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Castaño-Miquel L, Lois LM. Kinetic Analysis of Plant SUMO Conjugation Machinery. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2581:93-108. [PMID: 36413313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2784-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant SUMO conjugation is an essential posttranslational modification involved in plant development and responses to environmental stress. Most likely, this biological diversification is supported by a functional specialization of the different isoforms of the SUMO conjugation machinery. For instance, the two essential Arabidopsis SUMO isoforms, SUMO1/2, display higher conjugation rate than SUMO3 and 5, which are not essential, linking their specific biochemical properties to their biological role. To study the biochemical properties of plant SUMO conjugation systems, quantitative biochemical assays must be performed. We will present a detailed protocol for reconstituting an in vitro SUMO conjugation assay covering all steps from protein preparation to assay development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castaño-Miquel
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Singh M, Singh A, Yadav N, Yadav DK. Current perspectives of ubiquitination and SUMOylation in abiotic stress tolerance in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993194. [PMID: 36212351 PMCID: PMC9533872 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) is a critical and rapid mechanism to regulate all the major cellular processes through the modification of diverse protein substrates. Substrate-specific covalent attachment of ubiquitin and Small Ubiquitin-Like Modifier (SUMO) with the target proteins, known as ubiquitination and SUMOylation, respectively, are crucial PTMs that regulate almost every process in the cell by modulating the stability and fidelity of the proteins. Ubiquitination and SUMOylation play a very significant role to provide tolerance to the plants in adverse environmental conditions by activating/deactivating the pre-existing proteins to a great extent. We reviewed the importance of ubiquitination and SUMOylation in plants, implicating its prospects in various abiotic stress regulations. An exhaustive study of molecular mechanisms of ubiquitination and SUMOylation of plant proteins and their role will contribute to the understanding of physiology underlying mitigation of the abiotic stresses and survival in plants. It will be helpful to strategize the improvement of crops for abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Ananya Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Neelam Yadav
- Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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3
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Ghimire S, Tang X, Liu W, Fu X, Zhang H, Zhang N, Si H. SUMO conjugating enzyme: a vital player of SUMO pathway in plants. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:2421-2431. [PMID: 34744375 PMCID: PMC8526628 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plants face numerous challenges such as biotic and abiotic stresses during their whole lifecycle. As they are sessile in nature, they ought to develop multiple ways to act during stressed conditions to maintain cellular homeostasis. Among various defense mechanisms, the small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO) pathway is considered as the most important because several nuclear proteins regulated by this pathway are involved in several cellular functions such as response to stress, transcription, translation, metabolism of RNA, energy metabolism, repairing damaged DNA, ensuring genome stability and nuclear trafficking. In general, the SUMO pathway has its own particular set of enzymes E1, E2, and E3. The SUMO conjugating enzyme [SCE (E2)] is a very crucial member of the pathway which can transfer SUMO to its target protein even without the involvement of E3. More than just a middle player, it has shown its involvement in effective triggered immunity in crops like tomato and various abiotic stresses like drought and salinity in maize, rice, and Arabidopsis. This review tries to explore the importance of the SUMOylation process, focusing on the E2 enzyme and its regulatory role in the abiotic stress response, plant immunity, and DNA damage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantwana Ghimire
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Weigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaijun Si
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 People’s Republic of China
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Roy D, Sadanandom A. SUMO mediated regulation of transcription factors as a mechanism for transducing environmental cues into cellular signaling in plants. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2641-2664. [PMID: 33452901 PMCID: PMC8004507 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03723-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Across all species, transcription factors (TFs) are the most frequent targets of SUMOylation. The effect of SUMO conjugation on the functions of transcription factors has been extensively studied in animal systems, with over 200 transcription factors being documented to be modulated by SUMOylation. This has resulted in the establishment of a number of paradigms that seek to explain the mechanisms by which SUMO regulates transcription factor functions. For instance, SUMO has been shown to modulate TF DNA binding activity; regulate both localization as well as the abundance of TFs and also influence the association of TFs with chromatin. With transcription factors being implicated as master regulators of the cellular signalling pathways that maintain phenotypic plasticity in all organisms, in this review, we will discuss how SUMO mediated regulation of transcription factor activity facilitates molecular pathways to mount an appropriate and coherent biological response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipan Roy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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Srivastava M, Sadanandom A, Srivastava AK. Towards understanding the multifaceted role of SUMOylation in plant growth and development. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 171:77-85. [PMID: 32880960 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) play a critical role in regulating plant growth and development through the modulation of protein functionality and its interaction with its partners. Analysis of the functional implication of PTMs on plant cellular signalling presents grand challenges in understanding their significance. Proteins decorated or modified with another chemical group or polypeptide play a significant role in regulating physiological processes as compared with non-decorated or non-modified proteins. In the past decade, SUMOylation has been emerging as a potent PTM influencing the adaptability of plants to growth, in response to various environmental cues. Deciphering the SUMO-mediated regulation of plant stress responses and its consequences is required to understand the mechanism underneath. Here, we will discuss the recent advances in the role and significance of SUMOylation in plant growth, development and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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Nair A, Chatterjee KS, Jha V, Das R, Shivaprasad PV. Stability of Begomoviral pathogenicity determinant βC1 is modulated by mutually antagonistic SUMOylation and SIM interactions. BMC Biol 2020; 18:110. [PMID: 32867776 PMCID: PMC7461331 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00843-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To successfully invade new hosts, plant viruses must break host resistance and be competent to move within and between plant cells. As a means, viral proteins known as pathogenicity determinants have evolved to coordinate a network of protein interactions. The βC1 protein encoded by specific geminiviral satellites acts as a key pathogenicity determinant for this disease-causing family of plant viruses. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as ubiquitination and phosphorylation of the βC1 protein have been shown to occur in diverse viruses. However, the relevance of these and other layers of PTMs in host-geminiviral interactions has not been fully understood. RESULTS Here we identified the significance of a novel layer of PTMs in the βC1 protein of Synedrella yellow vein clearing virus (SyYVCV), a newly identified member of the Begomovirus genus of Geminiviruses. This protein has conserved SUMOylation and SUMO-interacting motifs (SIMs), and we observed SUMOylation of SyYVCV βC1 in host plants as a defensive strategy against ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Counteracting this, SIMs encoded in βC1 mediate the degradation of βC1; however, both these PTMs are essential for the function of βC1 protein since SIM and SUMOylation motif mutants failed to promote pathogenicity and viral replication in vivo. SUMOylation in different motifs of βC1 led to functionally distinct outcomes, regulating the stability and function of the βC1 protein, as well as increased global SUMOylation of host proteins. CONCLUSION Our results indicate the presence of a novel mechanism mediating a fine balance between defence and counter-defence in which a SIM site is competitively sought for degradation and, as a counter-defence, βC1 undergoes SUMOylation to escape from its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Nair
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
- SASTRA University, Thirumalaisamudram, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - Kiran Sankar Chatterjee
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Vikram Jha
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
- Present address: BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitaet Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ranabir Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - P V Shivaprasad
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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Salman A, Kotb A, Ghazy AI, Ibrahim EI, Al-Ateeq TK. Structural and functional characterization of Tomato SUMO1 gene. Saudi J Biol Sci 2020; 27:352-357. [PMID: 31889857 PMCID: PMC6933199 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) genes regulate various functions of target proteins through post-translational modification. The SUMO proteins have a similar 3-dimensional structure as that of ubiquitin proteins and occur through a cascade of enzymatic reactions. In the present study we have cloned a new SUMO gene from Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), cv Saudi-1, named SlS-SUMO1 gene by PCR using specific primers. This gene has SUMO member's features such as C-terminal diglycine (GG) motif as processing site by ULP (ubiquitin-like SUMO protease) and has SUMO consensus ΨKXE/D sequence. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SlS-SUMO1 gene is highly conserved and homologous to Potatoes Ca-SUMO1 and Ca-SUMO2 genes based on sequence similarity. Expression protein of SlS-SUMO1 gene found to be localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm, and nuclear envelop or nuclear pore complex. SUMO conjugating enzyme SCE1a with SlS-SUMO1 protein co-expressed and co-localized in nucleus and formed nuclear subdomains. This study reported that the SlS-SUMO1 gene is a member of SUMO family and its SUMO protein processing using GG motif and activate and transport to nucleus through Sumoylation system in the plant cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamery Salman
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Biochemistry Department, KSU, POX 2455-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Attia Kotb
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, Biochemistry Department, KSU, POX 2455-11451, Saudi Arabia.,Rice Biotechnology Lab., Rice Research Dep., Field Crops Research Institute, ARC, Sakha, Kafr, EL-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Abdelhalim I Ghazy
- Plant Production Department, Food Science and Agricultural College, King Saud University, POX 2455-11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid I Ibrahim
- Plant Production Department, Food Science and Agricultural College, King Saud University, POX 2455-11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talal K Al-Ateeq
- Plant Production Department, Food Science and Agricultural College, King Saud University, POX 2455-11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Nováková S, Šubr Z, Kováč A, Fialová I, Beke G, Danchenko M. Cucumber mosaic virus resistance: Comparative proteomics of contrasting Cucumis sativus cultivars after long-term infection. J Proteomics 2019; 214:103626. [PMID: 31881349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses are a significant threat to a wide range of host species, causing substantial losses in agriculture. Particularly, Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) evokes severe symptoms, thus dramatically limiting yield. Activation of plant defense reactions is associated with changes in the cellular proteome to ensure virus resistance. Herein, we studied two cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus) resistant host Heliana and susceptible host Vanda. Plant cotyledons were mechanically inoculated with CMV isolate PK1, and systemic leaves were harvested at 33 days post-inoculation. Proteome was profiled by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and comprehensively quantified by ion mobility enhanced mass spectrometry. From 1516 reproducibly quantified proteins using a label-free approach, 133 were differentially abundant among cultivars or treatments by strict statistic and effect size criteria. Pigments and hydrogen peroxide measurements corroborated proteomic findings. Comparison of both cultivars in the uninfected state highlighted more abundant photosynthetic and development-related proteins in resistant cucumber cultivar. Long-term CMV infection caused worse preservation of energy processes and less robust translation in the susceptible cultivar. Contrary, compatible plants had numerous more abundant stress and defense-related proteins. We proposed promising targets for functional validation in transgenic lines: A step toward durable virus resistance in cucurbits and other crops. SIGNIFICANCE: Sustainable production of crops requires an understanding of natural mechanisms of resistance/susceptibility to ubiquitous viral infections. We report original findings of comparative analysis of plant genotypes exposed to CMV. Deep discovery proteomics of resistant and susceptible cucumber cultivars, inoculated with widespread phytovirus, allowed to suggest several novel molecular targets for functional testing in plant protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomíra Nováková
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava; Mala Hora 4C, 03601 Martin, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdeno Šubr
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Andrej Kováč
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Ivana Fialová
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Gábor Beke
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9, 84523 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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9
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Morrell R, Sadanandom A. Dealing With Stress: A Review of Plant SUMO Proteases. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1122. [PMID: 31620153 PMCID: PMC6759571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The SUMO system is a rapid dynamic post-translational mechanism employed by eukaryotic cells to respond to stress. Plant cells experience hyperSUMOylation of substrates in response to stresses such as heat, ethanol, and drought. Many SUMOylated proteins are located in the nucleus, SUMOylation altering many nuclear processes. The SUMO proteases play two key functions in the SUMO cycle by generating free SUMO; they have an important role in regulating the SUMO cycle, and by cleaving SUMO off SUMOylated proteins, they provide specificity to which proteins become SUMOylated. This review summarizes the broad literature of plant SUMO proteases describing their catalytic activity, domains and structure, evolution, localization, and response to stress and highlighting potential new areas of research in the future.
