognizes the locus encoding the root hair (RH) master regulator ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 6 (RHD6) modulating its transcriptional activation and leading to low temperature-induced RH elongation. We further demonstrated that APOLO interacts with the transcription factor WRKY42 in a novel ribonucleoprotein complex shaping RHD6 epigenetic environment and integrating signals governing RH growth and development. In this work, we expand this model showing that APOLO is able to bind and positively control the expression of several cell wall EXTENSIN (EXT) encoding genes, including EXT3, a key regulator for RH growth. Interestingly, EXT3 emerged as a novel common target of APOLO and WRKY42. Furthermore, we showed that the ROS homeostasis-related gene NADPH OXIDASE C (NOXC) is deregulated upon APOLO overexpression, likely through the RHD6-RSL4 pathway, and that NOXC is required for low temperature-dependent enhancement of RH growth. Collectively, our results uncover an intricate regulatory network involving the APOLO/WRKY42 hub in the control of master and effector genes during RH development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natanael Mansilla
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB/FHUC, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Michaël Moison
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB/FHUC, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Leandro Lucero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB/FHUC, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | | | - Federico Ariel
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB/FHUC, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe, Argentina
- CONTACT Federico Ariel Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, FBCB/FHUC, Centro Científico Tecnológico CONICET Santa Fe, Colectora Ruta Nacional No 168km. 0, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe3000, Argentina
| | - José M. Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, CP, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (Fcsv), Universidad Andres Bello and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (Ibio), Santiago, Chile
- José M. Estevez Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CPC1405BWE, Argentina
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8
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Mishler-Elmore JW, Zhou Y, Sukul A, Oblak M, Tan L, Faik A, Held MA. Extensins: Self-Assembly, Crosslinking, and the Role of Peroxidases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:664738. [PMID: 34054905 PMCID: PMC8160292 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.664738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The extensin (EXT) network is elaborated by the covalent intermolecular crosslinking of EXT glycoprotein monomers, and its proper assembly is important for numerous aspects of basic wall architecture and cellular defense. In this review, we discuss new advances in the secretion of EXT monomers and the molecular drivers of EXT network self-assembly. Many of the functions of EXTs are conferred through covalent crosslinking into the wall, so we also discuss the different types of known intermolecular crosslinks, the enzymes that are involved, as well as the potential for additional crosslinks that are yet to be identified. EXTs also function in wall architecture independent of crosslinking status, and therefore, we explore the role of non-crosslinking EXTs. As EXT crosslinking is upregulated in response to wounding and pathogen infection, we discuss a potential regulatory mechanism to control covalent crosslinking and its relationship to the subcellular localization of the crosslinking enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Abhijit Sukul
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Mercedes Oblak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ahmed Faik
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Michael A. Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Interdisciplinary Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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Host Cell Wall Damage during Pathogen Infection: Mechanisms of Perception and Role in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020399. [PMID: 33669710 PMCID: PMC7921929 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The plant cell wall (CW) is a complex structure that acts as a mechanical barrier, restricting the access to most microbes. Phytopathogenic microorganisms can deploy an arsenal of CW-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) that are required for virulence. In turn, plants have evolved proteins able to inhibit the activity of specific microbial CWDEs, reducing CW damage and favoring the accumulation of CW-derived fragments that act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an immune response in the host. CW-derived DAMPs might be a component of the complex system of surveillance of CW integrity (CWI), that plants have evolved to detect changes in CW properties. Microbial CWDEs can activate the plant CWI maintenance system and induce compensatory responses to reinforce CWs during infection. Recent evidence indicates that the CWI surveillance system interacts in a complex way with the innate immune system to fine-tune downstream responses and strike a balance between defense and growth.
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10
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Gatin A, Billault I, Duchambon P, Van der Rest G, Sicard-Roselli C. Oxidative radicals (HO • or N 3•) induce several di-tyrosine bridge isomers at the protein scale. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 162:461-470. [PMID: 33217505 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.10.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among protein oxidative damages, di-tyrosine bridges formation has been evidenced in many neuropathological diseases. Combining oxidative radical production by gamma radiolysis with very performant chromatographic separation coupled to mass spectrometry detection, we brought into light new insights of tyrosine dimerization. Hydroxyl and azide radical tyrosine oxidation leading to di-tyrosine bridges formation was studied for different biological compounds: a full-length protein (Δ25-centrin 2), a five amino acid peptide (KTSLY) and free tyrosine. We highlighted that both radicals generate high proportion of dimers even for low doses. Surprisingly, no less than five different di-tyrosine isomers were evidenced for the protein and the peptide. For tyrosine alone, at least four distinct dimers were evidenced. These results raise some questions about their respective role in vivo and hence their relative toxicity. Also, as di-tyrosine is often used as a biomarker, a better knowledge of the type of dimer detected in vivo is now required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouchka Gatin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Billault
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Patricia Duchambon
- CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196, Institut Curie, Université Paris Saclay, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Van der Rest
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Sicard-Roselli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie Physique UMR 8000, 91405, Orsay Cedex, France.
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11
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Herger A, Dünser K, Kleine-Vehn J, Ringli C. Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensin Proteins and Their Role in Cell Wall Sensing. Curr Biol 2020; 29:R851-R858. [PMID: 31505187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by a cell wall that provides shape and physically limits cell expansion. To sense the environment and status of cell wall structures, plants have evolved cell wall integrity-sensing mechanisms that involve a number of receptors at the plasma membrane. These receptors can bind cell wall components and/or hormones to coordinate processes in the cell wall and the cytoplasm. This review focuses on the role of leucine-rich repeat extensins (LRXs) during cell wall development. LRXs are chimeric proteins that insolubilize in the cell wall and form protein-protein interaction platforms. LRXs bind RALF peptide hormones that modify cell wall expansion and also directly interact with the transmembrane receptor FERONIA, which is involved in cell growth regulation. LRX proteins, therefore, also represent a link between the cell wall and plasma membrane, perceiving extracellular signals and indirectly relaying this information to the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Herger
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Dünser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kleine-Vehn
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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12
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Mnich E, Bjarnholt N, Eudes A, Harholt J, Holland C, Jørgensen B, Larsen FH, Liu M, Manat R, Meyer AS, Mikkelsen JD, Motawia MS, Muschiol J, Møller BL, Møller SR, Perzon A, Petersen BL, Ravn JL, Ulvskov P. Phenolic cross-links: building and de-constructing the plant cell wall. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 37:919-961. [PMID: 31971193 DOI: 10.1039/c9np00028c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: Up to 2019Phenolic cross-links and phenolic inter-unit linkages result from the oxidative coupling of two hydroxycinnamates or two molecules of tyrosine. Free dimers of hydroxycinnamates, lignans, play important roles in plant defence. Cross-linking of bound phenolics in the plant cell wall affects cell expansion, wall strength, digestibility, degradability, and pathogen resistance. Cross-links mediated by phenolic substituents are particularly important as they confer strength to the wall via the formation of new covalent bonds, and by excluding water from it. Four biopolymer classes are known to be involved in the formation of phenolic cross-links: lignins, extensins, glucuronoarabinoxylans, and side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. Lignins and extensins are ubiquitous in streptophytes whereas aromatic substituents on xylan and pectic side-chains are commonly assumed to be particular features of Poales sensu lato and core Caryophyllales, respectively. Cross-linking of phenolic moieties proceeds via radical formation, is catalyzed by peroxidases and laccases, and involves monolignols, tyrosine in extensins, and ferulate esters on xylan and pectin. Ferulate substituents, on xylan in particular, are thought to be nucleation points for lignin polymerization and are, therefore, of paramount importance to wall architecture in grasses and for the development of technology for wall disassembly, e.g. for the use of grass biomass for production of 2nd generation biofuels. This review summarizes current knowledge on the intra- and extracellular acylation of polysaccharides, and inter- and intra-molecular cross-linking of different constituents. Enzyme mediated lignan in vitro synthesis for pharmaceutical uses are covered as are industrial exploitation of mutant and transgenic approaches to control cell wall cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Mnich
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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13
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Guo X, Hansen BØ, Moeller SR, Harholt J, Mravec J, Willats W, Petersen BL, Ulvskov P. Extensin arabinoside chain length is modulated in elongating cotton fibre. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100033. [PMID: 32743148 PMCID: PMC7388976 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cotton fibre provides a unicellular model system for studying cell expansion and secondary cell wall deposition. Mature cotton fibres are mainly composed of cellulose while the walls of developing fibre cells contain a variety of polysaccharides and proteoglycans required for cell expansion. This includes hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) comprising the subgroup, extensins. In this study, extensin occurrence in cotton fibres was assessed using carbohydrate immunomicroarrays, mass spectrometry and monosaccharide profiling. Extensin amounts in three species appeared to correlate with fibre quality. Fibre cell expression profiling of the four cotton cultivars, combined with extensin arabinoside chain length measurements during fibre development, demonstrated that arabinoside side-chain length is modulated during development. Implications and mechanisms of extensin side-chain length dynamics during development are discussed.
