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Kadam I, Dalloul M, Hausser J, Vaday D, Gilboa E, Wang L, Hittelman J, Hoepner L, Fordjour L, Chitamanni P, Saxena A, Jiang X. Role of one-carbon nutrient intake and diabetes during pregnancy in children's growth and neurodevelopment: A 2-year follow-up study of a prospective cohort. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1216-1223. [PMID: 38636347 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Both maternal metabolic dysregulation, e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and maternal supply of nutrients that participate in one-carbon (1C) metabolism, e.g., folate, choline, betaine, and vitamin B12, have been demonstrated to influence epigenetic modification such as DNA methylation, thereby exerting long-lasting impacts on growth and development of offspring. This study aimed to determine how maternal 1C nutrient intake was associated with DNA methylation and further, development of children, as well as whether maternal GDM status modified the association in a prospective cohort. METHODS In this study, women with (n = 18) and without (n = 20) GDM were recruited at 25-33 weeks gestation. Detailed dietary intake data was collected by 3-day 24-h dietary recall and nutrient levels in maternal blood were also assessed at enrollment. The maternal-child dyads were invited to participate in a 2-year follow-up during which anthropometric measurement and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development™ Screening Test (Third Edition) were conducted on children. The association between maternal 1C nutrients and children's developmental outcomes was analyzed with a generalized linear model controlling for maternal GDM status. RESULTS We found that children born to mothers with GDM had lower scores in the language domain of the Bayley test (p = 0.049). Higher maternal food folate and choline intakes were associated with better language scores in children (p = 0.01 and 0.025, respectively). Higher maternal food folate intakes were also associated with better cognitive scores in children (p = 0.002). Higher 1C nutrient intakes during pregnancy were associated with lower body weight of children at 2 years of age (p < 0.05). However, global DNA methylation of children's buccal cells was not associated with any maternal 1C nutrients. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, higher 1C nutrient intake during pregnancy was associated with lower body weight and better neurodevelopmental outcomes of children. This may help overcome the lower language scores seen in GDM-affected children in this cohort. Studies in larger cohorts and with a longer follow-up duration are needed to further delineate the relationship between prenatal 1C nutrient exposure, especially in GDM-affected pregnancies, and offspring health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isma'il Kadam
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Mudar Dalloul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Jeanette Hausser
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Doron Vaday
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Ella Gilboa
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Public Health, Robbins College of Human Health and Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76711, USA
| | - Joan Hittelman
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Lori Hoepner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Lawrence Fordjour
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Pavani Chitamanni
- Department of Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Departments of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA; PhD Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Gong L, Jiang S, Tian J, Li Y, Yu W, Zhang L, Xiao D. STZ-induced gestational diabetes exposure alters PTEN/AKT/mTOR-mediated autophagy signaling pathway leading to increase the risk of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Reprod Toxicol 2024; 123:108494. [PMID: 38706688 PMCID: PMC11068333 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during pregnancy has significant consequences for the unborn baby and newborn infant. However, whether and how GDM exposure induces the development of neonatal brain hypoxia/ischemia-sensitive phenotype and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we used a late GDM rat model induced by administration of streptozotocin (STZ) on gestational day 12 and investigated its effects of GDM on neonatal brain development. The pregnant rats exhibited increased blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner after STZ administration. STZ-induced maternal hyperglycemia led to reduced blood glucose levels in neonatal offspring, resulting in growth restriction and an increased brain to body weight ratio. Importantly, GDM exposure increased susceptibility to hypoxia/ischemia (HI)-induced brain infarct sizes compared to the controls in both male and female neonatal offspring. Further molecular analysis revealed alterations in the PTEN/AKT/mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway in neonatal male offspring brains, along with increased ROS production and autophagy-related proteins (Atg5 and LC3-II). Treatment with the PTEN inhibitor bisperoxovanadate (BPV) eliminated the differences in HI-induced brain infarct sizes between the GDM-exposed and the control groups. These findings provide novel evidence of the development of a brain hypoxia/ischemia-sensitive phenotype in response to GDM exposure and highlight the role of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR/autophagy signaling pathway in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Gong
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Siyi Jiang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
- Department of Hematology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Wansu Yu
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Rezende GCD, Noronha RCR, Ortiz HC, do Nascimento LAS, das Neves SC, Ventura Said YL, Cardoso AL, de Mescouto VA, Vilela MLB, do Nascimento VA, Coelho HRS, Leite Kassuya CA, Pedroso TF, Salvador MJ, Oliveira RJ. Absence of maternal-fetal adverse effects of Alternanthera littoralis P. Beauv. following treatment during pregnancy in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023; 86:543-556. [PMID: 37340982 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2223624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Alternanthera littoralis P. Beauv is a plant native to Brazil that exhibits various beneficial activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the ethanol extract of Alternanthera littoralis (EEAl) on reproductive outcomes, embryofetal development, and DNA integrity of pregnant female mice. Pregnant Swiss female mice were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 10): controls were administered either 1% Tween 80 (vehicle), EEAl 100 mg/kg or EEAl 1000 mg/kg. Treatment was administered through gavage during the gestational period until day 18. On gestational days 16, 17, and 18, a peripheral blood sample from the tail vein was obtained for DNA integrity analysis (micronucleus test). After the last collection, animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Maternal organs and fetuses were collected, weighed, and subsequently analyzed. Reproductive outcome parameters were assessed by measurement of number of implants, live fetuses, and resorptions. Embryonic development was determined by adequacy of weight for gestational age as well as determination of external, visceral, and skeletal malformations. Data demonstrated that EEAl did not produce maternal toxicity at either dose associated with no marked alterations in any of the reproductive outcome parameters including implantation sites, live/dead fetuses ratio, fetal viability, post-implantation losses, resorptions, and resorption rate. However, EEAl 1000 group reduced embryofetal development by lowering placental weight. In addition, there was an increase in the frequency of external and skeletal malformations in the EEAl 1000 group, which could not be attributed to extract exposure as these values were within control levels. Based upon our findings, evidence indicates that the EEAl at the concentrations employed in our study may be considered safe for use during pregnancy and extracts of this plant show potential for development of phytomedicines to be used in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Corbucci Danti Rezende
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Renata Coelho Rodrigues Noronha
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
| | - Hudman Cunha Ortiz
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Silvia Cordeiro das Neves
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Yasmin Lany Ventura Said
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Adauto Lima Cardoso
- Laboratório de Citogenética, Centro de Estudos Avançados da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal Do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brasil
- Laboratório Genômica Integrativa, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu (IBB), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | - Marcelo Luiz Brandão Vilela
- Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | - Henrique Rodrigues Scherer Coelho
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
| | | | - Taise Fonseca Pedroso
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcos José Salvador
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
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Nunes RCS, Neves SCD, Salustriano FR, Vilela MLB, do Nascimento VA, Arunachalam K, Gomes RDS, Kassuya CAL, Mota JDS, Oliveira RJ. The Ethanolic Extract of Piper glabratum Kunth Is Teratogenic and Interferes with the Ossification Process of Swiss Mice Fetuses. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030430. [PMID: 36986529 PMCID: PMC10051201 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Piper glabratum Kunth is a plant traditionally used to treat pain and inflammation in the Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Even pregnant women consume this plant. Toxicology studies of the ethanolic extract from the leaves of P. glabratum (EEPg) could establish the safety of popular use of P. glabratrum. Thus, the effects of the ethanolic extract of leaves of P. glabratum (EEPg) on the reproductive performance and embryofetal development of Swiss mice were evaluated. Pregnant female mice were treated with 100, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg throughout the gestational period by gavage (p.o). The control group received the EEPg vehicle (Tween 80–1%) in the proportion of 0.1 mL/10 g (p.o.). The results demonstrated that EEPg has low maternal toxic potential and does not alter the reproductive performance of females. However, it altered embryofetal development and caused fetal weight reduction (increasing the frequency of small-for-gestational-age fetuses) at the two highest doses. In addition, it interfered with placental weight, placental index and placental efficiency. The frequency of visceral malformations increased by 2.8 times for the lowest dose of EEPg, and skeletal malformations increased by 2.48, 1.89 and 2.11 times for doses of 100, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg of EEPg, respectively. It is noteworthy that 100% of the offspring treated with EEPg showed changes in the ossification process. Thus, it is considered that the EEPg has low maternal toxic potential; it does not alter the reproductive performance of females. However, it is teratogenic and interferes, mainly, in the ossification process, and therefore its use is contraindicated in the gestational period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogério Carlos Sanfelice Nunes
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento da Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Silvia Cordeiro das Neves
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento da Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Rodrigues Salustriano
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Brandão Vilela
- Faculdade de Medicina Dr. Hélio Mandetta (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Valter Aragão do Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento da Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento da Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Roberto da Silva Gomes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Candida Aparecida Leite Kassuya
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados 79825-070, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jonas da Silva Mota
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Dourados 79804-970, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Juliano Oliveira
- Centro de Estudos em Células-Tronco, Terapia Celular e Genética Toxicológica (CeTroGen), Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento da Região Centro-Oeste, Faculdade de Medicina (FAMED), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-67-98434-6510
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The Ethanolic Extract of Gomphrena celosioides Mart. Does Not Alter Reproductive Performance or Embryo-Fetal Development, nor Does It Cause Chromosomal Damage. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112369. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gomphrena celosioides is a native Brazilian plant found in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. It is used in folk medicine to treat kidney diseases, skin diseases, infections, rheumatism, gastrointestinal diseases, and respiratory diseases. It is also used as an abortifacient. To evaluate the effects of the ethanolic extract of Gomphrena celosioides (EEGc) on reproductive performance, embryo development, and chromosome stability, Swiss mice were randomly divided into experimental groups (n = 10). The animals in the control group received the vehicle Tween 80–1% in the proportion of 0.1 mL/10 g of body weight orally, from the first to the 18th gestational day. The animals in the treatment groups received the EEGc (100, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) from the first to the 18th gestational day. The animals underwent evaluations of their reproductive performance and embryofetal development. The results showed that the EEGc did not change the animals’ final weight, weight gain, uterine weight, or net weight gain. The evaluation showed that the absolute and relative organs’ weights did not vary between the different experimental groups. In addition, the EEGc did not change the numbers of implants, live fetuses, dead fetuses, or fetal resorptions. There were no differences in post-operative loss rates, implantations, or resorptions, nor were there differences in fetal viability or sex ratio. The use of the EEGc did not result in different frequencies of malformations. In addition, the EEGc did not alter the frequency of chromosomal damage or frequency of micronuclei. Based on our findings, we considered the extract of Gomphrena celosioides to be safe for use during pregnancy, although some parameters indicated caution in its use.
