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Nayerpour Dizaj T, Doustmihan A, Sadeghzadeh Oskouei B, Akbari M, Jaymand M, Mazloomi M, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. Significance of PSCA as a novel prognostic marker and therapeutic target for cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:135. [PMID: 38627732 PMCID: PMC11020972 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03320-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the contributing factors in the diagnosis and treatment of most cancers is the identification of their surface antigens. Cancer tissues or cells have their specific antigens. Some antigens that are present in many cancers elicit different functions. One of these antigens is the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) antigen, which was first identified in the prostate. PSCA is a cell surface protein that has different functions in different tissues. It can play an inhibitory role in cell proliferation as well as a tumor-inducing role. PSCA has several genetic variants involved in cancer susceptibility in some tissues, so identifying the characteristics of this antigen and its relationship with clinical features can provide more information on diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancers. Most studies on the PSCA have focused on prostate cancer. While it is also expressed in other cancers, little attention has been paid to its role as a valuable diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tool in other cancers. PSCA has several genetic variants that seem to play a significant role in cancer susceptibility in some tissues, so identifying the characteristics of this antigen and its relationship and variants with clinical features can be beneficial in concomitant cancer therapy and diagnosis, as theranostic tools. In this study, we will review the alteration of the PSCA expression and its polymorphisms and evaluate its clinical and theranostics significance in various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Nayerpour Dizaj
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Doustmihan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Sadeghzadeh Oskouei
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Jaymand
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - MirAhmad Mazloomi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Rana Jahanban-Esfahlan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Wen L, Yang X, Wu Z, Fu S, Zhan Y, Chen Z, Bi D, Shen Y. The complement inhibitor CD59 is required for GABAergic synaptic transmission in the dentate gyrus. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112349. [PMID: 37027303 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-dependent microglia pruning of excitatory synapses has been widely reported in physiological and pathological conditions, with few reports concerning pruning of inhibitory synapses or direct regulation of synaptic transmission by complement components. Here, we report that loss of CD59, an important endogenous inhibitor of the complement system, leads to compromised spatial memory performance. Furthermore, CD59 deficiency impairs GABAergic synaptic transmission in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG). This depends on regulation of GABA release triggered by Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) rather than inhibitory synaptic pruning by microglia. Notably, CD59 colocalizes with inhibitory pre-synaptic terminals and regulates SNARE complex assembly. Together, these results demonstrate that the complement regulator CD59 plays an important role in normal hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zujun Wu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shumei Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yaxi Zhan
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuolong Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Danlei Bi
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Neurology and Institute on Aging and Brain Disorders, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biomedical Aging Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China; Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Wang L, Li RF, Guan XL, Liang SS, Gong P. Predictive value of soluble CD59 for poor 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective observatory study. J Intensive Care 2023; 11:3. [PMID: 36732841 PMCID: PMC9893612 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-023-00653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND sCD59, as a soluble form of CD59, is observed in multiple types of body fluids and correlated with the cell damage after ischemia/reperfusion injury. This study aims to observe the dynamic changes of serum sCD59 in patients after restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and explore the association of serum sCD59 with neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in patients after ROSC. METHODS A total of 68 patients after ROSC were prospectively recruited and divided into survivors (n = 23) and non-survivors (n = 45) groups on the basis of 28-day survival. Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled as controls. Serum sCD59 and other serum complement components, including sC5b-9, C5a, C3a, C3b, C1q, MBL, Bb, and pro-inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6), neurological damage biomarkers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and soluble protein 100β (S100β) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay on day 1, 3, and 7 after ROSC. Neurologic outcome was assessed using cerebral performance category scores, with poor neurologic outcome defined as 3-5 points. RESULTS In the first week after ROSC, serum levels of sCD59, sC5b-9, C5a, C3a, C3b, C1q, MBL, Bb, TNF-α, IL-6, NSE and S100β were significantly elevated in patients after ROSC compared to healthy volunteers, with a significant elevation in the non-survivors compared to survivors except serum C1q and MBL. Serum sCD59 levels were positively correlated with serum sC5b-9, TNF-α, IL-6, NSE, S100β, SOFA score and APACHE II score. Moreover, serum sCD59 on day 1, 3, and 7 after ROSC could be used for predicting poor 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality. Serum sCD59 on day 3 had highest AUCs for predicting poor 28-day neurological prognosis [0.862 (95% CI 0.678-0.960)] and 28-day all-cause mortality [0.891 (95% CI 0.769-0.962)]. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, the serum level of sCD59D1 was independently associated with poor 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS The elevated serum level of sCD59 was positively correlated with disease severity after ROSC. Moreover, serum sCD59 could have good predictive values for the poor 28-day neurological prognosis and all-cause mortality in patients after ROSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- grid.413458.f0000 0000 9330 9891Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Jinyang Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou China ,grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Rui-Fang Li
- grid.412645.00000 0004 1757 9434Department of Emergency, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Guan
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Liang
- grid.452435.10000 0004 1798 9070Department of Emergency, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning China
| | - Ping Gong
- grid.440218.b0000 0004 1759 7210Department of Emergency, Shenzhen People’s Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen, Guangdong Province China
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Orientational Preferences of GPI-Anchored Ly6/uPAR Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010011. [PMID: 36613456 PMCID: PMC9819746 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ly6/uPAR proteins regulate many essential functions in the nervous and immune systems and epithelium. Most of these proteins contain single β-structural LU domains with three protruding loops and are glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored to a membrane. The GPI-anchor role is currently poorly studied. Here, we investigated the positional and orientational preferences of six GPI-anchored proteins in the receptor-unbound state by molecular dynamics simulations. Regardless of the linker length between the LU domain and GPI-anchor, the proteins interacted with the membrane by polypeptide parts and N-/O-glycans. Lynx1, Lynx2, Lypd6B, and Ly6H contacted the membrane by the loop regions responsible for interactions with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, while Lypd6 and CD59 demonstrated unique orientations with accessible receptor-binding sites. Thus, GPI-anchoring does not guarantee an optimal 'pre-orientation' of the LU domain for the receptor interaction.
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Unique Evolution of Antiviral Tetherin in Bats. J Virol 2022; 96:e0115222. [PMID: 36173189 PMCID: PMC9599465 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01152-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are recognized as important reservoirs of viruses deadly to other mammals, including humans. These infections are typically nonpathogenic in bats, raising questions about host response differences that might exist between bats and other mammals. Tetherin is a restriction factor which inhibits the release of a diverse range of viruses from host cells, including retroviruses, coronaviruses, filoviruses, and paramyxoviruses, some of which are deadly to humans and transmitted by bats. Here, we characterize the tetherin genes from 27 bat species, revealing that they have evolved under strong selective pressure, and that fruit bats and vesper bats express unique structural variants of the tetherin protein. Tetherin was widely and variably expressed across fruit bat tissue types and upregulated in spleen tissue when stimulated with Toll-like receptor agonists. The expression of two computationally predicted splice isoforms of fruit bat tetherin was verified. We identified an additional third unique splice isoform which includes a C-terminal region that is not homologous to known mammalian tetherin variants but was functionally capable of restricting the release of filoviral virus-like particles. We also report that vesper bats possess and express at least five tetherin genes, including structural variants, more than any other mammal reported to date. These findings support the hypothesis of differential antiviral gene evolution in bats relative to other mammals. IMPORTANCE Bats are an important host of various viruses which are deadly to humans and other mammals but do not cause outward signs of illness in bats. Furthering our understanding of the unique features of the immune system of bats will shed light on how they tolerate viral infections, potentially informing novel antiviral strategies in humans and other animals. This study examines the antiviral protein tetherin, which prevents viral particles from escaping their host cell. Analysis of tetherin from 27 bat species reveals that it is under strong evolutionary pressure, and we show that multiple bat species have evolved to possess more tetherin genes than other mammals, some of which encode structurally unique tetherins capable of activity against different viral particles. These data suggest that bat tetherin plays a potentially broad and important role in the management of viral infections in bats.
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Bogdanet D, Toth Castillo M, Doheny H, Dervan L, Luque-Fernandez MA, Halperin JA, O’Shea PM, Dunne FP. The Diagnostic Accuracy of Second Trimester Plasma Glycated CD59 (pGCD59) to Identify Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on the 75 g OGTT Using the WHO Criteria: A Prospective Study of Non-Diabetic Pregnant Women in Ireland. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133895. [PMID: 35807179 PMCID: PMC9267743 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of second trimester plasma glycated CD59 (pGCD59), a novel biomarker, to predict the results of the 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 24−28 weeks of gestation, employing the 2013 World Health Organisation criteria. This was a prospective study of 378 pregnant women. The ability of pGCD59 to predict gestational diabetes (GDM) was assessed using adjusted ROC curves for maternal age, BMI, maternal ethnicity, parity, previous GDM, and family history of diabetes. The pGCD59 levels were significantly higher in women with GDM compared to women with normal glucose tolerance (p = 0.003). The pGCD59 generated an adjusted AUC for identifying GDM cases of 0.65 (95%CI: 0.58−0.71, p < 0.001). The pGCD59 predicted GDM status diagnosed by a fasting glucose value of 5.1 mmol/L with an adjusted AUC of 0.74 (95%CI: 0.65−0.81, p < 0.001). Analysis of BMI subgroups determined that pGCD59 generated the highest AUC in the 35 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2 (AUC: 0.84 95%CI: 0.69−0.98) and BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 (AUC: 0.96 95%CI: 0.86−0.99) categories. This study found that second trimester pGCD59 is a fair predictor of GDM status diagnosed by elevated fasting glucose independent of BMI and an excellent predictor of GDM in subjects with a very high BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Bogdanet
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (L.D.); (F.P.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-831027771
| | - Michelle Toth Castillo
- Divisions of Haematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.T.C.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Helen Doheny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (H.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Louise Dervan
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (L.D.); (F.P.D.)
| | - Miguel-Angel Luque-Fernandez
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Jose A. Halperin
- Divisions of Haematology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.T.C.); (J.A.H.)
| | - Paula M. O’Shea
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Saolta University Health Care Group (SUHCG), Galway University Hospitals, H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (H.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Fidelma P. Dunne
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland; (L.D.); (F.P.D.)
