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Hu H, Zhang G, Tian M, Guan X, Yin Y, Ding C, Yu S. Brucella abortus Rough-Type Mutant Induces Ferroptosis and More Oxidative Stress in Infected Macrophages. Pathogens 2023; 12:1189. [PMID: 37887705 PMCID: PMC10609801 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucella is an intracellular parasitic bacterium that uses multiple strategies to evade the host's defense mechanisms. However, how Brucella manipulates the host-induced oxidative stress and relevant biological processes are still poorly understood. In this study, a comparative transcriptome assay of macrophages infected with Brucella abortus S2308 and its rough mutant RB14 was performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes which might be associated with the pathogenic mechanism of Brucella. Our results showed that numerous host pro-oxidative and antioxidative stress genes were differentially expressed in macrophages infected with B. abortus S2308 and mutant RB14 at 4, 8, 24, and 48 h post-infection. Interestingly, we found that several ferroptosis-associated genes were differentially expressed during B. abortus RB14 infection. Moreover, we found that the rough mutant RB14-induced macrophage death was associated with reduced levels of host glutathione and glutathione peroxidase 4, together with increased free iron, lipid peroxidation, and ROS, all of which are important hallmarks of ferroptosis. The ferroptosis occurring during infection with RB14 was reduced by treatment with the inhibitor ferrostatin-1. However, B. abortus S2308 infection did not induce these hallmarks of ferroptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that ferroptosis is involved in rough B. abortus infection. Investigating how Brucella manipulates oxidative stress and ferroptosis in its host will be helpful to clarify the pathogenicity of B. abortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Guangdong Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Mingxing Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Xiang Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yi Yin
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shengqing Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai 200241, China; (H.H.); (G.Z.); (M.T.); (X.G.); (Y.Y.)
- Veterinary Bio-Pharmaceutical, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
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Renin-a in the Subfornical Organ Plays a Critical Role in the Maintenance of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091169. [PMID: 36139008 PMCID: PMC9496084 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain renin-angiotensin system plays important roles in blood pressure and cardiovascular regulation. There are two isoforms of prorenin in the brain: the classic secreted form (prorenin/sREN) encoded by renin-a, and an intracellular form (icREN) encoded by renin-b. Emerging evidence indicates the importance of renin-b in cardiovascular and metabolic regulation. However, the role of endogenous brain prorenin in the development of salt-sensitive hypertension remains undefined. In this study, we test the hypothesis that renin-a produced locally in the brain contributes to the pathogenesis of hypertension. Using RNAscope, we report for the first time that renin mRNA is expressed in several regions of the brain, including the subfornical organ (SFO), the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN), and the brainstem, where it is found in glutamatergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. Notably, we found that renin mRNA was significantly elevated in the SFO and PVN in a mouse model of DOCA-salt–induced hypertension. To examine the functional importance of renin-a in the SFO, we selectively ablated renin-a in the SFO in renin-a–floxed mice using a Cre-lox strategy. Importantly, renin-a ablation in the SFO attenuated the maintenance of DOCA-salt–induced hypertension and improved autonomic function without affecting fluid or sodium intake. Molecularly, ablation of renin-a prevented the DOCA-salt–induced elevation in NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) in the SFO without affecting NOX4 or angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptors. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that endogenous renin-a within the SFO is important for the pathogenesis of salt-sensitive hypertension.
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Posadino AM, Erre GL, Cossu A, Emanueli C, Eid AH, Zinellu A, Pintus G, Giordo R. NADPH-derived ROS generation drives fibrosis and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in systemic sclerosis: Potential cross talk with circulating miRNAs. Biomol Concepts 2022; 13:11-24. [PMID: 35189048 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an immune disorder characterized by diffuse fibrosis and vascular abnormalities of the affected organs. Although the etiopathology of this disease is largely unknown, endothelial damage and oxidative stress appear implicated in its initiation and maintenance. Here, we show for the first time that circulating factors present in SSc sera increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, collagen synthesis, and proliferation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HPMECs). The observed phenomena were also associated with endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) as indicated by decreased von Willebrand factor (vWF) expression and increased alpha-smooth muscle actin, respectively, an endothelial and mesenchymal marker. SSc-induced fibroproliferative effects were prevented by HPMECs exposition to the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium, demonstrating ROS's causative role and suggesting their cellular origin. Sera from SSc patients showed significant changes in the expression of a set of fibrosis/EndMT-associated microRNAs (miRNA), including miR-21, miR-92a, miR-24, miR-27b, miR-125b, miR-29c, and miR-181b, which resulted significantly upregulated as compared to healthy donors sera. However, miR29b resulted downregulated in SSc sera, whereas no significant differences were found in the expression of miR-29a in the two experimental groups of samples. Taking together our data indicate NADPH oxidase-induced EndMT as a potential mechanism of SSc-associated fibrosis, suggesting fibrosis-associated miRNAs as potentially responsible for initiating and sustaining the vascular alterations observed in this pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Posadino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Erre
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital (AOUSS) and University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Cossu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, London, W12 0NN England, United Kingdom
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, Qatar University Health, Qatar University, Doha, 2713, Qatar
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, University City Rd, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Roberta Giordo
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 505055, United Arab Emirates
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Touyz RM, Rios FJ, Alves-Lopes R, Neves KB, Camargo LL, Montezano AC. Oxidative Stress: A Unifying Paradigm in Hypertension. Can J Cardiol 2020; 36:659-670. [PMID: 32389339 PMCID: PMC7225748 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of hypertension involves complex interactions among genetic, environmental, and pathophysiologic factors that influence many regulatory systems. Hypertension is characteristically associated with vascular dysfunction, cardiovascular remodelling, renal dysfunction, and stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Emerging evidence indicates that the immune system is also important and that activated immune cells migrate and accumulate in tissues promoting inflammation, fibrosis, and target-organ damage. Common to these processes is oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favour of the oxidants that leads to a disruption of oxidation-reduction (redox) signalling and control and molecular damage. Physiologically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signalling molecules and influence cell function through highly regulated redox-sensitive signal transduction. In hypertension, oxidative stress promotes posttranslational modification (oxidation and phosphorylation) of proteins and aberrant signalling with consequent cell and tissue damage. Many enzymatic systems generate ROS, but NADPH oxidases (Nox) are the major sources in cells of the heart, vessels, kidneys, and immune system. Expression and activity of Nox are increased in hypertension and are the major systems responsible for oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease. Here we provide a unifying concept where oxidative stress is a common mediator underlying pathophysiologic processes in hypertension. We focus on some novel concepts whereby ROS influence vascular function, aldosterone/mineralocorticoid actions, and immunoinflammation, all important processes contributing to the development of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.
