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El Chemali L, Boutary S, Liu S, Liu GJ, Middleton RJ, Banati RB, Bahrenberg G, Rupprecht R, Schumacher M, Massaad-Massade L. GRT-X Stimulates Dorsal Root Ganglia Axonal Growth in Culture via TSPO and Kv7.2/3 Potassium Channel Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7327. [PMID: 39000434 PMCID: PMC11242890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
GRT-X, which targets both the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) and the Kv7.2/3 (KCNQ2/3) potassium channels, has been shown to efficiently promote recovery from cervical spine injury. In the present work, we investigate the role of GRT-X and its two targets in the axonal growth of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Neurite outgrowth was quantified in DRG explant cultures prepared from wild-type C57BL6/J and TSPO-KO mice. TSPO was pharmacologically targeted with the agonist XBD173 and the Kv7 channels with the activator ICA-27243 and the inhibitor XE991. GRT-X efficiently stimulated DRG axonal growth at 4 and 8 days after its single administration. XBD173 also promoted axonal elongation, but only after 8 days and its repeated administration. In contrast, both ICA27243 and XE991 tended to decrease axonal elongation. In dissociated DRG neuron/Schwann cell co-cultures, GRT-X upregulated the expression of genes associated with axonal growth and myelination. In the TSPO-KO DRG cultures, the stimulatory effect of GRT-X on axonal growth was completely lost. However, GRT-X and XBD173 activated neuronal and Schwann cell gene expression after TSPO knockout, indicating the presence of additional targets warranting further investigation. These findings uncover a key role of the dual mode of action of GRT-X in the axonal elongation of DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa El Chemali
- Maladies et Hormones du Système Nerveux, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Suzan Boutary
- Maladies et Hormones du Système Nerveux, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Song Liu
- Maladies et Hormones du Système Nerveux, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Guo-Jun Liu
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ryan J Middleton
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Richard B Banati
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Gregor Bahrenberg
- Global Preclinical R&D, Grünenthal Innovation, Grünenthal GmbH, Zieglerstraße 6, D-52078 Aachen, Germany
| | - Rainer Rupprecht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Schumacher
- Maladies et Hormones du Système Nerveux, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Liliane Massaad-Massade
- Maladies et Hormones du Système Nerveux, Inserm, Université Paris-Saclay, 94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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2
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Bäckström T, Doverskog M, Blackburn TP, Scharschmidt BF, Felipo V. Allopregnanolone and its antagonist modulate neuroinflammation and neurological impairment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 161:105668. [PMID: 38608826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation accompanies several brain disorders, either as a secondary consequence or as a primary cause and may contribute importantly to disease pathogenesis. Neurosteroids which act as Positive Steroid Allosteric GABA-A receptor Modulators (Steroid-PAM) appear to modulate neuroinflammation and their levels in the brain may vary because of increased or decreased local production or import from the systemic circulation. The increased synthesis of steroid-PAMs is possibly due to increased expression of the mitochondrial cholesterol transporting protein (TSPO) in neuroinflammatory tissue, and reduced production may be due to changes in the enzymatic activity. Microglia and astrocytes play an important role in neuroinflammation, and their production of inflammatory mediators can be both activated and inhibited by steroid-PAMs and GABA. What is surprising is the finding that both allopregnanolone, a steroid-PAM, and golexanolone, a novel GABA-A receptor modulating steroid antagonist (GAMSA), can inhibit microglia and astrocyte activation and normalize their function. This review focuses on the role of steroid-PAMs in neuroinflammation and their importance in new therapeutic approaches to CNS and liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Vicente Felipo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Welzel B, Schmidt R, Johne M, Löscher W. Midazolam Prevents the Adverse Outcome of Neonatal Asphyxia. Ann Neurol 2023; 93:226-243. [PMID: 36054632 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Birth asphyxia (BA) is the most frequent cause of neonatal death as well as central nervous system (CNS) injury. BA is often associated with neonatal seizures, which only poorly respond to anti-seizure medications and may contribute to the adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Using a non-invasive rat model of BA, we have recently reported that the potent benzodiazepine, midazolam, prevents neonatal seizures in ~50% of rat pups. In addition to its anti-seizure effect, midazolam exerts anti-inflammatory actions, which is highly relevant for therapeutic intervention following BA. The 2 major aims of the present study were to examine (1) whether midazolam reduces the adverse outcome of BA, and (2) whether this effect is different in rats that did or did not exhibit neonatal seizures after drug treatment. METHODS Behavioral and cognitive tests were performed over 14 months after asphyxia, followed by immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS All vehicle-treated rats had seizures after asphyxia and developed behavioral and cognitive abnormalities, neuroinflammation in gray and white matter, neurodegeneration in the hippocampus and thalamus, and hippocampal mossy fiber sprouting in subsequent months. Administration of midazolam (1 mg/kg i.p.) directly after asphyxia prevented post-asphyctic seizures in ~50% of the rats and resulted in the prevention or decrease of neuroinflammation and the behavioral, cognitive, and neurodegenerative consequences of asphyxia. Except for neurodegeneration in the thalamus, seizures did not seem to contribute to the adverse outcome of asphyxia. INTERPRETATION The disease-modifying effect of midazolam identified here strongly suggests that this drug provides a valuable option for improving the treatment and outcome of BA. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:226-243.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Welzel