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10
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Garrido E, Srivastava AK, Sadanandom A. Exploiting protein modification systems to boost crop productivity: SUMO proteases in focus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4625-4632. [PMID: 29897480 PMCID: PMC6117578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins has emerged as a key process that integrates plant growth and response to a changing environment. During the processes of domestication and breeding, plants were selected for various yield and adaptational characteristics. The post-translational modifier small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein is known to have a role in the regulation of a number of these characteristics. Using bioinformatics, we mined the genomes of cereal and Brassica crops and their non-crop relatives Arabidopsis thaliana and Brachypodium distachyon for ubiquitin-like protease (ULP) SUMO protease sequences. We discovered that the SUMO system in cereal crops is disproportionately elaborate in comparison with that in B. distachyon. We use these data to propose deSUMOylation as a mechanism for specificity in the SUMO system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Garrido
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, UK
| | | | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, UK
- Correspondence:
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Castro PH, Santos MÂ, Freitas S, Cana-Quijada P, Lourenço T, Rodrigues MAA, Fonseca F, Ruiz-Albert J, Azevedo JE, Tavares RM, Castillo AG, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. Arabidopsis thaliana SPF1 and SPF2 are nuclear-located ULP2-like SUMO proteases that act downstream of SIZ1 in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4633-4649. [PMID: 30053161 PMCID: PMC6117582 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modifiers such as the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) peptide act as fast and reversible protein regulators. Functional characterization of the sumoylation machinery has determined the key regulatory role that SUMO plays in plant development. Unlike components of the SUMO conjugation pathway, SUMO proteases (ULPs) are encoded by a relatively large gene family and are potential sources of specificity within the pathway. This study reports a thorough comparative genomics and phylogenetic characterization of plant ULPs, revealing the presence of one ULP1-like and three ULP2-like SUMO protease subgroups within plant genomes. As representatives of an under-studied subgroup, Arabidopsis SPF1 and SPF2 were subjected to functional characterization. Loss-of-function mutants implicated both proteins with vegetative growth, flowering time, and seed size and yield. Mutants constitutively accumulated SUMO conjugates, and yeast complementation assays associated these proteins with the function of ScUlp2 but not ScUlp1. Fluorescence imaging placed both proteins in the plant cell nucleoplasm. Transcriptomics analysis indicated strong regulatory involvement in secondary metabolism, cell wall remodelling, and nitrate assimilation. Furthermore, developmental defects of the spf1-1 spf2-2 (spf1/2) double-mutant opposed those of the major E3 ligase siz1 mutant and, most significantly, developmental and transcriptomic characterization of the siz1 spf1/2 triple-mutant placed SIZ1 as epistatic to SPF1 and SPF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- Area de Genética, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
- CIBIO, InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Miguel Ângelo Santos
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sara Freitas
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
- CIBIO, InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
| | - Pepe Cana-Quijada
- Area de Genética, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Tiago Lourenço
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Mafalda A A Rodrigues
- PRPlants Lab, GPlantS Unit, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica—Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Estação Agronómica Nacional, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Fátima Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Area de Genética, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center (CBFP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Araceli G Castillo
- Area de Genética, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R Bejarano
- Area de Genética, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Herlander Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO—Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, Portugal
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Benlloch R, Lois LM. Sumoylation in plants: mechanistic insights and its role in drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:4539-4554. [PMID: 29931319 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by SUMO is an essential process that has a major role in the regulation of plant development and stress responses. Such diverse biological functions are accompanied by functional diversification among the SUMO conjugation machinery components and regulatory mechanisms that has just started to be identified in plants. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the SUMO conjugation system in plants in terms of components, substrate specificity, cognate interactions, enzyme activity, and subcellular localization. In addition, we analyze existing data on the role of SUMOylation in plant drought tolerance in model plants and crop species, paying attention to the genetic approaches used to stimulate or inhibit endogenous SUMO conjugation. The role in drought tolerance of potential SUMO targets identified in proteomic analyses is also discussed. Overall, the complexity of SUMOylation and the multiple genetic and environmental factors that are integrated to confer drought tolerance highlight the need for significant efforts to understand the interplay between SUMO and drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyes Benlloch
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Valencia, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics-CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
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Mishra N, Srivastava AP, Esmaeili N, Hu W, Shen G. Overexpression of the rice gene OsSIZ1 in Arabidopsis improves drought-, heat-, and salt-tolerance simultaneously. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201716. [PMID: 30092010 PMCID: PMC6084956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is one of the post translational modifications, which affects cellular processes in plants through conjugation of small ubiquitin like modifier (SUMO) to target substrate proteins. Response to various abiotic environmental stresses is one of the major cellular functions regulated by SUMO conjugation. SIZ1 is a SUMO E3 ligase, facilitating a vital step in the sumoylation pathway. In this report, it is demonstrated that over-expression of the rice gene OsSIZ1 in Arabidopsis leads to increased tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. For example, OsSIZ1-overexpressing plants exhibited enhanced tolerance to salt, drought, and heat stresses, and generated greater seed yields under a variety of stress conditions. Furthermore, OsSIZ1-overexpressing plants were able to exclude sodium ions more efficiently when grown in saline soils and accumulate higher potassium ions as compared to wild-type plants. Further analysis revealed that OsSIZ1-overexpressing plants expressed higher transcript levels of P5CS, a gene involved in the biosynthesis of proline, under both salt and drought stress conditions. Therefore, proline here is acting as an osmoprotectant to alleviate damages caused by drought and salt stresses. These results demonstrate that the rice gene OsSIZ1 has a great potential to be used for improving crop's tolerance to several abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Mishra