| | - Francisco J Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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NADPH oxidases and oxidase crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:170-194. [PMID: 31591535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, aortic aneurysm, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis, diabetic vascular complications, cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Interactions between different oxidases or oxidase systems have been intensively investigated for their roles in inducing sustained oxidative stress. In this Review, we discuss the latest data on the pathobiology of each oxidase component, the complex crosstalk between different oxidase components and the consequences of this crosstalk in mediating cardiovascular disease processes, focusing on the central role of particular NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms that are activated in specific cardiovascular diseases. An improved understanding of these mechanisms might facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting these oxidase systems and their interactions, which could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
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Wilcox CS, Wang C, Wang D. Endothelin-1-Induced Microvascular ROS and Contractility in Angiotensin-II-Infused Mice Depend on COX and TP Receptors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8060193. [PMID: 31234522 PMCID: PMC6616505 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8060193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin 1 (ET-1) generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can activate cyclooxygenase (COX). However, thromboxane prostanoid receptors (TPRs) are required to increase systemic markers of ROS during Ang II infusion in mice. We hypothesized that COX and TPRs are upstream requirements for the generation of vascular ROS by ET-1. (2) Methods: ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS were assessed in mesenteric arterioles from wild type (+/+) and knockout (−/−) of COX1 or TPR mice infused with Ang II (400 ng/kg/min × 14 days) or a vehicle. (3) Results: Ang II infusion appeared to increase microvascular protein expression of endothelin type A receptors (ETARs), TPRs, and COX1 and 2 in COX1 and TPR +/+ mice but not in −/− mice. Ang II infusion increased ET-1-induced vascular contractions and ROS, which were prevented by a blockade of COX1 and 2 in TPR −/− mice. ET-1 increased the activity of aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1, 2, and 3 in Ang-II-infused mice, which were prevented by a blockade of TPRs. (4) Conclusion: Activation of vascular TPRs by COX products are required for ET-1 to increase vascular contractions and ROS generation from NADPH oxidase and reduce ROS metabolism by SOD. These effects require an increase in these systems by prior infusion of Ang II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Endothelin receptor-A mediates degradation of the glomerular endothelial surface layer via pathologic crosstalk between activated podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells. Kidney Int 2019; 96:957-970. [PMID: 31402170 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence of crosstalk between glomerular cells in pathological settings provides opportunities for novel therapeutic discovery. Here we investigated underlying mechanisms of early events leading to filtration barrier defects of podocyte and glomerular endothelial cell crosstalk in the mouse models of primary podocytopathy (podocyte specific transforming growth factor-β receptor 1 signaling activation) or Adriamycin nephropathy. We found that glomerular endothelial surface layer degradation and albuminuria preceded podocyte foot process effacement. These abnormalities were prevented by endothelin receptor-A antagonism and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenging. Additional studies confirmed increased heparanase and hyaluronoglucosaminidase gene expression in glomerular endothelial cells in response to podocyte-released factors and to endothelin-1. Atomic force microscopy measurements showed a significant reduction in the endothelial surface layer by endothelin-1 and podocyte-released factors, which could be prevented by endothelin receptor-A but not endothelin receptor-B antagonism. Thus, our studies provide evidence of early crosstalk between activated podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells resulting in loss of endothelial surface layer, glomerular endothelial cell injury and albuminuria. Hence, activation of endothelin-1-endothelin receptor-A and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species contribute to the pathogenesis of primary podocytopathies in experimental focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
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Biernacki M, Łuczaj W, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Ambrożewicz E, Toczek M, Skrzydlewska E. The Effect of Long-Term Administration of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor URB597 on Oxidative Metabolism in the Heart of Rats with Primary and Secondary Hypertension. Molecules 2018; 23:E2350. [PMID: 30223427 PMCID: PMC6225141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597) may influence redox balance and blood pressure through the modulation of endocannabinoids levels. Therefore, this study aimed to compare changes in oxidative metabolism and apoptosis in the hearts of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR) and secondary hypertension (11-deoxycorticosterone acetate; DOCA-salt rats) treated by URB597 via intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. The results showed that URB597 decreased