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Key Words
- AGPs, arabinogalactan proteins
- CoMPP
- CoMPP, comprehensive microarray polymer profiling
- Cotton fibre
- Cotton fibre quality
- CrRLK1L, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like1-like kinase
- DPA, days post anthesis
- EXTs, extensins
- ExAD, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Extensin Arabinose Deficient
- Extensin arabinoside metabolism
- GH, glycoside hydrolase
- HPAT, hydroxyproline arabinosyltransferase
- HRGP
- HRGPs, hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins
- Hyp-Aran, extensin side-chain of length n
- LRX, leucine-rich repeat extensins
- PCW, primary cell wall
- RRA, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Reduced Residual Arabinose
- SCW, secondary cell wall
- SGT, serine galactosyltransferase
- Transcriptomics
- XEG113, arabinosyltransferase named after the mutant Xyloglucan Endo-Glucanase resistant mutant 113
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Guo
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bjørn Øst Hansen
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Svenning Rune Moeller
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jesper Harholt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Jozef Mravec
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - William Willats
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Bent Larsen Petersen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Peter Ulvskov
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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14
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Sala K, Karcz J, Rypień A, Kurczyńska EU. Unmethyl-esterified homogalacturonan and extensins seal Arabidopsis graft union. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:151. [PMID: 30999851 PMCID: PMC6472031 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Grafting is a technique widely used in horticulture. The processes involved in grafting are diverse, and the technique is commonly employed in studies focusing on the mechanisms that regulate cell differentiation or response of plants to abiotic stress. Information on the changes in the composition of the cell wall that occur during the grafting process is scarce. Therefore, this study was carried out for analyzing the composition of the cell wall using Arabidopsis hypocotyls as an example. During the study, the formation of a layer that covers the surface of the graft union was observed. So, this study also aimed to describe the histological and cellular changes that accompany autografting of Arabidopsis hypocotyls and to perform preliminary chemical and structural analyses of extracellular material that seals the graft union. RESULTS During grafting, polyphenolic and lipid compounds were detected, along with extracellular deposition of carbohydrate/protein material. The spatiotemporal changes observed in the structure of the extracellular material included the formation of a fibrillar network, polymerization of the fibrillar network into a membranous layer, and the presence of bead-like structures on the surface of cells in established graft union. These bead-like structures appeared either "closed" or "open". Only three cell wall epitopes, namely: LM19 (un/low-methyl-esterified homogalacturonan), JIM11, and JIM20 (extensins), were detected abundantly on the cut surfaces that made the adhesion plane, as well as in the structure that covered the graft union and in the bead-like structures, during the subsequent stages of regeneration. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the composition and structure of the extracellular material that gets deposited on the surface of graft union during Arabidopsis grafting. The results showed that unmethyl-esterified homogalacturonan and extensins are together involved in the adhesion of scion and stock, as well as taking part in sealing the graft union. The extracellular material is of importance not only due to the potential pectin-extensin interaction but also due to its origin. The findings presented here implicate a need for studies with biochemical approach for a detailed analysis of the composition and structure of the extracellular material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sala
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Jagna Karcz
- Laboratory of Microscopy Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rypień
- Laboratory of Microscopy Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewa U. Kurczyńska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Jagiellońska 28 St, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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15
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Jacobowitz JR, Doyle WC, Weng JK. PRX9 and PRX40 Are Extensin Peroxidases Essential for Maintaining Tapetum and Microspore Cell Wall Integrity during Arabidopsis Anther Development. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:848-861. [PMID: 30886127 PMCID: PMC6501601 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Pollen and microspore development are essential steps in the life cycle of all land plants that generate male gametes. Within flowering plants, pollen development occurs inside of the anther. Here, we report the identification of two class III peroxidase-encoding genes, PEROXIDASE9 (PRX9) and PRX40, that are genetically redundant and essential for proper anther and pollen development in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Arabidopsis double mutants devoid of functional PRX9 and PRX40 are male sterile. The mutant anthers display swollen, hypertrophic tapetal cells and pollen grains, suggesting disrupted cell wall integrity. These phenotypes lead to nearly 100%-penetrant pollen degeneration upon anther maturation. Using immunochemical and biochemical approaches, we show that PRX9 and PRX40 likely cross-link extensins to contribute to tapetal cell wall integrity during anther development. This work suggests that PRX9 and PRX40 encode Arabidopsis extensin peroxidases and highlights the importance of extensin cross-linking during pollen development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Jacobowitz
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
| | - William C Doyle
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Jing-Ke Weng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139
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16
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Marzol E, Borassi C, Bringas M, Sede A, Rodríguez Garcia DR, Capece L, Estevez JM. Filling the Gaps to Solve the Extensin Puzzle. MOLECULAR PLANT 2018; 11:645-658. [PMID: 29530817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs) are highly repetitive plant O-glycoproteins that require several post-translational modifications (PTMs) to become functional in plant cell walls. First, they are hydroxylated on contiguous proline residues; then they are O-glycosylated on hydroxyproline and serine. After secretion into the apoplast, O-glycosylated EXTs form a tridimensional network organized by inter- and intra-Tyr linkages. Recent studies have made significant progress in the identification of the enzymatic machinery required to process EXTs, which includes prolyl 4-hydroxylases, glycosyltransferases, papain-type cysteine endopeptidases, and peroxidases. EXTs are abundant in plant tissues and are particularly important in rapidly expanding root hairs and pollen tubes, which grow in a polar manner. Small changes in EXT PTMs affect fast-growing cells, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation are unknown. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of EXT modifications throughout the secretory pathway, EXT assembly in cell walls, and possible sensing mechanisms involving the Catharanthus roseus cell surface sensor receptor-like kinases located at the interface between the apoplast and the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Marzol
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Borassi
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Mauro Bringas
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires, CP C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Ana Sede
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular, Dr. Héctor Torres (INGEBI-CONICET), Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Buenos Aires, C1428ADN, Argentina
| | - Diana Rosa Rodríguez Garcia
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Luciana Capece
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (INQUIMAE-CONICET), Buenos Aires, CP C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Jose M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires (IIBBA-CONICET), Avenida Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, CP C1405BWE, Argentina.