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de Oliveira JS, Silva AADN, Dias FCR, de Oliveira EL, de Oliveira Filho EF, Soares PC, Ferreira CMDO, da Silva Junior VA. Histomorphometric and oxidative evaluation of the offspring's testis from type 2 diabetic female rats treated with metformin and pentoxifylline. Int J Exp Pathol 2022; 103:174-189. [PMID: 35734873 PMCID: PMC9482357 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) during pregnancy is characterized by high levels of reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory factors in the placenta. Once these reactive species reach the foetus, they trigger physiological adaptations that allow the foetus to survive, but programme the organism to develop metabolic disorders in adulthood. The male reproductive system is highly susceptible to foetal programming. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intrauterine exposure to T2D on testicular histomorphometry and redox homeostasis of adult rats and evaluate the effects of maternal treatment with metformin and pentoxifylline. Female rats were induced to T2D, then treated with metformin and pentoxifylline, or co-treated with both drugs. The females were mated, the male offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 90, and the testicles were collected for analysis. Metformin protected the tubular compartment, with the maintenance of the Sertoli cell population and daily sperm production. Pentoxifylline attenuated the effects of diabetes on Leydig cells, in addition to stimulating testosterone production and lowering lipid peroxidation. Intrauterine exposure to T2D results in important testicular alterations that compromise gonadal function, and the co-treatment with metformin and pentoxifylline may represent a promising therapy that attenuates these effects by combining the positive influences in both the tubular and interstitial compartments of the testicular parenchyma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Pierre Castro Soares
- Department of Veterinary MedicineFederal Rural University of PernambucoRecifePernambucoBrazil
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Fagninou A, Nekoua MP, Fiogbe SEM, Moutaïrou K, Yessoufou A. Predictive Value of Immune Cells in the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Pilot Study. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:819164. [PMID: 36992781 PMCID: PMC10012146 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.819164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AimsImmunological and biochemical parameters are gaining more and more importance in the prognosis of diabetes and its complications. Here, we assessed the predictive power of immune cells correlated with biochemical parameters in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Materials and MethodsImmune cells and serum biochemical parameters were determined in women with GDM and pregnant controls. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analyses were conducted to assess the optimal cutoff and value of ratios of immune cells to biochemical parameters for predicting GDM.ResultsBlood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly increased whereas HDL-cholesterol decreased in women with GDM compared to pregnant controls. Glycated hemoglobin, creatinine, transaminase activities did not significantly differ between both groups. Total leukocyte, lymphocyte and platelet numbers were significantly high in women with GDM. Correlation tests showed that ratios of lymphocyte/HDL-C, monocyte/HDL-C and granulocyte/HDL-C were significantly higher in women with GDM than in pregnant controls (p = 0.001; p = 0.009 and p = 0.004 respectively). Women with a lymphocyte/HDL-C ratio greater than 3.66 had a 4-fold increased risk of developing GDM than those with lower ratios (odds ratio 4.00; 95% CI: 1.094 – 14.630; p=0.041).ConclusionOur study showed that ratios of lymphocyte, monocyte and granulocyte to HDL-C might represent valuable biomarkers for GDM and in particular, lymphocyte/HDL-C ratio exhibited a strong predictive power for GDM risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnette Fagninou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Non Transmissibles et le Cancer (UR-MNTC), Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Salomon Ezéchiel M. Fiogbe
- Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Non Transmissibles et le Cancer (UR-MNTC), Laboratory of Research in Applied Biology (LARBA), Ecole Polytechnique d’Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Kabirou Moutaïrou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
| | - Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Technology (FAST), Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Cotonou, Benin
- *Correspondence: Akadiri Yessoufou,
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LIN H, LI S, ZHANG J, LIN S, TAN BK, HU J. Functional food ingredients for control of gestational diabetes mellitus: a review. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.03621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiting LIN
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China
| | - Shiyang LI
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China
| | - Jiawen ZHANG
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China
| | - Shaoling LIN
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China
| | - Bee K. TAN
- University of Leicester, United Kingdom; University Hospitals Leicester NHS Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Jiamiao HU
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, China; University of Leicester, United Kingdom
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9
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Paula VG, Sinzato YK, Moraes Souza RQ, Soares TS, Souza FQG, Karki B, Andrade Paes AM, Corrente JE, Damasceno DC, Volpato GT. Metabolic changes in female rats exposed to intrauterine Hyperglycemia and post-weaning consumption of high-fat diet. Biol Reprod 2021; 106:200-212. [PMID: 34668971 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of the hyperglycemic intrauterine environment and post-weaning consumption of a high-fat diet on the glycemia, insulin, lipid and immunological profile of rat offspring in adulthood. Female rats received citrate buffer (Control - C) or Streptozotocin (a beta cell-cytotoxic drug to induce diabetes - D) on post-natal day 5. In adulthood, these rats were mated to obtain female offspring, who were fed a standard diet (SD) or high-fat diet (HFD) from weaning to adulthood (n = 10 rats/group). OC/SD and OC/HFD represent female offspring of control mothers and received SD or HFD, respectively; OD/SD and OD/HFD represent female offspring of diabetic mothers and received SD or HFD, respectively. At adulthood, the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was performed and, next, the rats were anesthetized and euthanized. Pancreas was collected and analyzed, and adipose tissue was weighted. Blood samples were collected to determine biochemical and immunological profiles. The food intake was lower in HFD-fed rats and visceral fat weight was increased in the OD/HFD group. OC/HFD, OD/SD, and OD/HFD groups presented glucose intolerance and lower insulin secretion during OGTT. An impaired pancreatic beta-cell function was shown in the adult offspring of diabetic rats, regardless of diet. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 concentrations were lower in the OD/HFD group and associated to a low-grade inflammatory condition. The fetal programming was responsible for impaired beta cell function in experimental animals. The association of maternal diabetes and post-weaning high-fat diet is responsible for greater glucose intolerance, impaired insulin secretion and immunological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônyca Gonçalves Paula
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Rafaianne Queiroz Moraes Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Thaigra Souza Soares
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.,Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
| | - Franciane Quintanilha Gallego Souza
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Barshana Karki
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Antonio Marcus Andrade Paes
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA -Maranhão State, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Corrente
- Research Support Office, Botucatu Medical School, Univ Estadual Paulista_Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tocogynecology Postgraduate Course, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Tadeu Volpato
- Laboratory of System Physiology and Reproductive Toxicology, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
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10
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Skeletal malformations and growth disturbances in fetuses of mild diabetic rats. BIOMEDICA 2021; 41:493-503. [PMID: 34559496 PMCID: PMC8519598 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.5736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introducción. En la actualidad, la diabetes mellitus representa una de las condiciones médicas que complica el embarazo con mayor frecuencia, lo que afecta el crecimiento y el desarrollo fetal. Objetivo. Determinar las malformaciones esqueléticas y alteraciones en el crecimiento en fetos de ratas Wistar diabéticas. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó un modelo de diabetes moderada inducida neonatalmente con estreptozotocina (STZ 100 mg/kg de peso corporal, por vía subcutánea) en ratas Wistar. En la adultez, las ratas sanas y diabéticas se aparearon con machos sanos de la misma edad y cepa. El día 20 de gestación se practicó la cesárea bajo anestesia. Se extrajeron los fetos, se pesaron y clasificaron como pequeños (PAG), adecuados (AEG) o grandes (GEG) para la edad gestacional. Los fetos seleccionados se procesaron para el análisis de anomalías esqueléticas y sitios de osificación. Resultados. En la descendencia de las ratas diabéticas, hubo un mayor porcentaje de fetos clasificados como pequeños o grandes y un menor porcentaje de fetos con peso adecuado; el promedio de peso fetal fue menor y había menos sitios de osificación. Se observaron alteraciones en la osificación de cráneo, esternón, columna vertebral, costillas y extremidades anteriores y posteriores; y también, hubo una correlación directa entre el peso y el grado de osificación fetal. Hubo malformaciones congénitas asociadas con la fusión y bifurcación de las costillas, así como cambios indicativos de hidrocefalia, como la forma de domo del cráneo, una amplia distancia entre los parietales y la anchura de las fontanelas anterior y posterior. Conclusión. La diabetes moderada durante la gestación altera el crecimiento y el desarrollo fetal, que se ve afectado tanto por macrosomía y la restricción del crecimiento intrauterino como por malformaciones esqueléticas.
