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Kryukova NA, Yanshole LV, Zelentsova EA, Tsentalovich YP, Chertkova EA, Alekseev AA, Glupov VV. The venom of Habrobracon hebetor induces alterations in host metabolism. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247694. [PMID: 39253831 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
The ability of parasitic wasps to manipulate a host's metabolism is under active investigation. Components of venom play a major role in this process. In the present work, we studied the effect of the venom of the ectoparasitic wasp Habrobracon hebetor on the metabolism of the greater wax moth host (Galleria mellonella). We identified and quantified 45 metabolites in the lymph (cell-free hemolymph) of wax moth larvae on the second day after H. hebetor venom injection, using NMR spectroscopy and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. These metabolites included 22 amino acids, nine products of lipid metabolism (sugars, amines and alcohols) and four metabolic intermediates related to nitrogenous bases, nucleotides and nucleosides. An analysis of the larvae metabolome suggested that the venom causes suppression of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, an increase in the number of free amino acids in the lymph, an increase in the concentration of trehalose in the lymph simultaneously with a decrease in the amount of glucose, and destructive processes in the fat body tissue. Thus, this parasitoid venom not only immobilizes the prey but also modulates its metabolism, thereby providing optimal conditions for the development of larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kryukova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Lyudmila V Yanshole
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Zelentsova
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuri P Tsentalovich
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3a, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Chertkova
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
| | - Alexander A Alekseev
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
- Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion SB RAS, Institutskaya Str. 3, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Victor V Glupov
- Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals SB RAS, Frunze Str. 11, Novosibirsk 630091, Russia
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2
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Zakirova NF, Khomich OA, Smirnova OA, Molle J, Duponchel S, Yanvarev DV, Valuev-Elliston VT, Monnier L, Grigorov B, Ivanova ON, Karpenko IL, Golikov MV, Bovet C, Rindlisbacher B, Khomutov AR, Kochetkov SN, Bartosch B, Ivanov AV. Hepatitis C Virus Dysregulates Polyamine and Proline Metabolism and Perturbs the Urea Cycle. Cells 2024; 13:1036. [PMID: 38920664 PMCID: PMC11201506 DOI: 10.3390/cells13121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an oncogenic virus that causes chronic liver disease in more than 80% of patients. During the last decade, efficient direct-acting antivirals were introduced into clinical practice. However, clearance of the virus does not reduce the risk of end-stage liver diseases to the level observed in patients who have never been infected. So, investigation of HCV pathogenesis is still warranted. Virus-induced changes in cell metabolism contribute to the development of HCV-associated liver pathologies. Here, we studied the impact of the virus on the metabolism of polyamines and proline as well as on the urea cycle, which plays a crucial role in liver function. It was found that HCV strongly suppresses the expression of arginase, a key enzyme of the urea cycle, leading to the accumulation of arginine, and up-regulates proline oxidase with a concomitant decrease in proline concentrations. The addition of exogenous proline moderately suppressed viral replication. HCV up-regulated transcription but suppressed protein levels of polyamine-metabolizing enzymes. This resulted in a decrease in polyamine content in infected cells. Finally, compounds targeting polyamine metabolism demonstrated pronounced antiviral activity, pointing to spermine and spermidine as compounds affecting HCV replication. These data expand our understanding of HCV's imprint on cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia F. Zakirova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Olga A. Khomich
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Olga A. Smirnova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Jennifer Molle
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Sarah Duponchel
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Dmitry V. Yanvarev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Vladimir T. Valuev-Elliston
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Lea Monnier
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Boyan Grigorov
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Olga N. Ivanova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Inna L. Karpenko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Mikhail V. Golikov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Cedric Bovet
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (B.R.)
| | - Barbara Rindlisbacher
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland; (C.B.); (B.R.)
| | - Alex R. Khomutov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Sergey N. Kochetkov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
| | - Birke Bartosch
- INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69434 Lyon, France; (J.M.); (L.M.); (B.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Alexander V. Ivanov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (N.F.Z.); (O.A.K.); (O.A.S.); (D.V.Y.); (V.T.V.-E.); (O.N.I.); (I.L.K.); (M.V.G.); (A.R.K.); (S.N.K.)
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3
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Azfar M, van Veen S, Houdou M, Hamouda NN, Eggermont J, Vangheluwe P. P5B-ATPases in the mammalian polyamine transport system and their role in disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119354. [PMID: 36064065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are physiologically relevant molecules that are ubiquitous in all organisms. The vitality of PAs to the healthy functioning of a cell is due to their polycationic nature causing them to interact with a vast plethora of cellular players and partake in numerous cellular pathways. Naturally, the homeostasis of such essential molecules is tightly regulated in a strictly controlled interplay between intracellular synthesis and degradation, uptake from and secretion to the extracellular compartment, as well as intracellular trafficking. Not surprisingly, dysregulated PA homeostasis and signaling are implicated in multiple disorders, ranging from cancer to neurodegeneration; leading many to propose rectifying the PA balance as a potential therapeutic strategy. Despite being well characterized in bacteria, fungi and plants, the molecular identity and properties of the PA transporters in animals are poorly understood. This review brings together the current knowledge of the cellular function of the mammalian PA transport system (PTS). We will focus on the role of P5B-ATPases ATP13A2-5 which are PA transporters in the endosomal system that have emerged as key players in cellular PA uptake and organelle homeostasis. We will discuss recent breakthroughs on their biochemical and structural properties as well as their implications for disease and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujahid Azfar
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah van Veen
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marine Houdou
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Norin Nabil Hamouda
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Eggermont
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Vangheluwe
- Laboratory of Cellular Transport Systems, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Lian J, Liang Y, Zhang H, Lan M, Ye Z, Lin B, Qiu X, Zeng J. The role of polyamine metabolism in remodeling immune responses and blocking therapy within the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912279. [PMID: 36119047 PMCID: PMC9479087 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of metabolism provides important information for understanding the biological basis of cancer cells and the defects of cancer treatment. Disorders of polyamine metabolism is a common metabolic change in cancer. With the deepening of understanding of polyamine metabolism, including molecular functions and changes in cancer, polyamine metabolism as a new anti-cancer strategy has become the focus of attention. There are many kinds of polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors and transport inhibitors, but not many drugs have been put into clinical application. Recent evidence shows that polyamine metabolism plays essential roles in remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), particularly treatment of DFMO, an inhibitor of ODC, alters the immune cell population in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor immunosuppression is a major problem in cancer treatment. More and more studies have shown that the immunosuppressive effect of polyamines can help cancer cells to evade immune surveillance and promote tumor development and progression. Therefore, targeting polyamine metabolic pathways is expected to become a new avenue for immunotherapy for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachun Lian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medical Technology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Minsheng Lan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Ziyu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Department of Pathology, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Binhaiwan Central Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
| | - Bihua Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
- Dongguan Metabolite Analysis Engineering Technology Center of Cells for Medical Use, Guangdong Xinghai Institute of Cell, Dongguan, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Research for Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Zhanjiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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5
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Zhang N, Zhou S, Zhang Z, Li W, Peng Y, Zheng J. Evidence for adduction of biologic amines with reactive metabolite of 8-epidiosbulbin E acetate in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Lett 2022; 365:1-10. [PMID: 35680040 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DBL) is one of traditional Chinese medicines and has been used for the treatment of goiter, tumor and carbuncles. However, clinic application of the herbal medicine has been limited, due to reported severe hepatotoxicity. 8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate (EEA), one of the major components of DBL, can cause severe liver damage. The furan ring of EEA is metabolized by CYP3A4 to a cis-enedial reactive intermediate prone to react amino and/or thiol groups of amino acid residues. In this study, we investigated the interaction of the reactive intermediate with biologic amines. EEA-derived biologic amine adducts, including spermidine, spermine, putrescine, ornithine, lysine and glutamine were detected in cultured mouse primary hepatocytes treated with EEA. Only spermidine adduct was observed in bile of mice given EEA. The detection of the adducts was established by labeling with bromobenzyl mercaptan and LC-MS/MS analysis. Exposure of EEA resulted in concentration dependent cytotoxicity in hepatocytes. Pretreatment with spermidine attenuated the susceptibility of cells to the cytotoxicity of EEA, because of the compensation of the depleted spermidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Shenzhi Zhou
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China.
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, PR China.