the activity of NADPH and xanthine oxidases in both groups of rats. Moreover, in the heart of SHR rats, URB597 led to an increase of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity and levels (catalase, vitamin C, glutathione/glutathione disulfide [GSH/GSSG]) and upregulation of the thioredoxin system; however, NRf2 expression was downregulated. The opposite effect in relation to Nrf2 activity and the thioredoxin system was observed in DOCA-salt rats after URB597 administration. Despite improvement in antioxidant parameters, URB597 enhanced oxidative modifications of phospholipids (4-hydroxynonenal and isoprostanes) and proteins (carbonyl groups) in SHR heart, whereas 4-hydroxynonenal and carbonyl groups levels decreased in the heart of DOCA-salt rats. Obtained results suggest that examined lipid mediators are involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-independent and PPAR-dependent modulation of cardiac inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase 3 and 9) was observed after URB597 administration in the heart of both groups of hypertensive rats, whereas expression of the antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2) increased in SHR rats. Long-term administration of URB597 altered cardiac redox status depending on the type of hypertension. URB597 enhanced oxidative metabolism and reduced pro-apoptotic factors in the heart of SHR rats, increasing the probability of heart metabolic disorders occurrence or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ambrożewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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Togliatto G, Lombardo G, Brizzi MF. The Future Challenge of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Hypertension: From Bench to Bed Side. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091988. [PMID: 28914782 PMCID: PMC5618637 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules that control physiological processes, including cell adaptation to stress. Redox signaling via ROS has quite recently become the focus of much attention in numerous pathological contexts, including neurodegenerative diseases, kidney and cardiovascular disease. Imbalance in ROS formation and degradation has also been implicated in essential hypertension. Essential hypertension is characterized by multiple genetic and environmental factors which do not completely explain its associated risk factors. Thereby, even if advances in therapy have led to a significant reduction in hypertension-associated complications, to interfere with the unbalance of redox signals might represent an additional therapeutic challenge. The decrease of nitric oxide (NO) levels, the antioxidant activity commonly found in preclinical models of hypertension and the ability of antioxidant approaches to reduce ROS levels have spurred clinicians to investigate the contribution of ROS in humans. Indeed, particular effort has recently been devoted to understanding how redox signaling may contribute to vascular pathobiology in human hypertension. However, although biomarkers of oxidative stress have been found to positively correlate with blood pressure in preclinical model of hypertension, human data are less convincing. We herein provide an overview of the most relevant mechanisms via which oxidative stress might contribute to the pathophysiology of essential hypertension. Moreover, alternative approaches, which are directed towards improving antioxidant machinery and/or interfering with ROS production, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Togliatto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giusy Lombardo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Leite LN, do Vale GT, Simplicio JA, De Martinis BS, Carneiro FS, Tirapelli CR. Ethanol-induced erectile dysfunction and increased expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in the rat cavernosal smooth muscle are mediated by NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 804:82-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- From the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, Department of Medicine, and Department of Radiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson.
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Endothelin-1 Induces Degeneration of Cultured Motor Neurons Through a Mechanism Mediated by Nitric Oxide and PI3K/Akt Pathway. Neurotox Res 2017; 32:58-70. [PMID: 28285347 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-017-9711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoactive peptide produced by activated astrocytes and microglia and is implicated in initiating and sustaining reactive gliosis in neurodegenerative diseases. We have previously suggested that ET-1 can play a role in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Indeed, we reported that this peptide is abundantly expressed in reactive astrocytes in the spinal cord of SOD1-G93A mice and ALS patients and exerts a toxic effect on motor neurons (MNs) in an in vitro model of mixed spinal cord cultures enriched with reactive astrocytes. Here, we explored the possible mechanisms underlying the toxic effect of ET-1 on cultured MNs. We show that ET-1 toxicity is not directly caused by oxidative stress or activation of cyclooxygenase-2 but requires the synthesis of nitric oxide and is mediated by a reduced activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway. Furthermore, we observed that ET-1 is also toxic for microglia, although its effect on MNs is independent of the presence of this type of glial cells. Our study confirms that ET-1 may contribute to MN death and corroborates the view that the modulation of ET-1 signaling might be a therapeutic strategy to slow down MN degeneration in ALS.