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ricardo Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Johne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Kikutani K, Hosokawa K, Giga H, Ota K, Matsumata M, Zhu M, Takemoto H, Ji B, Ohshimo S, Shime N, Aizawa H. GENETIC DELETION OF TRANSLOCATOR PROTEIN EXACERBATES POST-SEPSIS SYNDROME WITH ACTIVATION OF THE C1Q PATHWAY IN SEPTIC MOUSE MODEL. Shock 2023; 59:82-90. [PMID: 36703279 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Significant numbers of patients who survive sepsis exhibit psychiatric and cognitive impairments, termed post-sepsis syndrome. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology is essential to develop effective therapies. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a multifaceted mitochondrial protein implicated in inflammation, oxidative stress, and steroidogenesis in the central nervous system. Despite accumulated evidence demonstrating TSPO is a biomarker in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, the role of this protein in post-sepsis syndrome remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of TSPO in the long-term impairment of mouse behavior associated with psychiatric and cognitive impairments following sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. Animals were divided into three groups: (i) wild type (WT) + sham, (ii) WT + CLP, and (iii) TSPO knock out + CLP. Survival rate and body weight change were assessed up to 17 days after surgeries. Then, we also assessed anxiety-like behavior, depression-like behavior, cognitive function, locomotor activity, and forelimb muscle strength in surviving mice by elevated plus maze, tail suspension test, y-maze, open field test, and grip strength test, respectively. Deletion of the TSPO gene led to high mortality and prolonged weight loss and exacerbated anxiety-like and depressive-like behavior with cognitive impairment 17 days after, but not before, CLP surgery. RNA-seq analysis of the hippocampus revealed the upregulation of genes (C1qb, C1qc, and Tyrobp) in C1q complement pathways correlated significantly with anxiety-like behavior that appeared long after CLP surgery. The expressions of these genes predicted other behavioral traits, including depressive-like behavior in the tail suspension test and grip power impairment, supporting the role of the C1q pathway in post-sepsis syndrome. Because the C1q pathway has recently attracted interest as a tag for pathological synaptic elimination, the current study suggests the C1q pathway is involved in the psychiatric and cognitive impairments observed in post-sepsis syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koji Hosokawa
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Faculty of Medicine Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Ota
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Miho Matsumata
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Meina Zhu
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | | | | | - Shinichiro Ohshimo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Shime
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Science, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hidenori Aizawa
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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5
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Gatta E, Camussi D, Auta J, Guidotti A, Pandey SC. Neurosteroids (allopregnanolone) and alcohol use disorder: From mechanisms to potential pharmacotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108299. [PMID: 36323379 PMCID: PMC9810076 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a multifaceted relapsing disorder that is commonly comorbid with psychiatric disorders, including anxiety. Alcohol exposure produces a plethora of effects on neurobiology. Currently, therapeutic strategies are limited, and only a few treatments - disulfiram, acamprosate, and naltrexone - are available. Given the complexity of this disorder, there is a great need for the identification of novel targets to develop new pharmacotherapy. The GABAergic system, the primary inhibitory system in the brain, is one of the well-known targets for alcohol and is responsible for the anxiolytic effects of alcohol. Interestingly, GABAergic neurotransmission is fine-tuned by neuroactive steroids that exert a regulatory role on several endocrine systems involved in neuropsychiatric disorders including AUD. Mounting evidence indicates that alcohol alters the biosynthesis of neurosteroids, whereas acute alcohol increases and chronic alcohol decreases allopregnanolone levels. Our recent work highlighted that chronic alcohol-induced changes in neurosteroid levels are mediated by epigenetic modifications, e.g., DNA methylation, affecting key enzymes involved in neurosteroid biosynthesis. These changes were associated with changes in GABAA receptor subunit expression, suggesting an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory signaling in AUD. This review will recapitulate the role of neurosteroids in the regulation of the neuroendocrine system, highlight their role in the observed allostatic load in AUD, and develop a framework from mechanisms to potential pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Gatta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Diletta Camussi
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - James Auta
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Alessandro Guidotti
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Center for Alcohol Research in Epigenetics, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatric Institute, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Carrageta DF, Guerra-Carvalho B, Spadella MA, Yeste M, Oliveira PF, Alves MG. Animal models of male reproductive ageing to study testosterone production and spermatogenesis. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:1341-1360. [PMID: 35604584 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is the time-dependent gradual decline of the functional characteristics in an organism. It has been shown that it results in the loss of reproductive health and fertility. The age-dependent decline of fertility is a potential issue as the parenthood age is increasing in Western countries, mostly due to socioeconomic factors. In comparison to women, for whom the consequences of ageing are well documented and general awareness of the population is extensively raised, the effects of ageing for male fertility and the consequences of advanced paternal age for the offspring have not been widely studied. Studies with humans are welcome but it is hard to implement relevant experimental approaches to unveil the molecular mechanisms by which ageing affects male reproductive potential. Animal models have thus been extensively used. These models are advantageous due to their reduced costs, general easy maintenance in laboratory facilities, rigorous manipulation tools, short lifespan, known genetic backgrounds, and reduced ethical constraints. Herein, we discuss animal models for the study of male reproductive ageing. The most well-known and studied reproductive ageing models are rodents and non-human primates. The data collected from these models, particularly studies on testicular ageing, steroidogenesis, and genetic and epigenetic changes in spermatogenesis are detailed. Notably, some species challenge the currently accepted ageing theories and the concept of senescence itself, which renders them interesting animal models for the study of male reproductive ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Carrageta
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Guerra-Carvalho
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA & LAQV, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Marc Yeste
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003, Girona, Spain
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Pedro F Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, QOPNA & LAQV, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marco G Alves
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, UMIB - Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, ICBAS - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm), Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology, University of Girona, ES-17003, Girona, Spain.
- Unit of Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, ES-17003, Girona, Spain.