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6
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Mein H, Jing Y, Ahmad F, Zhang H, Liu P. Altered Brain Arginine Metabolism and Polyamine System in a P301S Tauopathy Mouse Model: A Time-Course Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116039. [PMID: 35682712 PMCID: PMC9181759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered arginine metabolism (including the polyamine system) has recently been implicated in the pathogenesis of tauopathies, characterised by hyperphosphorylated and aggregated microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) accumulation in the brain. The present study, for the first time, systematically determined the time-course of arginine metabolism changes in the MAPT P301S (PS19) mouse brain at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 months of age. The polyamines putrescine, spermidine and spermine are critically involved in microtubule assembly and stabilization. This study, therefore, further investigated how polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes changed in PS19 mice. There were general age-dependent increases of L-arginine, L-ornithine, putrescine and spermidine in the PS19 brain (particularly in the hippocampus and parahippocampal region). While this profile change clearly indicates a shift of arginine metabolism to favor polyamine production (a polyamine stress response), spermine levels were decreased or unchanged due to the upregulation of polyamine retro-conversion pathways. Our results further implicate altered arginine metabolism (particularly the polyamine system) in the pathogenesis of tauopathies. Given the role of the polyamines in microtubule assembly and stabilization, future research is required to understand the functional significance of the polyamine stress response and explore the preventive and/or therapeutic opportunities for tauopathies by targeting the polyamine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Mein
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin P.O. Box 56, New Zealand; (H.M.); (Y.J.); (F.A.)
| | - Yu Jing
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin P.O. Box 56, New Zealand; (H.M.); (Y.J.); (F.A.)
| | - Faraz Ahmad
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin P.O. Box 56, New Zealand; (H.M.); (Y.J.); (F.A.)
| | - Hu Zhang
- Brain Health Research Centre, School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin P.O. Box 56, New Zealand;
| | - Ping Liu
- Brain Health Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin P.O. Box 56, New Zealand; (H.M.); (Y.J.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Kulkarni A, Anderson CM, Mirmira RG, Tersey SA. Role of Polyamines and Hypusine in β Cells and Diabetes Pathogenesis. Metabolites 2022; 12:344. [PMID: 35448531 PMCID: PMC9028953 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12040344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The polyamines-putrescine, spermidine, and spermine-are polycationic, low molecular weight amines with cellular functions primarily related to mRNA translation and cell proliferation. Polyamines partly exert their effects via the hypusine pathway, wherein the polyamine spermidine provides the aminobutyl moiety to allow posttranslational modification of the translation factor eIF5A with the rare amino acid hypusine (hydroxy putrescine lysine). The "hypusinated" eIF5A (eIF5Ahyp) is considered to be the active form of the translation factor necessary for the translation of mRNAs associated with stress and inflammation. Recently, it has been demonstrated that activity of the polyamines-hypusine circuit in insulin-producing islet β cells contributes to diabetes pathogenesis under conditions of inflammation. Elevated levels of polyamines are reported in both exocrine and endocrine cells of the pancreas, which may contribute to endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and autophagy. In this review, we have summarized the existing research on polyamine-hypusine metabolism in the context of β-cell function and diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah A. Tersey
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; (A.K.); (C.M.A.); (R.G.M.)
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8
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Van den Broeck T, Moris L, Gevaert T, Davicioni E, Boeckx B, Lambrechts D, Helsen C, Handle F, Ghesquiere B, Soenen S, Smeets E, Eerlings R, El Kharraz S, Devlies W, Karnes RJ, Lotan T, Van Poppel H, Joniau S, Claessens F. Antizyme Inhibitor 1 regulates matrikine expression and enhances the metastatic potential of aggressive primary prostate cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:527-541. [PMID: 35082164 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-21-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular drivers of metastasis in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer (PCa) are poorly understood. Therefore, we aim to study molecular drivers of metastatic progression in high-risk PCa patients. A retrospective matched case-control study of two clinico-pathologically identical groups of high-risk PCa patients was undertaken. One group developed metastatic recurrence (n=19) while the other did not (n=25). The primary index tumor was identified by a uro-pathologist, followed by DNA and RNA extraction for somatic copy number aberration (CNA) analysis and whole-transcriptome gene expression analysis. In vitro and in vivo studies included cell line manipulation and xenograft models. The integrative CNA and gene expression analyses identified an increase in AZIN1 gene expression within a focal amplification of 8q22.3, which was associated with metastatic recurrence of high-risk PCa patients in four independent cohorts. The effects of AZIN1 knockdown were evaluated, due to its therapeutic potential. AZIN1 knockdown effected proliferation and metastatic potential of PCa cells and xenograft models. RNA sequencing after AZIN1 knockdown in PCa cells revealed upregulation of genes coding for collagen subunits. The observed effect on cell migration after AZIN1 knockdown was mimicked when exposing PCa cells to bio-active molecules deriving from COL4A1 and COL4A2. Our integrated CNA and gene expression analysis of primary high-risk PCa identified the AZIN1 gene as a novel driver of metastatic progression, by altering collagen subunit expression. Future research should further investigate its therapeutic potential in preventing metastatic recurrence. Implications: AZIN1 was identified as driver of metastatic progression in high-risk PCa through matrikine regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Moris
- cellular and molecular medicine, KU Leuven
| | | | | | - Bram Boeckx
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology (CCB); Department of Human Genetics KULeuven, VIB
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, VIB Center for Cancer Biology
| | - Christine Helsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven
| | - Florian Handle
- Dept. of Urology, Division of experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tamara Lotan
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven
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9
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Liu YL, Hsiao IH, Lin YH, Lin CL, Jan MS, Hung HC, Liu GY. Ornithine decarboxylase functions in both autophagy and apoptosis in response to ultraviolet B radiation injury. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:2140-2154. [PMID: 35019151 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We present a mechanism for how ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) regulates the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis. In cancer cells, low-intensity ultraviolet B (UVBL ) induces autophagy while high-intensity UVB (UVBH ) induces apoptosis. Overexpression of ODC decreases UVBL -induced autophagy by inhibiting Atg5-Atg12 conjugation and suppressing the expression of autophagy markers LC3, Atg7, Atg12, and BECN1 proteins. In contrast, when ODC-overexpressing cells are exposed to UVBH radiation, the levels of LC3-II, Atg5-Atg12 conjugate, BECN1, Atg7, and Atg12 increase, while the apoptosis marker cleaved-PARP proteins decrease, indicating that ODC overexpression induced UVBH -induced autophagy but inhibited UVBH -induced cellular apoptosis. Additionally, when exposed to UVBH radiation, silencing BECN1, Atg5, and Atg12 genes results in a decrease in the level of LC3-II proteins but an increase in the level of cleaved-PARP proteins, and apoptotic bodies were significantly increased while autophagosomes were significantly decreased. These findings imply that ODC inhibits apoptosis in cells via the autophagy pathway. The role of Atg12 in ODC-overexpressing cells exposed to UVBH radiation is investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. Our results indicate that the Atg12-D111S mutant has increased cell survival. The Atg12-ΔG186 mutant impairs autophagy and enhances apoptosis. We demonstrate that when ODC-overexpressing cells are silenced for the Atg12 protein, autophagy and apoptosis are strongly affected, and ODC-induced autophagy protects against UVBH -induced apoptosis via the Atg12 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Liang Liu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsin Hsiao
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shiou Jan
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Life Sciences, Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan.,iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University (NCHU), Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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10
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Vindu A, Shin BS, Choi K, Christenson ET, Ivanov IP, Cao C, Banerjee A, Dever TE. Translational autoregulation of the S. cerevisiae high-affinity polyamine transporter Hol1. Mol Cell 2021; 81:3904-3918.e6. [PMID: 34375581 PMCID: PMC8500938 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2021.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines, small organic polycations, are essential for cell viability, and their physiological levels are homeostatically maintained by post-transcriptional regulation of key biosynthetic enzymes. In addition to de novo synthesis, cells can also take up polyamines; however, identifying cellular polyamine transporters has been challenging. Here we show that the S. cerevisiae HOL1 mRNA is under translational control by polyamines, and we reveal that the encoded membrane transporter Hol1 is a high-affinity polyamine transporter and is required for yeast growth under limiting polyamine conditions. Moreover, we show that polyamine inhibition of the translation factor eIF5A impairs translation termination at a Pro-Ser-stop motif in a conserved upstream open reading frame on the HOL1 mRNA to repress Hol1 synthesis under conditions of elevated polyamines. Our findings reveal that polyamine transport, like polyamine biosynthesis, is under translational autoregulation by polyamines in yeast, highlighting the extensive control cells impose on polyamine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Vindu
- Section on Protein Biosynthesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Byung-Sik Shin
- Section on Protein Biosynthesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Choi
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eric T Christenson
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivaylo P Ivanov
- Section on Protein Biosynthesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chune Cao
- Section on Protein Biosynthesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anirban Banerjee
- Section on Structural and Chemical Biology of Membrane Proteins, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas E Dever
- Section on Protein Biosynthesis, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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11
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Shi Q, Chen Q, Zhou Z, Zheng X, Huang X, Fang M, Hu Y, Song L, Yang H, Chen Q. Hypoxia-induced antizyme inhibitors 2 regulates cisplatin resistance through epithelia-mesenchymal transition pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2021; 69:102048. [PMID: 34082109 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2021.102048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Antizyme inhibitors 2 (AZIN2) was found to be associated with poor prognosis of patients with rectal cancer. However, no studies have reported whether AZIN2 functions in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed to investigate the role of AZIN2 in cisplatin (DDP) resistance in NSCLC. We established DDP resistant A549 and H1299 cell lines. The transcriptional and translational expression levels were examined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Cell apoptosis was evaluated by caspase-3 activity and nucleosome ELISA assays. Luciferase reporter assay was employed to evaluate the impact of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) on AZIN2 transcription. AZIN2 expression was found to be associated with DDP resistance and poor prognosis in patients with NSCLC. AZIN2 overexpression promoted cell viability, colony formation, and reduced cell apoptosis in H1299 cells and A549 upon DDP treatment. Correspondingly, AZIN2 knockdown significantly inhibited cell viability and colony formation, and increased cell apoptosis upon DDP treatment. Interestingly, AZIN2 expression in NSCLC cells was significantly induced by hypoxia condition. The occupancy of HIF-1α, an important regulator of the hypoxia response, remarkably enriched at the promoter region of AZIN2 under hypoxia condition. In addition, AZIN2 overexpression resulted in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The results suggested that hypoxia-induced AZIN2 high expression may contribute to DDP resistance development by promoting the EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Shi
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China.
| | - Qiaolin Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Xiuxia Zheng
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Xinhui Huang
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Minshan Fang
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Ying Hu
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Li Song
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Hualing Yang
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Fujian Fuzhou Pulmonary Hospital, No. 2 Shangdu Hubian, Cangshan District, Fuzhou, 350000, Fujian, China.