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Subramanian M, MohanKumar SMJ, Balasubramanian P, Northcott CA, Garver H, Fink GD, MohanKumar PS. Chronic exposure to low doses of estradiol-17ß increases blood pressure in young female rats: A possible role for central Endothelin-1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:139. [PMID: 28273940 PMCID: PMC5428019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we demonstrated that chronic exposure to low levels of estradiol-17β (E2) increases mean arterial pressure (MAP) in young female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, however, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Since endothelin-1 (ET-1) is implicated in blood pressure (BP) regulation, we hypothesized that E2’s effects on MAP are mediated through central ET-1. To test this, young female SD rats were either sham implanted or implanted s.c. with slow-release E2 pellets (20 ng/day for 90 days). BP was monitored by telemetry. After 75 days of E2 exposure, ETA antagonist or vehicle was administered i.c.v. After 90 days of E2 exposure, rats were sacrificed, and the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were microdissected for gene expression and protein analysis of ET-1 and its receptors. E2 exposure increased MAP after pellet implantation. Gene expression of ET-1 and ETA but not ETB receptors were upregulated in the PVN and RVLM of E2 treated animals. Further, the protein levels of ETA receptor were also increased in the PVN of E2 treated animals. However, i.c.v. infusion of the ETA antagonist did not completely block the increase in blood pressure. Our results suggest that increases in central ET-1 activity could possibly play a role in chronic E2-induced increase in BP but further studies are needed to completely understand the contribution of ET-1 in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Subramanian
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sheba M J MohanKumar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Priya Balasubramanian
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Carrie A Northcott
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Hannah Garver
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Gregory D Fink
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - P S MohanKumar
- Department of Pathobiology & Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Kleniewska P, Kowalczyk A, Ciesla W, Goraca A. Estimation of Some Oxidative Stress Parameters and Blood Pressure After Administration of Endothelin-1 (ET-1) in Rats. Cell Biochem Biophys 2016; 71:1483-9. [PMID: 25391890 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-014-0371-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate changes in the plasma antioxidative activity and in lipid peroxidation after administration of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and endothelin receptor blockers and additionally, to estimate blood pressure. The study was performed on male Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) divided into 4 groups which received: (1) saline, (2) endothelin-1 (ET-1) (3 μg/kg b.w.) + saline, (3) BQ123 (1 mg/kg) + ET-1 (3 μg/kg), and (4) BQ788 (3 mg/kg) + ET-1 (3 μg/kg b.w.). The endothelin receptor antagonist was injected intravenously 30 min before ET-1 administration. Blood pressure was monitored, and the blood was collected before the saline or ET-1 administration as well as 60 and 300 min after their administration. The antioxidative properties were examined by FRAP method (ferric reducing ability of plasma), and the concentration of lipid peroxidation products was examined by the reaction with thiobarbituric acid (TBARS). It was estimated that intravenous administration of endothelin receptor blocker ETA increases plasma antioxidative properties (p < 0.01) and parallelly decreases the process of lipid peroxidation (p < 0.05 vs. ET-1) and blood pressure (p < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kleniewska
- Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Kowalczyk
- Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Ciesla
- Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Goraca
- Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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Hu YR, Ma H, Zou ZY, He K, Xiao YB, Wang Y, Feng M, Ye XL, Li XG. Activation of Akt and JNK/Nrf2/NQO1 pathway contributes to the protective effect of coptisine against AAPH-induced oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 85:313-322. [PMID: 27903425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Coptisine (COP) is one of the main active constituents of Coptidis Rhizoma. Previous studies have clarified that COP possesses antioxidant activity, but its defensive effects against pathological characteristics accompanied by oxidative damage in animal models and antioxidant mechanism are still unclear. Therefore, our purpose was to confirm the antioxidant activity of COP and explore its mechanism of action. We first detected the effects of COP on intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), heart beating rate, lipid peroxidation and cell death in zebrafish model with AAPH-induced oxidative stress. The results showed that COP of 10μg/mL significantly reduced ROS production, the increase of heart beating rate, lipid peroxidation and cell death by 41.3%, 24.5%, 26.5% and 30.0%, respectively. In addition, COP of 0.8μg/mL also decreased ROS, increased glutathione (GSH) content and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) by 40.1%, 19.8%, 18.3% and 49.3%, respectively in HepG2 cells. Further assays were carried out to explore the mRNA expression in zebrafish and protein expression of key factors in HepG2 cells. We demonstrated that COP up-regulated phase II antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H/quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) through activating the nuclear factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2). Moreover, as the upstream signalings of Nrf2, the protein kinase B (Akt) and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signalings were also induced by COP. And up-regulating Nrf2-mediated NQO1 expression of COP was in Akt and JNK-dependent manner. Taken together, COP exerted its antioxidant activity against AAPH-induced toxicity involving in activating Akt and JNK/Nrf2/NQO1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin-Ran Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Hang Ma
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Zong-Yao Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Kai He
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu-Bo Xiao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Min Feng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Xiao-Li Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xue-Gang Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Productivity Promotion Centre for the Modernization of Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, 400716, China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Pharmaceutical Process and Quality Control, Chongqing, 400716, China.
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16
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Simplicio JA, Hipólito UV, Vale GTD, Callera GE, Pereira CA, Touyz RM, Tostes RDC, Tirapelli CR. Acute Ethanol Intake Induces NAD(P)H Oxidase Activation and Rhoa Translocation in Resistance Arteries. Arq Bras Cardiol 2016; 107:427-436. [PMID: 27812679 PMCID: PMC5137387 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20160147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism underlying the vascular dysfunction induced by ethanol is not
totally understood. Identification of biochemical/molecular mechanisms that
could explain such effects is warranted. Objective To investigate whether acute ethanol intake activates the vascular RhoA/Rho
kinase pathway in resistance arteries and the role of NAD(P)H
oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) on such response. We also
evaluated the requirement of p47phox translocation for ethanol-induced
NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Methods Male Wistar rats were orally treated with ethanol (1g/kg, p.o. gavage) or
water (control). Some rats were treated with vitamin C (250 mg/kg, p.o.
gavage, 5 days) before administration of water or ethanol. The mesenteric
arterial bed (MAB) was collected 30 min after ethanol administration. Results Vitamin C prevented ethanol-induced increase in superoxide anion
(O2-) generation and lipoperoxidation in the MAB.
Catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and the reduced glutathione,
nitrate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels were not
affected by ethanol. Vitamin C and 4-methylpyrazole prevented the increase
on O2- generation induced by ethanol in cultured MAB
vascular smooth muscle cells. Ethanol had no effect on phosphorylation
levels of protein kinase B (Akt) and eNOS (Ser1177 or
Thr495 residues) or MAB vascular reactivity. Vitamin C
prevented ethanol-induced increase in the membrane: cytosol fraction ratio
of p47phox and RhoA expression in the rat MAB. Conclusion Acute ethanol intake induces activation of the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway by a
mechanism that involves ROS generation. In resistance arteries, ethanol
activates NAD(P)H oxidase by inducing p47phox translocation by a
redox-sensitive mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina A Simplicio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Vilela Hipólito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Tavares do Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Camila André Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rita de Cássia Tostes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia - Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Tirapelli
- Departamento de Enfermagem Psiquiátrica e Ciências Humanas - Laboratório de Farmacologia - Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo (USP); SP, Brazil
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17
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The association of endothelin-1 with markers of oxidative stress in a biethnic South African cohort: the SABPA study. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:189-195. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Kafami M, Hosseini M, Niazmand S, Hadjzadeh MA, Farrokhi E, Mazloum T, Shafei MN. Interaction of central Angiotensin II and estrogen on systolic blood pressure in female DOCA-salt treated rats. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:78. [PMID: 27195251 PMCID: PMC4863408 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.180990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There is a probable interaction of central angiotensin II (Ang II) and estrogen (Est) on blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. Therefore, in the present study, the interaction between Ang II and Est in ovariectomized (Ovx) and Sham rats that were treated with DOCA- salt was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The female rats were divided into 10 groups as follows: Sham, Ovx, Sham-DOCA, Ovx-DOCA, Sham-DOCA-estrogen (E), Ovx DOCA-E, Sham-DOCA-losartan (L), Ovx-DOCA-L, Sham–DOCA-L-E, and Ovx-DOCA-L-E. The Est groups received estradiol valerate (2 mg/kg; daily; subcutaneously (s.c)) for four weeks. Following that, several doses of Ang II (0.5, 5, 50, 500, 5000 ng/5 μl) were injected via the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v) route and the changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) were evaluated. In the losartan groups, 200 μg losartan was injected (i.c.v) 15 minutes after the Ang II injection and the blood pressure was recorded. Treatment by DOCA was performed by removal of one kidney, injection of DOCA (45 mg/kg i.p), and adding of sodium chloride (NaCl) (1%) and potassium chloride (KCl) (0.1%) in the drinking water. Results: The SBP was increased by Ang II and this effect in DOCA-salt treated rat was higher than in the untreated groups. The effect of Ang II on SBP in groups that were treated with Est and L was lower than that in the DOCA-salt groups. Increase in SBP was strongly attenuated by Ang II in groups that were co-treated with both Est and L compared to the DOCA-treated rats. These results showed that Est significantly attenuated the effect of central Ang II on SBP in the DOCA-salt treated rats. Conclusion: We suggest that there are interactions between E and Ang II in the control of blood pressure in DOCA-salt treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Kafami
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hosseini
- Neurocognetive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Niazmand
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mousa Alreza Hadjzadeh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurocognetive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Farrokhi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Mazloum
- Neurocognetive Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Biernacki M, Łuczaj W, Gęgotek A, Toczek M, Bielawska K, Skrzydlewska E. Crosstalk between liver antioxidant and the endocannabinoid systems after chronic administration of the FAAH inhibitor, URB597, to hypertensive rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 301:31-41. [PMID: 27086176 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is accompanied by perturbations to the endocannabinoid and antioxidant systems. Thus, potential pharmacological treatments for hypertension should be examined as modulators of these two metabolic systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl]N-cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597) on the endocannabinoid system and on the redox balance in the livers of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Hypertension caused an increase in the levels of endocannabinoids [anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA)] and CB1 receptor and the activities of FAAH and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). These effects were accompanied by an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), a decrease in antioxidant activity/level, enhanced expression of transcription factor Nrf2 and changes to Nrf2 activators and inhibitors. Moreover, significant increases in lipid, DNA and protein oxidative modifications, which led to enhanced levels of proapoptotic caspases, were also observed. URB597 administration to the hypertensive rats resulted in additional increases in the levels of AEA, NADA and the CB1 receptor, as well as decreases in vitamin E and C levels, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and Nrf2 expression. Thus, after URB597 administration, oxidative modifications of cellular components were increased, while the inflammatory response was reduced. This study revealed that chronic treatment of hypertensive rats with URB597 disrupts the endocannabinoid system, which causes an imbalance in redox status. This imbalance increases the levels of electrophilic lipid peroxidation products, which later participate in metabolic disturbances in liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gęgotek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bielawska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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20