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7
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Yue YY, Wang YC, Liao ZX, Hu FY, Liu QY, Dong J, Zhong M, Chen MH, Pan YM, Zhong H, Shang J. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor TSPO needs to be reconsidered before using as a drug target for a pigmentary disorder. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22454. [PMID: 35839067 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101746rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (TSPO/PBR) is highly conserved among different species but with perplexing biochemical functions. Multiple ligands of TSPO show commendable regulatory activities in lots of biological functions, such as neuro-protection, cholesterol transport, and so on. These researches support that TSPO may be a potential target for disease treatment and drug development. Previous studies have shown that its ligands benzodiazepines show a satisfactory effect on melanogenic promotion. However, the potential application of TSPO in drug development for pigmentary disorder needs further investigation. In this study, we confirmed the melanogenesis induction of TSPO ligand, Ro5-4864 in mouse melanoma cell lines, human skin tissue, and zebrafish embryos by inducing melanin synthesis and melanosome transport. Molecular genetics and pharmacological studies showed that TSPO deficiency did not affect melanin production in B16F10 cells and zebrafish embryos, nor did it affect the melanin promotion effect of Ro5-4864. Whether or not TSPO exists, the expression of lots of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as TYR, TRP-1, DCT, Mlph, and Rab27 was upregulated with the Ro5-4864 administration. These results indicated that Ro5-4864 induces melanogenesis in a TSPO-independent manner, which is inconsistent with previous research. This research is a reminder that we need to be very careful during target validation in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Yue
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Chuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zi-Xian Liao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Hu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiu-Yan Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Dong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Han Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Min Pan
- School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Shang
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Cosmetics, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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8
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Knowledge Gap in Understanding the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein Regulation in Steroidogenesis Following Exposure to Bisphenol A and Its Analogues. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10061281. [PMID: 35740303 PMCID: PMC9219931 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of bisphenols has become extremely common in our daily lives. Due to the extensive toxic effects of Bisphenol A (BPA), the industry has replaced this endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC) with its analogues, which have been proven to decrease testosterone levels via several mechanisms, including targeting the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein. However, when exposed to BPA and its analogues, the specific mechanism that emerges to target StAR protein regulations remains uncertain. Hence, this review discusses the effects of BPA and its analogues in StAR protein regulation by targeting cAMP-PKA, PLC-PKC, EGFR-MAPK/ERK and Ca2+-Nur77. BPA and its analogues mainly lead to decreased LH in blood and increased ERK expression and Ca2+ influx, with no relationship with the StAR protein regulation in testicular steroidogenesis. Furthermore, the involvement of the cAMP-PKA, PLC-PKC, and Nur77 molecules in StAR regulation in Leydig cells exposed to BPA and its analogues remains questionable. In conclusion, although BPA and its analogues have been found to disrupt the StAR protein, the evidence in connecting the signaling pathways with the StAR regulations in testicular steroidogenesis is still lacking, and more research is needed to draw a solid conclusion.
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Keskin E, Can EY, Aydın HA, Işık E, Özgen U, Şimşek K, Cengil O, Başar C, Kalaycı M. The preventative effect of of Ro5-4864 (peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist) on spinal epidural fibrosis after laminectomy in a rat model. Neurol Res 2021; 43:1107-1115. [PMID: 34461817 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1949689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the histopathological effects of a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist (Ro5-4864) on epidural fibrosis (EF) in an experimental study model (post-laminectomy) in rats. METHODS A total of 32 albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into four equal groups (n = 8). In Group 1, no treatment was applied after laminectomy (control group). In Group 2, hemostasis was achieved after Laminectomy, and the surgical procedure was terminated by placing a 2-mm absorbable gelatin sponge dipped in saline into the epidural space. In Group 3, low-dose (4 mg/kg) Ro5-4864 was administered 30 minutes before the surgery. In Group 4, high-dose (8 mg/kg) Ro5-4864 was administered 30 minutes before the surgery. A histopathological examination was performed to evaluate arachnoidal invasion and EF. RESULTS Our data revealed the EF was significantly reduced in rats treated with high-dose Ro5-4864 (Group 4) compared to the control and saline-soaked Spongostan groups (p = 0.000 and p = 0.006, respectively). There was no significant difference between the groups treated with high- and low-dose Ro5-4864. Arachnoidal invasion was not seen in any of the rats in the high-dose R05-4864 group. However, the arachnoidal invasion results did not significantly differ between the study groups (p = 0.052 = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study showed that Ro5-4864 could be effective in reducing EF in rats after.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Keskin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Emine Yılmaz Can
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Hasan Ali Aydın
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Emre Işık
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Utku Özgen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Atatürk State Hospital, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Kenan Şimşek
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Osman Cengil
- Department of Experimental Animal Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Cansu Başar
- Insurance Information and Monitoring Center, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Kalaycı
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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10
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Georges E, Sottas C, Li Y, Papadopoulos V. Direct and specific binding of cholesterol to the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) using PhotoClick cholesterol analogue. J Biochem 2021; 170:239-243. [PMID: 33846725 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) is a five-helix transmembrane protein localized to the outer mitochondria membrane. Radioligand binding assays and chemical crosslinking showed TSPO to be a high affinity cholesterol-binding protein. In this report, we show that TSPO in mitochondrial fractions from MA-10 mouse tumour Leydig cells can interact directly and competitively with the clickable photoreactive cholesterol analogue. PhotoClick cholesterol showed saturable photoaffinity labelling of TSPO that could be specifically immunoprecipitated with anti-TSPO antibody, following the click reaction with the fluorescent-azide probe, tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-azide. Moreover, excess cholesterol reduced the photolabelling of both total mitochondrial proteins and TSPO. Together, the results of this study demonstrated direct binding of PhotoClick cholesterol to TSPO and that this interaction occurs at physiologically relevant site(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Georges
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H9X1C0, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Chantal Sottas
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Yuchang Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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11
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Noh S, Go A, Kim DB, Park M, Jeon HW, Kim B. Role of Antioxidant Natural Products in Management of Infertility: A Review of Their Medicinal Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E957. [PMID: 33036328 PMCID: PMC7600260 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility, a couple's inability to conceive after one year of unprotected regular intercourse, is an important issue in the world. The use of natural products in the treatment of infertility has been considered as a possible alternative to conventional therapies. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and the mechanisms of various natural products on infertility. We collected articles regarding infertility and natural products using the research databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Several natural products possess antioxidant properties and androgenic activities on productive factors and hormones. Antioxidants are the first defense barrier against free radicals produced by oxidative stress (OS). They remove reactive oxygen stress (ROS), reducing insulin resistance, total cholesterol, fat accumulation, and cancer growth. Moreover, various natural products increase endometrial receptivity and fertility ability showing androgenic activities on productive factors and hormones. For example, Angelica keiskei powder and Astragalus mongholicus extract showed anti-infertility efficacies in males and females, respectively. On the other hand, adverse effects and acute toxicity of natural products were also reported. Tripterygium glycoside decreased fertility ability both in males and females. Results indicate that management of infertility with natural products could be beneficial with further clinical trials to evaluate the safety and effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Noh
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.N.); (A.G.); (D.B.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Ara Go
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.N.); (A.G.); (D.B.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Da Bin Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.N.); (A.G.); (D.B.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Minjeong Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.N.); (A.G.); (D.B.K.); (M.P.)