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12
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Singh D, Chaudhary D, Kumar V, Verma A. Amelioration of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced renal oxidative stress and inflammation by Carissa carandas embedded silver nanoparticles in rodents. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:636-645. [PMID: 33850732 PMCID: PMC8039534 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation and oxidative stress are the main factors ascribed with interruption in the process of renal tissue impairment. The toxicity of different types of nitrosamine is well recognized in animals and humans. Administration of the smallest quantities of diethylnitrosamine or dimethylnitrosamine either orally or parenterally results into renal damage. Therapeutic effects of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles of Carissa carandas aqueous extract has been scrutinised in current study for the assessment of renal cancer activity in animal model. METHODOLOGY Phytofabricated silver nanoparticles were characterized by using different instrumentation. Nephroprotective activity of silver nanoparticles at different doses was evaluated against N-diethylnitrosamine (200 mg/kg b.w., intraperitoneal) in animal model. Serum and renal homogenate were taken to evaluate the renal toxicity markers, oxidative stress, and antioxidant parameter, proinflammatory cytokines and histopathological study. RESULT Significant outcomes of silver nanoparticles in dose dependent manner down regulated the elevated serum marker, tumour marker enzymes and histopathology observation of repaired tissue assured the renal cancer activity in animals. In addition, profile of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant, proinflammatory cytokines and tumour promotion marker also favours the anticancer property of silver nanoparticles. CONCLUSION The data of current study reveals silver nanoparticles ameliorates renal oxidative stress and carcinogenesis which was induced by N-diethylnitrosamine and accredited to antioxidant and anticancer activities of phytofabricated nanoparticles by biological approach.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid
- AgNO3, silver nitrate
- AgNPs, silver nanoparticles
- BUN, blood urea nitrogen
- CC, carissa carandas
- CCAgNPs, silver nanoparticles of carissa carandas aqueous extract
- CDNB, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene
- Carissa carandas embedded silver nanoparticles
- DEN, diethylnitrosamine
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- DMN, dimethylnitrosamine
- DMSO, dimethyl sulphoxide
- FE-SEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy
- GGT, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase
- GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GR, glutathione reductase activity
- GSH, glutathione
- GST, glutathione –S- Transferase
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- IAEC, institutional animal ethical committee
- LDH, lactate dehydrogenase
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- NF-κB pathway
- NPs, nanoparticles
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Renal carcinoma
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- XO, xanthine oxidase
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Deepak Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
| | - Amita Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, 211007, India
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13
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Oguro A, Shigeta T, Machida K, Suzuki T, Iwamoto T, Matsufuji S, Imataka H. Translation efficiency affects the sequence-independent +1 ribosomal frameshifting by polyamines. J Biochem 2020; 168:139-149. [PMID: 32181810 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antizyme (AZ) interacts with ornithine decarboxylase, which catalyzes the first step of polyamine biosynthesis and recruits it to the proteasome for degradation. Synthesizing the functional AZ protein requires transition of the reading frame at the termination codon. This programmed +1 ribosomal frameshifting is induced by polyamines, but the molecular mechanism is still unknown. In this study, we explored the mechanism of polyamine-dependent +1 frameshifting using a human cell-free translation system. Unexpectedly, spermidine induced +1 frameshifting in the mutants replacing the termination codon at the shift site with a sense codon. Truncation experiments showed that +1 frameshifting occurred promiscuously in various positions of the AZ sequence. The probability of this sequence-independent +1 frameshifting increased in proportion to the length of the open reading frame. Furthermore, the +1 frameshifting was induced in some sequences other than the AZ gene in a polyamine-dependent manner. These findings suggest that polyamines have the potential to shift the reading frame in the +1 direction in any sequence. Finally, we showed that the probability of the sequence-independent +1 frameshifting by polyamines is likely inversely correlated with translation efficiency. Based on these results, we propose a model of the molecular mechanism for AZ +1 frameshifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Oguro
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Shigeta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
| | - Kodai Machida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
| | - Takeo Iwamoto
- Core Research Facilities for Basic Science (Molecular Cell Biology), The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Senya Matsufuji
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8 Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imataka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji 671-2280, Japan
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14
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Zhang Z, Li H, Li W, Feng Y, Hu Z, Zhou S, Zhang N, Peng Y, Zheng J. Evidence for Polyamine, Biogenic Amine, and Amino Acid Adduction Resulting from Metabolic Activation of Diosbulbin B. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1761-1769. [PMID: 32515193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DBL), a traditional Chinese medicine, is a well-known herb with hepatotoxicity, and the biochemical mechanisms of the toxic action remain unknown. Diosbulbin B (DSB), a major component of DBL, can induce severer liver injury which requires cytochrome P450-catalyzed oxidation of the furan ring. It is reported that a cis-enedial reactive intermediate resulting from metabolic activation of DSB can react with thiols and amines to form pyrrole or pyrroline derivatives. In this study, we investigated the interaction of the reactive intermediate with polyamines, biogenic amines, and amino acids involved in the polyamine metabolic pathway, including putrescine, spermidine, spermine, histamine, arginine, ornithine, lysine, glutamine, and asparagine. Seven DSB-derived amine adducts were detected in microsomal incubations supplemented with DSB and individual amines. Six adducts were observed in cultured rat primary hepatocytes after exposure to DSB. DSB was found to induce apoptosis and cell death in time- and concentration-dependent manners. Apparently, the observed apoptosis was associated with the detected amine adduction. The findings facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic action of DSB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hui Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Wei Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukun Feng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zixia Hu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Shenzhi Zhou
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.,State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guiyang, Guizhou 550004, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P. R. China
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15
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Fan J, Feng Z, Chen N. Spermidine as a target for cancer therapy. Pharmacol Res 2020; 159:104943. [PMID: 32461185 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spermidine, as a natural component from polyamine members, is originally isolated from semen and also existed in many natural plants, and can be responsible for cell growth and development in eukaryotes. The supplementation of spermidine can extend health and lifespan across species. Although the elevated levels of polyamines and the regulation of rate-limiting enzymes for polyamine metabolism have been identified as the biomarkers in many cancers, recent epidemiological data support that an increased uptake of spermidine as a caloric restriction mimic can reduce overall mortality associated with cancers. The possible mechanisms between spermidine and cancer development may be related to the precise regulation of polyamine metabolism, anti-cancer immunosurveillance, autophagy, and apoptosis. Increased intake of polyamine seems to suppress tumorigenesis, but appears to accelerate the growth of established tumors. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumor growth, spermidine could be a rational target for chemoprevention and clinical therapeutics of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Fan
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ziyuan Feng
- Graduate School, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, Hubei Key Laboratory of Exercise Training and Monitoring, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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16
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Massaro C, Thomas J, Ikhlef H, Dinara S, Cronk S, Moots H, Phanstiel O. Serendipitous Discovery of Leucine and Methionine Depletion Agents during the Search for Polyamine Transport Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2020; 63:2814-2832. [PMID: 32069402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Targeting polyamine metabolism is a proven anticancer strategy. Cancers often escape the polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors by increased polyamine import. Therefore, there is much interest in identifying polyamine transport inhibitors (PTIs) to be used in combination therapies. In a search for new PTIs, we serendipitously discovered a LAT-1 efflux agonist, which induces intracellular depletion of methionine, leucine, spermidine, and spermine, but not putrescine. Because S-adenosylmethioninamine is made from methionine, a loss of intracellular methionine leads to an inability to biosynthesize spermidine, and spermine. Importantly, we found that this methionine-depletion approach to polyamine depletion could not be rescued by exogenous polyamines, thereby obviating the need for a PTI. Using 3H-leucine (the gold standard for LAT-1 transport studies) and JPH-203 (a specific LAT-1 inhibitor), we showed that the efflux agonist did not inhibit the uptake of extracellular leucine but instead facilitated the efflux of intracellular leucine pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Massaro
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Jenna Thomas
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Houssine Ikhlef
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Sharifa Dinara
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Sara Cronk
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Holly Moots
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
| | - Otto Phanstiel
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida 12722 Research Parkway Orlando, Florida 32827, United States
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17
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Hanner AS, Dunworth M, Casero RA, MacDiarmid CW, Park MH. Elevation of cellular Mg 2+ levels by the Mg 2+ transporter, Alr1, supports growth of polyamine-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:17131-17142. [PMID: 31548311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamines putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are required for normal eukaryotic cellular functions. However, the minimum requirement for polyamines varies widely, ranging from very high concentrations (mm) in mammalian cells to extremely low in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae Yeast strains deficient in polyamine biosynthesis (spe1Δ, lacking ornithine decarboxylase, and spe2Δ, lacking SAM decarboxylase) require externally supplied polyamines, but supplementation with as little as 10-8 m spermidine restores their growth. Here, we report that culturing a spe1Δ mutant or a spe2Δ mutant in a standard polyamine-free minimal medium (SDC) leads to marked increases in cellular Mg2+ content. To determine which yeast Mg2+ transporter mediated this increase, we generated mutant strains with a deletion of SPE1 or SPE2 combined with a deletion of one of the three Mg2+ transporter genes, ALR1, ALR2, and MNR2, known to maintain cytosolic Mg2+ concentration. Neither Alr2 nor Mnr2 was required for increased Mg2+ accumulation, as all four double mutants (spe1Δ alr2Δ, spe2Δ alr2Δ, spe1Δ mnr2Δ, and spe2Δ mnr2Δ) exhibited significant Mg2+ accumulation upon polyamine depletion. In contrast, a spe2Δ alr1Δ double mutant cultured in SDC exhibited little increase in Mg2+ content and displayed severe growth defects compared with single mutants alr1Δ and spe2Δ under polyamine-deficient conditions. These findings indicate that Alr1 is required for the up-regulation of the Mg2+ content in polyamine-depleted cells and suggest that elevated Mg2+ can support growth of polyamine-deficient S. cerevisiae mutants. Up-regulation of cellular polyamine content in a Mg2+-deficient alr1Δ mutant provided further evidence for a cross-talk between Mg2+ and polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh S Hanner