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17
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Showalter AM, Keppler BD, Liu X, Lichtenberg J, Welch LR. Bioinformatic Identification and Analysis of Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins in Populus trichocarpa. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:229. [PMID: 27769192 PMCID: PMC5073881 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) constitute a plant cell wall protein superfamily that functions in diverse aspects of growth and development. This superfamily contains three members: the highly glycosylated arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs), the moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs), and the lightly glycosylated proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Chimeric and hybrid HRGPs, however, also exist. A bioinformatics approach is employed here to identify and classify AGPs, EXTs, PRPs, chimeric HRGPs, and hybrid HRGPs from the proteins predicted by the completed genome sequence of poplar (Populus trichocarpa). This bioinformatics approach is based on searching for biased amino acid compositions and for particular protein motifs associated with known HRGPs with a newly revised and improved BIO OHIO 2.0 program. Proteins detected by the program are subsequently analyzed to identify the following: 1) repeating amino acid sequences, 2) signal peptide sequences, 3) glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor addition sequences, and 4) similar HRGPs using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). RESULTS The program was used to identify and classify 271 HRGPs from poplar including 162 AGPs, 60 EXTs, and 49 PRPs, which are each divided into various classes. This is in contrast to a previous analysis of the Arabidopsis proteome which identified 162 HRGPs consisting of 85 AGPs, 59 EXTs, and 18 PRPs. Poplar was observed to have fewer classical EXTs, to have more fasciclin-like AGPs, plastocyanin AGPs and AG peptides, and to contain a novel class of PRPs referred to as the proline-rich peptides. CONCLUSIONS The newly revised and improved BIO OHIO 2.0 bioinformatics program was used to identify and classify the inventory of HRGPs in poplar in order to facilitate and guide basic and applied research on plant cell walls. The newly identified poplar HRGPs can now be examined to determine their respective structural and functional roles, including their possible applications in the areas plant biofuel and natural products for medicinal or industrial uses. Additionally, other plants whose genomes are sequenced can now be examined in a similar way using this bioinformatics program which will provide insight to the evolution of the HRGP family in the plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M. Showalter
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, 504 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Brian D. Keppler
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, 504 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, 504 Porter Hall, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Jens Lichtenberg
- Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Center for Intelligent, Distributed and Dependable Systems, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
| | - Lonnie R. Welch
- Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Center for Intelligent, Distributed and Dependable Systems, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979 USA
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Ghahremani M, Stigter KA, Plaxton W. Extraction and Characterization of Extracellular Proteins and Their Post-Translational Modifications from Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures and Seedlings: A Critical Review. Proteomes 2016; 4:E25. [PMID: 28248235 PMCID: PMC5217358 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins secreted by plant cells into the extracellular space, consisting of the cell wall, apoplastic fluid, and rhizosphere, play crucial roles during development, nutrient acquisition, and stress acclimation. However, isolating the full range of secreted proteins has proven difficult, and new strategies are constantly evolving to increase the number of proteins that can be detected and identified. In addition, the dynamic nature of the extracellular proteome presents the further challenge of identifying and characterizing the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of secreted proteins, particularly glycosylation and phosphorylation. Such PTMs are common and important regulatory modifications of proteins, playing a key role in many biological processes. This review explores the most recent methods in isolating and characterizing the plant extracellular proteome with a focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, highlighting the current challenges yet to be overcome. Moreover, the crucial role of protein PTMs in cell wall signalling, development, and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Kyla A Stigter
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - William Plaxton
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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Rosu C, Cueto R, Russo PS. Poly(colloid)s: "Polymerization" of Poly(l-tyrosine)-silica Composite Particles through the Photoinduced Cross-Linking of Unmodified Proteins Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:8392-8402. [PMID: 27504929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced cross-linking of unmodified proteins, PICUP, was extended to core-shell silica-polypeptide composite particles to produce poly(colloid)s. Silica particles coated with poly(l-tyrosine), PTYR-SiO2, served as the monomer units. The PICUP reaction accomplished the formation of dityrosil linkages between the tyrosine units by illumination of photo-oxidizing ruthenium(II) bipyridyl catalyst under physiological conditions. The PICUP method was compared with an enzymatic route intermediated by horseradish peroxidase as catalyst. The PTYR-SiO2 particles feature high PTYR content in the shell, which facilitated the formation of heavily cross-linked but unstructured aggregates. After magnetic alignment of superparamagnetic PTYR-SiO2-cobalt composite particles, only the PICUP approach enabled the preparation of isolated chain-like poly(colloid)s. The cross-linking products were confirmed by FTIR. The native secondary structure of poly(l-tyrosine) is preserved in these poly(colloid)s. Because the PICUP reaction does not require the modification of the polypeptide structure, the cross-linked PTYR will retain its characteristic functions as a poly(amino acid). The PICUP method opens the door to a variety of PTYR-based poly(colloid) architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Rosu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network, GTPN, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rafael Cueto
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Paul S Russo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Georgia Tech Polymer Network, GTPN, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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Chen Y, Dong W, Tan L, Held MA, Kieliszewski MJ. Arabinosylation Plays a Crucial Role in Extensin Cross-linking In Vitro. BIOCHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2015; 8:1-13. [PMID: 26568683 PMCID: PMC4629521 DOI: 10.4137/bci.s31353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Extensins (EXTs) are hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) that are structural components of the plant primary cell wall. They are basic proteins and are highly glycosylated with carbohydrate accounting for >50% of their dry weight. Carbohydrate occurs as monogalactosyl serine and arabinosyl hydroxyproline, with arabinosides ranging in size from ~1 to 4 or 5 residues. Proposed functions of EXT arabinosylation include stabilizing the polyproline II helix structure and facilitating EXT cross-linking. Here, the involvement of arabinosylation in EXT cross-linking was investigated by assaying the initial cross-linking rate and degree of cross-linking of partially or fully de-arabinosylated EXTs using an in vitro cross-linking assay followed by gel permeation chromatography. Our results indicate that EXT arabinosylation is required for EXT cross-linking in vitro and the fourth arabinosyl residue in the tetraarabinoside chain, which is uniquely α-linked, may determine the initial cross-linking rate. Our results also confirm the conserved structure of the oligoarabinosides across species, indicating an evolutionary significance for EXT arabinosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Wen Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Michael A Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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Choudhary P, Saha P, Ray T, Tang Y, Yang D, Cannon MC. EXTENSIN18 is required for full male fertility as well as normal vegetative growth in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:553. [PMID: 26257758 PMCID: PMC4510346 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
EXTENSINS (EXTs) are a 65-member subfamily of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) of which 20 putatively form crosslinking networks in the cell wall. These 20 classical EXTs are involved at the start of new wall assembly as evidenced by a requirement for EXT3 during cytokinesis, and the ability of some EXTs to polymerize in vitro into dendritic patterns. EXT3 was previously shown to form pulcherosine (three Tyrosines) cross-links. Little direct data exists on the other 19 classical EXTs. Here, we describe the phenotypes of ext18 mutants and rescued progeny as well as associated expression profiles of all 20 classical EXT genes. We found that EXT18 is required for full male fertility, as well as for normal vegetative growth. EXT18 has potential to form crosslinking networks via di-iso-di-tyrosine (four Tyrosines) covalent bonds, and not via pulcherosine due to deficit of lone Tyrosines. This together with ext18 defective pollen grains and pollen tubes, and reduced plant size, suggests that EXT18-type EXTs are important contributors to wall integrity, in pollen and other rapidly extending walls. The data also show that a knockout of EXT18 had a pleiotropic affect on the expression of several EXTs, as did the reintroduction of the native EXT18 gene, thus supporting the thesis that transcription of groups of EXTs are co-regulated and work in different combinations to make distinctive inputs into wall assembly of different cell types. These insights contribute to basic knowledge of cell wall self-assembly in different cell types, and potentially enable biotechnological advances in biomass increase and plant fertility control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Choudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, AmherstMA, USA
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, AmherstMA, USA
| | - Tui Ray
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, ArdmoreOK, USA
| | - David Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, AmherstMA, USA
| | - Maura C. Cannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, AmherstMA, USA
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Rasheed F, Newson WR, Plivelic TS, Kuktaite R, Hedenqvist MS, Gällstedt M, Johansson E. Macromolecular changes and nano-structural arrangements in gliadin and glutenin films upon chemical modification: Relation to functionality. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:151-9. [PMID: 25936284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein macromolecules adopted for biological and bio-based material functions are known to develop a structured protein network upon chemical modification. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of chemical additives such as, NaOH, NH4OH and salicylic acid (SA), on the secondary and nano-structural transitions of wheat proteins. Further, the effect of chemically induced modifications in protein macromolecular structure was anticipated in relation to functional properties. The gliadin-NH4OH-SA film showed a supramolecular protein organization into hexagonal structures with 65 Å lattice parameter, and other not previously observed structural entities having a characteristic distance of 50 Å. Proteins in gliadin-NH4OH-SA films were highly polymerized, with increased amount of disulfide crosslinks and β-sheets, causing improved strength and stiffness. Glutenin and WG proteins with NH4OH-SA showed extensive aggregation and an increase in β-sheet content together with irreversible crosslinks. Irreversible crosslinks hindered a high order structure formation in glutenins, and this resulted in films with only moderately improved stiffness. Thus, formation of nano-hierarchical structures based on β-sheets and disulfide crosslinks are the major reasons of high strength and stiffness in wheat protein based films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Rasheed
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Box 101, Alnarp, Sweden.