| | - Hee Won Jeon
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.N.); (A.G.); (D.B.K.); (M.P.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea
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12
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Kawatkar A, Schefter M, Hermansson NO, Snijder A, Dekker N, Brown DG, Lundbäck T, Zhang AX, Castaldi MP. CETSA beyond Soluble Targets: a Broad Application to Multipass Transmembrane Proteins. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1913-1920. [PMID: 31329413 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Demonstration of target binding is a key requirement for understanding the mode of action of new therapeutics. The cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) has been introduced as a powerful label-free method to assess target engagement in physiological environments. Here, we present the application of live-cell CETSA to different classes of integral multipass transmembrane proteins using three case studies, the first showing a large and robust stabilization of the outer mitochondrial five-pass transmembrane protein TSPO, the second being a modest stabilization of SERCA2, and the last describing an atypical compound-driven stabilization of the GPCR PAR2. Our data demonstrated that using modified protocols with detergent extraction after the heating step, CETSA can reliably be applied to several membrane proteins of different complexity. By showing examples with distinct CETSA behaviors, we aim to provide the scientific community with an overview of different scenarios to expect during CETSA experiments, especially for challenging, membrane bound targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Kawatkar
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, United States
| | - Michelle Schefter
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, United States
| | - Nils-Olov Hermansson
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dean G. Brown
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, United States
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrew X. Zhang
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, United States
| | - M. Paola Castaldi
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceutical R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, United States
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13
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Bruno A, Barresi E, Simola N, Da Pozzo E, Costa B, Novellino E, Da Settimo F, Martini C, Taliani S, Cosconati S. Unbinding of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Ligands: From in Vitro Residence Time to in Vivo Efficacy via in Silico Simulations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:3805-3814. [PMID: 31268683 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is a validated pharmacological target for the development of new treatments for neurological disorders. N,N-Dialkyl-2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides (PIGAs) are effective TSPO modulators and potentially useful therapeutics for the treatment of anxiety, central nervous system pathologies featuring astrocyte loss, and inflammatory-based neuropathologies. For this class of compounds, no correlation exists between the TSPO binding affinity and the corresponding functional efficacy. Rather, their biological effectiveness correlates with the kinetics of the unbinding events and more specifically with the residence time (RT). So far, the structural reasons for the different recorded RT of congeneric PIGAs remain elusive. Here, to understand the different kinetics of PIGAs, their unbinding paths were studied by employing enhanced-sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Results of these studies revealed how subtle structural differences between PIGAs have a substantial effect on the unbinding energetics. In particular, during the egress from the TSPO binding site, slow-dissociating PIGAs find tight interactions with the protein LP1 region thereby determining a long RT. Further support to these findings was achieved by in vivo studies, which demonstrated how the anxiolytic effect observed for the inspected PIGAs correlated with their RT to TSPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agostino Bruno
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Monserrato University Campus, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University Federico II of Naples, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
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14
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Zirkin BR, Papadopoulos V. Leydig cells: formation, function, and regulation. Biol Reprod 2019; 99:101-111. [PMID: 29566165 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we summarize important discoveries made over many years about Leydig cell function and regulation. Fetal Leydig cells produce the high levels of androgen (testosterone or androstenedione, depending upon the species) required for differentiation of male genitalia and brain masculinization. Androgen production declines with loss of these cells, reaching a nadir at postpartum. Testosterone then gradually increases to high levels with adult Leydig cell development from stem cells. In the adult, luteinizing hormone (LH) binding to Leydig cell LH receptors stimulates cAMP production, increasing the rate of cholesterol translocation into the mitochondria. Cholesterol is metabolized to pregnenolone by the CYP11A1 enzyme at the inner mitochondrial membrane, and pregnenolone to testosterone by mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum enzymes. Cholesterol translocation to the inner mitochondrial membrane is mediated by a protein complex formed at mitochondrial contact sites that consists of the cholesterol binding translocator protein, voltage dependent anion channel, and other mitochondrial and cytosolic proteins. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein acts at this complex to enhance cholesterol movement across the membranes and thus increase testosterone formation. The 14-3-3γ and ε adaptor proteins serve as negative regulators of steroidogenesis, controlling the maximal amount of steroid formed. Decline in testosterone production occurs in many aging and young men, resulting in metabolic and quality-of-life changes. Testosterone replacement therapy is widely used to elevate serum testosterone levels in hypogonadal men. With knowledge gained of the mechanisms involved in testosterone formation, it is also conceivable to use pharmacological means to increase serum testosterone by Leydig cell stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry R Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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15
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Transcriptional regulation of Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) in microglia requires Pu.1, Ap1 and Sp factors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:1119-1133. [PMID: 30412797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is strongly expressed in reactive microglia and serves as a therapeutic target for alleviation of neuronal degeneration. However, little is known about TSPO's transcriptional regulation in microglia. The aim of this study was to identify genetic elements and transcription factors required for basal and inducible TSPO expression in microglia. Murine Tspo promoter was cloned into the pGL4.10 luciferase vector and functionally characterized in BV-2 cells. Deletion mutagenesis indicated that -845 bases upstream were sufficient to reconstitute near maximal promoter activity in BV-2. Deletion of -593 to -520 sequences, which harbour an Ap1, Ets.2 and Nkx3.1 site which also serves as a non-canonical binding site for Sp1-family transcription factors, led to a dramatic decrease in both basal and LPS induced promoter activity. Further deletion of -168 to -39 sequences, which contains four GC boxes, also led to a significant decrease in promoter activity. Targeted mutations of Ap1, Ets.2, Nkx3.1/Sp1/3/4 and the GC boxes led to significant decreases in promoter activity. ChIP-qPCR revealed that Pu.1, Ap1, Stat3, Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 bind to the endogenous Tspo promoter. Notably, binding of these factors, with the exception of Stat3, was significantly enhanced upon LPS treatment. RNAi silencing of Pu.1, cJun, cFos, Sp1, Sp3, Sp4 and Stat3 strongly lowered Tspo promoter activity while Ap1 silencing inhibited LPS induced increase in Tspo protein levels. These findings demonstrate that consensus binding sequences for Ap1, Ets.2, distal as well as proximal Sp1/3/4 sites regulate basal and LPS induced Tspo promoter activity in microglia.