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Hipólito UV, Callera GE, Simplicio JA, De Martinis BS, Touyz RM, Tirapelli CR. Vitamin C prevents the endothelial dysfunction induced by acute ethanol intake. Life Sci 2015; 141:99-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Li Q, Youn JY, Cai H. Mechanisms and consequences of endothelial nitric oxide synthase dysfunction in hypertension. J Hypertens 2015; 33:1128-36. [PMID: 25882860 PMCID: PMC4816601 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced nitric oxide bioavailability contributes to endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is responsible for the production of nitric oxide within the endothelium. Loss of eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin to initial increase in oxidative stress leads to uncoupling of eNOS, in which the enzyme produces superoxide anion rather than nitric oxide, further substantiating oxidative stress to induce vascular pathogenesis. The current review focuses on recent advances on the molecular mechanisms and consequences of eNOS dysfunction in hypertension, and potential novel therapeutic strategies restoring eNOS function to treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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22
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Montezano AC, Dulak-Lis M, Tsiropoulou S, Harvey A, Briones AM, Touyz RM. Oxidative Stress and Human Hypertension: Vascular Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Novel Therapies. Can J Cardiol 2015; 31:631-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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23
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Bruder-Nascimento T, Callera GE, Montezano AC, He Y, Antunes TT, Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Tostes RC, Touyz RM. Vascular injury in diabetic db/db mice is ameliorated by atorvastatin: role of Rac1/2-sensitive Nox-dependent pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:411-23. [PMID: 25358739 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress [increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (ROS)] plays a role in the endothelial dysfunction and vascular inflammation, which underlie vascular damage in diabetes. Statins are cholesterol-lowering drugs that are vasoprotective in diabetes through unknown mechanisms. We tested the hypothesis that atorvastatin decreases NADPH oxidase (Nox)-derived ROS generation and associated vascular injury in diabetes. Lepr(db)/Lepr(db) (db/db) mice, a model of Type 2 diabetes and control Lepr(db)/Lepr(+) (db/+) mice were administered atorvastatin (10 mg/kg per day, 2 weeks). Atorvastatin improved glucose tolerance in db/db mice. Systemic and vascular oxidative stress in db/db mice, characterized by increased plasma TBARS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) levels and exaggerated vascular Nox-derived ROS generation respectively, were inhibited by atorvastatin. Cytosol-to-membrane translocation of the Nox regulatory subunit p47(phox) and the small GTPase Rac1/2 was increased in vessels from db/db mice compared with db/+ mice, an effect blunted by atorvastatin. The increase in vascular Nox1/2/4 expression and increased phosphorylation of redox-sensitive mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was abrogated by atorvastatin in db/db mice. Pro-inflammatory signalling (decreased IκB-α and increased NF-κB p50 expression, increased NF-κB p65 phosphorylation) and associated vascular inflammation [vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and vascular monocyte adhesion], which were increased in aortas of db/db mice, were blunted by atorvastatin. Impaired acetylcholine (Ach)- and insulin (INS)-induced vasorelaxation in db/db mice was normalized by atorvastatin. Our results demonstrate that, in diabetic mice, atorvastatin decreases vascular oxidative stress and inflammation and ameliorates vascular injury through processes involving decreased activation of Rac1/2 and Nox. These findings elucidate redox-sensitive and Rac1/2-dependent mechanisms whereby statins protect against vascular injury in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- *Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia E Callera
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- ‡Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K
| | - Ying He
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Tayze T Antunes
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Rita C Tostes
- *Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- †Kidney Research Centre, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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Hepatic hepcidin protects against polymicrobial sepsis in mice by regulating host iron status. Anesthesiology 2015; 122:374-86. [PMID: 25264597 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepcidin is a master regulator of iron metabolism primarily produced by the liver. Markedly increased hepcidin levels have been observed in septic individuals, while decreased hepatic hepcidin expression has been demonstrated in liver diseases that tend to develop into sepsis. However, the role of liver hepcidin in sepsis remains unknown. METHODS Mouse hepatic hepcidin expression was silenced using adenovirus-mediated hepcidin-specific short hairpin RNA injected via the tail vein. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture, and the outcome (n = 23 for hepcidin knockdown mice, n = 15 for controls) and pathogenic changes (n = 5) related to sepsis were evaluated. The impact of alteration of iron status on the survival rate of hepatic hepcidin knockdown mice (n = 18 to 19) was also investigated. RESULTS Disruption of liver hepcidin expression increased serum iron level (537.8 ± 28.1 μg/dl [mean ± SD] vs. 235.9 ± 62.2 μg/dl; P < 0.05) and reduced iron content in the spleen macrophages at the steady state. Hepatic hepcidin knockdown mice not only showed increased 7-day mortality (73.9% vs. 46.7%; P < 0.05), but also had exacerbated organ damage and oxidative stress, as well as compromised host inflammatory responses and bacterial clearance at 24 h after polymicrobial sepsis. Treating the hepatic hepcidin knockdown mice with low-iron diet plus iron chelation decreased systemic iron content (serum level: 324.0 ± 67.4 μg/dl vs. 517.4 ± 13.4 μg/dl; P < 0.05) and rescued the mice from lethal sepsis (7-day survival: 36.8% vs. 83.3%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Hepatic hepcidin plays an important role in sepsis through regulation of iron metabolism. The findings may have potential therapeutic implications for liver diseases in which hepcidin expression is decreased.