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11
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Martins MG, Cruz AGD, Oliveira GPD, Woodside B, Horta-Júnior JDADCE, Kiss ACI. Effects of snack intake during pregnancy and lactation on reproductive outcome in mild hyperglycemic rats. Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113544. [PMID: 34332976 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, like diabetes, as well as maternal diet, alter nutrient availability in utero, inducing adaptations in the offspring. Whether the effects of maternal hyperglycemia are modulated by diet, however, has yet to be explored. In the current study, we examined this issue by giving females rats, treated neonatally with STZ to induce mild hyperglycemia, and control littermates either ad libitum access to standard chow (Control n = 17; STZ n = 16) or standard chow and snacks (Control-snack n = 18; STZ-snack n = 19) (potato chips and a red fruit-flavored sucrose syrup solution 1.5%) throughout pregnancy and lactation. We hypothesized that the maternal glucose intolerance typically seen in female rats treated neonatally with STZ would be exacerbated by snack intake, and that the combination of snack intake and STZ treatment would lead to alterations in maternal behavior and offspring development. Maternal body weight and food intake were measured daily through pregnancy and lactation and litter weight throughout lactation. At birth, litter size, offspring weight, body length, and anogenital distance were obtained and offspring were classified according to their weight. Measures of nursing and retrieval behavior, as well as exploration in the open field and the elevated plus-maze were also recorded. As predicted, snack intake tended to aggravate the glucose intolerance of STZ-treated rats during pregnancy. Both Control and STZ-treated females that had access to snacks ate more calories and fat, but less carbohydrate and protein than females having access to chow alone. Overall, STZ-treated dams gave birth to fewer pups. Chow-fed STZ females gave birth to a greater proportion of large for pregnancy age pups, whereas dams in the Control-snack group gave birth to a greater proportion of small pups. The birth weight classification of pups born to STZ-snack rats, however, resembled that of the Control chow-fed females. Although all litters gained weight during lactation, litters from snack-fed dams gained less weight regardless of maternal hyperglycemia and did not show catch-up growth by weaning. Overall, STZ rats spent more time nest building, whereas the average inter milk ejection interval was higher in snack-fed females. STZ-snack dams retrieved the complete litter faster than dams in the other groups. Together, these data suggest that when mild hyperglycemic females are given access to snacks throughout pregnancy and lactation their intake is similar to that of Control females given snack access. The combination of hyperglycemia and snack access tended to decrease glucose tolerance in pregnancy, and normalized birth weight classification, but produced few other effects that were not seen as a function of snack intake or hyperglycemia alone. Since birth weight is a strong predictor of health issues, future studies will further investigate offspring behavioral and metabolic outcomes later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galleazzo Martins
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IB/USP), Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Gonçalves da Cruz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IB/USP), Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Giovana Pereira de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IB/USP), Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Psychology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4B 1R6
| | - José de Anchieta de Castro E Horta-Júnior
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Inhasz Kiss
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences of the University of São Paulo (IB/USP), Rua do Matão, trav. 14, 321, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-090, Brazil; São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Biosciences, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Rua Prof. Dr. Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin, s/n, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-689, Brazil
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12
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da Silva Moreira S, de Lima Inocêncio LC, Jorge BC, Reis ACC, Hisano H, Arena AC. Effects of benzo(a)pyrene at environmentally relevant doses on embryo-fetal development in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:831-839. [PMID: 33350577 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies have demonstrated that Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP), a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ubiquituous in the environment, can cause teratogenic effects. Since the majority of studies used in vitro models or high doses of BaP, this study evaluated the teratogenicity, reproductive and developmental performance of low doses of BaP through maternal and fetus examination after daily oral administration of BaP (0; 0.1; 1.0 or 10 μg/kg) to pregnant Wistar rats from Gestational day (GD) 6 to GD 15 (the organogenesis period). Pregnant rats did not exhibit clinical signs of toxicity during the exposure period. However, dams exposed to the lowest dose of BaP showed a reduction in the erythrocytes number and in the creatinine levels. The groups exposed to 0.1 and 1.0 μg/kg presented a decrease in placental efficiency, as well as an increase in placental weight. After fetal examination, the treated group with the lowest dose showed a reduced relative anogenital distance, while the curve of normal distribution of weight was changed in the highest dose group. In addition, anomalies evidenced by changes in the renal size and degree of fetal ossification were observed in treated-fetus. In conclusion, treatment with BaP during organogenesis at this dose level is detrimental to the normal development of fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suyane da Silva Moreira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Cesar de Lima Inocêncio
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Campos Jorge
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Casali Reis
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Arielle Cristina Arena
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Toxicological Assistance (CEATOX), Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista-Botucatu (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Silva JNDA, Monteiro NR, Antunes PA, Favareto APA. Maternal and developmental toxicity after exposure to formulation of chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl during organogenesis in rats. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20191026. [PMID: 33206784 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020191026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl are fungicides widely used in agriculture. The aim of this study was to assess maternal toxicity and embryotoxic potential of exposure to chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl during organogenesis period in rats. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: control and exposed to 400 (CT400), 800 (CT800) and 1200 mg-1kg bw-1 day (CT1200) of commercial formulation constituted of 200 g of thiophanate-methyl kg-1 and 500 g of chlorothalonil kg-1 by gavage, from 6th to 15th gestational day. Maternal toxicity, liver, kidney and placenta histology, reproductive performance, and external, skeletal and visceral malformations of fetuses were evaluated. Maternal liver weight was decreased in CT1200 group and focal necrosis and microvesicular steatosis, inflammatory infiltrate and hepatocytes with pyknotic nucleus were observed in CT800 and CT1200 groups. Reproductive performance was similar among groups. The percentage of fetuses small for pregnancy age was increase in CT400 and CT800 groups. Moreover, incidence of skeletal anomalies was increased in the three groups exposed to fungicides. Chlorothalonil and thiophanate-methyl exposure showed affect the prenatal development and induce maternal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline N DA Silva
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista/ UNOESTE, Faculdade de Artes, Ciências e Letras de Presidente Prudente/FACLEPP, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Regional, Universidade do Oeste Paulista/UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Nayara R Monteiro
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista/ UNOESTE, Faculdade de Artes, Ciências e Letras de Presidente Prudente/FACLEPP, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia A Antunes
- Universidade do Oeste Paulista/ UNOESTE, Faculdade de Artes, Ciências e Letras de Presidente Prudente/FACLEPP, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula A Favareto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento Regional, Universidade do Oeste Paulista/UNOESTE, Rodovia Raposo Tavares, Km 572, Limoeiro, 19067-175 Presidente Prudente, SP, Brazil
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14
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Plows JF, Reynolds CM, Vickers MH, Baker PN, Stanley JL. Nutritional Supplementation for the Prevention and/or Treatment of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep 2019; 19:73. [PMID: 31368026 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-019-1199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common pregnancy complication that has short- and long-term health implications for both the mother and child. While lifestyle modifications, insulin therapy, and oral agents such as metformin are effective, they can be difficult to adhere to, and there remain concerns over long-term effects of oral agents on the infant. Further, GDM has no proven preventive strategies, which could be more effective than treatment postdiagnosis. Nutritional supplements are an appealing, potentially safer, and better tolerated alternative to pharmaceuticals to treat and/or prevent GDM. Here, we review the existing evidence for nutritional supplementation for treatment and prevention of GDM. RECENT FINDINGS There is limited evidence that myo-inositol, vitamins D and B6, magnesium, selenium, zinc, fatty acids, and probiotics might be beneficial for the prevention or treatment of GDM. There are very few studies for each nutrient, and the existing studies tend to have few participants. Where multiple studies of a nutrient exist, often those studies were conducted within the same country, limiting the generalizability of the findings, or alternatively there was no consensus across findings. There is limited evidence that nutritional supplementation of myo-inositol, vitamins D and B6, magnesium, selenium, zinc, fatty acids, and probiotics could improve glycemic control or prevent GDM. Our understanding is constrained by the small number of studies, small sample sizes in most studies, and by lack of consistency across findings. Further large, high-quality, randomized controlled trials are required to determine the efficacy of nutritional supplements to treat or prevent GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine F Plows
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4641 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA.
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, 1021, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Clare M Reynolds
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, 1021, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Vickers
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, 1021, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philip N Baker
- University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna L Stanley
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, 1021, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Chen Z, Gong L, Zhang P, Li Y, Liu B, Zhang L, Zhuang J, Xiao D. Epigenetic Down-Regulation of Sirt 1 via DNA Methylation and Oxidative Stress Signaling Contributes to the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-Induced Fetal Programming of Heart Ischemia-Sensitive Phenotype in Late Life. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:1240-1251. [PMID: 31223283 PMCID: PMC6567811 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.33044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: The incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is increasing worldwide. However, whether and how GDM exposure induces fetal programming of adult cardiac dysfunctional phenotype, especially the underlying epigenetic molecular mechanisms and theranostics remain unclear. To address this problem, we developed a late GDM rat model. Methods: Pregnant rats were made diabetic on day 12 of gestation by streptozotocin (STZ). Experiments were conducted in 6 weeks old offspring. Results: There were significant increases in ischemia-induced cardiac infarction and gender-dependent left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in male offspring in GDM group as compared to controls. Exposure to GDM enhanced ROS level and caused a global DNA methylation in offspring cardiomyocytes. GDM attenuated cardiac Sirt 1 protein and p-Akt/Akt levels, but enhanced autophagy-related proteins expression (Atg 5 and LC3 II/LC3 I) as compared to controls. Ex-vivo treatment of DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-Aza directly inhibited Dnmt3A and enhanced Sirt 1 protein expression in fetal hearts. Furthermore, treatment with antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) in offspring reversed GDM-mediated DNA hypermethylation, Sirt1 repression and autophagy-related gene protein overexpression in the hearts, and rescued GDM-induced deterioration in heart ischemic injury and LV dysfunction. Conclusion: Our data indicated that exposure to GDM induced offspring cardiac oxidative stress and DNA hypermethylation, resulting in an epigenetic down-regulation of Sirt1 gene and aberrant development of heart ischemia-sensitive phenotype, which suggests that Sirt 1-mediated signaling is the potential therapeutic target for the heart ischemic disease in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen Chen
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA.,Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Gong
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Bailin Liu
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Jian Zhuang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA
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16
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Maslova E, Hansen S, Strøm M, Halldorsson TI, Grunnet LG, Vaag AA, Olsen SF. Fish Intake in Pregnancy and Offspring Metabolic Parameters at Age 9⁻16-Does Gestational Diabetes Modify the Risk? Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101534. [PMID: 30336645 PMCID: PMC6213471 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oily fish, an important source of marine n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), has shown to reduce cardiometabolic risk in adults. Whether maternal fish intake affects offspring metabolic health is less established, especially among high-risk pregnancies. We aimed to examine the association of fish intake in pregnancy with offspring metabolic health who were either exposed or unexposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our study included 1234 mother-offspring dyads (608 with a GDM index pregnancy and 626 control dyads) nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort, which is a prebirth cohort. Maternal seafood and marine n-3 LCPUFA consumption was quantified by a food frequency questionnaire (gestational week 25) and a sub-sample with interview data (weeks 12 and 30). The offspring were clinically examined at 9–16 years, including a Dual energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) scan and a fasting blood sample. We calculated multivariable effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for anthropometric, adiposity, and metabolic parameters. The median (IQR) intake of total seafood was 23(24) g/day. We found largely no association for total seafood and marine n-3 LCPUFA with offspring metabolic parameters in either group. Using interview data, GDM-exposed women reporting no fish in week 12 and 30 (versus intake >2 times/week) had offspring with a higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (ratio of geometric means (RGM): 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.55), waist circumference (RGM: 1.22, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.40), triglycerides (RGM: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.03), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance HOMA-IR (RGM: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.97). We found no associations of n-3 LCPUFA and seafood intake with offspring metabolic outcomes. However, GDM-exposed women who consistently reported eating no fish had offspring with a poorer metabolic profile. Fish intake in pregnancy may mitigate some adverse effects of intrauterine hyperglycemia, however, these findings need replication in better powered studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Maslova
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London W6 6RP, UK.