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Complement Activation in Patients With Heat-Related Illnesses: Soluble CD59 Is a Novel Biomarker Indicating Severity of Heat-Related Illnesses. Crit Care Explor 2022; 4:e0678. [PMID: 35474654 PMCID: PMC9029987 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is the main cause of death in patients with heat-related illnesses, its underlying pathophysiological mechanism remains elusive. Complement activation is considered one of the main causes of MODS in patients with sepsis and trauma. Considering the pathophysiological similarity of heat related-illnesses with sepsis and trauma, the complement system might be activated in patients with heat-related illnesses as well. Our aim was to investigate whether excessive complement activation occurs in patients with heat-related illnesses.
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Lavado-García J, Zhang T, Cervera L, Gòdia F, Wuhrer M. Differential N- and O-glycosylation signatures of HIV-1 Gag virus-like particles and coproduced extracellular vesicles. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1207-1221. [PMID: 35112714 PMCID: PMC9303603 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) are nanostructures derived from the self-assembly and cell budding of Gag polyprotein. Mimicking the native structure of the virus and being non-infectious, they represent promising candidates for the development of new vaccines as they elicit a strong immune response. In addition to this, the bounding membrane can be functionalized with exogenous antigens to target different diseases. Protein glycosylation depends strictly on the production platform and expression system used and the displayed glycosylation patterns may influence down-stream processing as well as the immune response. One of the main challenges for the development of Gag VLP production bioprocess is the separation of VLPs and coproduced extracellular vesicles (EVs). In this work, porous graphitized carbon separation method coupled with mass spectrometry was used to characterize the N- and O- glycosylation profiles of Gag VLPs produced in HEK293 cells. We identified differential glycan signatures between VLPs and EVs that could pave the way for further separation and purification strategies in order to optimize downstream processing and move forward in VLP-based vaccine production technology. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Lavado-García
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tao Zhang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Cervera
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Gòdia
- Grup d'Enginyeria Cel·lular i Bioprocessos, Escola d'Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus de Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ahmad FM, A Al-Binni M, Bani Hani A, Abu Abeeleh M, Abu-Humaidan AHA. Complement Terminal Pathway Activation is Associated with Organ Failure in Sepsis Patients. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:153-162. [PMID: 35046691 PMCID: PMC8760944 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s344282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complement plays a pivotal role in the immune response to infection. Several studies demonstrated complement activation in sepsis, yet little is known of the relationship of complement terminal pathway activation and the clinical characteristics of sepsis patients. Therefore, we investigated serum C5, soluble C5b-9 (sC5b-9), and soluble CD59 (sCD59) and their relation to organ failure in sepsis patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). Methods In this prospective cohort study, all available patients admitted to the adult ICUs between June 2020 and January 2021 were included. Patients were divided into sepsis and non-sepsis groups according to the Sepsis-3 criteria, serum samples from both groups were investigated for the levels of C5, sC5b-9, and sCD59 using commercial sandwich ELISA kits. Results We analyzed 79 serum samples, 36 were from sepsis patients. We found that sepsis patients had significantly lower C5 (83.6± 28.4 vs 104.4± 32.0 µg/mL, p = 0.004) and higher sCD59 (380.7± 170.5 vs 288.9± 92.5 ng/mL, p = 0.016). sC5b-9, although higher in sepsis patients, did not reach statistical significance (1.5± 0.8 µg/mL vs 1.3± 0.7 µg/mL, p = 0.293). Sepsis patients who died during their ICU stay had significantly higher sCD59 compared to those who survived (437.0 ± 176.7 vs 267.8 ± 79.7 ng/mL, p = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, C5 and sCD59 both correlated to SOFA score in the sepsis group (rs = −0.44, P = 0.007 and = 0.43, P = 0.009, respectively), and a similar correlation was not found in the non-sepsis group. Discussion In sepsis patients, levels of C5 and sCD59, but not sC5b-9, correlated to the severity of organ damage measured by SOFA. A similar correlation was not found in non-sepsis patients. This indicated that organ damage associated with sepsis led to a more pronounced terminal pathway activation than in non-sepsis patients, it also indicated the potential of using C5 and sCD59 to reflect sepsis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima M Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of the Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Maysaa’ A Al-Binni
- Department of the Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amjad Bani Hani
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mahmoud Abu Abeeleh
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Anas H A Abu-Humaidan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Correspondence: Anas HA Abu-Humaidan Tel +962779227922 Email
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Bogdanet D, Reddin C, Murphy D, Doheny HC, Halperin JA, Dunne F, O’Shea PM. Emerging Protein Biomarkers for the Diagnosis or Prediction of Gestational Diabetes-A Scoping Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071533. [PMID: 33917484 PMCID: PMC8038821 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Gestational diabetes (GDM), defined as hyperglycemia with onset or initial recognition during pregnancy, has a rising prevalence paralleling the rise in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and obesity. GDM is associated with short-term and long-term consequences for both mother and child. Therefore, it is crucial we efficiently identify all cases and initiate early treatment, reducing fetal exposure to hyperglycemia and reducing GDM-related adverse pregnancy outcomes. For this reason, GDM screening is recommended as part of routine pregnancy care. The current screening method, the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), is a lengthy, cumbersome and inconvenient test with poor reproducibility. Newer biomarkers that do not necessitate a fasting sample are needed for the prompt diagnosis of GDM. The aim of this scoping review is to highlight and describe emerging protein biomarkers that fulfill these requirements for the diagnosis of GDM. Materials and Methods: This scoping review was conducted according to preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews using Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), the Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Embase and Web of Science with a double screening and extraction process. The search included all articles published in the literature to July 2020. Results: Of the 3519 original database citations identified, 385 were eligible for full-text review. Of these, 332 (86.2%) were included in the scoping review providing a total of 589 biomarkers studied in relation to GDM diagnosis. Given the high number of biomarkers identified, three post hoc criteria were introduced to reduce the items set for discussion: we chose only protein biomarkers with at least five citations in the articles identified by our search and published in the years 2017-2020. When applied, these criteria identified a total of 15 biomarkers, which went forward for review and discussion. Conclusions: This review details protein biomarkers that have been studied to find a suitable test for GDM diagnosis with the potential to replace the OGTT used in current GDM screening protocols. Ongoing research efforts will continue to identify more accurate and practical biomarkers to take GDM screening and diagnosis into the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Bogdanet
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-38-3102-7771
| | - Catriona Reddin
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Dearbhla Murphy
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Helen C. Doheny
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Jose A. Halperin
- Divisions of Haematology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Fidelma Dunne
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, H91TK33 Galway, Ireland;
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
| | - Paula M. O’Shea
- Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism, Galway University Hospital, Newcastle Road, H91YR71 Galway, Ireland; (C.R.); (D.M.); (H.C.D.); (P.M.O.)