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25
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Wang C, Luo Z, Kohan D, Wellstein A, Jose PA, Welch WJ, Wilcox CS, Wang D. Thromboxane prostanoid receptors enhance contractions, endothelin-1, and oxidative stress in microvessels from mice with chronic kidney disease. Hypertension 2015; 65:1055-63. [PMID: 25733239 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is frequent in chronic kidney disease and has been related to angiotensin II, endothelin-1 (ET-1), thromboxane A2, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Because activation of thromboxane prostanoid receptors (TP-Rs) can generate ROS, which can generate ET-1, we tested the hypothesis that chronic kidney disease induces cyclooxygenase-2 whose products activate TP-Rs to enhance ET-1 and ROS generation and contractions. Mesenteric resistance arterioles were isolated from C57/BL6 or TP-R+/+ and TP-R-/- mice 3 months after SHAM-operation (SHAM) or surgical reduced renal mass (RRM, n=6/group). Microvascular contractions were studied on a wire myograph. Cellular (ethidium: dihydroethidium) and mitochondrial (mitoSOX) ROS were measured by fluorescence microscopy. Mice with RRM had increased excretion of markers of oxidative stress, thromboxane, and microalbumin; increased plasma ET-1; and increased microvascular expression of p22(phox), cyclooxygenase-2, TP-Rs, preproendothelin and endothelin-A receptors, and increased arteriolar remodeling. They had increased contractions to U-46,619 (118 ± 3 versus 87 ± 6, P<0.05) and ET-1 (108 ± 5 versus 89 ± 4, P<0.05), which were dependent on cellular and mitochondrial ROS, cyclooxygenase-2, and TP-Rs. RRM doubled the ET-1-induced cellular and mitochondrial ROS generation (P<0.05). TP-R-/- mice with RRM lacked these abnormal structural and functional microvascular responses and lacked the increased systemic and the increased microvascular oxidative stress and circulating ET-1. In conclusion, RRM leads to microvascular remodeling and enhanced ET-1-induced cellular and mitochondrial ROS and contractions that are mediated by cyclooxygenase-2 products activating TP-Rs. Thus, TP-Rs can be upstream from enhanced ROS, ET-1, microvascular remodeling, and contractility and may thereby coordinate vascular dysfunction in chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Wang
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - Zaiming Luo
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - Donald Kohan
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - Anton Wellstein
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - Pedro A Jose
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - William J Welch
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.)
| | - Dan Wang
- From the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Center and Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.W., Z.L., W.J.W., C.S.W., D.W.) and Department of Oncology, Lombardi Cancer Center (A.W.), Georgetown University, Washington, DC; Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China (C.W.); Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (D.K.); and Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (P.A.J.).
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26
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Dipchand AI, White M, Manlhiot C, Pollock-BarZiv S, Allain-Rooney T, West L, He Y, Touyz RM. Myocyte growth, repair, and oxidative stress following pediatric heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2014; 18:764-70. [PMID: 25118092 DOI: 10.1111/petr.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling is associated with plasma biomarkers of fibrinogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and upregulation of mitogenic, pro-fibrotic, and apoptotic signaling pathways. Our primary objective was to evaluate biomarker and subcellular myocardial changes in pediatric heart transplant recipients. Fifty-two-week prospective, randomized (tacrolimus, Tac, vs. cyclosporine, CsA), open-label, parallel group study. Serial myocardial biopsies were probed for mitogenic and pro-inflammatory proteins. Plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress (F2α isoprostanes, nitrotyrosine), and inflammation and oxidation (hsCRP and cystatin-C) were measured. Nine of 11 randomized patients completed the study (four Tac, five CsA). Mean levels of F2α isoprostanes, hsCRP, and cystatin-C were maximal at Week 2. Peak activation of all MAP kinases in myocardial tissue was maximal at Week 10; no association was seen with rejection. Cardiac Bax/Bcl-2 levels (index of apoptosis) correlated negatively with F2α isoprostanes at Week 2 (r = -0.88) and with hsCRP at Week 52 (r = -0.67). At Week 52, hsCRP levels correlated positively with molecular indices of cardiac cell growth. We found evidence of systemic and myocardial oxidative damage and inflammation early posttransplant, which may be related to the remodeling process. Further study is needed to better understand the cardiac and systemic repair processes following pediatric heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne I Dipchand
- Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Ramiro-Diaz JM, Giermakowska W, Weaver JM, Jernigan NL, Gonzalez Bosc LV. Mechanisms of NFATc3 activation by increased superoxide and reduced hydrogen peroxide in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C928-38. [PMID: 25163518 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00244.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated increased superoxide (O2(·-)) and decreased H2O2 levels in pulmonary arteries of chronic hypoxia-exposed wild-type and normoxic superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout mice. We also showed that this reciprocal change in O2(·-) and H2O2 is associated with elevated activity of nuclear factor of activated T cells isoform c3 (NFATc3) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC). This suggests that an imbalance in reactive oxygen species levels is required for NFATc3 activation. However, how such imbalance activates NFATc3 is unknown. This study evaluated the importance of O2(·-) and H2O2 in the regulation of NFATc3 activity. We tested the hypothesis that an increase in O2(·-) enhances actin cytoskeleton dynamics and a decrease in H2O2 enhances intracellular Ca(2+) concentration, contributing to NFATc3 nuclear import and activation in PASMC. We demonstrate that, in PASMC, endothelin-1 increases O2(·-) while decreasing H2O2 production through the decrease in SOD1 activity without affecting SOD protein levels. We further demonstrate that O2(·-) promotes, while H2O2 inhibits, NFATc3 activation in PASMC. Additionally, increased O2(·-)-to-H2O2 ratio activates NFATc3, even in the absence of a Gq protein-coupled receptor agonist. Furthermore, O2(·-)-dependent actin polymerization and low intracellular H2O2 concentration-dependent increases in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration contribute to NFATc3 activation. Together, these studies define important and novel regulatory mechanisms of NFATc3 activation in PASMC by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Ramiro-Diaz
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Wieslawa Giermakowska
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - John M Weaver
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nikki L Jernigan
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Laura V Gonzalez Bosc
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico;
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28
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Enhancing vascular relaxing effects of nitric oxide-donor ruthenium complexes. Future Med Chem 2014; 6:825-38. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruthenium-derived complexes have emerged as new nitric oxide (NO) donors that may help circumvent the NO deficiency that impairs vasodilation. NO in vessels can be produced by the endothelial cells and/or released by NO donors. NO interacts with soluble guanylyl-cyclase to produce cGMP to activate the kinase-G pathway. As a result, conductance arteries, veins and resistance arteries dilate, whereas the cytosolic Ca2+ levels in the smooth muscle cells decrease. NO also reacts with oxygen or the superoxide anion, to generate reactive oxygen species that modulate NO-induced vasodilation. In this article, we focus on NO production by NO synthase and discuss the vascular changes taking place during hypertension originating from endothelial dysfunction. We will describe how the NO released from ruthenium-derived complexes enhances the vascular effects arising from failed NO generation or lack of NO bioavailability. In addition, how ruthenium-derived NO donors induce the hypotensive effect by vasodilation is also discussed.