- Danish Diabetes Academy, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Susanne Hansen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, DK-2600 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marin Strøm
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Faroe Islands, 100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands.
| | - Thorhallur I Halldorsson
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali University Hospital, IS-101 Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Louise G Grunnet
- Danish Diabetes Academy, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Allan A Vaag
- Department of Endocrinology-Diabetes and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease (CVMD) Translational Medicine Unit, Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, 431 50 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Sjurdur F Olsen
- Centre for Fetal Programming, Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Phang M, Skilton MR. Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acids, Complications of Pregnancy and Maternal Risk Factors for Offspring Cardio-Metabolic Disease. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16050138. [PMID: 29695082 PMCID: PMC5983270 DOI: 10.3390/md16050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are important nutrients during periods of rapid growth and development in utero and infancy. Maternal health and risk factors play a crucial role in birth outcomes and subsequently offspring cardio-metabolic health. Evidence from observational studies and randomized trials have suggested a potential association of maternal intake of marine n-3 PUFAs during pregnancy with pregnancy and birth outcomes. However, there is inconsistency in the literature on whether marine n-3 PUFA supplementation during pregnancy can prevent maternal complications of pregnancy. This narrative literature review summarizes recent evidence on observational and clinical trials of marine n-3 PUFA intake on maternal risk factors and effects on offspring cardio-metabolic health. The current evidence generally does not support a role of maternal n-3 PUFA supplementation in altering the incidence of gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, or pre-eclampsia. It may be that benefits from marine n-3 PUFA supplementation are more pronounced in high-risk populations, such as women with a history of complications of pregnancy, or women with low marine n-3 PUFA intake. Discrepancies between studies may be related to differences in study design, dosage, fatty acid interplay, and length of treatment. Further prospective double-blind studies are needed to clarify the impact of long-chain marine n-3 PUFAs on risk factors for cardio-metabolic disease in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Phang
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia.
| | - Michael R Skilton
- Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Camperdown 2006, Australia.
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Bequer L, Gómez T, Molina JL, Álvarez A, Chaviano C, Clapés S. Experimental diabetes impairs maternal reproductive performance in pregnant Wistar rats and their offspring. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2017; 64:60-70. [PMID: 29156994 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2017.1395928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of mild hyperglycemia on metabolism during pregnancy, the maternal reproductive performance, and the characteristics of the offspring in neonatal mild diabetic-induced Wistar rats. The experimental diabetes model was generated by neonatal streptozotocin administration (100 mg of streptozotocin/Kg bw/sc) in female Wistar rats. At adulthood, the control and diabetic group were mated. At the 20th day of gestation, a maternal and fetal blood sample were collected for biochemical measurement. The maternal livers, fetal livers, and placenta were removed for oxidative stress measurements. Maternal reproductive outcomes and fetal and placental morphometric measurements were analyzed. The fetuses were classified as small, appropriate, and large for pregnancy age, and examined for the presence of external anomalies. The diabetic group showed mild hyperglycemia, altered glucose tolerance, increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, and hemoglobin A1c during pregnancy. At the 20th day of gestation the diabetic mothers presented increased reabsorptions and embryonic losses before and after implantation, reduced corpora lutea number, litter size, implantation sites, live fetuses, and decreased efficiency of implantation rate. Similarly, the offspring showed reduced fetal, craniofacial, and placental dimensions, in addition to a higher proportion of small fetuses for pregnancy age. Mild hyperglycemia during pregnancy did not generate marked oxidative stress in the mother, and in fetal liver and placenta decreased antioxidant activity was evident by significant consumption of reduced glutathione. Mild diabetes led to a negative impact on maternal reproductive performance and characteristics of the offspring. This experimental model reproduced maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant rats presenting controlled diabetes. ABBREVIATIONS bw: body weight; sc: subcutaneous; DM: diabetes mellitus; STZ: streptozotocin; OGTT: oral glucose tolerance test; ITT: insulin tolerance test; GSH: glutathione; MDA: malondialdehyde; AOPPs: advanced oxidation protein products; TBARs: thiobarbituric acid reaction; SPA: small for pregancy age; APA: appropriate for pregnancy age; LPG: large for pregnancy age; ROS: reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Bequer
- a Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - Tahiry Gómez
- a Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - José L Molina
- a Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - Alain Álvarez
- a Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Villa Clara , Cuba
| | - Claudia Chaviano
- a Biomedical Research Center, Medical College of Villa Clara , Cuba
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Review on intrauterine programming: Consequences in rodent models of mild diabetes and mild fat overfeeding are not mild. Placenta 2017; 52:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hichami A, Grissa O, Mrizak I, Benammar C, Khan NA. Role of T-Cell Polarization and Inflammation and Their Modulation by n-3 Fatty Acids in Gestational Diabetes and Macrosomia. J Nutr Metab 2016; 2016:3124960. [PMID: 27313878 PMCID: PMC4897714 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3124960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Th (T helper) cells are differentiated into either Th1 or Th2 phenotype. It is generally considered that Th1 phenotype is proinflammatory, whereas Th2 phenotype exerts anti-inflammatory or protective effects. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has been associated with a decreased Th1 phenotype, whereas macrosomia is marked with high expression of Th1 cytokines. Besides, these two pathological situations are marked with high concentrations of inflammatory mediators like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), known to play a pivotal role in insulin resistance. Dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) may exert a beneficial effect by shifting Th1/Th2 balance to a Th2 phenotype and increasing insulin sensitivity. In this paper, we shed light on the role of T-cell malfunction that leads to an inflammatory and pathophysiological state, related to insulin resistance in GDM and macrosomia. We will also discuss the nutritional management of these pathologies by dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hichami
- INSERM U866, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - O. Grissa
- INSERM U866, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - I. Mrizak
- INSERM U866, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, 4000 Sousse, Tunisia
| | - C. Benammar
- INSERM U866, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
- Laboratoire des Produits Naturels (LAPRONA), Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences, Université Abou Bekr Belkaid, 25000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - N. A. Khan
- INSERM U866, Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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Gül M, Bayat N, Çetin A, Kepekçi RA, Şimşek Y, Kayhan B, Turhan U, Otlu A. Histopathological, Ultrastructural and Apoptotic Changes in Diabetic Rat Placenta. Balkan Med J 2015; 32:296-302. [PMID: 26185719 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2015.15290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exchange of substances between mother and fetus via the placenta plays a vital role during development. A number of developmental disorders in the fetus and placenta are observed during diabetic pregnancies. Diabetes, together with placental apoptosis, can lead to developmental and functional disorders. AIMS Histological, ultrastructural and apoptotic changes were investigated in the placenta of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. STUDY DESIGN Animal experimentation. METHODS In this study, a total of 12 female Wistar Albino rats (control (n=6) and diabetic (n=6)) were used. Rats in the diabetic group, following the administration of a single dose of STZ, showed blood glucose levels higher than 200 mg/dL after 72 hours. When pregnancy was detected after the rats were bred, two pieces of placenta and the fetuses were collected on the 20(th) day of pregnancy by cesarean incision under ketamine/ xylazine anesthesia from in four rats from the control and diabetic groups. Placenta tissues were processed for light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and periodic acid Schiff-diastase (PAS-D) staining for light microscopic and caspase-3 staining for immunohistochemical investigations were performed for each placenta. Electron microscopy was performed on thin sections contrasted with uranyl acetate and lead nitrate. RESULTS Weight gain in the placenta and fetuses of diabetic rats and thinning of the decidual layer, thickening of the hemal membrane, apoptotic bodies, congestion in intervillous spaces, increased PAS-D staining in decidual cells and caspase-3 immunoreactivity were observed in the diabetic group. After the ultrastructural examination, the apoptotic appearance of the nuclei of trophoblastic cells, edema and intracytoplasmic vacuolization, glycogen accumulation, dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum and myelin figures were observed. In addition, capillary basement membrane thickening, capillary endothelial cells chromatin condensation in the nucleus and corrugation of the nucleus were found. CONCLUSION Diabetes causes histomorphometric, ultrastructural and apoptotic changes in rat placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Gül
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Nuray Bayat
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Aslı Çetin
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Remziye Aysun Kepekçi
- Department of Biology, Gaziantep University Faculty of Arts and Science, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Şimşek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Başak Kayhan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Uğur Turhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ali Otlu
- Department of Histology and Embriyology, İnönü University Faculty of Medicine, Malatya, Turkey