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16
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Selvaraj V, Stocco DM, Clark BJ. Current knowledge on the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. Biol Reprod 2018; 99:13-26. [PMID: 29718098 PMCID: PMC6044331 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
How rapid induction of steroid hormone biosynthesis occurs in response to trophic hormone stimulation of steroidogenic cells has been a subject of intensive investigation for approximately six decades. A key observation made very early was that acute regulation of steroid biosynthesis required swift and timely synthesis of a new protein whose role appeared to be involved in the delivery of the substrate for all steroid hormones, cholesterol, from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane where the process of steroidogenesis begins. It was quickly learned that this transfer of cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane was the regulated and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis. Following this observation, the quest for this putative regulator protein(s) began in earnest in the late 1950s. This review provides a history of this quest, the candidate proteins that arose over the years and facts surrounding their rise or decline. Only two have persisted-translocator protein (TSPO) and the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). We present a detailed summary of the work that has been published for each of these two proteins, the specific data that has appeared in support of their role in cholesterol transport and steroidogenesis, and the ensuing observations that have arisen in recent years that have refuted the role of TSPO in this process. We believe that the only viable candidate that has been shown to be indispensable is the StAR protein. Lastly, we provide our view on what may be the most important questions concerning the acute regulation of steroidogenesis that need to be asked in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Barbara J Clark
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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17
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Rashid K, Wolf A, Langmann T. Microglia Activation and Immunomodulatory Therapies for Retinal Degenerations. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:176. [PMID: 29977192 PMCID: PMC6021747 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic pro-inflammatory environment is a hallmark of retinal degenerative diseases and neurological disorders that affect vision. Inflammatory responses during retinal pathophysiology are orchestrated by microglial cells which constitute the resident immune cell population. Following activation, microglia cells lose their ramified protrusions, proliferate and rapidly migrate to the damaged areas and resolve tissue damage. However, sustained presence of tissue stress primes microglia to become overreactive and results in the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators that favor retinal degenerative changes. Consequently, interventions aimed at overriding microglial pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative properties may attenuate photoreceptor demise and preserve retinal integrity. We highlight the positive effects of ligands for the translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) and the cytokine interferon beta (IFN-β) in modulating microgliosis during retinal pathologies and discuss their plausible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Rashid
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Anne Wolf
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Langmann
- Laboratory for Experimental Immunology of the Eye, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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18
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Fan J, Wang K, Zirkin B, Papadopoulos V. CRISPR/Cas9‒Mediated Tspo Gene Mutations Lead to Reduced Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Steroid Formation in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells. Endocrinology 2018; 159:1130-1146. [PMID: 29300865 PMCID: PMC5793793 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-03065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The outer mitochondrial membrane translocator protein (TSPO) binds cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its delivery into mitochondria, the rate-limiting step in hormone-induced steroidogenesis. Specific ligand binding to TSPO has been shown to initiate steroid formation. However, recent studies of the genetic deletion of Tspo have provided conflicting results. Here, we address and extend previous studies by examining the effects of Tspo-specific mutations on steroid formation in hormone- and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive MA-10 cells, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Two mutant subcell lines, nG1 and G2G, each carrying a Tspo exon2-specific genome modification, and two control subcell lines, G1 and HH, each carrying a wild-type Tspo, were produced. In response to dibutyryl cAMP, the nG1 and G2G cells produced progesterone at levels significantly lower than those produced by the corresponding control cells G1 and HH. Neutral lipid homeostasis, which provides free cholesterol for steroid biosynthesis, was altered significantly in the Tspo mutant cells. Interestingly, the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) of the Tspo mutant cells was significantly reduced compared with that of the control cells, likely because of TSPO interactions with the voltage-dependent anion channel and tubulin at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) expression was induced in nG1 cells, suggesting that reduced TSPO affected STAR synthesis and/or processing. Taken together, these results provide further evidence for the critical role of TSPO in steroid biosynthesis and suggest that it may function at least in part via its regulation of ΔΨm and effects on STAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Kevin Wang
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H4A 3J1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089
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19
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Steroidogenic abnormalities in translocator protein knockout mice and significance in the aging male. Biochem J 2018; 475:75-85. [PMID: 29127254 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO) has been proposed to act as a key component in a complex important for mitochondrial cholesterol importation, which is the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis. However, TSPO function in steroidogenesis has recently been challenged by the development of TSPO knockout (TSPO-KO) mice, as they exhibit normal baseline gonadal testosterone and adrenal corticosteroid production. Here, we demonstrate that despite normal androgen levels in young male TSPO-KO mice, TSPO deficiency alters steroidogenic flux and results in reduced total steroidogenic output. Specific reductions in the levels of progesterone and corticosterone as well as age-dependent androgen deficiency were observed in both young and aged male TSPO-KO mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that while TSPO is not critical for achieving baseline testicular and adrenal steroidogenesis, either indirect effects of TSPO on steroidogenic processes, or compensatory mechanisms and functional redundancy, lead to subtle steroidogenic abnormalities which become exacerbated with aging.