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Matthew Dunworth
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Colin W MacDiarmid
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Myung Hee Park
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Section, NIDCR, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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18
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Hou Y, He W, Hu S, Wu G. Composition of polyamines and amino acids in plant-source foods for human consumption. Amino Acids 2019; 51:1153-1165. [PMID: 31197570 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-019-02751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Dietary polyamines and amino acids (AAs) are crucial for human growth, development, reproduction, and health. However, the scientific literature shows large variations in polyamine and AA concentrations among major staple foods of plant origin, and there is a scarcity of information regarding their complete composition of AAs. To provide a much-needed database, we quantified polyamines, agmatine, and AAs in select plant-source foods. On the dry matter basis, total polyamines were most abundant in corn grains, followed by soybeans, sweet potatoes, pistachio nuts, potatoes, peanuts, wheat flour and white rice in descending order. Glutamine was the most abundant AA in pistachio nuts, wheat flour and white rice, arginine in peanuts, leucine in corn grains, glutamate in soybeans, and asparagine in potatoes and sweet potatoes. Glutamine was the second most abundant AA in corn grains, peanuts, potatoes, and soybeans, arginine in pistachio nuts, proline in wheat flour, and glutamate in sweet potatoes and white rice. Free AAs represented ≤ 3.1% of total AAs in corn grains, peanuts, pistachio nuts, soybeans, wheat flour and white rice, but 34.4% and 28.5% in potatoes and sweet potatoes, respectively. Asparagine accounted for 32.3%, 17.5%, and 19.4% of total free AAs in potatoes, sweet potatoes, and white rice, respectively. The content of histidine, glycine, lysine, tryptophan, methionine, cysteine, and threonine was relatively low in corn grains, potatoes, sweet potatoes, and white rice. All of the analyzed plant-source foods lacked taurine, creatine, carnosine and anserine (antioxidants that are abundant in meats and also present in milk), and contained little 4-hydroxyproline. Proper proportions of plant- and animal-source products are likely most desirable for optimizing human nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing Hou
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Animal Nutrition and Gut Health, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wenliang He
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Shengdi Hu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science and Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Advances in our understanding of the metabolism and molecular functions of polyamines and their alterations in cancer have led to resurgence in the interest of targeting polyamine metabolism as an anticancer strategy. Increasing knowledge of the interplay between polyamine metabolism and other cancer-driving pathways, including the PTEN-PI3K-mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), WNT signalling and RAS pathways, suggests potential combination therapies that will have considerable clinical promise. Additionally, an expanding number of promising clinical trials with agents targeting polyamines for both therapy and prevention are ongoing. New insights into molecular mechanisms linking dysregulated polyamine catabolism and carcinogenesis suggest additional strategies that can be used for cancer prevention in at-risk individuals. In addition, polyamine blocking therapy, a strategy that combines the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with the simultaneous blockade of polyamine transport, can be more effective than therapies based on polyamine depletion alone and may involve an antitumour immune response. These findings open up new avenues of research into exploiting aberrant polyamine metabolism for anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Casero
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Tracy Murray Stewart
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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20
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Rasila T, Saavalainen O, Attalla H, Lankila P, Haglund C, Hölttä E, Andersson LC. Astroprincin (FAM171A1, C10orf38): A Regulator of Human Cell Shape and Invasive Growth. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:177-189. [PMID: 30312582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our group originally found and cloned cDNA for a 98-kDa type 1 transmembrane glycoprotein of unknown function. Because of its abundant expression in astrocytes, it was called the protein astroprincin (APCN). Two thirds of the evolutionarily conserved protein is intracytoplasmic, whereas the extracellular domain carries two N-glycosidic side chains. APCN is physiologically expressed in placental trophoblasts, skeletal and hearth muscle, and kidney and pancreas. Overexpression of APCN (cDNA) in various cell lines induced sprouting of slender projections, whereas knockdown of APCN expression by siRNA caused disappearance of actin stress fibers. Immunohistochemical staining of human cancers for endogenous APCN showed elevated expression in invasive tumor cells compared with intratumoral cells. Human melanoma cells (SK-MEL-28) transfected with APCN cDNA acquired the ability of invasive growth in semisolid medium (Matrigel) not seen with control cells. A conserved carboxyterminal stretch of 21 amino acids was found to be essential for APCN to induce cell sprouting and invasive growth. Yeast two-hybrid screening revealed several interactive partners, of which ornithine decarboxylase antizyme-1, NEEP21 (NSG1), and ADAM10 were validated by coimmunoprecipitation. This is the first functional description of APCN. These data show that APCN regulates the dynamics of the actin cytoskeletal and, thereby, the cell shape and invasive growth potential of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Rasila
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Saavalainen
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hesham Attalla
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri Lankila
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Research Programs Unit, Translational Cancer Biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erkki Hölttä
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leif C Andersson
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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21
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Casero RA. Targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor/polyamine biosynthesis axis of evil for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:4254-4256. [PMID: 30198903 DOI: 10.1172/jci123266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamine metabolic pathway has been considered a rational target for antineoplastic therapy since it was discovered that polyamines are absolute requirements for tumor initiation, growth, and, in some instances, survival. Although several promising preclinical studies have demonstrated the critical nature of polyamines for tumor growth, the clinical success of agents targeting polyamine metabolism have been lacking. In the accompanying article, Bianchi-Smiraglia et al. identify both a new target and new drug that inhibits polyamine biosynthesis, reduces intracellular polyamines, and inhibits the growth of several models of human multiple myeloma. These results are both intriguing and provide promise for moving such a strategy to the clinic.
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22
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Lane DJR, Bae DH, Siafakas AR, Suryo Rahmanto Y, Al-Akra L, Jansson PJ, Casero RA, Richardson DR. Coupling of the polyamine and iron metabolism pathways in the regulation of proliferation: Mechanistic links to alterations in key polyamine biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2793-2813. [PMID: 29777905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many biological processes result from the coupling of metabolic pathways. Considering this, proliferation depends on adequate iron and polyamines, and although iron-depletion impairs proliferation, the metabolic link between iron and polyamine metabolism has never been thoroughly investigated. This is important to decipher, as many disease states demonstrate co-dysregulation of iron and polyamine metabolism. Herein, for the first time, we demonstrate that cellular iron levels robustly regulate 13 polyamine pathway proteins. Seven of these were regulated in a conserved manner by iron-depletion across different cell-types, with four proteins being down-regulated (i.e., acireductone dioxygenase 1 [ADI1], methionine adenosyltransferase 2α [MAT2α], Antizyme and polyamine oxidase [PAOX]) and three proteins being up-regulated (i.e., S-adenosyl methionine decarboxylase [AMD1], Antizyme inhibitor 1 [AZIN1] and spermidine/spermine-N1-acetyltransferase 1 [SAT1]). Depletion of iron also markedly decreased polyamine pools (i.e., spermidine and/or spermine, but not putrescine). Accordingly, iron-depletion also decreased S-adenosylmethionine that is essential for spermidine/spermine biosynthesis. Iron-depletion additionally reduced 3H-spermidine uptake in direct agreement with the lowered levels of the polyamine importer, SLC22A16. Regarding mechanism, the "reprogramming" of polyamine metabolism by iron-depletion is consistent with the down-regulation of ADI1 and MAT2α, and the up-regulation of SAT1. Moreover, changes in ADI1 (biosynthetic) and SAT1 (catabolic) partially depended on the iron-regulated changes in c-Myc and/or p53. The ability of iron chelators to inhibit proliferation was rescuable by putrescine and spermidine, and under some conditions by spermine. Collectively, iron and polyamine metabolism are intimately coupled, which has significant ramifications for understanding the integrated role of iron and polyamine metabolism in proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius J R Lane
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Kenneth Myer Building, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Dong-Hun Bae
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Aritee R Siafakas
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yohan Suryo Rahmanto
- Department of Pathology and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Lina Al-Akra
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Patric J Jansson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Robert A Casero
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Des R Richardson
- Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia; Department of Pathology and Biological Responses, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
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23
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Ivanov IP, Shin BS, Loughran G, Tzani I, Young-Baird SK, Cao C, Atkins JF, Dever TE. Polyamine Control of Translation Elongation Regulates Start Site Selection on Antizyme Inhibitor mRNA via Ribosome Queuing. Mol Cell 2018; 70:254-264.e6. [PMID: 29677493 PMCID: PMC5916843 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Translation initiation is typically restricted to AUG codons, and scanning eukaryotic ribosomes inefficiently recognize near-cognate codons. We show that queuing of scanning ribosomes behind a paused elongating ribosome promotes initiation at upstream weak start sites. Ribosomal profiling reveals polyamine-dependent pausing of elongating ribosomes on a conserved Pro-Pro-Trp (PPW) motif in an inhibitory non-AUG-initiated upstream conserved coding region (uCC) of the antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1) mRNA, encoding a regulator of cellular polyamine synthesis. Mutation of the PPW motif impairs initiation at the uCC's upstream near-cognate AUU start site and derepresses AZIN1 synthesis, whereas substitution of alternate elongation pause sequences restores uCC translation. Impairing ribosome loading reduces uCC translation and paradoxically derepresses AZIN1 synthesis. Finally, we identify the translation factor eIF5A as a sensor and effector for polyamine control of uCC translation. We propose that stalling of elongating ribosomes triggers queuing of scanning ribosomes and promotes initiation by positioning a ribosome near the start codon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivaylo P Ivanov
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT57, Ireland.