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Yessoufou A, Nekoua MP, Gbankoto A, Mashalla Y, Moutairou K. Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated Fatty acids in gestational diabetes: consequences in macrosomia and adulthood obesity. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:731434. [PMID: 25961055 PMCID: PMC4415737 DOI: 10.1155/2015/731434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are increasingly being used to prevent cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes and obesity. In this paper, we report data on the observed effects of omega-3 PUFA on major metabolic disorders and immune system disruption during gestational diabetes and their consequences on macrosomia. While controversies still exist about omega-3 PUFA effects on antioxidant status regarding the level of omega-3 PUFA in diet supplementation, their lipid-lowering effects are unanimously recognized by researchers. Animal studies have shown that omega-3 PUFA contributes to the maintenance of the immune defense system by promoting the differentiation of T helper (Th) cell to a Th2 phenotype in diabetic pregnancy and by shifting the Th1/Th2 ratio from a deleterious proinflammatory Th1 phenotype to a protective anti-inflammatory Th2 phenotype in macrosomia and in adulthood obesity that results from macrosomia at birth. Based on the available evidence, international nutritional and food agencies recommend administration of omega-3 PUFA as triglyceride-lowering agents, for the prevention of cardiovascular disease risk and during human pregnancy and lactation. Furthermore, studies targeting humans are still required to explore application of the fatty acids as supplement in the management of gestational diabetes and inflammatory and immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akadiri Yessoufou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
- *Akadiri Yessoufou:
| | - Magloire P. Nekoua
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Adam Gbankoto
- Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FAST), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 526 Cotonou, Benin
| | - Yohana Mashalla
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Private Bag 0022, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques (FAST) and Institute of Applied Biomedical Sciences (ISBA), University of Abomey-Calavi, 01 BP 918 Cotonou, Benin
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Zakar NAMB, Ali SS, Ayuob NN, Qudsi FA, Karim S. Effect of Diabetes on Skin and Brown Fat of Rat Macrosomic Fetuses: Histological and Histochemical Study. CYTOLOGIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.80.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soad Shaker Ali
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Nasra Naeim Ayuob
- Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Fatma Al Qudsi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University
| | - Saleh Karim
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University
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Rudge MVC, Piculo F, Marini G, Damasceno DC, Calderon IMP, Barbosa AP. [Translational research in gestational diabetes mellitus and mild gestational hyperglycemia: current knowledge and our experience]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 57:497-508. [PMID: 24232813 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes constitutes an unfavorable environment for fetal-placental and embryonic development. It is has important repercussion in modern obstetrics, since it is associated to an increased risk of neonatal and maternal morbidity, and it still is a significant medical challenge. The increased occurrence of diabetes worldwide, the increase in diabetes type 2 in women at reproductive age and the crossed generation of intrauterine programming for diabetes type 2 are the bases for the growing interest in utilization of diabetic experimental samples, with the aim to acquire knowledge about the mechanisms that induce development alterations in gestational diabetes. Several studies have shown the benefits of diabetes prevention, with interventions in lifestyle, metabolic improvement and control of cardiovascular risk factors to substantially prevent the complications of this devastating disease. Despite these findings, the recent revolution in the scientific knowledge, and the infinite number of new therapies for diabetes, there is still a large gap between what was learned through research and what is really done in public, clinical and community health. The negative economic impact of this complacency in people, families, and national economies is alarming. It is expected that translational research in the binomial diabetes and pregnancy are implemented in centers of excellence, in both basic and applied research, and complemented by multicenter clinical studies, conducted in a pragmatic way to increase the level of scientific evidence with more reliable diagnostic and propaedeutic resources.
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Effect of dietary n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on oxidant/antioxidant status in macrosomic offspring of diabetic rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:368107. [PMID: 24987679 PMCID: PMC4060321 DOI: 10.1155/2014/368107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to determine the effect of dietary n − 3 PUFA on oxidant/antioxidant status, in vitro very low and low density lipoprotein (VLDL-LDL), and VLDL-LDL-fatty acid composition in macrosomic pups of diabetic mothers. We hypothesized that n − 3 PUFA would improve oxidative stress in macrosomia. Diabetes was induced in female Wistar rats fed with the ISIO diet (control) or with the EPAX diet (enriched in n − 3 PUFAs), by streptozotocin. The macrosomic pups were killed at birth (day 0) and at adulthood (day 90). Lipid parameters and VLDL-LDL-fatty acid composition were investigated. The oxidant/antioxidant status was determined by measuring plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), hydroperoxides, carbonyl proteins, and VLDL-LDL oxidation. Macrosomic rats of ISIO fed diabetic mothers showed an increase in plasma and VLDL-LDL-triglycerides and VLDL-LDL-cholesterol levels and altered VLDL-LDL-fatty acid composition. Plasma ORAC was low with high hydroperoxide and carbonyl protein levels. The in vitro oxidizability of VLDL-LDL was enhanced in these macrosomic rats. The EPAX diet corrected lipid parameters and improved oxidant/antioxidant status but increased VLDL-LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Macrosomia is associated with lipid abnormalities and oxidative stress. n − 3 PUFA exerts favorable effects on lipid metabolism and on the oxidant/antioxidant status of macrosomic rats. However, there are no evident effects on VLDL-LDL oxidation.
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Jacometo CB, Schmitt E, Pfeifer LFM, Schneider A, Bado F, da Rosa FT, Halfen S, Del Pino FAB, Loor JJ, Corrêa MN, Dionello NJL. Linoleic and α-linolenic fatty acid consumption over three generations exert cumulative regulation of hepatic expression of genes related to lipid metabolism. GENES AND NUTRITION 2014; 9:405. [PMID: 24842071 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The essential fatty acids, omega-3 and omega-6, consumed during pregnancy can benefit maternal and offspring health. For instance, they could activate a network of genes related to the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (Ppara) and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebf1), which play a role in fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of diets with different omega-3/omega-6 ratio consumed over three generations on blood biochemical parameters and hepatic expression of Ppara- and Srebf1-related genes. During three consecutive generations adult Wistar rats were evaluated in the postpartum period (21 days after parturition). Regardless of prenatal dietary omega-3/omega-6 ratio, an upregulation in liver tissue was observed for Rxra, Lxra and Srebf1 and a downregulation for Fasn in all the evaluated generations. The diet with higher omega-3/omega-6 ratio decreased triacylglycerol serum levels and resulted in a constant non-esterified fatty acid level. Our results indicated that the PUFAs effect on the modulation of genes related to fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis is cumulative through generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina B Jacometo
- Department of Animal Science, Agronomy College, Federal University of Pelotas, Campus Universitário, Pelotas, RS, CEP 96010-900, Brazil,
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Hussain A, Nookaew I, Khoomrung S, Andersson L, Larsson I, Hulthén L, Jansson N, Jakubowicz R, Nilsson S, Sandberg AS, Nielsen J, Holmäng A. A maternal diet of fatty fish reduces body fat of offspring compared with a maternal diet of beef and a post-weaning diet of fish improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in adult C57BL/6 male mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 209:220-34. [PMID: 23746286 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Revised: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM The maternal diet during pregnancy and lactation may affect the long-term health of the offspring. Our aim was to study how a fish or meat diet perinatal and after weaning affects body composition, insulin sensitivity and the profile of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in breast milk, fat depots, skeletal muscle and liver in male adult mice offspring. METHODS During gestation and lactation, C57BL/6 dams were fed a herring- or beef-based diet. Half of the pups in each group changed diets after weaning. In offspring, body composition measured by DEXA, plasma lipid profile and insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic clamp or QUICKI were monitored to adulthood. Analysis of total FAs by GC-MS were performed in the diet, breast milk and in different tissues. RESULTS At 9 week of age, offspring of herring-fed dams had less body fat than offspring of beef-fed dams. Mice fed herring after weaning had increased insulin sensitivity at 15 week of age, reduced total plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and compared with beef-fed mice, larger interscapular brown adipose tissue depots. The FA composition of the maternal diet was mirrored in breast milk, and the herring diet significantly affected the FA profile of different tissues, leading to an increased content of n-3 PUFAs. CONCLUSION A herring-based maternal diet reduces body fat in the offspring, but the insulin sensitivity, plasma lipids and amount of brown adipose tissue are affected by the offspring's own diet; the herring diet is more beneficial than the beef diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hussain
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - I. Nookaew
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Systems Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - S. Khoomrung
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Systems Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - L. Andersson
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - I. Larsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism; Sahlgrenska University Hospital; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - L. Hulthén
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition; Institute of Medicine; The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - N. Jansson
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - R. Jakubowicz
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - S. Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Statistics; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - A.-S. Sandberg
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Food Science; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - J. Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Systems Biology; Chalmers University of Technology; Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - A. Holmäng
- Department of Physiology; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg; Sweden