| | - William R Newson
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Box 101, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Tomás S Plivelic
- MAX IV Laboratory, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ramune Kuktaite
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Box 101, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Mikael S Hedenqvist
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Fibre and Polymer Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Eva Johansson
- Department of Plant Breeding, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-230 53, Box 101, Alnarp, Sweden
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Dong W, Kieliszewski M, Held MA. Identification of the pI 4.6 extensin peroxidase from Lycopersicon esculentum using proteomics and reverse-genomics. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:151-159. [PMID: 25446231 PMCID: PMC4380809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant cell growth and early defense response involves the insolubilization of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), such as extensin, in the primary cell wall. In tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), insolubilization occurs by the formation of tyrosyl-crosslinks catalyzed specifically by the pI 4.6 extensin peroxidase (EP). To date, neither the gene encoding EP nor the protein itself has been identified. Here, we have identified tomato EP candidates using both proteomic and bioinformatic approaches. Bioinformatic screening of the tomato genome yielded eight EP candidates, which contained a putative signal sequence and a predicted pI near 4.6. Biochemical fractionation of tomato culture media followed by proteomic detection further refined our list of EP candidates to three, with the lead candidate designated (CG5). To test for EP crosslinking activity, we cloned into a bacterial expression vector the CG5 open-reading frame from tomato cDNA. The CG5 was expressed in Escherichia coli, fractionated from inclusion bodies, and folded in vitro. The peroxidase activity of CG5 was assayed and quantified by ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) assay. Subsequent extensin crosslinking assays showed that CG5 can covalently crosslink authentic tomato P1 extensin and P3-type extensin analogs in vitro supporting our hypothesis that CG5 encodes a tomato EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Marcia Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
| | - Michael A Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, United States.
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24
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Chen Y, Ye D, Held MA, Cannon MC, Ray T, Saha P, Frye AN, Mort AJ, Kieliszewski MJ. Identification of the Abundant Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins in the Root Walls of Wild-Type Arabidopsis, an ext3 Mutant Line, and Its Phenotypic Revertant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 4:85-111. [PMID: 27135319 PMCID: PMC4844335 DOI: 10.3390/plants4010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Extensins are members of the cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein (HRGP) superfamily that form covalently cross-linked networks in primary cell walls. A knockout mutation in EXT3 (AT1G21310), the gene coding EXTENSIN 3 (EXT3) in Arabidopsis Landsberg erecta resulted in a lethal phenotype, although about 20% of the knockout plants have an apparently normal phenotype (ANP). In this study the root cell wall HRGP components of wild-type, ANP and the ext3 mutant seedlings were characterized by peptide fractionation of trypsin digested anhydrous hydrogen fluoride deglycosylated wall residues and by sequencing using LC-MS/MS. Several HRGPs, including EXT3, were identified in the wild-type root walls but not in walls of the ANP and lethal mutant. Indeed the ANP walls and walls of mutants displaying the lethal phenotype possessed HRGPs, but the profiles suggest that changes in the amount and perhaps type may account for the corresponding phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Dening Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Michael A Held
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Maura C Cannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Tui Ray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Alexandra N Frye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
| | - Andrew J Mort
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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25
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Tan L, Pu Y, Pattathil S, Avci U, Qian J, Arter A, Chen L, Hahn MG, Ragauskas AJ, Kieliszewski MJ. Changes in cell wall properties coincide with overexpression of extensin fusion proteins in suspension cultured tobacco cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115906. [PMID: 25536327 PMCID: PMC4275275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensins are one subfamily of the cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins, containing characteristic SerHyp4 glycosylation motifs and intermolecular cross-linking motifs such as the TyrXaaTyr sequence. Extensins are believed to form a cross-linked network in the plant cell wall through the tyrosine-derivatives isodityrosine, pulcherosine, and di-isodityrosine. Overexpression of three synthetic genes encoding different elastin-arabinogalactan protein-extensin hybrids in tobacco suspension cultured cells yielded novel cross-linking glycoproteins that shared features of the extensins, arabinogalactan proteins and elastin. The cell wall properties of the three transgenic cell lines were all changed, but in different ways. One transgenic cell line showed decreased cellulose crystallinity and increased wall xyloglucan content; the second transgenic cell line contained dramatically increased hydration capacity and notably increased cell wall biomass, increased di-isodityrosine, and increased protein content; the third transgenic cell line displayed wall phenotypes similar to wild type cells, except changed xyloglucan epitope extractability. These data indicate that overexpression of modified extensins may be a route to engineer plants for bioenergy and biomaterial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jin Qian
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Allison Arter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Suzhou, China
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- BioEnergy Science Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Arthur J. Ragauskas
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Marcia J. Kieliszewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio, United States of America
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Pečivová P, Pavlínek V, Hrabě J, Kráčmar S. The influence of reducing and oxidising agents on the rheology of wheat flour dough. ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.11118/actaun200856050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Hijazi M, Velasquez SM, Jamet E, Estevez JM, Albenne C. An update on post-translational modifications of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins: toward a model highlighting their contribution to plant cell wall architecture. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:395. [PMID: 25177325 PMCID: PMC4132260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are composite structures mainly composed of polysaccharides, also containing a large set of proteins involved in diverse functions such as growth, environmental sensing, signaling, and defense. Research on cell wall proteins (CWPs) is a challenging field since present knowledge of their role into the structure and function of cell walls is very incomplete. Among CWPs, hydroxyproline (Hyp)-rich O-glycoproteins (HRGPs) were classified into three categories: (i) moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs) able to form covalent scaffolds; (ii) hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs); and (iii) Hyp/proline (Pro)-Rich proteins (H/PRPs) that may be non-, weakly- or highly-glycosylated. In this review, we provide a description of the main features of their post-translational modifications (PTMs), biosynthesis, structure, and function. We propose a new model integrating HRGPs and their partners in cell walls. Altogether, they could form a continuous glyco-network with non-cellulosic polysaccharides via covalent bonds or non-covalent interactions, thus strongly contributing to cell wall architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Hijazi
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Silvia M. Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - José M. Estevez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Sitkiewicz E, Tarnowski K, Poznański J, Kulma M, Dadlez M. Oligomerization interface of RAGE receptor revealed by MS-monitored hydrogen deuterium exchange. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76353. [PMID: 24098480 PMCID: PMC3788119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) leads to a chronic proinflammatory signal, affecting patients with a variety of diseases. Potentially beneficial modification of RAGE activity requires understanding the signal transduction mechanism at the molecular level. The ligand binding domain is structurally uncoupled from the cytoplasmic domain, suggesting receptor oligomerization is a requirement for receptor activation. In this study, we used hydrogen-deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry to map structural differences between the monomeric and oligomeric forms of RAGE. Our results indicated the presence of a region shielded from exchange in the oligomeric form of RAGE and led to the identification of a new oligomerization interface localized at the linker region between domains C1 and C2. Based on this finding, a model of a RAGE dimer and higher oligomeric state was constructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sitkiewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tarnowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jarosław Poznański