| | - Byung-Sik Shin
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gary Loughran
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Ioanna Tzani
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Sara K Young-Baird
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chune Cao
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John F Atkins
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT57, Ireland
| | - Thomas E Dever
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Abstract
Clinical practice and experimental studies have shown the necessity of sufficient quantities of folic acid intake for normal embryogenesis and fetal development in the prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) and neurological malformations. So, women of childbearing age must be sure to have an adequate folate intake periconceptionally, prior to and during pregnancy. Folic acid fortification of all enriched cereal grain product flour has been implemented in many countries. Thus, hundreds of thousands of people have been exposed to an increased intake of folic acid. Folate plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of methionine. Methionine is the principal aminopropyl donor required for polyamine biosynthesis, which is up-regulated in actively growing cells, including cancer cells. Folates are important in RNA and DNA synthesis, DNA stability and integrity. Clinical and epidemiological evidence links folate deficiency to DNA damage and cancer. On the other hand, long-term folate oversupplementation leads to adverse toxic effects, resulting in the appearance of malignancy. Considering the relationship of polyamines and rapidly proliferating tissues (especially cancers), there is a need for better investigation of the relationship between the ingestion of high amounts of folic acid in food supplementation and polyamine metabolism, related to malignant processes in the human body.
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25
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Lambertos A, Ramos-Molina B, Cerezo D, López-Contreras AJ, Peñafiel R. The mouse Gm853 gene encodes a novel enzyme: Leucine decarboxylase. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:365-376. [PMID: 29108956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of polyamines. ODC-antizyme inhibitors (AZINs) are homologous proteins of ODC, devoid of enzymatic activity but acting as regulators of polyamine levels. The last paralogue gene recently incorporated into the ODC/AZINs family is the murine Gm853, which is located in the same chromosome as AZIN2, and whose biochemical function is still unknown. By means of transfection assays of HEK293T cells with a plasmid containing the coding region of Gm853, we show here that unlike ODC, GM853 was a stable protein that was not able to decarboxylate l-ornithine or l-lysine and that did not act as an antizyme inhibitor. However, GM853 showed leucine decarboxylase activity, an enzymatic activity never described in animal cells, and by acting on l-leucine (Km=7.03×10-3M) it produced isopentylamine, an aliphatic monoamine with unknown function. The other physiological branched-chain amino acids, l-valine and l-isoleucine were poor substrates of the enzyme. Gm853 expression was mainly detected in the kidney, and as Odc, it was stimulated by testosterone. The conservation of Gm853 orthologues in different mammalian species, including primates, underlines the possible biological significance of this new enzyme. In this study, we describe for the first time a mammalian enzyme with leucine decarboxylase activity, therefore proposing that the gene Gm853 and its protein product should be named as leucine decarboxylase (Ldc, LDC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - David Cerezo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrés J López-Contreras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Spain; Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria (IMIB), Murcia, Spain.
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26
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Dinan AM, Atkins JF, Firth AE. ASXL gain-of-function truncation mutants: defective and dysregulated forms of a natural ribosomal frameshifting product? Biol Direct 2017; 12:24. [PMID: 29037253 PMCID: PMC5644247 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-017-0195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) is a gene expression mechanism which enables the translation of two N-terminally coincident, C-terminally distinct protein products from a single mRNA. Many viruses utilize PRF to control or regulate gene expression, but very few phylogenetically conserved examples are known in vertebrate genes. Additional sex combs-like (ASXL) genes 1 and 2 encode important epigenetic and transcriptional regulatory proteins that control the expression of homeotic genes during key developmental stages. Here we describe an ~150-codon overlapping ORF (termed TF) in ASXL1 and ASXL2 that, with few exceptions, is conserved throughout vertebrates. RESULTS Conservation of the TF ORF, strong suppression of synonymous site variation in the overlap region, and the completely conserved presence of an EH[N/S]Y motif (a known binding site for Host Cell Factor-1, HCF-1, an epigenetic regulatory factor), all indicate that TF is a protein-coding sequence. A highly conserved UCC_UUU_CGU sequence (identical to the known site of +1 ribosomal frameshifting for influenza virus PA-X expression) occurs at the 5' end of the region of enhanced synonymous site conservation in ASXL1. Similarly, a highly conserved RG_GUC_UCU sequence (identical to a known site of -2 ribosomal frameshifting for arterivirus nsp2TF expression) occurs at the 5' end of the region of enhanced synonymous site conservation in ASXL2. CONCLUSIONS Due to a lack of appropriate splice forms, or initiation sites, the most plausible mechanism for translation of the ASXL1 and 2 TF regions is ribosomal frameshifting, resulting in a transframe fusion of the N-terminal half of ASXL1 or 2 to the TF product, termed ASXL-TF. Truncation or frameshift mutants of ASXL are linked to myeloid malignancies and genetic diseases, such as Bohring-Opitz syndrome, likely at least in part as a result of gain-of-function or dominant-negative effects. Our hypothesis now indicates that these disease-associated mutant forms represent overexpressed defective versions of ASXL-TF. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Laurence Hurst and Eugene Koonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Dinan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - John F Atkins
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, T12 YT57, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, Division of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK.
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27
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Characterization of an androgen-responsive, ornithine decarboxylase-related protein in mouse kidney. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170163. [PMID: 28607032 PMCID: PMC5518511 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated and characterized a novel ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) related protein (ODCrp) also annotated as gm853. ODCrp shows 41% amino acid sequence identity with ODC and 38% with ODC antizyme inhibitor 1 (AZIN1). The Odcrp gene is selectively expressed in the epithelium of proximal tubuli of mouse kidney with higher expression in males than in females. Like Odc in mouse kidney, Odcrp is also androgen responsive with androgen receptor (AR)-binding loci within its regulatory region. ODCrp forms homodimers but does not heterodimerize with ODC. Although ODCrp contains 20 amino acid residues known to be necessary for the catalytic activity of ODC, no decarboxylase activity could be found with ornithine, lysine or arginine as substrates. ODCrp does not function as an AZIN, as it neither binds ODC antizyme 1 (OAZ1) nor prevents OAZ-mediated inactivation and degradation of ODC. ODCrp itself is degraded via ubiquination and mutation of Cys363 (corresponding to Cys360 of ODC) appears to destabilize the protein. Evidence for a function of ODCrp was found in ODC assays on lysates from transfected Cos-7 cells where ODCrp repressed the activity of endogenous ODC while Cys363Ala mutated ODCrp increased the enzymatic activity of endogenous ODC.
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28
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Khatibi S, Zhu HJ, Wagner J, Tan CW, Manton JH, Burgess AW. Mathematical model of TGF-βsignalling: feedback coupling is consistent with signal switching. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:48. [PMID: 28407804 PMCID: PMC5390422 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0421-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signalling regulates the development of embryos and tissue homeostasis in adults. In conjunction with other oncogenic changes, long-term perturbation of TGF-β signalling is associated with cancer metastasis. Although TGF-β signalling can be complex, many of the signalling components are well defined, so it is possible to develop mathematical models of TGF-β signalling using reduction and scaling methods. The parameterization of our TGF-β signalling model is consistent with experimental data. Results We developed our mathematical model for the TGF-β signalling pathway, i.e. the RF- model of TGF-β signalling, using the “rapid equilibrium assumption” to reduce the network of TGF-β signalling reactions based on the time scales of the individual reactions. By adding time-delayed positive feedback to the inherent time-delayed negative feedback for TGF-β signalling. We were able to simulate the sigmoidal, switch-like behaviour observed for the concentration dependence of long-term (> 3 hours) TGF-β stimulation. Computer simulations revealed the vital role of the coupling of the positive and negative feedback loops on the regulation of the TGF-β signalling system. The incorporation of time-delays for the negative feedback loop improved the accuracy, stability and robustness of the model. This model reproduces both the short-term and long-term switching responses for the intracellular signalling pathways at different TGF-β concentrations. We have tested the model against experimental data from MEF (mouse embryonic fibroblasts) WT, SV40-immortalized MEFs and Gp130 F/F MEFs. The predictions from the RF- model are consistent with the experimental data. Conclusions Signalling feedback loops are required to model TGF-β signal transduction and its effects on normal and cancer cells. We focus on the effects of time-delayed feedback loops and their coupling to ligand stimulation in this system. The model was simplified and reduced to its key components using standard methods and the rapid equilibrium assumption. We detected differences in short-term and long-term signal switching. The results from the RF- model compare well with experimental data and predict the dynamics of TGF-β signalling in cancer cells with different mutations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0421-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Khatibi
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Hong-Jian Zhu
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, 87 Grattan Street, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,IBM Research-Australia, 204 Lygon Street Level 5, Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan H Manton
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- Department of Surgery (RMH), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3050, Australia. .,The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research (WEHI), 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
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29
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Acosta-Andrade C, Artetxe I, Lete MG, Monasterio BG, Ruiz-Mirazo K, Goñi FM, Sánchez-Jiménez F. Polyamine-RNA-membrane interactions: From the past to the future in biology. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:173-181. [PMID: 28456048 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic polyamines (PAs), spermine, spermidine and putrescine are widely spread amino acid derivatives, present in living cells throughout the whole evolutionary scale. Their amino groups confer them a marked basic character at the cellular pH. We have tested the interaction of PAs with negatively-charged phospholipids in the absence and presence of nucleic acids (tRNA was mainly used for practical reasons). PAs induced aggregation of lipid vesicles containing acidic phospholipids. Aggregation was detected using both spectroscopic and fluorescence microscopy methods (the latter with giant unilamellar vesicles). PA-liposome complexes were partially disaggregated when nucleic acids were added to the mixture, indicating a competition between lipids and nucleic acids for PAs in a multiple equilibrium phenomenon. Equivalent observations could be made when vesicles composed of oleic acid and 1-decanol (1:1mol ratio) were used instead of phospholipid liposomes. The data could evoke putative primitive processes of proto-biotic evolution. At the other end of the time scale, this system may be at the basis of an interesting tool in the development of nanoscale drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Acosta-Andrade
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, and Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ibai Artetxe
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Marta G Lete
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Bingen G Monasterio
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Kepa Ruiz-Mirazo
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Department of Logic and Philosophy of Science, University of the Basque Country, Donostia, Spain
| | - Félix M Goñi
- Biofisika Institute (CSIC, UPV/EHU), and Department of Biochemistry, University of the Basque Country, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Francisca Sánchez-Jiménez
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Malaga, and Unit 741 of CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, Málaga, Spain.