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20
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Liang JJ, Rasmusson AM. Overview of the Molecular Steps in Steroidogenesis of the GABAergic Neurosteroids Allopregnanolone and Pregnanolone. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2018; 2:2470547018818555. [PMID: 32440589 PMCID: PMC7219929 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018818555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone-neurosteroids synthesized from progesterone in the brain, adrenal gland, ovary and testis-have been implicated in a range of neuropsychiatric conditions including seizure disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, post-partum depression, pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder, chronic pain, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, neurotrauma, and stroke. Allopregnanolone and pregnanolone equipotently facilitate the effects of gamma-amino-butyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors, and when sulfated, antagonize N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. They play myriad roles in neurophysiological homeostasis and adaptation to stress while exerting anxiolytic, antidepressant, anti-nociceptive, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, sleep promoting, memory stabilizing, neuroprotective, pro-myelinating, and neurogenic effects. Given that these neurosteroids are synthesized de novo on demand, this review details the molecular steps involved in the biochemical conversion of cholesterol to allopregnanolone and pregnanolone within steroidogenic cells. Although much is known about the early steps in neurosteroidogenesis, less is known about transcriptional, translational, and post-translational processes in allopregnanolone- and pregnanolone-specific synthesis. Further research to elucidate these mechanisms as well as to optimize the timing and dose of interventions aimed at altering the synthesis or levels of these neurosteroids is much needed. This should include the development of novel therapeutics for the many neuropsychiatric conditions to which dysregulation of these neurosteroids contributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M. Rasmusson
- Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, MA,
USA
- National Center for PTSD, Women’s Health
Science Division, Department of Veterans Affairs, Boston, MA, USA
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA,
USA
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21
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Wang Y, Chen F, Ye L, Zirkin B, Chen H. Steroidogenesis in Leydig cells: effects of aging and environmental factors. Reproduction 2017; 154:R111-R122. [PMID: 28747539 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Serum testosterone (TS) levels decrease with aging in both humans and rodents. Using the rat as a model system, it was found that age-related reductions in serum TS were not due to loss of Leydig cells, but rather to the reduced ability of the Leydig cells to produce TS in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). Detailed analyses of the steroidogenic pathway have suggested that two defects along the pathway, LH-stimulated cAMP production and cholesterol transport to and into the mitochondria, are of particular importance in age-related reductions in TS production. Although the mechanisms involved in these defects are far from certain, increasing oxidative stress appears to play a particularly important role. Interestingly, increased oxidative stress also appears to be involved in the suppressive effects of endocrine disruptors on Leydig cell TS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fenfen Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Leping Ye
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Barry Zirkin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haolin Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou, Zhejiang, China .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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22
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Costa B, Taliani S, Da Pozzo E, Barresi E, Robello M, Cavallini C, Cosconati S, Da Settimo F, Novellino E, Martini C. Residence Time, a New parameter to Predict Neurosteroidogenic Efficacy of Translocator Protein (TSPO) Ligands: the Case Study of N,N-Dialkyl-2-arylindol-3-ylglyoxylamides. ChemMedChem 2017; 12:1275-1278. [PMID: 28467680 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201700220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the biosynthetic pathway of neuroactive steroids with specific 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands may be a viable therapeutic approach for a variety of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. However, the lack of correlation between binding affinity and in vitro steroidogenic efficacy has limited the identification of lead compounds by traditional affinity-based drug discovery strategies. Our recent research indicates that the key factor for robust steroidogenic TSPO ligand efficacy is not the binding affinity per se, but rather the time the compound spends in the target, namely its residence time (RT). The assessment of this kinetic parameter during the in vitro characterization of compounds appears mandatory in order to obtain structure-efficacy relationships suitable for the future development of novel molecules with promising pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Da Pozzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Barresi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Robello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cavallini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federico Da Settimo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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23
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Baez E, Guio-Vega GP, Echeverria V, Sandoval-Rueda DA, Barreto GE. 4'-Chlorodiazepam Protects Mitochondria in T98G Astrocyte Cell Line from Glucose Deprivation. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:163-171. [PMID: 28405935 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9733-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The translocator protein (TSPO), formerly known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), is considered an important regulator of steroidogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in neurological disorders. Previous evidence suggests that TSPO ligands can protect cells during injury and prevent apoptosis in central nervous system (CNS) cells. However, its actions on astrocytic cells under metabolic injury are not well understood. In this study, we explored whether 4'-chlorodiazepam (Ro5-4864), a TSPO ligand, might protect astrocyte mitochondria under glucose deprivation. Our results showed that 4'-chlorodiazepam preserved cell viability and reduced nuclear fragmentation in glucose-deprived cells. These effects were accompanied by a reduced production of free radicals and maintenance of mitochondrial functions in cells treated with 4'-chlorodiazepam. Finally, our findings suggest that TSPO might be involved in reducing oxidative stress by preserving mitochondrial functions in astrocytic cells exposed to glucose withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Baez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Gina Paola Guio-Vega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | | | - Daniel Andres Sandoval-Rueda