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Inhasz Kiss AC, Woodside B, Sinzato YK, Bernardi MM, De Grava Kempinas W, Anselmo-Franci JA, Damasceno DC. Neonatally induced mild diabetes: influence on development, behavior and reproductive function of female Wistar rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:61. [PMID: 24499555 PMCID: PMC4029359 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal STZ treatment induces a state of mild hyperglycemia in adult rats that disrupts metabolism and maternal/fetal interactions. The aim of this study was investigate the effect of neonatal STZ treatment on the physical development, behavior, and reproductive function of female Wistar rats from infancy to adulthood. METHODS At birth, litters were assigned either to a Control (subcutaneous (s.c.) citrate buffer, n = 10) or STZ group, (streptozotocin (STZ) - 100 mg/kg-sc, n = 6). Blood glucose levels were measured on postnatal days (PND) 35, 84 and 120. In Experiment 1 body weight, length and the appearance of developmental milestones such as eye and vaginal opening were monitored. To assess the relative contribution of the initial and long term effects of STZ treatment this group was subdivided based on blood glucose levels recorded on PND 120: STZ hyperglycemic (between 120 and 300 mg/dl) and STZ normoglycemic (under 120 mg/dl). Behavioral activity was assessed in an open field on PND 21 and 75. In Experiment 2 estrous cyclicity, sexual behavior and circulating gonadotropin, ovarian steroid, and insulin levels were compared between control and STZ-hyperglycemic rats. In all measures the litter was the experimental unit. Parametric data were analyzed using one-way or, where appropriate, two-way ANOVA and significant effects were investigated using Tukey's post hoc test. Fisher's exact test was employed when data did not satisfy the assumption of normality e.g. presence of urine and fecal boli on the open field between groups. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05 for all data. RESULTS As expected neonatal STZ treatment caused hyperglycemia and hypoinsulinemia in adulthood. STZ-treated pups also showed a temporary reduction in growth rate that probably reflected the early loss of circulating insulin. Hyperglycemic rats also exhibited a reduction in locomotor and exploratory behavior in the open field. Mild hyperglycemia did not impair gonadotropin levels or estrous cylicity but ovarian steroid concentrations were altered. CONCLUSIONS In female Wistar rats, neonatal STZ treatment impairs growth in infancy and results in mild hyperglycemia/hypoinsulinemia in adulthood that is associated with changes in the response to a novel environment and altered ovarian steroid hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Inhasz Kiss
- Department of Physiology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Barbara Woodside
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Psychology Department, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal H4B 1R6 QC, Canada
| | - Yuri Karen Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Martha Bernardi
- Mathematics, Computation and Cognition Center, Federal University of ABC, Av. dos Estados, 5001, 09210-580, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Environmental and Experimental Pathology and Graduate Program of Dentistry, Paulista University, Rua Dr. Bacelar, 1212, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilma De Grava Kempinas
- Department of Morphology, Botucatu Biosciences Institute, São Paulo State University, Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, Botucatu 18618-970 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Janete Aparecida Anselmo-Franci
- Laboratório de Neuroendocrinologia da Repdrodução, Departamento de Morfologia, Estomatologia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo University, Av. do Café s/n, 14040-904, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Distrito de Rubião Júnior s/n, 18618-970, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Saito FH, Damasceno DC, Dallaqua B, Linhares IM, Rudge MVC, De Mattos Paranhos Calderon I, Witkin SS. Heat shock protein production and immunity and altered fetal development in diabetic pregnant rats. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:25-33. [PMID: 22821472 PMCID: PMC3508127 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-012-0353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated associations between the concentrations of heat shock proteins (hsp60 and hsp70) and their respective antibodies, alterations in maternal reproductive performance, and fetal malformations in pregnant rats with hyperglycemia. Mild diabetes (MD) or severe diabetes (SD) was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats prior to mating; non-treated non-diabetic rats (ND) served as controls. On day 21 of pregnancy, maternal blood was analyzed for hsp60 and hsp70 and their antibodies; and fetuses were weighed and analyzed for congenital malformations. Hsp and anti-hsp levels were correlated with blood glucose levels during gestation. There was a positive correlation between hsp60 and hsp70 levels and the total number of malformations (R = 0.5908, P = 0.0024; R = 0.4877, P = 0.0134, respectively) and the number of malformations per fetus (R = 0.6103, P = 0.0015; R = 0.4875, P = 0.0134, respectively). The anti-hsp60 IgG concentration was correlated with the number of malformations per fetus (R = 0.3887, P = 0.0451) and the anti-hsp70 IgG level correlated with the total number of malformations (R = 0.3999, P = 0.0387). Moreover, both hsp and anti-hsp antibodies showed negative correlations with fetal weight. The results suggest that there is a relationship between hsp60 and hsp70 levels and their respective antibodies and alterations in maternal reproductive performance and impaired fetal development and growth in pregnancies associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Hiroshi Saito
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Dallaqua
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Moreno Linhares
- Department of Gynecology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School and Hospital das Clínicas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilza Vieira Cunha Rudge
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iracema De Mattos Paranhos Calderon
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Steven S. Witkin
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medical College, 525 East 68th Street, Box 35, New York, NY 10065 USA
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Damasceno DC, Silva HP, Vaz GF, Vasques-Silva FA, Calderon IMP, Rudge MVC, Campos KE, Volpato GT. Diabetic rats exercised prior to and during pregnancy: maternal reproductive outcome, biochemical profile, and frequency of fetal anomalies. Reprod Sci 2012; 20:730-8. [PMID: 23171681 DOI: 10.1177/1933719112461186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of exercise prior to or during pregnancy on maternal reproductive outcome, biochemical profile, and on fetal anomaly frequency in a rat pregnancy model utilizing chemically induced diabetes. Wistar rats (minimum n = 11 animals/group) were randomly assigned the following groups: group 1 (G1), sedentary, nondiabetic; G2, nondiabetic, exercised during pregnancy; G3, nondiabetic, exercised prior to and during pregnancy; G4, sedentary, diabetic; G5, diabetic, exercised during pregnancy; and G6, diabetic, exercised prior to and during pregnancy. A swimming program was utilized for moderate exercise. On day 21 of pregnancy, all rats were anesthetized to obtain blood for biochemical measurements. The gravid uterus was weighed with its contents, and the fetuses were analyzed. The nondiabetic rats exercised prior to pregnancy presented a reduced maternal weight gain. Besides, G2 and G3 groups showed decreased fetal weights at term pregnancy, indicating slight intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In the diabetic dams, the swimming program did not have antihyperglycemic effects. The exercise applied only during pregnancy caused severe IUGR, as confirmed by reduced fetal weight mean, fetal weight classification, and ossification sites. Nevertheless, exercise was not a teratogenic factor and improved the rats' lipid profiles, demonstrating that the exercise presented possible benefits, but there are also risks prior and during pregnancy, especially in diabetic pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Cristina Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research on Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School, Univ. Estadual Paulista Unesp, Botucatu, São Paulo State, Brazil.
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Impact of maternal mild hyperglycemia on maternal care and offspring development and behavior of Wistar rats. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:292-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Neonatally induced mild diabetes in rats and its effect on maternal, placental, and fetal parameters. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:108163. [PMID: 22778712 PMCID: PMC3388333 DOI: 10.1155/2012/108163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess placental changes and reproductive outcomes in neonatally induced mild diabetic dams and fetal development in their offspring. At birth, female rats were assigned either to control or diabetic group (100 mg of streptozotocin/Kg, subcutaneously). At adulthood, the female rats were mated. During pregnancy, the blood glucose levels and glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed. At term, maternal reproductive outcomes, fetal and placental weight, and placental morphology were analyzed. Diabetic rats had smaller number of living fetuses, implantations and corpora lutea, and increased rate of embryonic loss. Placenta showed morphometric alterations in decidua area. Our results showed that mild diabetes was sufficient to trigger alterations in maternal organism leading to impaired decidua development contributing to failure in embryonic implantation and early embryonic losses. Regardless placental decidua alteration, the labyrinth, which is responsible for the maternal-fetal exchanges, showed no morphometric changes contributing to an appropriate fetal development, which was able to maintain normal fetal weight at term in mild diabetic rats. Thus, this experimental model of diabetes induction at the day of birth was more effective to reproduce the reproductive alterations of diabetic women.
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Maternal diabetes in pregnancy: early and long-term outcomes on the offspring and the concept of "metabolic memory". EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:218598. [PMID: 22144985 PMCID: PMC3226356 DOI: 10.1155/2011/218598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The adverse outcomes on the offspring from maternal diabetes in pregnancy are substantially documented. In this paper, we report main knowledge on impacts of maternal diabetes on early and long-term health of the offspring, with specific comments on maternal obesity. The main adverse outcome on progenies from pregnancy complicated with maternal diabetes appears to be macrosomia, as it is commonly known that intrauterine exposure to hyperglycemia increases the risk and programs the offspring to develop diabetes and/or obesity at adulthood. This “fetal programming”, due to intrauterine diabetic milieu, is termed as “metabolic memory”. In gestational diabetes as well as in macrosomia, the complications include metabolic abnormalities, degraded antioxidant status, disrupted immune system and potential metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. Furthermore, there is evidence that maternal obesity may also increase the risk of obesity and diabetes in offspring. However, women with GDM possibly exhibit greater macrosomia than obese women. Obesity and diabetes in pregnancy have independent and additive effects on obstetric complications, and both require proper management. Management of gestational diabetes mellitus and maternal obesity is essential for maternal and offspring's good health. Increasing physical activity, preventing gestational weight gain, and having some qualitative nutritional habits may be beneficial during both the pregnancy and offspring's future life.