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30
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Atkins JF, Loughran G, Bhatt PR, Firth AE, Baranov PV. Ribosomal frameshifting and transcriptional slippage: From genetic steganography and cryptography to adventitious use. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:7007-78. [PMID: 27436286 PMCID: PMC5009743 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic decoding is not ‘frozen’ as was earlier thought, but dynamic. One facet of this is frameshifting that often results in synthesis of a C-terminal region encoded by a new frame. Ribosomal frameshifting is utilized for the synthesis of additional products, for regulatory purposes and for translational ‘correction’ of problem or ‘savior’ indels. Utilization for synthesis of additional products occurs prominently in the decoding of mobile chromosomal element and viral genomes. One class of regulatory frameshifting of stable chromosomal genes governs cellular polyamine levels from yeasts to humans. In many cases of productively utilized frameshifting, the proportion of ribosomes that frameshift at a shift-prone site is enhanced by specific nascent peptide or mRNA context features. Such mRNA signals, which can be 5′ or 3′ of the shift site or both, can act by pairing with ribosomal RNA or as stem loops or pseudoknots even with one component being 4 kb 3′ from the shift site. Transcriptional realignment at slippage-prone sequences also generates productively utilized products encoded trans-frame with respect to the genomic sequence. This too can be enhanced by nucleic acid structure. Together with dynamic codon redefinition, frameshifting is one of the forms of recoding that enriches gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Atkins
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Gary Loughran
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pramod R Bhatt
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Pavel V Baranov
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Expression of ODC Antizyme Inhibitor 2 (AZIN2) in Human Secretory Cells and Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151175. [PMID: 26963840 PMCID: PMC4786150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antizyme inhibitor 2 (AZIN2), originally called ODCp, is a regulator of polyamine synthesis that we originally identified and cloned. High expression of ODCp mRNA was found in brain and testis. We reported that AZIN2 is involved in regulation of cellular vesicle transport and / or secretion, but the ultimate physiological role(s) of AZIN2 is still poorly understood. In this study we used a peptide antibody (K3) to human AZIN2 and by immunohistochemistry mapped its expression in various normal tissues. We found high expression in the nervous system, in type 2 pneumocytes in the lung, in megakaryocytes, in gastric parietal cells co-localized with H,K-ATPase beta subunit, in selected enteroendocrine cells, in acinar cells of sweat glands, in podocytes, in macula densa cells and epithelium of collecting ducts in the kidney. The high expression of AZIN2 in various cells with secretory or vesicle transport activity indicates that the polyamine metabolism regulated by AZIN2 is more significantly involved in these events than previously appreciated.
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Nowotarski SL, Feith DJ, Shantz LM. Skin Carcinogenesis Studies Using Mouse Models with Altered Polyamines. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2015; 8:17-27. [PMID: 26380554 PMCID: PMC4558889 DOI: 10.4137/cgm.s21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is a major health concern worldwide. With increasing numbers in high-risk groups such as organ transplant recipients and patients taking photosensitizing medications, the incidence of NMSC continues to rise. Mouse models of NMSC allow us to better understand the molecular signaling cascades involved in skin tumor development in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies. Here we review the models designed to determine the role of the polyamines in NMSC development and maintenance. Elevated polyamines are absolutely required for tumor growth, and dysregulation of their biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes has been observed in NMSC. Studies using mice with genetic alterations in epidermal polyamines suggest that they play key roles in tumor promotion and epithelial cell survival pathways, and recent clinical trials indicate that pharmacological inhibitors of polyamine metabolism show promise in individuals at high risk for NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L Nowotarski
- Department of Biochemistry, The Pennsylvania State University Berks College, Reading, PA, USA
| | - David J Feith
- University of Virginia Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Lisa M Shantz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Rajput B, Murphy TD, Pruitt KD. RefSeq curation and annotation of antizyme and antizyme inhibitor genes in vertebrates. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:7270-9. [PMID: 26170238 PMCID: PMC4551939 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous cations that are involved in regulating fundamental cellular processes such as cell growth and proliferation; hence, their intracellular concentration is tightly regulated. Antizyme and antizyme inhibitor have a central role in maintaining cellular polyamine levels. Antizyme is unique in that it is expressed via a novel programmed ribosomal frameshifting mechanism. Conventional computational tools are unable to predict a programmed frameshift, resulting in misannotation of antizyme transcripts and proteins on transcript and genomic sequences. Correct annotation of a programmed frameshifting event requires manual evaluation. Our goal was to provide an accurately curated and annotated Reference Sequence (RefSeq) data set of antizyme transcript and protein records across a broad taxonomic scope that would serve as standards for accurate representation of these gene products. As antizyme and antizyme inhibitor proteins are functionally connected, we also curated antizyme inhibitor genes to more fully represent the elegant biology of polyamine regulation. Manual review of genes for three members of the antizyme family and two members of the antizyme inhibitor family in 91 vertebrate organisms resulted in a total of 461 curated RefSeq records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Rajput
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
| | - Kim D Pruitt
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA
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Yordanova MM, Wu C, Andreev DE, Sachs MS, Atkins JF. A Nascent Peptide Signal Responsive to Endogenous Levels of Polyamines Acts to Stimulate Regulatory Frameshifting on Antizyme mRNA. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17863-17878. [PMID: 25998126 PMCID: PMC4505036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.647065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein antizyme is a negative regulator of cellular polyamine concentrations from yeast to mammals. Synthesis of functional antizyme requires programmed +1 ribosomal frameshifting at the 3′ end of the first of two partially overlapping ORFs. The frameshift is the sensor and effector in an autoregulatory circuit. Except for Saccharomyces cerevisiae antizyme mRNA, the frameshift site alone only supports low levels of frameshifting. The high levels usually observed depend on the presence of cis-acting stimulatory elements located 5′ and 3′ of the frameshift site. Antizyme genes from different evolutionary branches have evolved different stimulatory elements. Prior and new multiple alignments of fungal antizyme mRNA sequences from the Agaricomycetes class of Basidiomycota show a distinct pattern of conservation 5′ of the frameshift site consistent with a function at the amino acid level. As shown here when tested in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and mammalian HEK293T cells, the 5′ part of this conserved sequence acts at the nascent peptide level to stimulate the frameshifting, without involving stalling detectable by toe-printing. However, the peptide is only part of the signal. The 3′ part of the stimulator functions largely independently and acts at least mostly at the nucleotide level. When polyamine levels were varied, the stimulatory effect was seen to be especially responsive in the endogenous polyamine concentration range, and this effect may be more general. A conserved RNA secondary structure 3′ of the frameshift site has weaker stimulatory and polyamine sensitizing effects on frameshifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina M Yordanova
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Cheng Wu
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3258
| | - Dmitry E Andreev
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Matthew S Sachs
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3258
| | - John F Atkins
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5330.