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Zhang L, Chen JY, Kerr C, Cobb BA, Maciejewski JP, Lin F. Reduced red blood cell surface level of Factor H as a mechanism underlying paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Leukemia 2020; 35:1176-1187. [PMID: 32814838 PMCID: PMC7892643 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-1008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The absence of the cell-surface complement inhibitors CD55 and CD59 is considered the mechanism underlying the complement-mediated destruction of affected red blood cells (RBCs) in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients, but Factor H (FH), a fluid-phase complement inhibitor, has also been proposed to be involved. However, the status of FH on the PNH patient RBC surface is unclear and its precise role in PNH pathogenesis remains to be further defined. In this study, we identified significantly lower levels of surface-bound FH on the affected CD59- RBCs than on the unaffected CD59+ RBCs. Although this reduction in surface-bound FH on PNH RBCs was accompanied by decreased surface sialic acid levels, the enzymatic removal of sialic acids from these RBCs did not significantly affect the levels of surface-bound FH. We further observed higher surface levels of FH on the C3b/iC3b/C3dhigh RBCs than on C3b/iC3b/C3dlow RBCs within the affected PNH RBCs of patients treated with eculizumab. Finally, we determined that enhanced surface levels of FH on CD55/CD59-deficient RBCs from mice and PNH patients protected against complement-mediated hemolysis. Taken together, our results suggest that a reduced surface level of FH is another important mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of PNH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhang
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cassandra Kerr
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research Department, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian A Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jaroslaw P Maciejewski
- Translational Hematology and Oncology Research Department, Taussig Cancer Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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12
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Bogdanet D, O'Shea PM, Halperin J, Dunne F. Plasma glycated CD59 (gCD59), a novel biomarker for the diagnosis, management and follow up of women with Gestational Diabetes (GDM) - protocol for prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020; 20:412. [PMID: 32682411 PMCID: PMC7368790 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-020-03090-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of Gestational Diabetes (GDM) is rising and with it the number of mothers and children at risk of adverse outcomes. As treatment has been shown to reduce adverse events, it is imperative that we identify all at-risk pregnant women. In Ireland, the national standard of care is selective screening with a 2-hour 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Aiming for universal screening is of utmost importance but this is difficult given the length, the unfeasibility and impracticability of the OGTT. We aim to assess if the novel biomarker glycated CD59 (gCD59) is a suitable contender for the OGTT in identifying women with GDM. METHODS In this prospective cohort study, the study participants will be consecutive pregnant women at Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland. Samples for the plasma gCD59 biomarker will be taken together with routine bloods at the first antenatal visit, at weeks 24-28 at the time of routine 75 g OGTT, in trimester 3- and 12-weeks post-partum for women with GDM while having their routine post-partum 75 g OGTT. The constructed database will contain baseline information on each study participant, baseline laboratory data, follow-up laboratory data and pregnancy related outcomes. We aim to recruit a total of 2,000 participants over the project period and with a national GDM prevalence of 12-13%, we will have 240-260 subjects who meet OGTT criteria for GDM. Following regional prevalence, we expect to have 34-37 women who will develop either diabetes or pre-diabetes in the early post-partum period. The sensitivity and specificity of plasma gCD59 to predict the results of the OGTT will be assessed using nonparametric estimates of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and respective area under the ROC curve (AUROC). DISCUSSION A body of clinical and experimental evidence supports a link between the complement system, complement regulatory proteins, and the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. Building on this research, our study plans to look at the plasma gCD59 capacity to classify pregnant women with normal or abnormal glucose tolerance but also to assess if plasma gCD59 can be used as an early predictor for GDM, for adverse pregnancy outcomes and/or post-partum glucose intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bogdanet
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland. .,Diabetic Day Centre, Galway University Hospital, Galway , Ireland.
| | - P M O'Shea
- Diabetic Day Centre, Galway University Hospital, Galway , Ireland
| | - J Halperin
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, MA, Boston, USA
| | - F Dunne
- College of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.,Diabetic Day Centre, Galway University Hospital, Galway , Ireland
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13
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Khan SA, Mason RW, Kobayashi H, Yamaguchi S, Tomatsu S. Advances in glycosaminoglycan detection. Mol Genet Metab 2020; 130:101-109. [PMID: 32247585 PMCID: PMC7198342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are negatively charged long linear (highly sulfated) polysaccharides consisting of repeating disaccharide units that are expressed on the surfaces of all nucleated cells. The expression of GAGs is required for embryogenesis, regulation of cell growth and proliferation, maintenance of tissue hydration, and interactions of the cells via receptors. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are caused by deficiency of specific lysosomal enzymes that result in the accumulation of GAGs in multiple tissues leading to organ dysfunction. Therefore, GAGs are important biomarkers for MPS. Without any treatment, patients with severe forms of MPS die within the first two decades of life. SCOPE OF REVIEW Accurate measurement of GAGs is important to understand the diagnosis and pathogenesis of MPS and to monitor therapeutic efficacy before, during, and after treatment of the disease. This review covers various qualitative and quantitative methods for measurement of GAGs, including dye specific, thin layer chromatography (TLC), capillary electrophoresis, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), gas chromatography, ELISA, and automated high-throughput mass spectrometry. Major conclusion: There are several methods for GAG detection however, specific GAG detection in the various biological systems requires rapid, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective methods such as LC-MS/MS. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review will describe different methods for GAG detection and analysis, including their advantages and limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat A Khan
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Seiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan
| | - Shunji Tomatsu
- Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Shimane University, Shimane, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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14
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Yohannes E, Kazanjian AA, Lindsay ME, Fujii DT, Ieronimakis N, Chow GE, Beesley RD, Heitmann RJ, Burney RO. The human tubal lavage proteome reveals biological processes that may govern the pathology of hydrosalpinx. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8980. [PMID: 31222072 PMCID: PMC6586608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44962-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrosalpinx, the blockage of fallopian tubes, can result from pelvic inflammatory disease. Hydrosalpinx is a cause of infertility and negatively impacts in vitro fertilization. To better understand the pathobiology of hydrosalpinx, we compared the proteome of lavages from disease vs. healthy fallopian tubes. Results indicate a disruption of redox homeostasis and activation of the complement system, immune cell infiltration, and phagocytosis; pathways that may drive tubal injury. To our surprise among the most prominent proteins with hydrosalpinx was mesothelin (MSLN), which until now has only been associated with epithelial malignancies. Analogous to mesothelioma and ovarian carcinoma, a significant increase of MSLN was detected in plasma from patients with hydrosalpinx. This finding suggests MSLN may provide clinical diagnosis in lieu of the current approaches that require invasive imaging. Importantly, these findings implicate MSLN in a benign disease, indicating that the activation and role of MSLN is not restricted to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Yohannes
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Division of Graduate Medical Education, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA.
| | - Avedis A Kazanjian
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Division of Graduate Medical Education, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Morgan E Lindsay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Dennis T Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Division of Graduate Medical Education, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Gregory E Chow
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Ronald D Beesley
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Ryan J Heitmann
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
| | - Richard O Burney
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Division of Graduate Medical Education, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Madigan Army Medical Center, 9040 Jackson Ave, Tacoma, WA, 98431, USA
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15
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Karbian N, Eshed-Eisenbach Y, Tabib A, Hoizman H, Morgan BP, Schueler-Furman O, Peles E, Mevorach D. Molecular pathogenesis of human CD59 deficiency. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2018; 4:e280. [PMID: 30533526 PMCID: PMC6244018 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To characterize all 4 mutations described for CD59 congenital deficiency. Methods The 4 mutations, p.Cys64Tyr, p.Asp24Val, p.Asp24Valfs*, and p.Ala16Alafs*, were described in 13 individuals with CD59 malfunction. All 13 presented with recurrent Guillain-Barré syndrome or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, recurrent strokes, and chronic hemolysis. Here, we track the molecular consequences of the 4 mutations and their effects on CD59 expression, localization, glycosylation, degradation, secretion, and function. Mutants were cloned and inserted into plasmids to analyze their expression, localization, and functionality. Results Immunolabeling of myc-tagged wild-type (WT) and mutant CD59 proteins revealed cell surface expression of p.Cys64Tyr and p.Asp24Val detected with the myc antibody, but no labeling by anti-CD59 antibodies. In contrast, frameshift mutants p.Asp24Valfs* and p.Ala16Alafs* were detected only intracellularly and did not reach the cell surface. Western blot analysis showed normal glycosylation but mutant-specific secretion patterns. All mutants significantly increased MAC-dependent cell lysis compared with WT. In contrast to CD59 knockout mice previously used to characterize phenotypic effects of CD59 perturbation, all 4 hCD59 mutations generate CD59 proteins that are expressed and may function intracellularly (4) or on the cell membrane (2). None of the 4 CD59 mutants are detected by known anti-CD59 antibodies, including the 2 variants present on the cell membrane. None of the 4 inhibits membrane attack complex (MAC) formation. Conclusions All 4 mutants generate nonfunctional CD59, 2 are expressed as cell surface proteins that may function in non-MAC-related interactions and 2 are expressed only intracellularly. Distinct secretion of soluble CD59 may have also a role in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netanel Karbian
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yael Eshed-Eisenbach
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Tabib
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Hoizman
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Paul Morgan
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ora Schueler-Furman
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Elior Peles
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dror Mevorach
- Rheumatology Research Center (N.K., A.T., H.H., D.M.), Center of Rare Diseases, and Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem; The Weizmann Institute (Y.E.-E., E.P.), Rehovot, Israel; Systems Immunity Research Institute (B.P.M.), Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK; and Hebrew University (O.S.-F., D.M.), Jerusalem, Israel
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16
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Low expression of complement inhibitory protein CD59 contributes to humoral autoimmunity against astrocytes. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:173-182. [PMID: 28476558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is primarily an anti-aquaporin 4 autoantibody-mediated, central nervous system-restricted channelopathy. Patients frequently develop central nervous system-restricted lesions even though autoantigen aquaporin 4 in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is broadly distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral organs. The cause of such tissue-specific immune response remains largely unknown. We confirmed here that CD59, an inhibitory regulator of the complement membrane attack complex, is expressed and co-localized with aquaporin 4 in peripheral organs but is only minimally expressed in astrocytes in the central nervous system. In addition, we further found that CD59 overexpression in mouse brains decreased demyelination, blocked the loss of astrocytes and aquaporin 4, and inhibited membrane attack complex formation and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Inactivation of CD59 in mouse peripheral aquaporin 4-expressing cells and tissues led to complement-dependent cytotoxicity. In accordance with the mouse data, human samples presented higher expression of CD59 in many aquaporin 4-expressing peripheral tissues but not in astrocytes. Silencing or blocking CD59 in aquaporin 4-expressing human tracheal epithelial and skeletal muscle cells induced membrane attack complex formation and cytotoxicity, which suggests a protective role of CD59 in anti-aquaporin 4 antibodies-mediated complement toxicity. Our findings suggest that low CD59 expression in astrocytes may contribute to central nervous system-restricted lesions in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Restoring CD59 expression in astrocytes may serve as a novel therapeutic target of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.