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Magdalena Kulma
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Michal Dadlez
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Biology Department, Warsaw University, Warszawa, Poland
- * E-mail:
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29
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Saha P, Ray T, Tang Y, Dutta I, Evangelous NR, Kieliszewski MJ, Chen Y, Cannon MC. Self-rescue of an EXTENSIN mutant reveals alternative gene expression programs and candidate proteins for new cell wall assembly in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:104-116. [PMID: 23578334 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants encode a poorly understood superfamily of developmentally expressed cell wall hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs). One, EXTENSIN3 (EXT3) of the 168 putative HRGPs, is critical in the first steps of new wall assembly, demonstrated by broken and misplaced walls in its lethal homozygous mutant. Here we report the findings of phenotypic (not genotypic) revertants of the ext3 mutant and in-depth analysis including microarray and qRT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The aim was to identify EXT3 substitute(s), thus gaining a deeper understanding of new wall assembly. The data show differential expression in the ext3 mutant that included 61% (P ≤ 0.05) of the HRGP genes, and ability to self-rescue by reprogramming expression. Independent revertants had reproducible expression networks, largely heritable over the four generations tested, with some genes displaying transgenerational drift towards wild-type expression levels. Genes for nine candidate regulatory proteins as well as eight candidate HRGP building materials and/or facilitators of new wall assembly or maintenance, in the (near) absence of EXT3 expression, were identified. Seven of the HRGP fit the current model of EXT function. In conclusion, the data on phenotype comparisons and on differential expression of the genes-of-focus provide strong evidence that different combinations of HRGPs regulated by alternative gene expression networks, can make functioning cell walls, resulting in (apparently) normal plant growth and development. More broadly, this has implications for interpreting the cause of any mutant phenotype, assigning gene function, and genetically modifying plants for utilitarian purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasenjit Saha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Tui Ray
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Yuhong Tang
- Plant Biology Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, OK, 73401, USA
| | - Indrajit Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Nicole R Evangelous
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | | | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Maura C Cannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
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30
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Albenne C, Canut H, Jamet E. Plant cell wall proteomics: the leadership of Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:111. [PMID: 23641247 PMCID: PMC3640192 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell wall proteins (CWPs) progressively emerged as crucial components of cell walls although present in minor amounts. Cell wall polysaccharides such as pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose represent more than 90% of primary cell wall mass, whereas hemicelluloses, cellulose, and lignins are the main components of lignified secondary walls. All these polymers provide mechanical properties to cell walls, participate in cell shape and prevent water loss in aerial organs. However, cell walls need to be modified and customized during plant development and in response to environmental cues, thus contributing to plant adaptation. CWPs play essential roles in all these physiological processes and particularly in the dynamics of cell walls, which requires organization and rearrangements of polysaccharides as well as cell-to-cell communication. In the last 10 years, plant cell wall proteomics has greatly contributed to a wider knowledge of CWPs. This update will deal with (i) a survey of plant cell wall proteomics studies with a focus on Arabidopsis thaliana; (ii) the main protein families identified and the still missing peptides; (iii) the persistent issue of the non-canonical CWPs; (iv) the present challenges to overcome technological bottlenecks; and (v) the perspectives beyond cell wall proteomics to understand CWP functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Albenne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hervé Canut
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales, Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
- CNRS, UMR 5546Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Konozy EHE, Rogniaux H, Causse M, Faurobert M. Proteomic analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) secretome. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:251-266. [PMID: 22892874 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0516-4 [epub ahead of print]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In fleshy fruits, fruit texture features are mainly related to chemical and mechanical properties of the cell wall. The description of tomato fruit cell wall proteome is a first step in the process of linking tomato genetic variability to fruit texture phenotypes. In this study, the proteome of 3 ripe tomato fruit lines with contrasted texture traits were studied. Weakly bound and soluble proteins were extracted from cell wall of the three cultivars using both destructive and non-destructive methods, respectively. Wall proteins were separated on 1D-PAGE, bands were excised and identified by LC-MS/MS. The software SignalP which searches for the leader peptide was used to discriminate between protein with or without signal peptide. In combine, seventy-five different cell wall proteins were recorded for both weakly bound and soluble cell wall fractions. The major identified functions included several proteins acting on polysaccharides, proteins involved in "lipid metabolism", proteins having interacting domain, "oxido-reductases" and "proteases" whose putative roles in ripe fruit cell wall is discussed. Several proteins with no obvious signal peptide, however, with accumulating supportive evidences to be bona fide wall proteins, were also identified. Some variations in protein repertories were observed among the lines, demonstrating the possibility to characterize cell wall protein genetic variability by such in muro proteome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin H E Konozy
- Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, BP 94, 84143 Montfavet, France.
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Konozy EHE, Rogniaux H, Causse M, Faurobert M. Proteomic analysis of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) secretome. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2013; 126:251-66. [PMID: 22892874 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In fleshy fruits, fruit texture features are mainly related to chemical and mechanical properties of the cell wall. The description of tomato fruit cell wall proteome is a first step in the process of linking tomato genetic variability to fruit texture phenotypes. In this study, the proteome of 3 ripe tomato fruit lines with contrasted texture traits were studied. Weakly bound and soluble proteins were extracted from cell wall of the three cultivars using both destructive and non-destructive methods, respectively. Wall proteins were separated on 1D-PAGE, bands were excised and identified by LC-MS/MS. The software SignalP which searches for the leader peptide was used to discriminate between protein with or without signal peptide. In combine, seventy-five different cell wall proteins were recorded for both weakly bound and soluble cell wall fractions. The major identified functions included several proteins acting on polysaccharides, proteins involved in "lipid metabolism", proteins having interacting domain, "oxido-reductases" and "proteases" whose putative roles in ripe fruit cell wall is discussed. Several proteins with no obvious signal peptide, however, with accumulating supportive evidences to be bona fide wall proteins, were also identified. Some variations in protein repertories were observed among the lines, demonstrating the possibility to characterize cell wall protein genetic variability by such in muro proteome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadeldin H E Konozy
- Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, BP 94, 84143 Montfavet, France.