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Ray RM, Bhattacharya S, Bavaria MN, Viar MJ, Johnson LR. Antizyme (AZ) regulates intestinal cell growth independent of polyamines. Amino Acids 2014; 46:2231-9. [PMID: 24930035 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1777-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since antizyme (AZ) is known to inhibit cell proliferation and to increase apoptosis, the question arises as to whether these effects occur independently of polyamines. Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) were grown in control medium and medium containing 5 mM difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) to inhibit ODC, DFMO + 5 µM spermidine (SPD), DFMO + 5 µM spermine (SPM), or DFMO + 10 µM putrescine (PUT) for 4 days and various parameters of growth were measured along with AZ levels. Cell counts were significantly decreased and mean doubling times were significantly increased by DFMO. Putrescine restored growth in the presence of DFMO. However, both SPD and SPM when added with DFMO caused a much greater inhibition of growth than did DFMO alone, and both of these polyamines caused a dramatic increase in AZ. The addition of SPD or SPM to media containing DFMO + PUT significantly inhibited growth and caused a significant increase in AZ. IEC-6 cells transfected with AZ-siRNA grew more than twice as rapidly as either control cells or those incubated with DFMO, indicating that removal of AZ increases growth in cells in which polyamine synthesis is inhibited as well as in control cells. In a separate experiment, the addition of SPD increased AZ levels and inhibited growth of cells incubated with DFMO by 50%. The addition of 10 mM asparagine (ASN) prevented the increase in AZ and restored growth to control levels. These results show that cell growth in the presence or absence of ODC activity and in the presence or absence of polyamines depends only on the levels of AZ. Therefore, the effects of AZ on cell growth are independent of polyamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh M Ray
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA,
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Abstract
Polyamines are ubiquitous and essential components of mammalian cells. They have multiple functions including critical roles in nucleic acid and protein synthesis, gene expression, protein function, protection from oxidative damage, the regulation of ion channels, and maintenance of the structure of cellular macromolecules. It is essential to maintain a correct level of polyamines, and this amount is tightly regulated at the levels of transport, synthesis, and degradation. Catabolic pathways generate reactive aldehydes including acrolein and hydrogen peroxide via a number of oxidases. These metabolites, particularly those from spermine, can cause significant toxicity with damage to proteins, DNA, and other cellular components. Their production can be increased as a result of infection or cell damage that releases free polyamines and activates the oxidative catabolic pathways. Since polyamines also have an important physiological role in protection from oxidative damage, the reduction in polyamine content may exacerbate the toxic potential of these agents. Increases in polyamine catabolism have been implicated in the development of diseases including stroke, other neurological diseases, renal failure, liver disease, and cancer. These results provide new opportunities for the early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Pegg
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Keinänen TA, Hyvönen MT, Alhonen L, Vepsäläinen J, Khomutov AR. Selective regulation of polyamine metabolism with methylated polyamine analogues. Amino Acids 2013; 46:605-20. [PMID: 24022706 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyamine metabolism is intimately linked to the physiological state of the cell. Low polyamines levels promote growth cessation, while increased concentrations are often associated with rapid proliferation or cancer. Delicately balanced biosynthesis, catabolism, uptake and excretion are very important for maintaining the intracellular polyamine homeostasis, and deregulated polyamine metabolism is associated with imbalanced metabolic red/ox state. Although many cellular targets of polyamines have been described, the precise molecular mechanisms in these interactions are largely unknown. Polyamines are readily interconvertible which complicate studies on the functions of the individual polyamines. Thus, non-metabolizable polyamine analogues, like carbon-methylated analogues, are needed to circumvent that problem. This review focuses on methylated putrescine, spermidine and spermine analogues in which at least one hydrogen atom attached to polyamine carbon backbone has been replaced by a methyl group. These analogues allow the regulation of both metabolic and catabolic fates of the parent molecule. Substituting the natural polyamines with methylated analogue(s) offers means to study either the functions of an individual polyamine or the effects of altered polyamine metabolism on cell physiology. In general, gem-dimethylated analogues are considered to be non-metabolizable by polyamine catabolizing enzymes spermidine/spermine-N¹-acetyltransferase and acetylpolyamine oxidase and they support short-term cellular proliferation in many experimental models. Monomethylation renders the analogues chiral, offering some advantage over gem-dimethylated analogues in the specific regulation of polyamine metabolism. Thus, methylated polyamine analogues are practical tools to meet existing biological challenges in solving the physiological functions of polyamines.
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Sánchez-Jiménez F, Ruiz-Pérez MV, Urdiales JL, Medina MA. Pharmacological potential of biogenic amine-polyamine interactions beyond neurotransmission. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:4-16. [PMID: 23347064 PMCID: PMC3764843 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Revised: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Histamine, serotonin and dopamine are biogenic amines involved in intercellular communication with multiple effects on human pathophysiology. They are products of two highly homologous enzymes, histidine decarboxylase and l-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and transmit their signals through different receptors and signal transduction mechanisms. Polyamines derived from ornithine (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) are mainly involved in intracellular effects related to cell proliferation and death mechanisms. This review summarizes structural and functional evidence for interactions between components of all these amine metabolic and signalling networks (decarboxylases, transporters, oxidases, receptors etc.) at cellular and tissue levels, distinct from nervous and neuroendocrine systems, where the crosstalk among these amine-related components can also have important pathophysiological consequences. The discussion highlights aspects that could help to predict and discuss the effects of intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Sánchez-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Spain.
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Chen J, Liu Q, Yang X, Wu X, Zhang D, He A, Zhan X. Characterization and immunolocalization of mutated ornithine decarboxylase antizyme from Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Li R, Chung ACK, Dong Y, Yang W, Zhong X, Lan HY. The microRNA miR-433 promotes renal fibrosis by amplifying the TGF-β/Smad3-Azin1 pathway. Kidney Int 2013; 84:1129-44. [PMID: 23868013 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The TGF-β/Smad3 pathway plays a major role in tissue fibrosis, but the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we identified microRNA miR-433 as an important component of TGF-β/Smad3-driven renal fibrosis. The miR-433 was upregulated following unilateral ureteral obstruction, a model of aggressive renal fibrosis. In vitro, overexpression of miR-433 enhanced TGF-β1-induced fibrosis, whereas knockdown of miR-433 suppressed this response. Furthermore, Smad3, but not Smad2, bound to the miR-433 promoter to induce its expression. Delivery of an miR-433 knockdown plasmid to the kidney by ultrasound microbubble-mediated gene transfer suppressed the induction and progression of fibrosis in the obstruction model. The antizyme inhibitor Azin1, an important regulator of polyamine synthesis, was identified as a target of miR-433. Overexpression of miR-433 suppressed Azin1 expression, while, in turn, Azin1 overexpression suppressed TGF-β signaling and the fibrotic response. Thus, miR-433 is an important component of TGF-β/Smad3-induced renal fibrosis through the induction of a positive feedback loop to amplify TGF-β/Smad3 signaling, and may be a potential therapeutic target in tissue fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- 1] Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China [2] Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China [3] Department of Nephrology, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Yunnan, China
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41
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Xiao Y, Nguyen S, Kim SH, Volkov OA, Tu BP, Phillips MA. Product feedback regulation implicated in translational control of the Trypanosoma brucei S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase regulatory subunit prozyme. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:846-61. [PMID: 23634831 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human African sleeping sickness (HAT) is caused by the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma brucei. Polyamine biosynthesis is an important drug target in the treatment of HAT. Previously we showed that trypanosomatid S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), a key enzyme for biosynthesis of the polyamine spermidine, is activated by heterodimer formation with an inactive paralogue termed prozyme. Furthermore, prozyme protein levels were regulated in response to reduced AdoMetDC activity. Herein we show that T. brucei encodes three prozyme transcripts. The 3'UTRs of these transcripts were mapped and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter constructs were used to identify a 1.2 kb region that contained a 3'UTR prozyme regulatory element sufficient to upregulate CAT protein levels (but not RNA) upon AdoMetDC inhibition, supporting the hypothesis that prozyme expression is regulated translationally. To gain insight into trans-acting factors, genetic rescue of AdoMetDC RNAi knock-down lines with human AdoMetDC was performed leading to rescue of the cell growth block, and restoration of prozyme protein to wild-type levels. Metabolite analysis showed that prozyme protein levels were inversely proportional to intracellular levels of decarboxylated AdoMet (dcAdoMet). These data suggest that prozyme translation may be regulated by dcAdoMet, a metabolite not previously identified to play a regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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Nguyen S, Jones DC, Wyllie S, Fairlamb AH, Phillips MA. Allosteric activation of trypanosomatid deoxyhypusine synthase by a catalytically dead paralog. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15256-67. [PMID: 23525104 PMCID: PMC3663545 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.461137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamine biosynthesis is a key drug target in African trypanosomes. The “resurrection drug” eflornithine (difluoromethylornithine), which is used clinically to treat human African trypanosomiasis, inhibits the first step in polyamine (spermidine) biosynthesis, a highly regulated pathway in most eukaryotic cells. Previously, we showed that activity of a key trypanosomatid spermidine biosynthetic enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, is regulated by heterodimer formation with a catalytically dead paralog (a prozyme). Here, we describe an expansion of this prozyme paradigm to the enzyme deoxyhypusine synthase, which is required for spermidine-dependent hypusine modification of a lysine residue in the essential translation factor eIF5A. Trypanosoma brucei encodes two deoxyhypusine synthase paralogs, one that is catalytically functional but grossly impaired, and the other is inactive. Co-expression in Escherichia coli results in heterotetramer formation with a 3000-fold increase in enzyme activity. This functional complex is also present in T. brucei, and conditional knock-out studies indicate that both DHS genes are essential for in vitro growth and infectivity in mice. The recurrent evolution of paralogous, catalytically dead enzyme-based activating mechanisms may be a consequence of the unusual gene expression in the parasites, which lack transcriptional regulation. Our results suggest that this mechanism may be more widely used by trypanosomatids to control enzyme activity and ultimately influence pathogenesis than currently appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041, USA
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Polyamines and cancer: implications for chemotherapy and chemoprevention. Expert Rev Mol Med 2013; 15:e3. [PMID: 23432971 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2013.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines are small organic cations that are essential for normal cell growth and development in eukaryotes. Under normal physiological conditions, intracellular polyamine concentrations are tightly regulated through a dynamic network of biosynthetic and catabolic enzymes, and a poorly characterised transport system. This precise regulation ensures that the intracellular concentration of polyamines is maintained within strictly controlled limits. It has frequently been observed that the metabolism of, and the requirement for, polyamines in tumours is frequently dysregulated. Elevated levels of polyamines have been associated with breast, colon, lung, prostate and skin cancers, and altered levels of rate-limiting enzymes in both biosynthesis and catabolism have been observed. Based on these observations and the absolute requirement for polyamines in tumour growth, the polyamine pathway is a rational target for chemoprevention and chemotherapeutics. Here we describe the recent advances made in the polyamine field and focus on the roles of polyamines and polyamine metabolism in neoplasia through a discussion of the current animal models for the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic strategies that target the polyamine pathway, chemotherapeutic clinical trials for polyamine pathway-specific drugs and ongoing clinical trials targeting polyamine biosynthesis.