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Vambergue A, Fajardy I. Consequences of gestational and pregestational diabetes on placental function and birth weight. World J Diabetes 2011; 2:196-203. [PMID: 22087356 PMCID: PMC3215769 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v2.i11.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal diabetes constitutes an unfavorable environment for embryonic and fetoplacental development. Despite current treatments, pregnant women with pregestational diabetes are at increased risk for congenital malformations, materno-fetal complications, placental abnormalities and intrauterine malprogramming. The complications during pregnancy concern the mother (gravidic hypertension and/or preeclampsia, cesarean section) and the fetus (macrosomia or intrauterine growth restriction, shoulder dystocia, hypoglycemia and respiratory distress). The fetoplacental impairment and intrauterine programming of diseases in the offspring’s later life induced by gestational diabetes are similar to those induced by type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Despite the existence of several developmental and morphological differences in the placenta from rodents and women, there are similarities in the alterations induced by maternal diabetes in the placenta from diabetic patients and diabetic experimental models. From both human and rodent diabetic experimental models, it has been suggested that the placenta is a compromised target that largely suffers the impact of maternal diabetes. Depending on the maternal metabolic and proinflammatory derangements, macrosomia is explained by an excessive availability of nutrients and an increase in fetal insulin release, a phenotype related to the programming of glucose intolerance. The degree of fetal damage and placental dysfunction and the availability and utilisation of fetal substrates can lead to the induction of macrosomia or intrauterine growth restriction. In maternal diabetes, both the maternal environment and the genetic background are important in the complex and multifactorial processes that induce damage to the embryo, the placenta, the fetus and the offspring. Nevertheless, further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms that govern the early embryo development, the induction of congenital anomalies and fetal overgrowth in maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vambergue
- Anne Vambergue, EA 4489 "Perinatal Environment and Fetal Growth", Department of Diabetology, Huriez Hospital, 59800 CHRU Lille, France
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Varcoe TJ, Wight N, Voultsios A, Salkeld MD, Kennaway DJ. Chronic phase shifts of the photoperiod throughout pregnancy programs glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in the rat. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18504. [PMID: 21494686 PMCID: PMC3071829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Shift work during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for preterm birth and low birth weight. However, the impact upon the long term health of the children is currently unknown. In this study, we used an animal model to determine the consequences of maternal shift work exposure on the health of the adult offspring. Pregnant rats were exposed to chronic phase shifts (CPS) in their photoperiod every 3-4 days throughout gestation and the first week after birth. Adult offspring were assessed for a range of metabolic, endocrine, circadian and neurobehavioural parameters. At 3 months of age, male pups exposed to the CPS schedule in utero had increased adiposity (+29%) and hyperleptinaemia (+99% at 0700h). By 12 months of age, both male and female rats displayed hyperleptinaemia (+26% and +41% respectively) and hyperinsulinaemia (+110% and +83% respectively). 12 month old female CPS rats displayed poor glucose tolerance (+18%) and increased insulin secretion (+29%) in response to an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. In CPS males the glucose response was unaltered, but the insulin response was reduced by 35%. The glucose response to an insulin tolerance test was decreased by 21% in CPS females but unaltered in males. Disruption of circadian rhythmicity during gestation resulted in gender dependent metabolic consequences for the adult offspring. These results highlight the need for a thorough analysis of shift work exposure in utero on the health of the adult offspring in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Varcoe
- Research Centre for Reproductive Health, Robinson Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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Review: Effects of PPAR activation in the placenta and the fetus: Implications in maternal diabetes. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 2:S212-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Martínez N, White V, Kurtz M, Higa R, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A. Activation of the nuclear receptor PPARα regulates lipid metabolism in foetal liver from diabetic rats: implications in diabetes-induced foetal overgrowth. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 27:35-46. [PMID: 21218506 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is a crucial regulator of liver lipid metabolism. As maternal diabetes impairs foetal lipid metabolism and growth, we aimed to determine whether PPARα activation regulates lipid metabolism in the foetal liver from diabetic rats as well as foetal weight and foetal liver weight. METHODS diabetes was induced by neonatal streptozotocin administration (90 mg/kg). For ex vivo studies, livers from 21-day-old foetuses from control and diabetic rats were explanted and incubated in the presence of PPARα agonists (clofibrate and leukotriene B(4) ) for further evaluation of lipid levels (by thin layer chromatography and densitometry), de novo lipid synthesis (by (14) C-acetate incorporation) and lipid peroxidation (by thiobarbituric reactive substances evaluation). For in vivo studies, foetuses were injected through the uterine wall with leukotriene B(4) on days 19, 20 and 21 of gestation. On day 21 of gestation, foetal liver concentrations of lipids and lipoperoxides were evaluated. RESULTS foetuses from diabetic rats showed increased body weight and liver weight, as well as accumulation of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters, increased de novo lipid synthesis and lipid peroxidation in the liver when compared to controls. Ex vivo studies showed that PPARα ligands reduced both the concentrations and synthesis of the lipid species studied and lipid peroxidation in the foetal liver from diabetic rats. In vivo experiments showed that leukotriene B(4) reduced the concentrations of triglycerides, cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, as well as lipid peroxidation, foetal weight and foetal liver weight in diabetic rats. CONCLUSIONS PPARα activation regulates the impaired foetal liver lipid metabolism, prevents hepatomegaly and reduces foetal overgrowth induced by maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Martínez
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, CEFYBO-CONICET, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
The worldwide increase in the incidence of diabetes, the increase in type 2 diabetes in women at reproductive ages, and the cross-generation of the intrauterine programming of type 2 diabetes are the bases for the growing interest in the use of experimental diabetic models in order to gain insight into the mechanisms of induction of developmental alterations in maternal diabetes. In this scenario, experimental models that present the most common features of diabetes in pregnancy are highly required. Several important aspects of human diabetic pregnancies such as the increased rates of spontaneous abortions, malformations, fetoplacental impairments, and offspring diseases in later life can be approached by using the appropriate animal models. The purpose of this review is to give a practical and critical guide into the most frequently used experimental models in diabetes and pregnancy, discuss their advantages and limitations, and describe the aspects of diabetes and pregnancy for which these models are thought to be adequate. This review provides a comprehensive view and an extensive analysis of the different models and phenotypes addressed in diabetic animals throughout pregnancy. The review includes an analysis of the surgical, chemical-induced, and genetic experimental models of diabetes and an evaluation of their use to analyze early pregnancy defects, induction of congenital malformations, placental and fetal alterations, and the intrauterine programming of metabolic diseases in the offspring's later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Jawerbaum
- Laboratory of Reproduction and Metabolism, Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Long-term effects of gestational diabetes on offspring health are more pronounced in skeletal growth than body composition and glucose tolerance. Br J Nutr 2010; 104:1641-9. [PMID: 20615268 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510002631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Infants of diabetic mothers may have low arachidonic acid (AA) and develop obesity and insulin resistance in adulthood. The present study tested the effect of maternal diabetes and AA supplementation on offspring body composition, bone mass and glucose tolerance from 4 to 12 weeks. Rat dams were randomised into six groups using a 3 × 2 design. The rat dams were treated using the following treatments: saline-placebo, streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ) with glucose controlled at < 13 mmol/l (STZ/GC) or poorly controlled at 13-20 mmol/l (STZ/PC) using insulin, and fed either a control or an AA (0.5 % of fat) diet throughout reproduction. Weaned offspring were fed regular chow. Measurements included offspring body composition, bone and oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) plus liver fatty acids of dam and offspring. Comparable to saline-placebo offspring, the STZ/GC offspring had greater (P < 0.03) whole body and regional bone area than STZ/PC offspring. Maternal glucose negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with offspring whole body bone area and mineral content at 4 weeks in all offspring, and with tibia area in males at 12 weeks. Maternal liver DHA negatively (P < 0.03) correlated with femur and tibia mineral content and tibia mineral density of female offspring at 12 weeks. Offspring from AA-supplemented dams had higher (P = 0.004) liver AA at 4 weeks. Liver AA at 4 weeks positively (P = 0.05) correlated with lumbar spine mineral density in males. OGTT was not affected by maternal treatment or diet. These results suggest that maternal glucose control has long-term consequences to bone health of adult offspring. Skeletal growth appears more sensitive to maternal hyperglycaemia than glucose tolerance.
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Iessi IL, Bueno A, Sinzato YK, Taylor KN, Rudge MVC, Damasceno DC. Evaluation of neonatally-induced mild diabetes in rats: Maternal and fetal repercussions. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:37. [PMID: 20529353 PMCID: PMC2904722 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many experimental studies have been performed to evaluate mild diabetes effects. However, results are divergent regarding glycemia and insulin measurement, fetal macrossomia, and placental weights. The aim was to investigate repercussions of neonatally-induced mild diabetes on the maternal organism and presence of congenital defects in their offspring in other mild diabetes model. On the day of birth, female offspring were distributed into two groups: Group streptozotocin (STZ): received 100 mg STZ/kg body weight, and Control Group: received vehicle in a similar time period. Maternal weights and glycemias were determined at days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of pregnancy. At day 21 of pregnancy, the rats were anesthetized and a laparotomy was performed to weigh and analyze living fetuses and placentas. The fetuses were classified as small (SPA), appropriate (APA) and large (LPA) for pregnancy age. Fetuses were also analyzed for the presence of external anomalies and processed for skeletal anomaly and ossification sites analysis. Statistical significance was considered as p < 0.05. In STZ group, there was increased glycemia at 0 and 14 days of pregnancy, lower weights throughout pregnancy, higher placental weight and index, an increased proportion of fetuses classified as SPA and LPA, and their fetuses presented with an increased frequency of abnormal sternebra, and absent cervical nuclei, which were not enough to cause the emergence of skeletal anomalies. Thus, this study shows that mild diabetes altered fetal development, characterized by intrauterine growth restriction. Further, the reached glycemia does not lead to any major congenital defects in the fetuses of streptozotocin-induced mild diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela L Iessi
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Aline Bueno
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Yuri K Sinzato
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Kristin N Taylor
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Marilza VC Rudge