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Botany, St. Joseph’s College, Bangalore, India
| | - Anurag P. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wenjun Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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14
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Carranco R, Prieto-Dapena P, Almoguera C, Jordano J. SUMO-Dependent Synergism Involving Heat Shock Transcription Factors with Functions Linked to Seed Longevity and Desiccation Tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:974. [PMID: 28659940 PMCID: PMC5468958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptional synergism between HaHSFA9 (A9) and HaHSFA4a (A4a) contributes to determining longevity and desiccation tolerance of sunflower (Helianthus annuus, L.) seeds. Potential lysine SUMOylation sites were identified in A9 and A4a and mutated to arginine. We show that A9 is SUMOylated in planta at K38. Although we did not directly detect SUMOylated A4a in planta, we provide indirect evidence from transient expression experiments indicating that A4a is SUMOylated at K172. Different combinations of wild type and SUMOylation site mutants of A9 and A4a were analyzed by transient expression in sunflower embryos and leaves. Although most of the precedents in literature link SUMOylation with repression, the A9 and A4a synergism was fully abolished when the mutant forms for both factors were combined. However, the combination of mutant forms of A9 and A4a did not affect the nuclear retention of A4a by A9; therefore, the analyzed mutations would affect the synergism after the mutual interaction and nuclear co-localization of A9 and A4a. Our results suggest a role for HSF SUMOylation during late, zygotic, embryogenesis. The SUMOylation of A9 (or A4a) would allow a crucial, synergic, transcriptional effect that occurs in maturing sunflower seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Jordano
- Departamento de Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSeville, Spain
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15
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Castaño-Miquel L, Mas A, Teixeira I, Seguí J, Perearnau A, Thampi BN, Schapire AL, Rodrigo N, La Verde G, Manrique S, Coca M, Lois LM. SUMOylation Inhibition Mediated by Disruption of SUMO E1-E2 Interactions Confers Plant Susceptibility to Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:709-720. [PMID: 28343913 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification by SUMO modulates essential biological processes in eukaryotes. SUMOylation is facilitated by sequential action of the E1-activating, E2-conjugating, and E3-ligase enzymes. In plants, SUMO regulates plant development and stress responses, which are key determinants in agricultural productivity. To generate additional tools for advancing our knowledge about the SUMO biology, we have developed a strategy for inhibiting in vivo SUMO conjugation based on disruption of SUMO E1-E2 interactions through expression of E1 SAE2UFDCt domain. Targeted mutagenesis and phylogenetic analyses revealed that this inhibition involves a short motif in SAE2UFDCt highly divergent across kingdoms. Transgenic plants expressing the SAE2UFDCt domain displayed dose-dependent inhibition of SUMO conjugation, and have revealed the existence of a post-transcriptional mechanism that regulates SUMO E2 conjugating enzyme levels. Interestingly, these transgenic plants displayed increased susceptibility to necrotrophic fungal infections by Botrytis cinerea and Plectosphaerella cucumerina. Early after fungal inoculation, host SUMO conjugation was post-transcriptionally downregulated, suggesting that targeting SUMOylation machinery could constitute a novel mechanism for fungal pathogenicity. These findings support the role of SUMOylation as a mechanism involved in plant protection from environmental stresses. In addition, the strategy for inhibiting SUMO conjugation in vivo described in this study might be applicable in important crop plants and other non-plant organisms regardless of their genetic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castaño-Miquel
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Abraham Mas
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês Teixeira
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Seguí
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Perearnau
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bhagyasree N Thampi
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnaldo L Schapire
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gaelle La Verde
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Manrique
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Coca
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics - CRAG, Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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16
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Li Y, Wang G, Xu Z, Li J, Sun M, Guo J, Ji W. Organization and Regulation of Soybean SUMOylation System under Abiotic Stress Conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1458. [PMID: 28878795 PMCID: PMC5573446 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of the small ubiquitin-related modifier, SUMO, to substrate proteins plays a significant role in plants under stress conditions, which can alter target proteins' function, location, and protein-protein interactions. Despite this importance, information about SUMOylation in the major legume crop, soybean, remains obscure. In this study, we performed a bioinformatics analysis of the entire soybean genome and identified 40 genes belonged to six families involved in a cascade of enzymatic reactions in soybean SUMOylation system. The cis-acting elements analysis revealed that promoters of SUMO pathway genes contained different combinations of stress and development-related cis-regulatory elements. RNA-seq data analysis showed that SUMO pathway components exhibited versatile tissue-specific expression patterns, indicating coordinated functioning during plant growth and development. qRT-PCR analysis of 13 SUMO pathway members indicated that majority of the SUMO pathway members were transcriptionally up-regulated by NaCl, heat and ABA stimuli during the 24 h period of treatment. Furthermore, SUMOylation dynamics in soybean roots under abiotic stress treatment were analyzed by western blot, which were characterized by regulation of SUMOylated proteins. Collectively, this study defined the organization of the soybean SUMOylation system and implied an essential function for SUMOylation in soybean abiotic stress responses.