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Structural insight into DFMO resistant ornithine decarboxylase from Entamoeba histolytica: an inkling to adaptive evolution. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53397. [PMID: 23326423 PMCID: PMC3543441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polyamine biosynthetic pathway is a validated therapeutic target for large number of infectious diseases including cancer, giardiasis and African sleeping sickness, etc. α-Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), a potent drug used for the treatment of African sleeping sickness is an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the first rate limiting enzyme of polyamine biosynthesis. The enzyme ODC of E. histolytica (EhODC) has been reported to exhibit resistance towards DFMO. Methodology/Principal Finding The basis for insensitivity towards DFMO was investigated by structural analysis of EhODC and conformational modifications at the active site. Here, we report cloning, purification and crystal structure determination of C-terminal truncated Entamoeba histolytica ornithine decarboxylase (EhODCΔ15). Structure was determined by molecular replacement method and refined to 2.8 Å resolution. The orthorhombic crystal exhibits P212121 symmetry with unit cell parameters a = 76.66, b = 119.28, c = 179.28 Å. Functional as well as evolutionary relations of EhODC with other ODC homologs were predicted on the basis of sequence analysis, phylogeny and structure. Conclusions/Significance We determined the tetrameric crystal structure of EhODCΔ15, which exists as a dimer in solution. Insensitivity towards DFMO is due to substitution of key substrate binding residues in active site pocket. Additionally, a few more substitutions similar to antizyme inhibitor (AZI), a non-functional homologue of ODCs, were identified in the active site. Here, we establish the fact that EhODC sequence has conserved PLP binding residues; in contrast few substrate binding residues are mutated similar to AZI. Further sequence analysis and structural studies revealed that EhODC may represent as an evolutionary bridge between active decarboxylase and inactive AZI.
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Feith DJ, Pegg AE, Fong LYY. Targeted expression of ornithine decarboxylase antizyme prevents upper aerodigestive tract carcinogenesis in p53-deficient mice. Carcinogenesis 2012; 34:570-6. [PMID: 23222816 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus are a significant global health burden, and there is an urgent need to develop relevant animal models to identify chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies to combat these diseases. Antizyme (AZ) is a multifunctional negative regulator of cellular polyamine levels, and here, we evaluate the susceptibility of keratin 5 (K5)-AZ transgenic mice to tumor models that combine chemical carcinogenesis with dietary and genetic risk factors known to influence human susceptibility to UADT cancer and promote UADT carcinogenesis in mice. First, p53(+/-) and K5-AZ/p53(+/-) (AZ/p53(+/-)) mice were placed on a zinc-deficient (ZD) or zinc-sufficient (ZS) diet and chronically exposed to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Tongue tumor incidence, multiplicity and size were substantially reduced in both ZD and ZS AZ/p53(+/-) mice compared with p53(+/-). AZ expression also reduced progression to carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma and decreased expression of the squamous cell carcinoma biomarkers K14, cyclooxygenase-2 and metallothionein. Next, AZ-expressing p53(+/-) and p53 null mice were placed on the ZD diet and treated with a single dose of N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine. Regardless of p53 status, forestomach (FST) tumor incidence, multiplicity and size were greatly reduced with AZ expression, which was also associated with a significant decrease in FST epithelial thickness along with reduced proliferation marker K6 and increased differentiation marker loricrin. These studies demonstrate the powerful tumor suppressive effects of targeted AZ expression in two distinct and unique mouse models and validate the polyamine metabolic pathway as a target for chemoprevention of UADT cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Feith
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Shi C, Cooper TK, McCloskey DE, Glick AB, Shantz LM, Feith DJ. S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase overexpression inhibits mouse skin tumor promotion. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1310-8. [PMID: 22610166 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neoplastic growth is associated with increased polyamine biosynthetic activity and content. Tumor promoter treatment induces the rate-limiting enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), and targeted ODC overexpression is sufficient for tumor promotion in initiated mouse skin. We generated a mouse model with doxycycline (Dox)-regulated AdoMetDC expression to determine the impact of this second rate-limiting enzyme on epithelial carcinogenesis. TetO-AdoMetDC (TAMD) transgenic founders were crossed with transgenic mice (K5-tTA) that express the tetracycline-regulated transcriptional activator within basal keratinocytes of the skin. Transgene expression in TAMD/K5-tTA mice was restricted to keratin 5 (K5) target tissues and silenced upon Dox treatment. AdoMetDC activity and its product, decarboxylated AdoMet, both increased approximately 8-fold in the skin. This enabled a redistribution of the polyamines that led to reduced putrescine, increased spermine, and an elevated spermine:spermidine ratio. Given the positive association between polyamine biosynthetic capacity and neoplastic growth, it was somewhat surprising to find that TAMD/K5-tTA mice developed significantly fewer tumors than controls in response to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate chemical carcinogenesis. Importantly, tumor counts in TAMD/K5-tTA mice rebounded to nearly equal the levels in the control group upon Dox-mediated transgene silencing at a late stage of tumor promotion, which indicates that latent viable initiated cells remain in AdoMetDC-expressing skin. These results underscore the complexity of polyamine modulation of tumor development and emphasize the critical role of putrescine in tumor promotion. AdoMetDC-expressing mice will enable more refined spatial and temporal manipulation of polyamine biosynthesis during tumorigenesis and in other models of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Shi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Welsh PA, Sass-Kuhn S, Prakashagowda C, McCloskey D, Feith D. Spermine synthase overexpression in vivo does not increase susceptibility to DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis or Min-Apc intestinal tumorigenesis. Cancer Biol Ther 2012; 13:358-68. [PMID: 22258329 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.19241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated a link between elevated polyamine biosynthesis and neoplastic growth, but the specific contribution of spermine synthase to epithelial tumor development has never been explored in vivo. Mice with widespread overexpression of spermine synthase (CAG-SpmS) exhibit decreased spermidine levels, increased spermine and a significant rise in tissue spermine:spermidine ratio. We characterized the response of CAG-SpmS mice to two-stage skin chemical carcinogenesis as well as spontaneous intestinal carcinogenesis induced by loss of the Apc tumor suppressor in Apc (Min) (/+) (Min) mice. CAG-SpmS mice maintained the canonical increases in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, polyamine content and epidermal thickness in response to tumor promoter treatment of the skin. The induction of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC) activity and its product decarboxylated AdoMet were impaired in CAG-SpmS mice, and the spermine:spermidine ratio was increased 3-fold in both untreated and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated skin. The susceptibility to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/TPA skin carcinogenesis was not altered in CAG-SpmS mice, and SpmS overexpression did not modify the previously described tumor resistance of mice with targeted antizyme expression or the enhanced tumor response in mice with targeted spermidine/spermine-N ( 1) -acetyltransferase expression. CAG-SpmS/Min mice also exhibited elevated spermine:spermidine ratios in the small intestine and colon, yet their tumor multiplicity and size was similar to Min mice. Therefore, studies in two of the most widely used tumorigenesis models demonstrate that increased spermine synthase activity and the resulting elevation of the spermine:spermidine ratio does not alter susceptibility to tumor development initiated by c-Ha-Ras mutation or Apc loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Welsh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
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Willert E, Phillips MA. Regulation and function of polyamines in African trypanosomes. Trends Parasitol 2011; 28:66-72. [PMID: 22192816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The polyamine biosynthetic pathway is an important drug target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), raising interest in understanding polyamine function and their mechanism of regulation. Polyamine levels are tightly controlled in mammalian cells, but similar regulatory mechanisms appear absent in trypanosomes. Instead trypanosomatid S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), which catalyzes a key step in the biosynthesis of the polyamine spermidine, is activated by dimerization with an inducible protein termed prozyme. Prozyme is an inactive paralog of the active AdoMetDC enzyme that evolved by gene duplication and is found only in the trypanosomatids. In Trypanosoma brucei, AdoMetDC activity appears to be controlled by regulation of prozyme protein levels, potentially at the translational level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Willert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6001 Forest Park Road, Dallas, TX 75390-9041, USA
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Bercovich Z, Snapir Z, Keren-Paz A, Kahana C. Antizyme affects cell proliferation and viability solely through regulating cellular polyamines. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33778-83. [PMID: 21832059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.270637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Antizymes are key regulators of cellular polyamine metabolism that negatively regulate cell proliferation and are therefore regarded as tumor suppressors. Although the regulation of antizyme (Az) synthesis by polyamines and the ability of Az to regulate cellular polyamine levels suggest the centrality of polyamine metabolism to its antiproliferative function, recent studies have suggested that antizymes might also regulate cell proliferation by targeting to degradation proteins that do not belong to the cellular polyamine metabolic pathway. Using a co-degradation assay, we show here that, although they efficiently stimulated the degradation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), Az1 and Az2 did not affect or had a negligible effect on the degradation of cyclin D1, Aurora-A, and a p73 variant lacking the N-terminal transactivation domain whose degradation was reported recently to be stimulated by Az1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that, although Az1 and Az2 could not be constitutively expressed in transfected cells, they could be stably expressed in cells that express trypanosome ODC, a form of ODC that does not bind Az and therefore maintains a constant level of cellular polyamines. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that Az1 and Az2 affect cell proliferation and viability solely by modulating cellular polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zippi Bercovich
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76199, Israel
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Mandal S, Khomutov MA, Simonian AR, Kochetkov SN, Madhubala R. Leishmania donovani: Structural insignt in the recognition of C-methylated analogues of spermidine as natural polyamines. Mol Biol 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s002689331104008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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