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17
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Duex JE, Owens C, Chauca-Diaz A, Dancik GM, Vanderlinden LA, Ghosh D, Leivo MZ, Hansel DE, Theodorescu D. Nuclear CD24 Drives Tumor Growth and Is Predictive of Poor Patient Prognosis. Cancer Res 2017; 77:4858-4867. [PMID: 28674079 PMCID: PMC5600841 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elevated tumor expression of the cell surface GPI-linked CD24 protein signals poor patient prognosis in many tumor types. However, some cancer cells selected to be negative for surface CD24 (surCD24-) still retain aggressive phenotypes in vitro and in vivo Here, we resolve this apparent paradox with the discovery of biologically active, nuclear CD24 (nucCD24) and finding that its levels are unchanged in surCD24- cells. Using the complementary techniques of biochemical cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence, we demonstrate a signal for CD24 in the nucleus in cells from various histologic types of cancer. Nuclear-specific expression of CD24 (NLS-CD24) increased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor formation in vivo Immunohistochemistry of patient tumor samples revealed the presence of nucCD24, whose signal intensity correlated positively with the presence of metastatic disease. Analysis of gene expression between cells expressing CD24 and NLS-CD24 revealed a unique nucCD24 transcriptional signature. The median score derived from this signature was able to stratify overall survival in four patient datasets from bladder cancer and five patient datasets from colorectal cancer. Patients with high scores (more nucCD24-like) had reduced survival. These findings define a novel and functionally important intracellular location of CD24; they explain why surCD24- cells can remain aggressive, and they highlight the need to consider nucCD24 in both fundamental research and therapeutic development. Cancer Res; 77(18); 4858-67. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Duex
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Charles Owens
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ana Chauca-Diaz
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Garrett M Dancik
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eastern Connecticut State University, Willimantic, Connecticut
| | - Lauren A Vanderlinden
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Mariah Z Leivo
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Donna E Hansel
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Dan Theodorescu
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado.
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
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18
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Sui ZH, Li MF, Sun L. Tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) CD59: A complement inhibitor that binds bacterial cells and promotes bacterial escape from the killing of fish serum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:442-448. [PMID: 27688119 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CD59 is a complement regulatory protein that inhibits the formation of membrane attack complex of complement. In this study, we examined the expression and activity of tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) CD59 (CsCD59). CsCD59 possesses the conserved structural features of CD59 and shares 33%-46% sequence identities with other fish CD59. Expression of CsCD59 was high in liver, spleen, and muscle, and was stimulated by infection of bacterial pathogens. Recombinant CsCD59 (rCsCD59) exhibited an apparent inhibition effect on the activation of tongue sole serum complement. ELISA and microscopy detected binding of rCsCD59 to a number of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Interaction with rCsCD59 did not affect bacterial viability but significantly enhanced bacterial resistance against the killing effect of fish serum. Together these results indicate that fish CD59 may to some degrees facilitate a general escape of bacteria from complement-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hai Sui
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo-Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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19
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Budding K, van de Graaf EA, Kardol-Hoefnagel T, Kwakkel-van Erp JM, Luijk BD, Oudijk EJD, van Kessel DA, Grutters JC, Hack CE, Otten HG. Soluble CD59 is a Novel Biomarker for the Prediction of Obstructive Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26274. [PMID: 27215188 PMCID: PMC4877647 DOI: 10.1038/srep26274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
CD59 is a complement regulatory protein that inhibits membrane attack complex formation. A soluble form of CD59 (sCD59) is present in various body fluids and is associated with cellular damage after acute myocardial infarction. Lung transplantation (LTx) is the final treatment for end-stage lung diseases, however overall survival is hampered by chronic lung allograft dysfunction development, which presents itself obstructively as the bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS). We hypothesized that, due to cellular damage and activation during chronic inflammation, sCD59 serum levels can be used as biomarker preceding BOS development. We analyzed sCD59 serum concentrations in 90 LTx patients, of whom 20 developed BOS. We observed that BOS patients exhibited higher sCD59 serum concentrations at the time of diagnosis compared to clinically matched non-BOS patients (p = 0.018). Furthermore, sCD59 titers were elevated at 6 months post-LTx (p = 0.0020), when patients had no BOS-related symptoms. Survival-analysis showed that LTx patients with sCD59 titers ≥400 pg/ml 6 months post-LTx have a significant (p < 0.0001) lower chance of BOS-free survival than patients with titers ≤400 pg/ml, 32% vs. 80% respectively, which was confirmed by multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 6.2, p < 0.0001). We propose that circulating sCD59 levels constitute a novel biomarker to identify patients at risk for BOS following LTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Budding
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A van de Graaf
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tineke Kardol-Hoefnagel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart D Luijk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erik-Jan D Oudijk
- Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Diana A van Kessel
- Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C Grutters
- Center of Interstitial Lung Diseases, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - C Erik Hack
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Departments of Rheumatology and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henderikus G Otten
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Republic of China
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21
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Ibáñez-Escribano A, Nogal-Ruiz JJ, Pérez-Serrano J, Gómez-Barrio A, Escario JA, Alderete J. Sequestration of host-CD59 as potential immune evasion strategy of Trichomonas vaginalis. Acta Trop 2015; 149:1-7. [PMID: 25976413 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Trichomonas vaginalis is known to evade complement-mediated lysis. Because the genome of T. vaginalis does not possess DNA sequence with homology to human protectin (CD59), a complement lysis restricting factor, we tested the hypothesis that host CD59 acquisition by T. vaginalis organisms mediates resistance to complement killing. This hypothesis was based on the fact that trichomonads are known to associate with host proteins. No CD59 was detected on the surface of T. vaginalis grown in serum-based medium using as probe anti-CD59 monoclonal antibody (MAb). We, therefore, infected mice intraperitoneally with live T. vaginalis, and trichomonads harvested from ascites were tested for binding of CD59. Immunofluorescence showed that parasites had surface CD59. Furthermore, as mouse erythrocytes (RBCs) possess membrane-associated CD59, and trichomonads use RBCs as a nutrient source, organisms were co-cultured with murine RBCs for one week. Parasites were shown to have detectable surface CD59. Importantly, live T. vaginalis with bound CD59 were compared with batch-grown parasites without surface-associated CD59 for sensitivity to complement in human serum. Trichomonads without surface-bound CD59 had a higher level of killing by complement than did parasites with surface CD59. These data show that host CD59 acquired onto the surface by live T. vaginalis may be an alternative mechanism for complement evasion. We describe a novel strategy by T. vaginalis consistent with host protein procurement by this parasite to evade the lytic action of complement.
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Ghosh P, Sahoo R, Vaidya A, Chorev M, Halperin JA. Role of complement and complement regulatory proteins in the complications of diabetes. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:272-88. [PMID: 25859860 PMCID: PMC4446516 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that the organ damage that complicates human diabetes is caused by prolonged hyperglycemia, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which high levels of glucose cause tissue damage in humans are still not fully understood. The prevalent hypothesis explaining the mechanisms that may underlie the pathogenesis of diabetes complications includes overproduction of reactive oxygen species, increased flux through the polyol pathway, overactivity of the hexosamine pathway causing intracellular formation of advanced glycation end products, and activation of protein kinase C isoforms. In addition, experimental and clinical evidence reported in past decades supports a strong link between the complement system, complement regulatory proteins, and the pathogenesis of diabetes complications. In this article, we summarize the body of evidence that supports a role for the complement system and complement regulatory proteins in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications, with specific emphasis on the role of the membrane attack complex (MAC) and of CD59, an extracellular cell membrane-anchored inhibitor of MAC formation that is inactivated by nonenzymatic glycation. We discuss a pathogenic model of human diabetic complications in which a combination of CD59 inactivation by glycation and hyperglycemia-induced complement activation increases MAC deposition, activates pathways of intracellular signaling, and induces the release of proinflammatory, prothrombotic cytokines and growth factors. Combined, complement-dependent and complement-independent mechanisms induced by high glucose promote inflammation, proliferation, and thrombosis as characteristically seen in the target organs of diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Ghosh
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Rupam Sahoo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Michael Chorev
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Jose A Halperin
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine (P.G., R.S., M.C., J.A.H.), and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension (A.V.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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Abstract
The severe clinical symptoms of inherited CD59 deficiency confirm the importance of CD59 as essential complement regulatory protein for protection of cells against complement attack, in particular protection of hematopoietic cells and human neuronal tissue. Targeted complement inhibition might become a treatment option as suggested by a case report. The easy diagnostic approach by flow cytometry and the advent of a new treatment option should increase the awareness of this rare differential diagnosis and lead to further studies on their pathophysiology.