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17
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Castro PH, Couto D, Freitas S, Verde N, Macho AP, Huguet S, Botella MA, Ruiz-Albert J, Tavares RM, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. SUMO proteases ULP1c and ULP1d are required for development and osmotic stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:143-59. [PMID: 27325215 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sumoylation is an essential post-translational regulator of plant development and the response to environmental stimuli. SUMO conjugation occurs via an E1-E2-E3 cascade, and can be removed by SUMO proteases (ULPs). ULPs are numerous and likely to function as sources of specificity within the pathway, yet most ULPs remain functionally unresolved. In this report we used loss-of-function reverse genetics and transcriptomics to functionally characterize Arabidopsis thaliana ULP1c and ULP1d SUMO proteases. GUS reporter assays implicated ULP1c/d in various developmental stages, and subsequent defects in growth and germination were uncovered using loss-of-function mutants. Microarray analysis evidenced not only a deregulation of genes involved in development, but also in genes controlled by various drought-associated transcriptional regulators. We demonstrated that ulp1c ulp1d displayed diminished in vitro root growth under low water potential and higher stomatal aperture, yet leaf transpirational water loss and whole drought tolerance were not significantly altered. Generation of a triple siz1 ulp1c ulp1d mutant suggests that ULP1c/d and the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 may display separate functions in development yet operate epistatically in response to water deficit. We provide experimental evidence that Arabidopsis ULP1c and ULP1d proteases act redundantly as positive regulators of growth, and operate mainly as isopeptidases downstream of SIZ1 in the control of water deficit responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Section for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Daniel Couto
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Sara Freitas
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Verde
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alberto P Macho
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201602, Shanghai, China
| | - Stéphanie Huguet
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale (URGV), UMR INRA 1165, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, ERL CNRS 8196, 2 rue G. Crémieux, CP 5708, 91057, Evry Cedex, France
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Albert
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Plant Functional Biology Center, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez Bejarano
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CIBIO, InBIO-Research Network in Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
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18
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Kinetic Analysis of Plant SUMO Conjugation Machinery. Methods Mol Biol 2016. [PMID: 27424749 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3759-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Plants display a high diversification degree of the SUMO conjugation machinery, which could confer a biological specialization of the different isoforms. For instance, the two essential Arabidopsis SUMO isoforms, SUMO1/2, display the highest conjugation rate when compared to SUMO3 and 5, suggesting that their specific biochemical properties may be linked to their biological specialization. In order to study the biochemical properties of plant SUMO conjugation systems, quantitative biochemical assays must be performed. We will present a detailed protocol for reconstituting an in vitro SUMO conjugation assay covering all steps from protein preparation to assay development.
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19
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Mas A, Amenós M, Lois LM. Quantitative Analysis of Subcellular Distribution of the SUMO Conjugation System by Confocal Microscopy Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1450:135-150. [PMID: 27424751 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3759-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different studies point to an enrichment in SUMO conjugation in the cell nucleus, although non-nuclear SUMO targets also exist. In general, the study of subcellular localization of proteins is essential for understanding their function within a cell. Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful tool for studying subcellular protein partitioning in living cells, since fluorescent proteins can be fused to proteins of interest to determine their localization. Subcellular distribution of proteins can be influenced by binding to other biomolecules and by posttranslational modifications. Sometimes these changes affect only a portion of the protein pool or have a partial effect, and a quantitative evaluation of fluorescence images is required to identify protein redistribution among subcellular compartments. In order to obtain accurate data about the relative subcellular distribution of SUMO conjugation machinery members, and to identify the molecular determinants involved in their localization, we have applied quantitative confocal microscopy imaging. In this chapter, we will describe the fluorescent protein fusions used in these experiments, and how to measure, evaluate, and compare average fluorescence intensities in cellular compartments by image-based analysis. We show the distribution of some components of the Arabidopsis SUMOylation machinery in epidermal onion cells and how they change their distribution in the presence of interacting partners or even when its activity is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Mas
- Development Program, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Amenós
- Confocal Microscopy Facility, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Maria Lois
- Development Program, CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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SUMOylation of phytochrome-B negatively regulates light-induced signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11108-13. [PMID: 26283376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415260112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The red/far red light absorbing photoreceptor phytochrome-B (phyB) cycles between the biologically inactive (Pr, λmax, 660 nm) and active (Pfr; λmax, 730 nm) forms and functions as a light quality and quantity controlled switch to regulate photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis. At the molecular level, phyB interacts in a conformation-dependent fashion with a battery of downstream regulatory proteins, including PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR transcription factors, and by modulating their activity/abundance, it alters expression patterns of genes underlying photomorphogenesis. Here we report that the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is conjugated (SUMOylation) to the C terminus of phyB; the accumulation of SUMOylated phyB is enhanced by red light and displays a diurnal pattern in plants grown under light/dark cycles. Our data demonstrate that (i) transgenic plants expressing the mutant phyB(Lys996Arg)-YFP photoreceptor are hypersensitive to red light, (ii) light-induced SUMOylation of the mutant phyB is drastically decreased compared with phyB-YFP, and (iii) SUMOylation of phyB inhibits binding of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 5 to phyB Pfr. In addition, we show that OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT 1 (OTS1) de-SUMOylates phyB in vitro, it interacts with phyB in vivo, and the ots1/ots2 mutant is hyposensitive to red light. Taken together, we conclude that SUMOylation of phyB negatively regulates light signaling and it is mediated, at least partly, by the action of OTS SUMO proteases.