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Albornos L, Martín I, Iglesias R, Jiménez T, Labrador E, Dopico B. ST proteins, a new family of plant tandem repeat proteins with a DUF2775 domain mainly found in Fabaceae and Asteraceae. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:207. [PMID: 23134664 PMCID: PMC3499167 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many proteins with tandem repeats in their sequence have been described and classified according to the length of the repeats: I) Repeats of short oligopeptides (from 2 to 20 amino acids), including structural cell wall proteins and arabinogalactan proteins. II) Repeats that range in length from 20 to 40 residues, including proteins with a well-established three-dimensional structure often involved in mediating protein-protein interactions. (III) Longer repeats in the order of 100 amino acids that constitute structurally and functionally independent units. Here we analyse ShooT specific (ST) proteins, a family of proteins with tandem repeats of unknown function that were first found in Leguminosae, and their possible similarities to other proteins with tandem repeats. RESULTS ST protein sequences were only found in dicotyledonous plants, limited to several plant families, mainly the Fabaceae and the Asteraceae. ST mRNAs accumulate mainly in the roots and under biotic interactions. Most ST proteins have one or several Domain(s) of Unknown Function 2775 (DUF2775). All deduced ST proteins have a signal peptide, indicating that these proteins enter the secretory pathway, and the mature proteins have tandem repeat oligopeptides that share a hexapeptide (E/D)FEPRP followed by 4 partially conserved amino acids, which could determine a putative N-glycosylation signal, and a fully conserved tyrosine. In a phylogenetic tree, the sequences clade according to taxonomic group. A possible involvement in symbiosis and abiotic stress as well as in plant cell elongation is suggested, although different STs could play different roles in plant development. CONCLUSIONS We describe a new family of proteins called ST whose presence is limited to the plant kingdom, specifically to a few families of dicotyledonous plants. They present 20 to 40 amino acid tandem repeat sequences with different characteristics (signal peptide, DUF2775 domain, conservative repeat regions) from the described group of 20 to 40 amino acid tandem repeat proteins and also from known cell wall proteins with repeat sequences. Several putative roles in plant physiology can be inferred from the characteristics found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Albornos
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Ignacio Martín
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Rebeca Iglesias
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Teresa Jiménez
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Emilia Labrador
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Berta Dopico
- Dpto. de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Universidad de Salamanca, Plaza Doctores de la Reina s/n. Campus Miguel Unamuno, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
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Jedrzejuk A, Rochala J, Zakrzewski J, Rabiza-Świder J. Identification of xylem occlusions occurring in cut clematis (Clematis L., fam. Ranunculaceae Juss.) stems during their vase life. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:749281. [PMID: 22919351 PMCID: PMC3417206 DOI: 10.1100/2012/749281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
During the vase life of cut stems obstruction of xylem vessels occurs due to microbial growth, formation of tyloses, deposition of materials in the lumen of xylem vessels and the presence of air emboli in the vascular system. Such obstructions may restrict water uptake and its transport towards upwards thus lowering their ornamental value and longevity of cut flowers. Clematis is a very attractive plant material which may be used as cut flower in floral compositions. Nothing is known about the histochemical or cytological nature of xylem blockages occurring in cut stems of this plant. This study shows that in clematis, tyloses are the main source of occlusions, although bacteria and some amorphic substances may also appear inside the vessels. A preservative composed of 200 mg dm−3 8-HQC (8-hydroxyquinolin citrate) and 2% sucrose arrested bacterial development and the growth of tyloses. This information can be helpful in the development of new treatments to improve keeping qualities of cut clematis stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jedrzejuk
- Department of Ornamental Plants, Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland.
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Velasquez M, Salter JS, Dorosz JG, Petersen BL, Estevez JM. Recent Advances on the Posttranslational Modifications of EXTs and Their Roles in Plant Cell Walls. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:93. [PMID: 22639676 PMCID: PMC3355594 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The genetic set up and the enzymes that define the O-glycosylation sites and transfer the activated sugars to cell wall glycoprotein Extensins (EXTs) have remained unknown for a long time. We are now beginning to see the emerging components of the molecular machinery that assembles these complex O-glycoproteins on the plant cell wall. Genes conferring the posttranslational modifications, i.e., proline hydroxylation and subsequent O-glycosylation, of the EXTs have been recently identified. In this review we summarize the enzymes that define the O-glycosylation sites on the O-glycoproteins, i.e., the prolyl 4-hydroxylases (P4Hs), the glycosyltransferases that transfer arabinose units (named arabinosyltransferases, AraTs), and the one responsible for transferring a single galactose (galactosyltransferase, GalT) on the protein EXT backbones. We discuss the effects of posttranslational modifications on the structure and function of extensins in plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Velasquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Salgado Salter
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Javier Gloazzo Dorosz
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bent L. Petersen
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark
| | - José M. Estevez
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIByNE-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos AiresBuenos Aires, Argentina
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Lebedev AA, Young P, Isupov MN, Moroz OV, Vagin AA, Murshudov GN. JLigand: a graphical tool for the CCP4 template-restraint library. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2012; 68:431-40. [PMID: 22505263 PMCID: PMC3322602 DOI: 10.1107/s090744491200251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biological macromolecules are polymers and therefore the restraints for macromolecular refinement can be subdivided into two sets: restraints that are applied to atoms that all belong to the same monomer and restraints that are associated with the covalent bonds between monomers. The CCP4 template-restraint library contains three types of data entries defining template restraints: descriptions of monomers and their modifications, both used for intramonomer restraints, and descriptions of links for intermonomer restraints. The library provides generic descriptions of modifications and links for protein, DNA and RNA chains, and for some post-translational modifications including glycosylation. Structure-specific template restraints can be defined in a user's additional restraint library. Here, JLigand, a new CCP4 graphical interface to LibCheck and REFMAC that has been developed to manage the user's library and generate new monomer entries is described, as well as new entries for links and associated modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Lebedev
- CCP4, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot OX11 0QX, England.
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37
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Verdonk JC, Hatfield RD, Sullivan ML. Proteomic analysis of cell walls of two developmental stages of alfalfa stems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:279. [PMID: 23248635 PMCID: PMC3521126 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important for the growth and development of all plants. They are also valuable resources for feed and fiber, and more recently as a potential feedstock for bioenergy production. Cell wall proteins comprise only a fraction of the cell wall, but play important roles in establishing the walls and in the chemical interactions (e.g., crosslinking) of cell wall components. This crosslinking provides structure, but restricts digestibility of cell wall complex carbohydrates, limiting available energy in animal and bioenergy production systems. Manipulation of cell wall proteins could be a strategy to improve digestibility. An analysis of the cell wall proteome of apical alfalfa stems (less mature, more digestible) and basal alfalfa stems (more mature, less digestible) was conducted using a recently developed low-salt/density gradient method for the isolation of cell walls. Walls were subsequently subjected to a modified extraction utilizing EGTA to remove pectins, followed by a LiCl extraction to isolate more tightly bound proteins. Recovered proteins were identified using shotgun proteomics. We identified 272 proteins in the alfalfa stem cell wall proteome, 153 of which had not previously been identified in cell wall proteomic analyses. Nearly 70% of the identified proteins were predicted to be secreted, as would be expected for most cell wall proteins, an improvement over previously published studies using traditional cell wall isolation methods. A comparison of our and several other cell wall proteomic studies indicates little overlap in identified proteins among them, which may be largely due to differences in the tissues used as well as differences in experimental approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C. Verdonk
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureMadison, WI, USA
| | - Ronald D. Hatfield
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureMadison, WI, USA
| | - Michael L. Sullivan
- U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of AgricultureMadison, WI, USA
- *Correspondence: Michael L. Sullivan, U.S. Dairy Forage Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Madison, WI 53706, USA. e-mail:
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38
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Zhang Y, Giboulot A, Zivy M, Valot B, Jamet E, Albenne C. Combining various strategies to increase the coverage of the plant cell wall glycoproteome. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:1109-23. [PMID: 21109274 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteomics recently became a very active field, mostly in mammals. The first part of this paper consists of a mini-review on the strategies used in glycoproteomics, namely methods for enrichment in glycoproteins and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques currently used. In a second part, these strategies are applied to the cell wall glycoproteome of etiolated hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana, showing their complementarity. Several sub-glycoproteomes were obtained by: (i) affinity chromatography on concanavaline A (ConA) and analysis of glycoproteins by MALDI-TOF MS; (ii) multidimensional lectin chromatography (using AIL, PNA, ConA and WGA lectins) and subsequent identification of glycoproteins by MALDI-TOF MS and LC-MS/MS; (iii) boronic acid chromatography followed by identification of glycoproteins by MALDI-TOF MS. Altogether, 127 glycoproteins were identified. Most glycoproteins were found to be putative N-glycoproteins and N-glycopeptides were predicted from MS data using the ProTerNyc bioinformatics software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, UMR 5546, Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, BP 42617, F-31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Lamport DT, Kieliszewski MJ, Chen Y, Cannon MC. Role of the extensin superfamily in primary cell wall architecture. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:11-9. [PMID: 21415277 PMCID: PMC3091064 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.169011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maura C. Cannon
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, United Kingdom (D.T.A.L.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio 45701 (M.J.K., Y.C.); and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003 (M.C.C.)