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Puig B, Altmeppen H, Glatzel M. The GPI-anchoring of PrP: implications in sorting and pathogenesis. Prion 2015; 8:11-8. [PMID: 24509692 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrP(C)) is an N-glycosylated GPI-anchored protein usually present in lipid rafts with numerous putative functions. When it changes its conformation to a pathological isoform (then referred to as PrP(Sc)), it is an essential part of the prion, the agent causing fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative prion diseases. There is growing evidence that toxicity and neuronal damage on the one hand and propagation/infectivity on the other hand are two distinct processes of the disease and that the GPI-anchor attachment of PrP(C) and PrP(Sc) plays an important role in protein localization and in neurotoxicity. Here we review how the signal sequence of the GPI-anchor matters in PrP(C) localization, how an altered cellular localization of PrP(C) or differences in GPI-anchor composition can affect prion infection, and we discuss through which mechanisms changes on the anchorage of PrP(C) can modify the disease process.
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Jensen MM, Arvaniti M, Mikkelsen JD, Michalski D, Pinborg LH, Härtig W, Thomsen MS. Prostate stem cell antigen interacts with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and is affected in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1629-1638. [PMID: 25680266 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder involving impaired cholinergic neurotransmission and dysregulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Ly-6/neurotoxin (Lynx) proteins have been shown to modulate cognition and neural plasticity by binding to nAChR subtypes and modulating their function. Hence, changes in nAChR regulatory proteins such as Lynx proteins could underlie the dysregulation of nAChRs in AD. Using Western blotting, we detected bands corresponding to the Lynx proteins prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) and Lypd6 in human cortex indicating that both proteins are present in the human brain. We further showed that PSCA forms stable complexes with the α4 nAChR subunit and decreases nicotine-induced extracellular-signal regulated kinase phosphorylation in PC12 cells. In addition, we analyzed protein levels of PSCA and Lypd6 in postmortem tissue of medial frontal gyrus from AD patients and found significantly increased PSCA levels (approximately 70%). In contrast, no changes in Lypd6 levels were detected. In concordance with our findings in AD patients, PSCA levels were increased in the frontal cortex of triple transgenic mice with an AD-like pathology harboring human transgenes that cause both age-dependent β-amyloidosis and tauopathy, whereas Tg2576 mice, which display β-amyloidosis only, had unchanged PSCA levels compared to wild-type animals. These findings identify PSCA as a nAChR-binding protein in the human brain that is affected in AD, suggesting that PSCA-nAChR interactions may be involved in the cognitive dysfunction observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majbrit M Jensen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Arvaniti
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars H Pinborg
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Epilepsy Clinic, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wolfgang Härtig
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Morten S Thomsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Complement Regulation and the Host Response to Infection. Xenotransplantation 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818043.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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The novel diagnostic biomarkers for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Int J Nephrol 2014; 2014:574261. [PMID: 24790760 PMCID: PMC3984796 DOI: 10.1155/2014/574261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a glomerular injury with various pathogenic mechanisms. Urine proteome panel might help in noninvasive diagnosis and better understanding of pathogenesis of FSGS. Method. We have analyzed the urine sample of 11 biopsy-proven FSGS subjects, 8 healthy controls, and 6 patients with biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy (disease controls) by means of liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). Multivariate analysis of quantified proteins was performed by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS). Results. Of the total number of 389 proteins, after multivariate analysis and additional filter criterion and comparing FSGS versus IgA nephropathy and healthy subjects, 77 proteins were considered as putative biomarkers of FSGS. CD59, CD44, IBP7, Robo4, and DPEP1 were the most significant differentially expressed proteins. These proteins are involved in pathogenic pathways: complement pathway, sclerosis, cell proliferation, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, and activity of TRPC6.There was complete absence of DPEP1 in urine proteome of FSGS subjects compared with healthy and disease controls. DPEP1 acts via leukotrienes on TRPC6 and results in increased podocyte motility and proteinuria. Conclusion. The results suggest a panel of candidate biomarkers for noninvasive diagnosis of FSGS, while complete absence of DPEP1 might represent a novel marker of FSGS.
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Anliker M, von Zabern I, Höchsmann B, Kyrieleis H, Dohna-Schwake C, Flegel WA, Schrezenmeier H, Weinstock C. A new blood group antigen is defined by anti-CD59, detected in a CD59-deficient patient. Transfusion 2014; 54:1817-22. [PMID: 24383981 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD59 is a cell surface glycoprotein of approximately 20 kDa limiting the lytic activity of the terminal complement complex C5b-9. Although CD59 is known as a red blood cell (RBC) antigen defined by monoclonal antibodies, it so far has not been identified as a blood group antigen, since the description of a human alloantibody was missing. In this study we show the presence of an anti-CD59 in a patient affected by a homozygous CD59 deficiency. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS RBC CD59 and CD55 were determined by flow cytometry or by the column agglutination technique using monoclonal antisera. Commercially available His-tagged recombinant soluble CD59 protein was used to inhibit anti-CD59. RESULTS Seven cases of an isolated CD59 deficiency due to three distinct null alleles of the CD59 gene have been published so far. Recently we described the CD59-null allele c.146delA in a young child of heterozygous parents. Her plasma contained an alloantibody directed against the high-prevalence RBC antigen CD59. The antibody specificity was identified using soluble recombinant human CD59 protein, which blocked the reactivity of the patient's antibody and of monoclonal anti-CD59 but not of monoclonal anti-CD55. In addition, RBC alloantibodies such as anti-K, anti-C, anti-c, or anti-Fy(a) remained unaffected. Therefore, inhibition by recombinant CD59 is a useful diagnostic tool to detect alloantibodies in the presence of anti-CD59. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of a human anti-CD59 alloantibody, which defines CD59 as an RBC blood group antigen. CD59 represents a candidate for a new blood group system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Anliker
- Institute of Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics Ulm, German Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Ulm, Germany; Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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On the three-finger protein domain fold and CD59-like proteins in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2482. [PMID: 24205416 PMCID: PMC3812095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is believed that schistosomes evade complement-mediated killing by expressing regulatory proteins on their surface. Recently, six homologues of human CD59, an important inhibitor of the complement system membrane attack complex, were identified in the schistosome genome. Therefore, it is important to investigate whether these molecules could act as CD59-like complement inhibitors in schistosomes as part of an immune evasion strategy. Methodology/Principal Findings Herein, we describe the molecular characterization of seven putative SmCD59-like genes and attempt to address the putative biological function of two isoforms. Superimposition analysis of the 3D structure of hCD59 and schistosome sequences revealed that they contain the three-fingered protein domain (TFPD). However, the conserved amino acid residues involved in complement recognition in mammals could not be identified. Real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis determined that most of these genes are up-regulated in the transition from free-living cercaria to adult worm stage. Immunolocalization experiments and tegument preparations confirm that at least some of the SmCD59-like proteins are surface-localized; however, significant expression was also detected in internal tissues of adult worms. Finally, the involvement of two SmCD59 proteins in complement inhibition was evaluated by three different approaches: (i) a hemolytic assay using recombinant soluble forms expressed in Pichia pastoris and E. coli; (ii) complement-resistance of CHO cells expressing the respective membrane-anchored proteins; and (iii) the complement killing of schistosomula after gene suppression by RNAi. Our data indicated that these proteins are not involved in the regulation of complement activation. Conclusions Our results suggest that this group of proteins belongs to the TFPD superfamily. Their expression is associated to intra-host stages, present in the tegument surface, and also in intra-parasite tissues. Three distinct approaches using SmCD59 proteins to inhibit complement strongly suggested that these proteins are not complement inhibitors and their function in schistosomes remains to be determined. Schistosomes are parasites that reside for many years in the blood stream, demanding efficient mechanisms of evading immune response effectors such as complement deposition. A group of genes similar to human CD59, an important complement inhibitor in mammals, were identified in the schistosome genome. Computer predictions of protein structure indicated substantial similarity of the schistosome proteins and the mammalian CD59 family of proteins, which due to their three-finger-shaped spatial conformation are members of the Three-Finger Protein Domain fold superfamily (TFPD). Members of this family of schistosome proteins were also shown to be expressed predominantly during the mammalian stages when worms are exposed to complement and found to be present at the host-interactive surface of schistosomes. Three different methods were employed to test the possible involvement of these proteins in complement inhibition. Our results strongly suggest that these proteins are not involved in the inhibition of complement and that further studies are needed to establish their functional role(s) in schistosomes.