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research in Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Saito FH, Damasceno DC, Kempinas WG, Morceli G, Sinzato YK, Taylor KN, Rudge MVC. Repercussions of mild diabetes on pregnancy in Wistar rats and on the fetal development. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2010; 2:26. [PMID: 20416073 PMCID: PMC2874517 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-2-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental models are necessary to elucidate diabetes pathophysiological mechanisms not yet understood in humans. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the repercussions of the mild diabetes, considering two methodologies, on the pregnancy of Wistar rats and on the development of their offspring. METHODS In the 1st induction, female offspring were distributed into two experimental groups: Group streptozotocin (STZ, n = 67): received the beta-cytotoxic agent (100 mg STZ/kg body weight - sc) on the 1st day of the life; and Non-diabetic Group (ND, n = 14): received the vehicle in a similar time period. In the adult life, the animals were mated. After a positive diagnosis of pregnancy (0), female rats from group STZ presenting with lower glycemia than 120 mg/dL received more 20 mg STZ/kg (ip) at day 7 of pregnancy (2nd induction). The female rats with glycemia higher than 120 mg/dL were discarded because they reproduced results already found in the literature. In the mornings of days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of the pregnancy glycemia was determined. At day 21 of pregnancy (at term), the female rats were anesthetized and killed for maternal reproductive performance and fetal development analysis. The data were analyzed using Student-Newman-Keuls, Chi-square and Zero-inflated Poisson (ZIP) Tests (p < 0.05). RESULTS STZ rats presented increased rates of pre (STZ = 22.0%; ND = 5.1%) and post-implantation losses (STZ = 26.1%; ND = 5.7%), reduced rates of fetuses with appropriate weight for gestational age (STZ = 66%; ND = 93%) and reduced degree of development (ossification sites). CONCLUSION Mild diabetes led a negative impact on maternal reproductive performance and caused intrauterine growth restriction and impaired fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe H Saito
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Wilma G Kempinas
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Morphology, Laboratório de Biologia e Toxicologia da Reprodução e do Desenvolvimento - ReproTox, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Glilciane Morceli
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Yuri K Sinzato
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Kristin N Taylor
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Marilza VC Rudge
- Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Higa R, White V, Martinez N, Kurtz M, Capobianco E, Jawerbaum A. Safflower and olive oil dietary treatments rescue aberrant embryonic arachidonic acid and nitric oxide metabolism and prevent diabetic embryopathy in rats. Mol Hum Reprod 2010; 16:286-95. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kiss ACI, Lima PHO, Sinzato YK, Takaku M, Takeno MA, Rudge MVC, Damasceno DC. Animal models for clinical and gestational diabetes: maternal and fetal outcomes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2009; 1:21. [PMID: 19840387 PMCID: PMC2770456 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-1-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes in pregnant women is associated with an increased risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity and remains a significant medical challenge. Diabetes during pregnancy may be divided into clinical diabetes and gestational diabetes. Experimental models are developed with the purpose of enhancing understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of diseases that affect humans. With regard to diabetes in pregnancy, experimental findings from models will lead to the development of treatment strategies to maintain a normal metabolic intrauterine milieu, improving perinatal development by preventing fetal growth restriction or macrosomia. Based on animal models of diabetes during pregnancy previously reported in the medical literature, the present study aimed to compare the impact of streptozotocin-induced severe (glycemia >300 mg/dl) and mild diabetes (glycemia between 120 and 300 mg/dl) on glycemia and maternal reproductive and fetal outcomes of Wistar rats to evaluate whether the animal model reproduces the maternal and perinatal results of clinical and gestational diabetes in humans. METHODS On day 5 of life, 96 female Wistar rats were assigned to three experimental groups: control (n = 16), severe (n = 50) and mild diabetes (n = 30). At day 90 of life, rats were mated. On day 21 of pregnancy, rats were killed and their uterine horns were exposed to count implantation and fetus numbers to determine pre- and post-implantation loss rates. The fetuses were classified according to their birth weight. RESULTS Severe and mild diabetic dams showed different glycemic responses during pregnancy, impairing fetal glycemia and weight, confirming that maternal glycemia is directly associated with fetal development. Newborns from severe diabetic mothers presented growth restriction, but mild diabetic mothers were not associated with an increased rate of macrosomic fetuses. CONCLUSION Experimental models of severe diabetes during pregnancy reproduced maternal and fetal outcomes of pregnant women presenting uncontrolled clinical diabetes. On the other hand, the mild diabetes model caused mild hyperglycemia during pregnancy, although it was not enough to reproduce the increased rate of macrosomic fetuses seen in women with gestational diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana CI Kiss
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula HO Lima
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yuri K Sinzato
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Takaku
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marisa A Takeno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilza VC Rudge
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora C Damasceno
- Laboratory of Experimental Research of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School - São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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44
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Programming of growth, insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in offspring of late gestation diabetic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2009; 117:129-38. [PMID: 19203348 DOI: 10.1042/cs20080550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ODM (offspring of diabetic mothers) have an increased risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction; however, few studies have focused on the susceptibility to disease in offspring of mothers developing diabetes during pregnancy. We developed an animal model of late gestation diabetic pregnancy and characterized metabolic and vascular function in the offspring. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg of body weight, intraperitoneally) in pregnant rats on gestational day 13 and was partially controlled by twice-daily injections of insulin. At 2 months of age, ODM had slightly better glucose tolerance than controls (P<0.05); however, by 6 months of age this trend had reversed. A euglycaemic-hyperinsulinamic clamp revealed insulin resistance in male ODM (P<0.05). In 6-8-month-old female ODM, aortas had significantly enhanced contractility in response to KCl, ET-1 (endothelin-1) and NA (noradrenaline). No differences in responses to ET-1 and NA were apparent with co-administration of L-NNA (NG-nitro-L-arginine). Relaxation in response to ACh (acetylcholine), but not SNP (sodium nitroprusside), was significantly impaired in female ODM. In contrast, males had no between-group differences in response to vasoconstrictors, whereas relaxation to SNP and ACh was greater in ODM compared with control animals. Thus the development of diabetes during pregnancy programmes gender-specific insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction in adult offspring.
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45
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Khan NA. Role of lipids and fatty acids in macrosomic offspring of diabetic pregnancy. Cell Biochem Biophys 2007; 48:79-88. [PMID: 17709877 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-007-0019-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic pregnancy frequently results in macrosomia or fetal obesity. It seems that the anomalies in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in macrosomic infants of diabetic mothers are due to maternal hyperglycemia, which leads to fetal hyperinsulinemia. We have developed a rat model of macrosomic offspring and assessed the onset of obesity in these animals. The macrosomic offspring born to diabetic mothers are prone to the development of glucose intolerance and obesity as a function of age. It seems that in utero programming during diabetic pregnancy creates a "metabolic memory" which is responsible for the development of obesity in macrosomic offspring. We have demonstrated that the metabolism of lipids, and altered anti-oxidant status and immune system are implicated in the etiopathology of obesity in these animals. We have reported beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in obese animals, born to diabetic dams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Akhtar Khan
- Department of Physiology, UPRES Lipides & Signalisation Cellulaire, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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46
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Kunz LH, King JC. Impact of maternal nutrition and metabolism on health of the offspring. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 12:71-7. [PMID: 17200031 DOI: 10.1016/j.siny.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the original publication of the theory of the fetal origins of adult diseases more than 15 years ago, extensive epidemiological studies have linked the environment in utero to adult health. Maternal nutrition and metabolism are major mechanisms by which the intrauterine environment programs the health of the offspring. Both growth-restricted and overgrown fetuses are at risk for postnatal disease. This paper summarizes the nutritional and metabolic causes of both these conditions and also reviews the interventions that have been tested to mitigate these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza H Kunz
- University of California - Davis, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4860 Y Street, Suite 2500, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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47
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Yessoufou A, Hichami A, Besnard P, Moutairou K, Khan NA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha deficiency increases the risk of maternal abortion and neonatal mortality in murine pregnancy with or without diabetes mellitus: Modulation of T cell differentiation. Endocrinology 2006; 147:4410-8. [PMID: 16763063 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the implication of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha deficiency in pregnancy outcome and neonatal survival and in the modulation of T cell differentiation in murine diabetic pregnancy and their offspring. Pregnant wild-type (WT) and PPAR alpha-null mice of C57BL/6J genetic background were rendered diabetic by five low doses of streptozotocin. We observed that, in the absence of diabetes, PPAR alpha deficiency resulted in an increase in abortion rate, i.e. 0% in WT mice vs. 20% in PPAR alpha-null mice [odds ratio (OR) = 14.33; P = 0.013]. Under diabetic conditions, the abortion rate was enhanced, i.e. 8.3% in WT mice vs. 50% in PPAR alpha-null mice (OR = 4.28; P = 0.011). In the pups born to diabetic dams, the offspring mortality, due to the absence of PPAR alpha, was enhanced, i.e. 27.7% in WT mice vs. 78.9% in PPAR alpha-null animals (OR = 11.48; P < 0.001). Moreover, we observed that T helper (Th) 1/Th2 balance was shifted to a pregnancy protecting Th2 phenotype in WT diabetic dams and to a noxious Th1 phenotype in PPAR alpha-null mice with diabetic pregnancy. Furthermore, offspring born to diabetic WT dams were hyperinsulinemic and hyperglycemic, and they exhibited up-regulated profile of Th2 cytokines, whereas those born to diabetic PPAR alpha-null dams were hypoinsulinemic and hyperglycemic, and they showed down-regulated profile of Th2 cytokines. However, IFN-gamma, a Th1 cytokine, was up-regulated in the offspring of both diabetic WT and PPAR alpha-null dams. Altogether, our results suggest that PPAR alpha deficiency in mice may be implicated in the increase in maternal abortion, neonatal mortality, and T cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akadiri Yessoufou
- Department of Physiology, University of Burgundy, Unité Propre de Recherche de l'Enseignement Supérieur Lipids and Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, 21000 Dijon, France
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48
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Yessoufou A, Soulaimann N, Merzouk SA, Moutairou K, Ahissou H, Prost J, Simonin AM, Merzouk H, Hichami A, Khan NA. N-3 Fatty acids modulate antioxidant status in diabetic rats and their macrosomic offspring. Int J Obes (Lond) 2006; 30:739-50. [PMID: 16418759 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) in the modulation of total antioxidant status in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and their macrosomic offspring. DESIGN Female wistar rats, fed on control diet or n-3 PUFA diet, were rendered diabetic by administration of five mild doses of STZ on day 5 and were killed on days 12 and 21 of gestation. The macrosomic (MAC) pups were killed at the age of 60 and 90 days. MEASUREMENTS Lipid peroxidation was measured as the concentrations of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and the total antioxidant status was determined by measuring (i) plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), (ii) plasma vitamin A, E and C concentrations, and (iii) antioxidant enzymes activities in erythrocytes. The plasma lipid concentrations and fatty acid composition were also determined. RESULTS Diabetes increased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, whereas macrosomia was associated with enhanced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which diminished by feeding n-3 PUFA diet. N-3 PUFA diet also reduced increased plasma TBARS and corrected the decreased ORAC values in diabetic rats and their macrosomic offspring. EPAX diet increased the diminished vitamin A levels in diabetic mothers and vitamin C concentrations in macrosomic pups. Also, this diet improved the decreased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities in diabetic and macrosomic animals. CONCLUSION Diabetes and macrosomia were associated with altered lipid metabolism, antioxidant enzyme activities and vitamin concentrations. N-3 PUFA diet improved hyperlipidemia and restored antioxidant status in diabetic dams and MAC offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yessoufou
- Department of Physiology, UPRES Lipids and Nutrition, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
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