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40
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Minamihata K, Goto M, Kamiya N. Site-Specific Protein Cross-Linking by Peroxidase-Catalyzed Activation of a Tyrosine-Containing Peptide Tag. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 22:74-81. [DOI: 10.1021/bc1003982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Minamihata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Masahiro Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, and Center for Future Chemistry, Kyushu University
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41
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Aguirre J, Lambeth JD. Nox enzymes from fungus to fly to fish and what they tell us about Nox function in mammals. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:1342-53. [PMID: 20696238 PMCID: PMC2981133 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in a highly regulated fashion is a hallmark of members of the NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes. Nox enzymes are present in most eukaryotic groups such as the amebozoid, fungi, algae and plants, and animals, in which they are involved in seemingly diverse biological processes. However, a comprehensive survey of Nox functions throughout biology reveals common functional themes. Noxes are often activated in response to stressful conditions such as nutrient starvation, physical damage, or pathogen attack. Although the end result varies depending on the organism and tissue, Nox-produced ROS mediate the response to the adverse stimuli, such as innate immunity responses in plants and animals or cell differentiation in Dictyostelium, fungi, and plants. These responses involve ROS-mediated signaling mechanisms occurring at intracellular or cell-to-cell levels and sometimes involve cell wall or extracellular matrix cross-linking. Indeed, Noxes are involved in local and systemic signaling from plants to fish and in cross-linking of the plant hair-cell wall, synthesis of the nematode cuticle, and formation of the sea urchin fertilization envelope. The extensive use of Nox enzymes in biology to regulate cell-to-cell signaling and morphogenesis suggests that additional functions in mammalian signaling and development remain to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular y Desarrollo, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, México
| | - J. David Lambeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University Medical School, Atlanta, GA, 30322.
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42
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Ringli C. The hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein domain of the Arabidopsis LRX1 requires Tyr for function but not for insolubilization in the cell wall. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 63:662-9. [PMID: 20545889 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensins, hydroxyproline-rich repetitive glycoproteins with Ser-Hyp(4) motifs, are structural proteins in plant cell walls. The leucine-rich repeat extensin 1 (LRX1) of Arabidopsis thaliana is an extracellular protein with both a leucine-rich repeat and an extensin domain, and has been demonstrated to be important for cell-wall formation in root hairs. lrx1 mutants develop defective cell walls, resulting in a strong root hair phenotype. The extensin domain is essential for protein function and is thought to confer insolubilization of LRX1 in the cell wall. Here, in vivo characterization of the LRX1 extensin domain is described. First, a series of LRX1 extensin deletion constructs was produced that led to identification of a much shorter, functional extensin domain. Tyr residues can induce intra- and inter-molecular cross-links in extensins, and substitution of Tyr in the extensin domain by Phe led to reduced activity of the corresponding LRX1 protein. An additional function of Tyr (or Phe) is provided by the aromatic nature of the side chain. This suggests that these residues might be involved in hydrophobic stacking, possibly as a mechanism of protein assembly. Finally, modified LRX1 proteins lacking Tyr in the extensin domain are still insolubilized in the cell wall, indicating strong interactions of extensins within the cell wall in addition to the well-described Tyr cross-links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Ringli
- Institute of Plant Biology, University of Zürich, Zollikerstraße 107, 8008 Zürich, Switzerland.
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43
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Valentin R, Cerclier C, Geneix N, Aguié-Béghin V, Gaillard C, Ralet MC, Cathala B. Elaboration of extensin-pectin thin film model of primary plant cell wall. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9891-8. [PMID: 20222720 DOI: 10.1021/la100265d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of mimicking the plant cell wall, a layer by layer approach was used to build a thin film consisting of successive adsorption of pectin and extensin. Elaboration of the thin film was monitored by surface plasmon resonance, quartz crystal microbalance, and ellipsometry. All data indicate that formation of the film was successful and that growth occurred according to a nonuniform growth. It is likely that diffusion of the polymers occurred within the multilayer structure and that the final structure is not constituted by layered individual pectin and extensin films. Polymer rearrangements were also supported by the atomic force microscopy images that show a smoother surface after extensin adsorption than after pectin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Valentin
- UR1268 Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRA, F-44300 Nantes, France
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44
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Showalter AM, Keppler B, Lichtenberg J, Gu D, Welch LR. A bioinformatics approach to the identification, classification, and analysis of hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 153:485-513. [PMID: 20395450 PMCID: PMC2879790 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.156554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs) are a superfamily of plant cell wall proteins that function in diverse aspects of plant growth and development. This superfamily consists of three members: hyperglycosylated arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), moderately glycosylated extensins (EXTs), and lightly glycosylated proline-rich proteins (PRPs). Hybrid and chimeric versions of HRGP molecules also exist. In order to "mine" genomic databases for HRGPs and to facilitate and guide research in the field, the BIO OHIO software program was developed that identifies and classifies AGPs, EXTs, PRPs, hybrid HRGPs, and chimeric HRGPs from proteins predicted from DNA sequence data. This bioinformatics program is based on searching for biased amino acid compositions and for particular protein motifs associated with known HRGPs. HRGPs identified by the program are subsequently analyzed to elucidate the following: (1) repeating amino acid sequences, (2) signal peptide and glycosylphosphatidylinositol lipid anchor addition sequences, (3) similar HRGPs via Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, (4) expression patterns of their genes, (5) other HRGPs, glycosyl transferase, prolyl 4-hydroxylase, and peroxidase genes coexpressed with their genes, and (6) gene structure and whether genetic mutants exist in their genes. The program was used to identify and classify 166 HRGPs from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) as follows: 85 AGPs (including classical AGPs, lysine-rich AGPs, arabinogalactan peptides, fasciclin-like AGPs, plastocyanin AGPs, and other chimeric AGPs), 59 EXTs (including SP(5) EXTs, SP(5)/SP(4) EXTs, SP(4) EXTs, SP(4)/SP(3) EXTs, a SP(3) EXT, "short" EXTs, leucine-rich repeat-EXTs, proline-rich extensin-like receptor kinases, and other chimeric EXTs), 18 PRPs (including PRPs and chimeric PRPs), and AGP/EXT hybrid HRGPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan M Showalter
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Department of Environmental and Plant Biology , Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701-2979, USA.