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Galian C, Björkholm P, Bulleid N, von Heijne G. Efficient glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification of membrane proteins requires a C-terminal anchoring signal of marginal hydrophobicity. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16399-409. [PMID: 22431723 PMCID: PMC3351287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.350009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many plasma membrane proteins are anchored to the membrane via a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. The GPI anchor is attached to the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum by transamidation, a reaction in which a C-terminal GPI-attachment signal is cleaved off concomitantly with addition of the GPI moiety. GPI-attachment signals are poorly conserved on the sequence level but are all composed of a polar segment that includes the GPI-attachment site followed by a hydrophobic segment located at the very C terminus of the protein. Here, we show that efficient GPI modification requires that the hydrophobicity of the C-terminal segment is "marginal": less hydrophobic than type II transmembrane anchors and more hydrophobic than the most hydrophobic segments found in secreted proteins. We further show that the GPI-attachment signal can be modified by the transamidase irrespective of whether it is first released into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum or is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Galian
- From the Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Björkholm
- From the Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Neil Bulleid
- the Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, CMVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ Scotland, United Kingdom, and
| | - Gunnar von Heijne
- From the Center for Biomembrane Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- the Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-171 77 Solna, Sweden
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31
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Kolev M, Towner L, Donev R. Complement in cancer and cancer immunotherapy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2011; 59:407-19. [PMID: 21960413 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-011-0146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been an increase of interest in the use of biological or immune-based therapies for patients with malignancies. This has been informed by the deeper understanding of the crosstalk between the host immune system and malignant tumours, as well as the potential advantages of immunotherapy-high specificity and less toxicity compared to standard approaches. The particular emphasis of this article is on the role of the complement system in tumour growth and antibody-based cancer immunotherapy. The functional consequences from overexpression of complement regulators by tumours and the development of strategies for overcoming this are discussed in detail. This review discusses these issues with a view to inspiring the development of new agents that could be useful for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kolev
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
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Ramo K, Cashman SM, Kumar-Singh R. Evaluation of adenovirus-delivered human CD59 as a potential therapy for AMD in a model of human membrane attack complex formation on murine RPE. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:4126-36. [PMID: 18487376 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Complement-mediated damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch membrane, and choroid has been associated with pathogenesis in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The terminal step of complement activation involves lysis of cells by the insertion of the membrane attack complex (MAC) in the plasma membrane. The hypothesis that local overexpression of human CD59 (hCD59) delivered by an adenovirus (Ad) vector to primary murine RPE cells in vitro, RPE in vivo, or cornea ex vivo protects those cells from human MAC deposition and lysis was tested. METHODS A humanized model of MAC deposition on murine cells and murine ocular tissues including RPE and cornea was developed to permit testing of human complement regulators in mice. A recombinant adenovirus-expressing hCD59 was generated, and this virus was injected into the subretinal space of adult mice. Subsequently, eyecups from these mice were exposed to human serum, and the levels of MAC deposition on the RPE were quantified. hCD59 was also expressed on murine cornea ex vivo and in murine hepatocytes, and primary RPE cells in vitro and levels of human MAC deposition and cell lysis were measured. RESULTS Adenovirus-mediated delivery of hCD59 to the RPE, cornea, or cells in culture protects those cells from human MAC deposition and MAC-mediated damage and vesiculation. CONCLUSIONS The humanized model of MAC deposition on murine ocular tissues allows testing of human complement regulators that may have potential in the treatment of AMD or other diseases associated with complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasmir Ramo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lindström O, Jarva H, Meri S, Mentula P, Puolakkainen P, Kemppainen E, Haapiainen R, Repo H, Kylänpää L. Elevated levels of the complement regulator protein CD59 in severe acute pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:350-5. [PMID: 18266177 DOI: 10.1080/00365520701763209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Complement activation occurs in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) and may contribute to the development of organ failure. Because a number of enzymes are released during AP that could influence the complement inhibitor CD59, the purpose of this study was to examine serum levels of CD59 in relation to severity of AP. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twelve patients with severe AP had organ failure (referred to as the grade 2 group). For each of them, we found 2-3 age-matched AP patients who served as controls (n=27). Of these, a total of 13 had mild AP (grade 0 group) and 14 severe AP without organ failure (grade 1 group). Blood samples were collected at admission and on days 1 and 3-7 post-admission. Grade 2 patients were compared with grade 0 and grade 1 patients. CD59 levels were measured by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS At admission, median CD59 levels were significantly higher (p = 0.002) in grade 2 patients (median 104.2 ng/ml, range 26.1-186.3) than in grade 0 patients (37.3, range 30.3-75.9) and grade 1 patients (38.6, range 19.9 96.1). CD59 levels remained higher in grade 2 patients than in grade 0 and 1 patients on day 1 (p = 0.001) and days 3-7 (p = 0.002). The CD59 levels correlated significantly (p < 0.05) with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (R = 0.40) and APACHE II scores (R = 0.32) on admission. CONCLUSIONS Organ failure and severity of AP are associated with elevated serum levels of CD59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Lindström
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Abstract
Prions are the causative agent of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. In these prion diseases the normal cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(C)) undergoes a post-translational conformational conversion to the infectious form (PrP(Sc)). PrP(C) associates with cholesterol- and glycosphingolipid-rich lipid rafts through association of its glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor with saturated raft lipids and through interaction of its N-terminal region with an as yet unidentified raft associated molecule. PrP(C) resides in detergent-resistant domains that have different lipid and protein compositions to the domains occupied by another GPI-anchored protein, Thy-1. In some cells PrP(C) may endocytose through caveolae, but in neuronal cells, upon copper binding to the N-terminal octapeptide repeats, the protein translocates out of rafts into detergent-soluble regions of the plasma membrane prior to endocytosis through clathrin-coated pits. The current data suggest that the polybasic region at its N-terminus is required to engage PrP(C) with a transmembrane adaptor protein which in turn links with the clathrin endocytic machinery. PrP(C) associates in rafts with a variety of signalling molecules, including caveolin-1 and Fyn and Src tyrosine kinases. The clustering of PrP(C) triggers a range of signal transduction processes, including the recruitment of the neural cell adhesion molecule to rafts which in turn promotes neurite outgrowth. Lipid rafts appear to be involved in the conformational conversion of PrP(C) to PrP(Sc), possibly by providing a favourable environment for this process to occur and enabling disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Taylor
- Proteolysis Research Group, Leeds Institute of Genetics, Health and Therapeutics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
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Bergsland KJ, Kelly JK, Coe BJ, Coe FL. Urine protein markers distinguish stone-forming from non-stone-forming relatives of calcium stone formers. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F530-6. [PMID: 16622176 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00370.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated urine protein inhibitors of calcium oxalate crystallization to determine whether variations in these proteins are associated with kidney stone disease and whether protein measurements improve the identification of stone formers compared with conventional risk factors (RF). Using Western blotting, we studied variations in the electrophoretic mobility patterns and relative abundances of crystallization-inhibitory proteins in urine from 50 stone-forming (SF) and 50 non-stone-forming (NS) first-degree relatives of calcium SF patients, matched by gender and age. Standard urine chemistry stone risk measurements were also made. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to test the association of these proteins with nephrolithiasis. Differences in form and abundance of several urine proteins including inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor (ITI), prothrombin fragment 1 (PF1), CD59, and calgranulin B (calB) were found to be associated with stone formation. By multivariate discriminant analysis, measurements of forms of PF1, ITI, and calB in men and ITI and CD59 in women, classified 84% of men and 76% of women correctly by stone status. In contrast, standard urine chemistry RF identified only 70% of men correctly and failed to distinguish female SF from NS. Thus a small subset of protein measurements distinguished SF from NS far better than conventional RF in a population of relatives of calcium SF, illustrating the significant association of these proteins with stone disease. Variations in these proteins may serve as markers of stone disease activity or vulnerability to recurrence and may provide new insights into mechanisms of stone formation.