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia. .,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Classical and Novel TSPO Ligands for the Mitochondrial TSPO Can Modulate Nuclear Gene Expression: Implications for Mitochondrial Retrograde Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040786. [PMID: 28387723 PMCID: PMC5412370 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that knockdown of the mitochondrial 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) as well as TSPO ligands modulate various functions, including functions related to cancer. To study the ability of TSPO to regulate gene expression regarding such functions, we applied microarray analysis of gene expression to U118MG glioblastoma cells. Within 15 min, the classical TSPO ligand PK 11195 induced changes in expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors. These changes also included gene products that are part of the canonical pathway serving to modulate general gene expression. These changes are in accord with real-time, reverse transcriptase (RT) PCR. At the time points of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min, as well as 3 and 24 h of PK 11195 exposure, the functions associated with the changes in gene expression in these glioblastoma cells covered well known TSPO functions. These functions included cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, migration, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. This was corroborated microscopically for cell migration, cell accumulation, adhesion, and neuronal differentiation. Changes in gene expression at 24 h of PK 11195 exposure were related to downregulation of tumorigenesis and upregulation of programmed cell death. In the vehicle treated as well as PK 11195 exposed cell cultures, our triple labeling showed intense TSPO labeling in the mitochondria but no TSPO signal in the cell nuclei. Thus, mitochondrial TSPO appears to be part of the mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling pathway for modulation of nuclear gene expression. The novel TSPO ligand 2-Cl-MGV-1 appeared to be very specific regarding modulation of gene expression of immediate early genes and transcription factors.
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25
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Stocco DM, Zhao AH, Tu LN, Morohaku K, Selvaraj V. A brief history of the search for the protein(s) involved in the acute regulation of steroidogenesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 441:7-16. [PMID: 27484452 PMCID: PMC5929480 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in specific cells and tissues in the body in response to trophic hormones and other signals. In order to synthesize steroids de novo, cholesterol, the precursor of all steroid hormones, must be mobilized from cellular stores to the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) to be converted into the first steroid formed, pregnenolone. This delivery of cholesterol to the IMM is the rate-limiting step in this process, and has long been known to require the rapid synthesis of a new protein(s) in response to stimulation. Although several possibilities for this protein have arisen over the past few decades, most of the recent attention to fill this role has centered on the candidacies of the proteins the Translocator Protein (TSPO) and the Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR). In this review, the process of regulating steroidogenesis is briefly described, the characteristics of the candidate proteins and the data supporting their candidacies summarized, and some recent findings that propose a serious challenge for the role of TSPO in this process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Stocco
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
| | - Amy H Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kanako Morohaku
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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26
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Selvaraj V, Tu LN. Current status and future perspectives: TSPO in steroid neuroendocrinology. J Endocrinol 2016; 231:R1-R30. [PMID: 27422254 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO), previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR), has received significant attention both as a diagnostic biomarker and as a therapeutic target for different neuronal disease pathologies. Recently, its functional basis believed to be mediating mitochondrial cholesterol import for steroid hormone production has been refuted by studies examining both in vivo and in vitro genetic Tspo-deficient models. As a result, there now exists a fundamental gap in the understanding of TSPO function in the nervous system, and its putative pharmacology in neurosteroid production. In this review, we discuss several recent findings in steroidogenic cells that are in direct contradiction to previous studies, and necessitate a re-examination of the purported role for TSPO in de novo neurosteroid biosynthesis. We critically examine the pharmacological effects of different TSPO-binding drugs with particular focus on studies that measure neurosteroid levels. We highlight the basis of key misconceptions regarding TSPO that continue to pervade the literature, and the need for interpretation with caution to avoid negative impacts. We also summarize the emerging perspectives that point to new directions that need to be investigated for understanding the molecular function of TSPO, only after which the true potential of this therapeutic target in medicine may be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal ScienceCornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Zhang H, Ma L, Yin YL, Dong LQ, Cheng GG, Ma YQ, Li YF, Xu BN. Over-expression of TSPO in the hippocampal CA1 area alleviates cognitive dysfunction caused by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Brain Res 2016; 1646:402-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Elustondo P, Martin LA, Karten B. Mitochondrial cholesterol import. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:90-101. [PMID: 27565112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All animal subcellular membranes require cholesterol, which influences membrane fluidity and permeability, fission and fusion processes, and membrane protein function. The distribution of cholesterol among subcellular membranes is highly heterogeneous and the cholesterol content of each membrane must be carefully regulated. Compared to other subcellular membranes, mitochondrial membranes are cholesterol-poor, particularly the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). As a result, steroidogenesis can be controlled through the delivery of cholesterol to the IMM, where it is converted to pregnenolone. The low basal levels of cholesterol also make mitochondria sensitive to changes in cholesterol content, which can have a relatively large impact on the biophysical and functional characteristics of mitochondrial membranes. Increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels have been observed in diverse pathological conditions including cancer, steatohepatitis, Alzheimer disease and Niemann-Pick Type C1-deficiency, and are associated with increased oxidative stress, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and changes in the susceptibility to apoptosis, among other alterations in mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are