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21
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Hill K. Post-translational modifications of hormone-responsive transcription factors: the next level of regulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4933-45. [PMID: 26041319 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants exhibit a high level of developmental plasticity and growth is responsive to multiple developmental and environmental cues. Hormones are small endogenous signalling molecules which are fundamental to this phenotypic plasticity. Post-translational modifications of proteins are a central feature of the signal transduction pathways that regulate gene transcription in response to hormones. Modifications that affect the function of transcriptional regulators may also serve as a mechanism to incorporate multiple signals, mediate cross-talk, and modulate specific responses. This review discusses recent research that suggests hormone-responsive transcription factors are subject to multiple modifications which imply an additional level of regulation conferred by enzymes that mediate specific modifications, such as phosphorylation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, and S-nitrosylation. These modifications can affect protein stability, sub-cellular localization, interactions with co-repressors and activators, and DNA binding. The focus here is on direct cross-talk involving transcription factors downstream of auxin, brassinosteroid, and gibberellin signalling. However, many of the concepts discussed are more broadly relevant to questions of how plants can modify their growth by regulating subsets of genes in response to multiple cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Hill
- Plant Sciences Division and Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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22
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Villajuana-Bonequi M, Elrouby N, Nordström K, Griebel T, Bachmair A, Coupland G. Elevated salicylic acid levels conferred by increased expression of ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 contribute to hyperaccumulation of SUMO1 conjugates in the Arabidopsis mutant early in short days 4. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 79:206-19. [PMID: 24816345 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is essential for plant growth and development. Mutations in the SUMO protease early in short days 4 (ESD4) cause hyperaccumulation of conjugates formed between SUMO and its substrates, and phenotypically are associated with extreme early flowering and impaired growth. We performed a suppressor mutagenesis screen of esd4 and identified a series of mutants called suppressor of esd4 (sed), which delay flowering, enhance growth and reduce hyperaccumulation of SUMO conjugates. Genetic mapping and genome sequencing indicated that one of these mutations (sed111) is in the gene salicylic acid induction-deficient 2 (SID2), which encodes ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE I, an enzyme required for biosynthesis of salicylic acid (SA). Analyses showed that compared with wild-type plants, esd4 contains higher levels of SID2 mRNA and about threefold more SA, whereas sed111 contains lower SA levels. Other sed mutants also contain lower SA levels but are not mutant for SID2, although most reduce SID2 mRNA levels. Therefore, higher SA levels contribute to the small size, early flowering and elevated SUMO conjugate levels of esd4. Our results support previous data indicating that SUMO homeostasis influences SA biosynthesis in wild-type plants, and also demonstrate that elevated levels of SA strongly increase the abundance of SUMO conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi Villajuana-Bonequi
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne Weg 10, D-50829, Cologne, Germany
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23
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Identification of Arabidopsis SUMO-interacting proteins that regulate chromatin activity and developmental transitions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:19956-61. [PMID: 24255109 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1319985110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) plays essential roles in eukaryotic growth and development. Many covalently modified SUMO targets have been identified; however, the extent and significance of noncovalent interactions of SUMO with cellular proteins is poorly understood. Here, large-scale yeast two-hybrid screens repeatedly identified a surprisingly small number of proteins that interacted with three Arabidopsis SUMO isoforms. These SUMO-interacting proteins are nuclear and fall into two main categories: six histone or DNA methyltransferses or demethylases and six proteins that we show to be the evolutionary and functional homologs of SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs). The selectivity of the screen for several methylases and demethylases suggests that SUMO interaction with these proteins has a significant impact on chromatin methylation. Furthermore, the Arabidopsis STUbLs (AT-STUbLs) complemented to varying degrees the growth defects of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe STUbL mutant rfp1/rfp2, and three of them also complemented the genome integrity defects of this mutant, demonstrating that these proteins show STUbL activity. We show that one of the AT-STUbLs least related to the S. pombe protein, AT-STUbL4, has acquired a plant-specific function in the floral transition. It reduces protein levels of CYCLING DOF FACTOR 2, hence increasing transcript levels of CONSTANS and promoting flowering through the photoperiodic pathway.
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24
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Castaño-Miquel L, Seguí J, Manrique S, Teixeira I, Carretero-Paulet L, Atencio F, Lois LM. Diversification of SUMO-activating enzyme in Arabidopsis: implications in SUMO conjugation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2013; 6:1646-60. [PMID: 23482370 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sst049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sumoylation is an essential posttranslational modification that participates in many biological processes including stress responses. However, little is known about the mechanisms that control Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) conjugation in vivo. We have evaluated the regulatory role of the heterodimeric E1 activating enzyme, which catalyzes the first step in SUMO conjugation. We have established that the E1 large SAE2 and small SAE1 subunits are encoded by one and three genes, respectively, in the Arabidopsis genome. The three paralogs genes SAE1a, SAE1b1, and SAE1b2 are the result of two independent duplication events. Since SAE1b1 and SAE1b2 correspond to two identical copies, only two E1 small subunit isoforms are present in vivo: SAE1a and SAE1b. The E1 heterodimer nuclear localization is modulated by the C-terminal tail of the SAE2 subunit. In vitro, SUMO conjugation rate is dependent on the SAE1 isoform contained in the E1 holoenzyme and our results suggest that downstream steps to SUMO-E1 thioester bond formation are affected. In vivo, SAE1a isoform deletion in T-DNA insertion mutant plants conferred sumoylation defects upon abiotic stress, consistent with a sumoylation defective phenotype. Our results support previous data pointing to a regulatory role of the E1 activating enzyme during SUMO conjugation and provide a novel mechanism to control sumoylation in vivo by diversification of the E1 small subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castaño-Miquel
- Center for Research in Agricultural Genomics CRAG (CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB), Edifici CRAG-Campus UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Lamoliatte F, Bonneil E, Durette C, Caron-Lizotte O, Wildemann D, Zerweck J, Wenshuk H, Thibault P. Targeted identification of SUMOylation sites in human proteins using affinity enrichment and paralog-specific reporter ions. Mol Cell Proteomics 2013; 12:2536-50. [PMID: 23750026 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.025569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) modulates the activities of numerous proteins involved in different cellular functions such as gene transcription, cell cycle, and DNA repair. Comprehensive identification of SUMOylated sites is a prerequisite to determine how SUMOylation regulates protein function. However, mapping SUMOylated Lys residues by mass spectrometry (MS) is challenging because of the dynamic nature of this modification, the existence of three functionally distinct human SUMO paralogs, and the large SUMO chain remnant that remains attached to tryptic peptides. To overcome these problems, we created HEK293 cell lines that stably express functional SUMO paralogs with an N-terminal His6-tag and an Arg residue near the C terminus that leave a short five amino acid SUMO remnant upon tryptic digestion. We determined the fragmentation patterns of our short SUMO remnant peptides by collisional activation and electron transfer dissociation using synthetic peptide libraries. Activation using higher energy collisional dissociation on the LTQ-Orbitrap Elite identified SUMO paralog-specific fragment ions and neutral losses of the SUMO remnant with high mass accuracy (< 5 ppm). We exploited these features to detect SUMO modified tryptic peptides in complex cell extracts by correlating mass measurements of precursor and fragment ions using a data independent acquisition method. We also generated bioinformatics tools to retrieve MS/MS spectra containing characteristic fragment ions to the identification of SUMOylated peptide by conventional Mascot database searches. In HEK293 cell extracts, this MS approach uncovered low abundance SUMOylated peptides and 37 SUMO3-modified Lys residues in target proteins, most of which were previously unknown. Interestingly, we identified mixed SUMO-ubiquitin chains with ubiquitylated SUMO proteins (K20 and K32) and SUMOylated ubiquitin (K63), suggesting a complex crosstalk between these two modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lamoliatte