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Xu C, Jung M, Burkhardt M, Stephan C, Schnorr D, Loening S, Jung K, Dietel M, Kristiansen G. Increased CD59 protein expression predicts a PSA relapse in patients after radical prostatectomy. Prostate 2005; 62:224-32. [PMID: 15389793 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human protectin (CD59) is a regulator of complement activation that inhibits complement-mediated cell lysis, and thus might confer immune resistance to tumor cells. CD59 expression has been described in a variety of human malignancies, including breast cancer. Since a comprehensive investigation of CD59 expression in prostate cancer has not been conducted yet, we aimed to determine the significance of CD59 expression in prostate cancer. METHODS Eighty-six primary adenocarcinomas of the prostate were immunostained using a monoclonal CD59 antibody (clone MEM-43) and a standard detection system. The immunoreactivity of the tumor was evaluated as low versus high for statistical analysis. Additionally, CD59 mRNA levels were determined by real-time PCR in matched (tumor/normal) microdissected tissues from 26 cases. RESULTS Cytoplasmic CD59 immunoreactivity was found in epithelia of prostate cancer, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, benign hyperplasia, atrophic, and normal glands. High rates of CD59 expression were noted in 36% of prostate cancer cases and were significantly associated with tumor pT stage (P = 0.043), Gleason grade (P = 0.013) and earlier biochemical (PSA) relapse in Kaplan-Meier analysis (P = 0.0013). On RNA level, we found an upregulation in 19.2% (five cases), although the general rate of CD59 transcript was significantly lower in tumor tissue (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION CD59 protein is strongly expressed in 36% of adenocarcinomas of the prostate and and is associated with disease progression and adverse patient prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Xu
- Department of Urology, Charité University Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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37
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Abstract
Membrane proteins constitute a substantial fraction of the human proteome. A small subgroup associates with membranes through the presence of a C-terminal lipid anchor that is joined to the protein via a phosphoglycan. The prion protein (PrP), an abnormally folded form that causes fatal neurodegeneration, is one example of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein. Although GPI-anchored proteins were first recognized some 20 years ago (in the mid-1980s), relatively few GPI anchors have been analyzed in detail. Therefore, a description of the analysis of the PrP-GPI anchor using a variety of mass spectrometric methods is of interest even though some of the approaches adopted could be facilitated through the use of newer, more sensitive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Baldwin
- Mass Spectrometry Research Resource, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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38
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Song H, He C, Knaak C, Guthridge JM, Holers VM, Tomlinson S. Complement receptor 2-mediated targeting of complement inhibitors to sites of complement activation. J Clin Invest 2003; 111:1875-85. [PMID: 12813023 PMCID: PMC161422 DOI: 10.1172/jci17348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2002] [Accepted: 04/09/2003] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a strategy to specifically target complement inhibitors to sites of complement activation and disease, recombinant fusion proteins consisting of a complement inhibitor linked to a C3 binding region of complement receptor (CR) 2 were prepared and characterized. Natural ligands for CR2 are C3 breakdown products deposited at sites of complement activation. Fusion proteins were prepared consisting of a human CR2 fragment linked to either the N terminus or C terminus of soluble forms of the membrane complement inhibitors decay accelerating factor (DAF) or CD59. The targeted complement inhibitors bound to C3-opsonized cells, and all were significantly more effective (up to 20-fold) than corresponding untargeted inhibitors at protecting target cells from complement. CR2 fusion proteins also inhibited CR3-dependent adhesion of U937 cells to C3 opsonized erythrocytes, indicating a second potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of CR2 fusion proteins, since CR3 is involved in endothelial adhesion and diapedesis of leukocytes at inflammatory sites. Finally, the in vivo validity of the targeting strategy was confirmed by the demonstration that CR2-DAF, but not soluble DAF, targets to the kidney in mouse models of lupus nephritis that are associated with renal complement deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Song
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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39
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De Nardo C, Fonsatti E, Sigalotti L, Calabrò L, Colizzi F, Cortini E, Coral S, Altomonte M, Maio M. Recombinant transmembrane CD59 (CD59-TM) confers complement resistance to GPI-anchored protein defective melanoma cells. J Cell Physiol 2002; 190:200-6. [PMID: 11807824 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protectin (CD59) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell membrane glycoprotein, broadly expressed on melanocytic cells, that represents the main restriction factor of complement (C)-mediated lysis of human melanoma cells. Levels of CD59 expression may impair the clinical efficacy of C-activating monoclonal antibodies (mAb); thus, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the lack of CD59 expression in selected melanoma cells. Serological and biochemical analyses showed that MeWo melanoma cells expressed CD59 neither at cell surface nor at cytoplasmic levels; however, no critical mutations were identified in their CD59 mRNA. Consistently, MeWo CD59 cDNA (MeWo-CD59) was appropriately translated when transfected into the CD59-positive Mel 100 melanoma cells, and into the CD59-negative Nalm-6 pre-B leukemia cells that acquired resistance to C. In contrast, transfection of MeWo cells with CD59 cDNA from Mel 275 melanoma cells did not induce CD59 expression; however, their transfection with the CD59-TM chimeric construct, obtained by replacing the GPI-anchoring signal of MeWo-CD59 with the transmembrane tail of the human low-density lipoprotein receptor, induced the expression of a C-protective transmembrane form of CD59. These data, together with the absent expression of additional GPI-anchored proteins (i.e., CD55), suggest that defects in the biosynthesis and/or processing of GPI-anchored proteins underlie the lack of CD59 expression in MeWo cells. Further unveiling of the molecular mechanism that turns off CD59 expression in human melanoma cells will help to set-up more effective therapeutic strategies utilizing C-activating mAb in melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Nardo
- Cancer Bioimmunotherapy Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Istituto Nazionale di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Aviano, Italy
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40
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Meri S, Baumann M. Proteomics: posttranslational modifications, immune responses and current analytical tools. BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING 2001; 18:213-20. [PMID: 11911088 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00106-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The publication of the human genome sequence enables most of the still unknown protein sequences to be added to the current databases. A sequence alone does not, however, give information about the possible expression level of the corresponding protein, neither does it inform about the possible posttranslational modifications, like phosphorylation, glycosylation or changes in individual amino acids. Thus, the human proteome project, a large scale analysis of the functions of gene products, will have an enormous impact on our understanding of the biochemistry of proteins, processes and pathways they are involved in. The diversity in proteins is considerably expanded by various posttranslational modifications. These also pose problems to the investigators, but their careful analysis often pays back because they can reveal important properties in proteins or peptides--like an increased antigenicity leading to (auto)immune responses or an active form of a signaling protein. Immune tolerance usually exists towards self-proteins, but in specific cases it may be broken by posttranslational modifications in the proteins. Novel mass spectrometric, affinity and display techniques offer valuable tools for the large-scale analysis of proteomes. In the present paper we discuss their use for the detection of posttranslational modifications, functional interactions and possible disease-associated abnormalities in proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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41
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Shaked GM, Shaked Y, Kariv-Inbal Z, Halimi M, Avraham I, Gabizon R. A protease-resistant prion protein isoform is present in urine of animals and humans affected with prion diseases. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31479-82. [PMID: 11423531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c100278200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion protein (PrP)(Sc), the only known component of the prion, is present mostly in the brains of animals and humans affected with prion diseases. We now show that a protease-resistant PrP isoform can also be detected in the urine of hamsters, cattle, and humans suffering from transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Most important, this PrP isoform (UPrP(Sc)) was also found in the urine of hamsters inoculated with prions long before the appearance of clinical signs. Interestingly, intracerebrally inoculation of hamsters with UPrP(Sc) did not cause clinical signs of prion disease even after 270 days, suggesting it differs in its pathogenic properties from brain PrP(Sc). We propose that the detection of UPrP(Sc) can be used to diagnose humans and animals incubating prion diseases, as well as to increase our understanding on the metabolism of PrP(Sc) in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Shaked
- Department of Neurology, the Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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42
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Bublitz R, Hoppe H, Cumme GA, Thiele M, Attey A, Horn A. Structural study on the carbohydrate moiety of calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2001; 36:960-972. [PMID: 11523097 DOI: 10.1002/jms.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly alkaline phosphatase (AP) (EC 3.1.3.1) of calf intestine is found in large amounts, e.g. 80%, within chyme. Most of the enzyme is present as a mixture of four differently hydrophobic anchor-bearing forms and only the minor part is present as an anchorless enzyme. To investigate whether changes in the N-glycosylation pattern are signals responsible for large-scale liberation from mucosa into chyme, the glycans of the two potential glycosylation sites predicted from cDNA were investigated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in combination with exoglycosidase treatment after tryptic digestion and reversed-phase chromatography. The glycans linked to Asn249 are at least eight different, mainly non-fucosylated, biantennary or triantennary structures with a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. For the most abundant glycopeptide (40%) the following glycan structure is proposed: [carbostructure: see text]. The glycans linked to Asn410 are a mixture of at least nine, mainly tetraantennary, fucosylated structures with a bisecting N-acetylglucosamine. For the most abundant glycopeptide (35%) the following glycan structure is proposed: [carbostructure: see text]. For the structures the linkage data were deduced from the reported specificities of the exoglycosidases used and the specificities of the transglycosidases active in biosynthesis. The majority of glycans are capped by alpha-galactose residues at their non-reducing termini. In contrast to the glycans linked to other AP isoenzymes, no sialylation was observed. Glycopeptide 'mass fingerprints' of both glycosylation sites and glycan contents do not differ between AP from mucosa and chyme. These results suggest that the observed large-scale liberation of vesicle-bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored AP from mucosa into chyme is unlikely to be mediated by alteration of glycan structures of the AP investigated. Rather, the exocytotic vesicle formation seems to be mediated by the controlled organization of the raft structures embedding GPI-AP. (c) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bublitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrich Schiller University, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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43