not included in the vesicular trafficking network; therefore, cholesterol transport to mitochondria is mostly achieved through the activity of lipid transfer proteins at membrane contact sites or by cytosolic, diffusible lipid transfer proteins. Here we will give an overview of the main mechanisms involved in mitochondrial cholesterol import, focusing on the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR/STARD1 and other members of the StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain protein family, and we will discuss how changes in mitochondrial cholesterol levels can arise and affect mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Elustondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura A Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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TSPO Ligand-Methotrexate Prodrug Conjugates: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17060967. [PMID: 27322261 PMCID: PMC4926499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) is a potential mitochondrial target for drug delivery to tumors overexpressing TSPO, including brain cancers, and selective TSPO ligands have been successfully used to selectively deliver drugs into the target. Methotrexate (MTX) is an anticancer drug of choice for the treatment of several cancers, but its permeability through the blood brain barrier (BBB) is poor, making it unsuitable for the treatment of brain tumors. Therefore, in this study, MTX was selected to achieve two TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates (TSPO ligand α-MTX and TSPO ligand γ-MTX), potentially useful for the treatment of TSPO-rich cancers, including brain tumors. In this work, we have presented the synthesis, the physicochemical characterizations, as well as the in vitro stabilities of the new TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates. The binding affinity for TSPO and the selectivity versus central-type benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) was also investigated. The cytotoxicity of prepared conjugates was evaluated on MTX-sensitive human and rat glioma cell lines overexpressing TSPO. The estimated coefficients of lipophilicity and the stability studies of the conjugates confirm that the synthesized molecules are stable enough in buffer solution at pH 7.4, as well in physiological medium, and show an increased lipophilicity compared to the MTX, compatible with a likely ability to cross the blood brain barrier. The latter feature of two TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates was also confirmed by in vitro permeability studies conducted on Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with the human MDR1 gene (MDCK-MDR1) monolayers. TSPO ligand-MTX conjugates have shown to possess a high binding affinity for TSPO, with IC50 values ranging from 7.2 to 40.3 nM, and exhibited marked toxicity against glioma cells overexpressing TSPO, in comparison with the parent drug MTX.
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Santoro A, Mattace Raso G, Taliani S, Da Pozzo E, Simorini F, Costa B, Martini C, Laneri S, Sacchi A, Cosimelli B, Calignano A, Da Settimo F, Meli R. TSPO-ligands prevent oxidative damage and inflammatory response in C6 glioma cells by neurosteroid synthesis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 88:124-31. [PMID: 27094781 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO) is predominantly located in the mitochondrial outer membrane, playing an important role in steroidogenesis, inflammation, cell survival and proliferation. Its expression in central nervous system, mainly in glial cells, has been found to be upregulated in neuropathology, and brain injury. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of a group of TSPO ligands from the N,N-dialkyl-2-phenylindol-3-ylglyoxylamide class (PIGAs), highlighting the involvement of neurosteroids in their pharmacological effects. To this aim we used a well-known in vitro model of neurosteroidogenesis: the astrocytic C6 glioma cell line, where TSPO expression and localization, as well as cell response to TSPO ligand treatment, have been established. All PIGAs reduced l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO)-driven cell cytotoxicity and lipid peroxidation. Moreover, an anti-inflammatory effect was observed due to the reduction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induction in LPS/IFNγ challenged cells. Both effects were blunted by aminoglutethimide (AMG), an inhibitor of pregnenolone synthesis, suggesting neurosteroids' involvement in PIGA protective mechanism. Finally, pregnenolone evaluation in PIGA exposed cells revealed an increase in its synthesis, which was prevented by AMG pre-treatment. These findings indicate that these TSPO ligands reduce oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory enzymes in glial cells through the de novo synthesis of neurosteroids, suggesting that these compounds could be potential new therapeutic tools for the treatment of inflammatory-based neuropathologies with beneficial effects possibly comparable to steroids, but potentially avoiding the negative side effects of long-term therapies with steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mattace Raso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Taliani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Barbara Costa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Martini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Laneri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonia Sacchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Cosimelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antonio Calignano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Rosaria Meli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Declercq LD, Vandenberghe R, Van Laere K, Verbruggen A, Bormans G. Drug Development in Alzheimer's Disease: The Contribution of PET and SPECT. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:88. [PMID: 27065872 PMCID: PMC4814730 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials aiming to develop disease-altering drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder with devastating consequences, are failing at an alarming rate. Poorly defined inclusion-and outcome criteria, due to a limited amount of objective biomarkers, is one of the major concerns. Non-invasive molecular imaging techniques, positron emission tomography and single photon emission (computed) tomography (PET and SPE(C)T), allow visualization and quantification of a wide variety of (patho)physiological processes and allow early (differential) diagnosis in many disorders. PET and SPECT have the ability to provide biomarkers that permit spatial assessment of pathophysiological molecular changes and therefore objectively evaluate and follow up therapeutic response, especially in the brain. A number of specific PET/SPECT biomarkers used in support of emerging clinical therapies in AD are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven D Declercq
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Vandenberghe
- Laboratory for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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32
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Patent highlights October–November 2015. Pharm Pat Anal 2016. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.15.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical R&D.
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