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, P.O. Box 6128, Station. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7
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New insights into the role of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) in plants. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 300:161-209. [PMID: 23273862 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-405210-9.00005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a small (∼12kDa) protein that occurs in all eukaryotes and participates in the reversible posttranslational modification of target cellular proteins. The three-dimensional structure of SUMO and ubiquitin (Ub) are superimposable although there is very little similarity in their primary amino acid sequences. In all organisms, conjugation and deconjugation of Ub and SUMO proceed by the same reactions while using pathway-specific enzymes. SUMO conjugation in plants is a part of the controls governing important biological processes such as growth, development, flowering, environmental (abiotic) stress responses, and response to pathogen infection. Most of the evidence for this comes from genetic analyses. Recent efforts to dissect the function of sumoylation have focused on uncovering targets of SUMO conjugation by using either a yeast two-hybrid screen employing components of the SUMO cycle as bait or by using affinity purification of SUMO-conjugated proteins followed by identification of these proteins by mass spectrometry. This chapter reviews the current knowledge regarding sumoylation in plants, with special focus on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Castro PH, Tavares RM, Bejarano ER, Azevedo H. SUMO, a heavyweight player in plant abiotic stress responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3269-83. [PMID: 22903295 PMCID: PMC11114757 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1094-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Revised: 07/09/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein post-translational modifications diversify the proteome and install new regulatory levels that are crucial for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Over the last decade, the ubiquitin-like modifying peptide small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) has been shown to regulate various nuclear processes, including transcriptional control. In plants, the sumoylation pathway has been significantly implicated in the response to environmental stimuli, including heat, cold, drought, and salt stresses, modulation of abscisic acid and other hormones, and nutrient homeostasis. This review focuses on the emerging importance of SUMO in the abiotic stress response, summarizing the molecular implications of sumoylation and emphasizing how high-throughput approaches aimed at identifying the full set of SUMO targets will greatly enhance our understanding of the SUMO-abiotic stress association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Humberto Castro
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Rui Manuel Tavares
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora”, Universidad de Málaga–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Herlânder Azevedo
- CBFP/Biology Department, Center for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Novatchkova M, Tomanov K, Hofmann K, Stuible HP, Bachmair A. Update on sumoylation: defining core components of the plant SUMO conjugation system by phylogenetic comparison. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:23-31. [PMID: 22799003 PMCID: PMC3399776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The conjugation of the small ubiquitin-related modifier, SUMO, to substrate proteins is a reversible and dynamic process, and an important response of plants to environmental challenges. Nevertheless, reliable data have so far been restricted largely to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. The increasing availability of genome information for other plant species offers the possibility to identify a core set of indispensable components, and to discover species-specific features of the sumoylation pathway. We analyzed the enzymes responsible for the conjugation of SUMO to substrates for their conservation between dicots and monocots. We thus assembled gene sets that relate the Arabidopsis SUMO conjugation system to that of the dicot species tomato, grapevine and poplar, and to four plant species from the monocot class: rice, Brachypodium distachyon, Sorghum bicolor and maize. We found that a core set of genes with clear assignment in Arabidopsis had highly conserved homologs in all tested plants. However, we also observed a variation in the copy number of homologous genes, and sequence variations that suggested monocot-specific variants. Generally, SUMO ligases and proteases showed the most pronounced differences. Finally, we identified potential SUMO chain-binding ubiquitin ligases, pointing to an in vivo function of SUMO chains as degradation signals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Novatchkova
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Konstantin Tomanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kay Hofmann
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Straße 47a, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Stuible
- Physical Engineering Department, University of Applied Sciences of Gelsenkirchen, August-Schmidt-Ring 10, D-45665 Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bachmair
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Center for Molecular Biology, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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Chen CC, Chen YY, Yeh KC. Effect of Cu content on the activity of Cu/ZnSOD1 in the Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase siz1 mutant. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1428-1430. [PMID: 21897129 PMCID: PMC3256361 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.16933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found copper (Cu) accumulated to a higher level in the aerial parts of soil-grown plants of the SUMO E3 ligase siz1 mutant than in those of the wild type. Here, we found that all superoxide dismutase (SOD) isoforms, such as FeSOD, MnSOD and different types of Cu/ZnSOD, were more active in the siz1 mutant than in the wild type under normal growth conditions. We further examined the expression and enzymatic activity of Cu/ZnSOD1 (CSD1) in shoots of the siz1 mutant under excess Cu. Shoot CSD1 protein level and activity were reduced in siz1 with excess Cu but induced in the wild type. SIZ1-dependent SUMOylation may be involved in maintaining CSD1 protein stability or repelling a feedback regulation under Cu stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chyi-Chuann Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Distinctive properties of Arabidopsis SUMO paralogues support the in vivo predominant role of AtSUMO1/2 isoforms. Biochem J 2011; 436:581-90. [PMID: 21413927 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Protein modification by SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) has emerged as an essential regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. Even though the molecular mechanisms of SUMO conjugation/deconjugation are conserved, the number of SUMO machinery components and their degree of conservation are specific to each organism. In the present paper, we show data contributing to the notion that the four expressed Arabidopsis SUMO paralogues, AtSUMO1, 2, 3 and 5, have functionally diverged to a higher extent than their human orthologues. We have explored the degree of conservation of these paralogues and found that the surfaces involved in E1-activating enzyme recognition, and E2-conjugating enzyme and SIM (SUMO-interacting motif) non-covalent interactions are well conserved in AtSUMO1/2 isoforms, whereas AtSUMO3 shows a lower degree of conservation, and AtSUMO5 is the most divergent isoform. These differences are functionally relevant, since AtSUMO3 and 5 are deficient in establishing E2 non-covalent interactions, which has not been reported for any naturally occurring SUMO orthologue. In addition, AtSUMO3 is less efficiently conjugated than AtSUMO1/2, and AtSUMO5 shows the lowest conjugation level. A mutagenesis analysis revealed that decreases in conjugation rate and thioester-bond formation are the result of the non-conserved residues involved in E1-activating enzyme recognition that are present in AtSUMO3 and 5. The results of the present study support a role for the E1-activating enzyme in SUMO paralogue discrimination, providing a new mechanism to favour conjugation of the essential AtSUMO1/2 paralogues.