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Du X, Low MG. Down-regulation of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D induced by lipopolysaccharide and oxidative stress in the murine monocyte- macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Infect Immun 2001; 69:3214-23. [PMID: 11292743 PMCID: PMC98279 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.5.3214-3223.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Serum glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD) activity is reduced over 75% in systemic inflammatory response syndrome. To investigate the mechanism of this response, expression of the GPI-PLD gene was studied in the mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 to 50 ng/ml). GPI-PLD mRNA was reduced approximately 60% in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Oxidative stress induced by 0.5 mM H(2)O(2) or 50 microM menadione also caused a greater than 50% reduction in GPI-PLD mRNA. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine attenuated the down-regulatory effect of H(2)O(2) but not of LPS. Cotreatment of the cells with actinomycin D inhibited down-regulation induced by either LPS or H(2)O(2). The half-life of GPI-PLD mRNA was not affected by LPS, or decreased slightly with H(2)O(2), indicating that the reduction in GPI-PLD mRNA is due primarily to transcriptional regulation. Stimulation with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) resulted in approximately 40% reduction in GPI-PLD mRNA in human A549 alveolar carcinoma cells but not RAW 264.7 cells, suggesting that alternative pathways could exist in different cell types for down-regulating GPI-PLD expression during an inflammatory response and the TNF-alpha autocrine signaling mechanism alone is not sufficient to recapitulate the LPS-induced reduction of GPI-PLD in macrophages. Sublines of RAW 264.7 cells with reduced GPI-PLD expression exhibited increased cell sensitivity to LPS stimulation and membrane-anchored CD14 expression on the cell surface. Our data suggest that down-regulation of GPI-PLD could play an important role in the control of proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Du
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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44
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Rautemaa R, Rautelin H, Puolakkainen P, Kokkola A, Kärkkäinen P, Meri S. Survival of Helicobacter pylori From complement lysis by binding of GPI-anchored protectin (CD59). Gastroenterology 2001; 120:470-9. [PMID: 11159887 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.21197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although Helicobacter pylori is sensitive to complement lysis in vitro, chronic infection persists for years. We tested whether H. pylori acquires complement resistance by binding glycolipid-tailed inhibitors from the host. METHODS Gastric biopsy specimens from H. pylori-infected patients (n = 10) and noninfected controls (n = 6) were analyzed for complement deposition and expression of the complement regulators protectin (CD59) and DAF. Protectin binding and complement sensitivity analyses were performed with the NCTC strain 11637 (CagA(+)) and 2 clinical isolates 9:0 (CagA(+)) and 67:20 (CagA(-)). RESULTS In the noninfected mucosa, protectin was strongly expressed on the membranes of epithelial cells, but in the infected epithelia the expression was granular and more focused to the mucus. H. pylori bacteria in the gastric pits were often positive for protectin but negative for C5b-9. An opposite pattern was seen on the surface mucosa. In vitro analyses using (125)I-CD59 and bacteriolysis assays showed that protectin bound to H. pylori and protected CagA(+) strains against complement killing. In an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the binding of CD59 correlated inversely with the appearance of the C5b-9 neoantigen. CONCLUSIONS Binding of protectin inhibits membrane attack complex assembly on H. pylori and may thereby contribute to their survival on the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Acosta J, Hettinga J, Flückiger R, Krumrei N, Goldfine A, Angarita L, Halperin J. Molecular basis for a link between complement and the vascular complications of diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:5450-5. [PMID: 10805801 PMCID: PMC25849 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.10.5450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated terminal complement proteins C5b to C9 form the membrane attack complex (MAC) pore. Insertion of the MAC into endothelial cell membranes causes the release of growth factors that stimulate tissue growth and proliferation. The complement regulatory membrane protein CD59 restricts MAC formation. Because increased cell proliferation characterizes the major chronic vascular complications of human diabetes and because increased glucose levels in diabetes cause protein glycation and impairment of protein function, we investigated whether glycation could inhibit CD59. Glycation-inactivation of CD59 would cause increased MAC deposition and MAC-stimulated cell proliferation. Here, we report that (i) human CD59 is glycated in vivo, (ii) glycated human CD59 loses its MAC-inhibitory function, and (iii) inactivation of CD59 increases MAC-induced growth factor release from endothelial cells. We demonstrate by site-directed mutagenesis that residues K41 and H44 form a preferential glycation motif in human CD59. The presence of this glycation motif in human CD59, but not in CD59 of other species, may help explain the distinct propensity of humans to develop vascular proliferative complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Acosta
- Laboratory for Membrane Transport, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, C1-607, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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46
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Rushmere NK, Van Den Berg CW, Morgan BP. Production and functional characterization of a soluble recombinant form of mouse CD59. Immunology 2000; 99:326-32. [PMID: 10692054 PMCID: PMC2327149 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00936.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the engineering, expression, purification and functional characterization of a soluble recombinant form of murine CD59 (srMoCD59). We report the expression in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells of a modified mouse CD59 cDNA that had been truncated at D-74, resulting in the loss of the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) anchor, and containing six additional C-terminal histidines. The expressed srMoCD59 was purified from tissue culture supernatant by means of its poly-histidine tag using immobilized metal affinity chromatography. In comparison with CD59 on mouse erythrocytes, the srMoCD59 had a reduced molecular weight (18-20 000 as compared with 20-28 000 for GPI-anchored srMoCD59). The terminal complement inhibitory capacity of this soluble recombinant protein was assessed using two methods: a cobra venom factor (CVF)-triggered 'reactive-lysis' system and a C5b-7 site assay. In both assays, srMoCD59 inhibited lysis by the sera from all three species tested in the rank order mouse > rat >> human. The amount of srMoCD59 required to produce 50% inhibition of lysis in the C5b-7 site assay, using purified terminal components to develop lysis, was 10-fold less than that required in the same assay when EDTA serum was used as a source of C8 and C9, or in the CVF reactive lysis system. These data indicate that the presence of serum markedly interfered with the activity of srMoCD59 and have important implications for the use of recombinant soluble CD59 analogues as therapeutic agents in complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Rushmere
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, 3rd Floor Tenovus Building, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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47
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Low MG, Stütz P. Inhibition of the plasma glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D by synthetic analogs of lipid A and phosphatidic acid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 371:332-9. [PMID: 10545222 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPI-PLD), a plasma enzyme with extensive sequence similarity to integrin alpha subunits, is inhibited by micromolar concentrations of lipid A, phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidic acid (M. G. Low and K.-S. Huang, J. Biol. Chem. 268, 8480-8490, 1993). In this study we have explored the mechanism of inhibition using synthetic analogs of lipid A, and PA. Monosaccharide analogs of lipid A, which varied in the number and position of the phosphate groups, the type of acyl group, and its linkage to the glucosamine ring, were tested for their ability to inhibit GPI-PLD. A compound (SDZ 880.431) containing 3-aza-glucosamine 1,4-diphosphate as the polar headgroup was identified which had a potency (IC(50) approximately 1 microM) similar to natural lipid A preparations. Removal of either phosphate residue increased the IC(50) markedly. Analogs of PA such as (7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazo-4-yl)amino-PA, ceramide 1-phosphate, and hexadecyl phosphate had approximately IC(50) values ranging from 1 to 5 microM, indicating that considerable variation in the structure of the hydrophobic groups was permissible. Inhibition of GPI-PLD by long-chain PA could not be blocked by high concentrations of glycerol 1-phosphate or dibutyryl PA. These results indicate that the hydrophobic groups do not have a passive role in inhibition but are directly involved in the binding interaction with GPI-PLD. We propose that this diverse group of inhibitors all bind to a common site on GPI-PLD, the central hydrophobic cavity predicted by the beta-propeller model for integrin alpha subunits and GPI-PLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Low
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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48
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Abstract
This review describes the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry to carbohydrate analysis and covers the period 1991-1998. The technique is particularly valuable for carbohydrates because it enables underivatised, as well as derivatised compounds to be examined. The various MALDI matrices that have been used for carbohydrate analysis are described, and the use of derivatization for improving mass spectral detection limits is also discussed. Methods for sample preparation and for extracting carbohydrates from biological media prior to mass spectrometric analysis are compared with emphasis on highly sensitive mass spectrometric methods. Quantitative aspects of MALDI are covered with respect to the relationship between signal strength and both mass and compound structure. The value of mass measurements by MALDI to provide a carbohydrate composition is stressed, together with the ability of the technique to provide fragmentation spectra. The use of in-source and post-source decay and collision-induced fragmentation in this context is described with emphasis on ions that provide information on the linkage and branching patterns of carbohydrates. The use of MALDI mass spectrometry, linked with exoglycosidase sequencing, is described for N-linked glycans derived from glycoproteins, and methods for the analysis of O-linked glycans are also covered. The review ends with a description of various applications of the technique to carbohydrates found as constituents of glycoproteins, bacterial glycolipids, sphingolipids, and glycolipid anchors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, UK.
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49
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Ferguson MA, Brimacombe JS, Brown JR, Crossman A, Dix A, Field RA, Güther ML, Milne KG, Sharma DK, Smith TK. The GPI biosynthetic pathway as a therapeutic target for African sleeping sickness. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1455:327-40. [PMID: 10571022 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(99)00058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
African sleeping sickness is a debilitating and often fatal disease caused by tsetse fly transmitted African trypanosomes. These extracellular protozoan parasites survive in the human bloodstream by virtue of a dense cell surface coat made of variant surface glycoprotein. The parasites have a repertoire of several hundred immunologically distinct variant surface glycoproteins and they evade the host immune response by antigenic variation. All variant surface glycoproteins are anchored to the plasma membrane via glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors and compounds that inhibit the assembly or transfer of these anchors could have trypanocidal potential. This article compares glycosylphosphatidylinositol biosynthesis in African trypanosomes and mammalian cells and identifies several steps that could be targets for the development of parasite-specific therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ferguson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Dundee, UK.
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50
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Abstract
Despite more than a century of parallel research on bacteria and the complement system, relatively little is known of the mechanisms whereby pathogenic bacteria can escape complement-related opsonophagocytosis and direct killing. It is likely that pathogenicity in bacteria has arisen more accidentally than in viruses, and on the basis of selection from natural mutants rather than by outright stealing or copying of genetic codes from the host. In this review we will discuss complement resistance as one of the features that makes a bacterium a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rautemaa
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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