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45
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Jamet E, Roujol D, San-Clemente H, Irshad M, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Renou JP, Pont-Lezica R. Cell wall biogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana elongating cells: transcriptomics complements proteomics. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:505. [PMID: 19878582 PMCID: PMC2774874 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant growth is a complex process involving cell division and elongation. Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls undergo a 100-fold length increase mainly by cell elongation. Cell enlargement implicates significant changes in the composition and structure of the cell wall. In order to understand cell wall biogenesis during cell elongation, mRNA profiling was made on half- (active elongation) and fully-grown (after growth arrest) etiolated hypocotyls. RESULTS Transcriptomic analysis was focused on two sets of genes. The first set of 856 genes named cell wall genes (CWGs) included genes known to be involved in cell wall biogenesis. A significant proportion of them has detectable levels of transcripts (55.5%), suggesting that these processes are important throughout hypocotyl elongation and after growth arrest. Genes encoding proteins involved in substrate generation or in synthesis of polysaccharides, and extracellular proteins were found to have high transcript levels. A second set of 2927 genes labeled secretory pathway genes (SPGs) was studied to search for new genes encoding secreted proteins possibly involved in wall expansion. Based on transcript level, 433 genes were selected. Genes not known to be involved in cell elongation were found to have high levels of transcripts. Encoded proteins were proteases, protease inhibitors, proteins with interacting domains, and proteins involved in lipid metabolism. In addition, 125 of them encoded proteins with yet unknown function. Finally, comparison with results of a cell wall proteomic study on the same material revealed that 48 out of the 137 identified proteins were products of the genes having high or moderate level of transcripts. About 15% of the genes encoding proteins identified by proteomics showed levels of transcripts below background. CONCLUSION Members of known multigenic families involved in cell wall biogenesis, and new genes that might participate in cell elongation were identified. Significant differences were shown in the expression of such genes in half- and fully-grown hypocotyls. No clear correlation was found between the abundance of transcripts (transcriptomic data) and the presence of the proteins (proteomic data) demonstrating (i) the importance of post-transcriptional events for the regulation of genes during cell elongation and (ii) that transcriptomic and proteomic data are complementary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Jamet
- Surfaces cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS - UPS -Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - David Roujol
- Surfaces cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS - UPS -Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San-Clemente
- Surfaces cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS - UPS -Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Surfaces cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS - UPS -Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Department of Botany, Govt. Post-Graduate College, 23200 Mardan, Pakistan
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- UMR INRA 1165 - CNRS 8114 - UEVE, 2 rue Gaston Crémieux, CP 5708, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Rafael Pont-Lezica
- Surfaces cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS - UPS -Université de Toulouse, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, 24 chemin de Borde-Rouge, BP 42617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Meychik NR, Nikolaeva YI, Ermakov IP. Nonaqueous titration of amino groups in polymeric matrix of plant cell walls. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2009; 74:933-7. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297909080161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sila D, Van Buggenhout S, Duvetter T, Fraeye I, De Roeck A, Van Loey A, Hendrickx M. Pectins in Processed Fruits and Vegetables: Part II-Structure-Function Relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2009.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Minic Z, Jamet E, San-Clemente H, Pelletier S, Renou JP, Rihouey C, Okinyo DPO, Proux C, Lerouge P, Jouanin L. Transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis developing stems: a close-up on cell wall genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2009; 9:6. [PMID: 19149885 PMCID: PMC2649120 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-9-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different strategies (genetics, biochemistry, and proteomics) can be used to study proteins involved in cell biogenesis. The availability of the complete sequences of several plant genomes allowed the development of transcriptomic studies. Although the expression patterns of some Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in cell wall biogenesis were identified at different physiological stages, detailed microarray analysis of plant cell wall genes has not been performed on any plant tissues. Using transcriptomic and bioinformatic tools, we studied the regulation of cell wall genes in Arabidopsis stems, i.e. genes encoding proteins involved in cell wall biogenesis and genes encoding secreted proteins. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses of stems were performed at three different developmental stages, i.e., young stems, intermediate stage, and mature stems. Many genes involved in the synthesis of cell wall components such as polysaccharides and monolignols were identified. A total of 345 genes encoding predicted secreted proteins with moderate or high level of transcripts were analyzed in details. The encoded proteins were distributed into 8 classes, based on the presence of predicted functional domains. Proteins acting on carbohydrates and proteins of unknown function constituted the two most abundant classes. Other proteins were proteases, oxido-reductases, proteins with interacting domains, proteins involved in signalling, and structural proteins. Particularly high levels of expression were established for genes encoding pectin methylesterases, germin-like proteins, arabinogalactan proteins, fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins, and structural proteins. Finally, the results of this transcriptomic analyses were compared with those obtained through a cell wall proteomic analysis from the same material. Only a small proportion of genes identified by previous proteomic analyses were identified by transcriptomics. Conversely, only a few proteins encoded by genes having moderate or high level of transcripts were identified by proteomics. CONCLUSION Analysis of the genes predicted to encode cell wall proteins revealed that about 345 genes had moderate or high levels of transcripts. Among them, we identified many new genes possibly involved in cell wall biogenesis. The discrepancies observed between results of this transcriptomic study and a previous proteomic study on the same material revealed post-transcriptional mechanisms of regulation of expression of genes encoding cell wall proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Minic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Route de St-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Elisabeth Jamet
- Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS-UPS, Université de Toulouse, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, 31326-Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Hélène San-Clemente
- Surfaces Cellulaires et Signalisation chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS-UPS, Université de Toulouse, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, BP42617, 31326-Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandra Pelletier
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR INRA 1165-CNRS 8114, UEVE, 91057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Renou
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR INRA 1165-CNRS 8114, UEVE, 91057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Christophe Rihouey
- Faculté des Sciences, FRE CNRS 3090, IFRMP23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Denis PO Okinyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Caroline Proux
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, UMR INRA 1165-CNRS 8114, UEVE, 91057 Evry cedex, France
| | - Patrice Lerouge
- Faculté des Sciences, FRE CNRS 3090, IFRMP23, Université de Rouen, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Lise Jouanin
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Route de St-Cyr, 78026 Versailles Cedex, France
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Abstract
The quality of a proteomic analysis of a cell compartment strongly depends on the reliability of the isolation procedure for the cell compartment of interest. Plant cell walls possess specific drawbacks: (1) the lack of a surrounding membrane may result in the loss of cell wall proteins (CWP) during the isolation procedure; (2) polysaccharide networks of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins form potential traps for contaminants such as intracellular proteins; (3) the presence of proteins interacting in many different ways with the polysaccharide matrix require different procedures to elute them from the cell wall. Three categories of CWP are distinguished: labile proteins that have little or no interactions with cell wall components, weakly bound proteins extractable with salts, and strongly bound proteins. Two alternative protocols are decribed for cell wall proteomics: (1) nondestructive techniques allowing the extraction of labile or weakly bound CWP without damaging the plasma membrane; (2) destructive techniques to isolate cell walls from which weakly or strongly bound CWP can be extracted. These protocols give very low levels of contamination by intracellular proteins. Their application should lead to a realistic view of the cell wall proteome at least for labile and weakly bound CWP extractable by salts.
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Abstract
Cytokinesis partitions the cell by a cleavage furrow in animals but by a new cross wall in plants. How this new wall assembles at the molecular level and connects with the mother cell wall remains unclear. A lethal Arabidopsis embryogenesis mutant designated root-, shoot-, hypocotyl-defective (rsh) provides some clues: RSH encodes extensin AtEXT3, a structural glycoprotein located in the nascent cross wall or "cell plate" and also in mature cell walls. Here we report that electron micrographs of rsh mutant cells lacking RSH extensin correspond to a wall phenotype typified by incomplete cross wall assembly. Biochemical characterization of the purified RSH glycoprotein isolated from wild-type Arabidopsis cell cultures confirmed its identity as AtEXT3: a (hydroxy)proline-rich glyco protein comprising 11 identical amphiphilic peptide repeats with a 28-residue periodicity: SOOOOKKHYVYKSOOOOVKHYSOOOVYH (O = Hyp), each repeat containing a hydrophobic isodityrosine cross-link motif (YVY, underlined). Atomic force microscopy of RSH glycoprotein imaged its propensity for self-assembly into a dendritic scaffold. Extensin peroxidase catalyzed in vitro formation of insoluble RSH gels with concomitant tyrosine cross-linking, hence this likelihood in muro. We conclude that self-assembling amphiphiles of lysine-rich RSH extensin form positively charged scaffolds in the cell plate. These react with negatively charged pectin to create an extensin pectate coacervate that may template further orderly deposition of the new cross wall at cytokinesis.
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