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Chen CC, Chen YY, Tang IC, Liang HM, Lai CC, Chiou JM, Yeh KC. Arabidopsis SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1 is involved in excess copper tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:2225-34. [PMID: 21632972 PMCID: PMC3149952 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.178996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The reversible conjugation of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to protein substrates occurs as a posttranslational regulatory process in eukaryotic organisms. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), several stress-responsive SUMO conjugations are mediated mainly by the SUMO E3 ligase SIZ1. In this study, we observed a phenotype of hypersensitivity to excess copper in the siz1-2 and siz1-3 mutants. Excess copper can stimulate the accumulation of SUMO1 conjugates in wild-type plants but not in the siz1 mutant. Copper accumulated to a higher level in the aerial parts of soil-grown plants in the siz1 mutant than in the wild type. A dramatic difference in copper distribution was also observed between siz1 and wild-type Arabidopsis treated with excess copper. As a result, the shoot-to-root ratio of copper concentration in siz1 is nearly twice as high as that in the wild type. We have found that copper-induced Sumoylation is involved in the gene regulation of metal transporters YELLOW STRIPE-LIKE 1 (YSL1) and YSL3, as the siz1 mutant is unable to down-regulate the expression of YSL1 and YSL3 under excess copper stress. The hypersensitivity to excess copper and anomalous distribution of copper observed in the siz1 mutant are greatly diminished in the siz1ysl3 double mutant and slightly in the siz1ysl1 double mutant. These data suggest that SIZ1-mediated sumoylation is involved specifically in copper homeostasis and tolerance in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kuo-Chen Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center (C.-C.C., Y.-Y.C., I-C.T., H.-M.L., C.-C.L., K.-C.Y.) and Institute of Statistical Science (J.-M.C.), Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529
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Lozano-Durán R, Rosas-Díaz T, Luna AP, Bejarano ER. Identification of host genes involved in geminivirus infection using a reverse genetics approach. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22383. [PMID: 21818318 PMCID: PMC3144222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses, like all viruses, rely on the host cell machinery to establish a successful infection, but the identity and function of these required host proteins remain largely unknown. Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), a monopartite geminivirus, is one of the causal agents of the devastating Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD). The transgenic 2IRGFP N. benthamiana plants, used in combination with Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), entail an important potential as a tool in reverse genetics studies to identify host factors involved in TYLCSV infection. Using these transgenic plants, we have made an accurate description of the evolution of TYLCSV replication in the host in both space and time. Moreover, we have determined that TYLCSV and Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) do not dramatically influence each other when co-infected in N. benthamiana, what makes the use of TRV-induced gene silencing in combination with TYLCSV for reverse genetic studies feasible. Finally, we have tested the effect of silencing candidate host genes on TYLCSV infection, identifying eighteen genes potentially involved in this process, fifteen of which had never been implicated in geminiviral infections before. Seven of the analyzed genes have a potential anti-viral effect, whereas the expression of the other eleven is required for a full infection. Interestingly, almost half of the genes altering TYLCSV infection play a role in postranslational modifications. Therefore, our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying geminivirus infections, and at the same time reveal the 2IRGFP/VIGS system as a powerful tool for functional reverse genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Tábata Rosas-Díaz
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana P. Luna
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo R. Bejarano
- Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, Málaga, Spain
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Ytterberg AJ, Jensen ON. Modification-specific proteomics in plant biology. J Proteomics 2010; 73:2249-66. [PMID: 20541636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in the regulation of a wide range of biological processes, and affect e.g. protein structure, activity and stability. Several hundred PTMs have been described in the literature, but relatively few have been studied using mass spectrometry and proteomics. In general, methods for PTM characterization are developed to study yeast and mammalian biology and later adopted to investigate plants. Our point of view is that it is advantageous to enrich for PTMs on the peptide level as part of a quantitative proteomics strategy to not only identify the PTM, but also to determine the functional relevance in the context of regulation, response to abiotic stress etc. Protein phosphorylation is the only PTM that has been studied extensively at the proteome wide level in plants using mass spectrometry based methods. We review phosphoproteomics studies in plants and discuss the redox mediated PTMs (S-nitrosylation, tyrosine nitration and S-glutathionylation), ubiquitylation, SUMOylation, and glycosylation, including GPI anchors, and the quantitative proteomics methods that are used to study these modification in plants. Where appropriate we contrast the methods to those used for mammalian PTM characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jimmy Ytterberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark.
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Searching for the boundaries: unlimited expansion of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like signals in multiple cellular functions. Biochem Soc Trans 2010; 38:1-5. [PMID: 20074026 DOI: 10.1042/bst0380001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome field has matured, as is evident from the wide diversity of systems and mechanisms in which it participates and that are the subject of investigation, presented in the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System, Dynamics and Targeting meeting held in Barcelona, co-sponsored by the Biochemical Society, the Spanish Ministry of Science, the Spanish Research Council and the Catalan Academy of Sciences. Several of the aspects dealt with in the meeting are discussed in detail in the collection of review papers included in this issue of Biochemical Society Transactions. These papers reflect the importance of ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like modifiers as enormously versatile signalling entities that modulate and direct pathways in specific directions through modification-induced interactions. One conclusion from the meeting is that the field has become so rich and dense that, in order to be useful and informative, future meetings may need to focus on particular aspects of the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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