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De Mey JGR, Vanhoutte PM. End o' the line revisited: moving on from nitric oxide to CGRP. Life Sci 2014; 118:120-8. [PMID: 24747136 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When endothelin-1(ET-1) was discovered it was hailed as the prototypical endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). However, over the years little evidence emerged convincingly demonstrating that the peptide actually contributes to moment-to-moment changes in vascular tone elicited by endothelial cells. This has been attributed to the profound inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on both the production (by the endothelium) and the action (on vascular smooth muscle) of ET-1. Hence, the peptide is likely to initiate acute changes in vascular diameter only under extreme conditions of endothelial dysfunction when the NO bioavailability is considerably reduced if not absent. The present essay discusses whether or not this concept should be revised, in particular in view of the potent inhibitory effect exerted by calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) released from sensorimotor nerves on vasoconstrictor responses to ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo G R De Mey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Daehn I, Casalena G, Zhang T, Shi S, Fenninger F, Barasch N, Yu L, D'Agati V, Schlondorff D, Kriz W, Haraldsson B, Bottinger EP. Endothelial mitochondrial oxidative stress determines podocyte depletion in segmental glomerulosclerosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1608-21. [PMID: 24590287 DOI: 10.1172/jci71195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (FSGS) is a primary kidney disease that is commonly associated with proteinuria and progressive loss of glomerular function, leading to development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). FSGS is characterized by podocyte injury and depletion and collapse of glomerular capillary segments. Progression of FSGS is associated with TGF-β activation in podocytes; however, it is not clear how TGF-β signaling promotes disease. Here, we determined that podocyte-specific activation of TGF-β signaling in transgenic mice and BALB/c mice with Adriamycin-induced glomerulosclerosis is associated with endothelin-1 (EDN1) release by podocytes, which mediates mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction in adjacent endothelial cells via paracrine EDN1 receptor type A (EDNRA) activation. Endothelial dysfunction promoted podocyte apoptosis, and inhibition of EDNRA or scavenging of mitochondrial-targeted ROS prevented podocyte loss, albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, and renal failure. We confirmed reciprocal crosstalk between podocytes and endothelial cells in a coculture system. Biopsies from patients with FSGS exhibited increased mitochondrial DNA damage, consistent with EDNRA-mediated glomerular endothelial mitochondrial oxidative stress. Our studies indicate that segmental glomerulosclerosis develops as a result of podocyte-endothelial crosstalk mediated by EDN1/EDNRA-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction and suggest that targeting the reciprocal interaction between podocytes and endothelia may provide opportunities for therapeutic intervention in FSGS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/genetics
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/metabolism
- Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental/pathology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Oxidative Stress
- Podocytes/metabolism
- Podocytes/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A/genetics
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Matsumoto T, Lopes RAM, Taguchi K, Kobayashi T, Tostes RC. Linking the beneficial effects of current therapeutic approaches in diabetes to the vascular endothelin system. Life Sci 2014; 118:129-35. [PMID: 24418002 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rising epidemic of diabetes worldwide is of significant concern. Although the ultimate objective is to prevent the development and find a cure for the disease, prevention and treatment of diabetic complications is very important. Vascular complications in diabetes, or diabetic vasculopathy, include macro- and microvascular dysfunction and represent the principal cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Endothelial dysfunction plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of diabetic vasculopathy. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), an endothelial cell-derived peptide, is a potent vasoconstrictor with mitogenic, pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory properties that are particularly relevant to the pathophysiology of diabetic vasculopathy. Overproduction of ET-1 is reported in patients and animal models of diabetes and the functional effects of ET-1 and its receptors are also greatly altered in diabetic conditions. The current therapeutic approaches in diabetes include glucose lowering, sensitization to insulin, reduction of fatty acids and vasculoprotective therapies. However, whether and how these therapeutic approaches affect the ET-1 system remain poorly understood. Accordingly, in the present review, we will focus on experimental and clinical evidence that indicates a role for ET-1 in diabetic vasculopathy and on the effects of current therapeutic approaches in diabetes on the vascular ET-1 system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Matsumoto
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Rheure A M Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Kumiko Taguchi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Kobayashi
- Department of Physiology and Morphology, Institute of Medicinal Chemistry, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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32
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Cardiac signaling molecules and plasma biomarkers after cardiac transplantation: Impact of tacrolimus versus cyclosporine. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013; 32:1222-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Abstract
Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors) reduce plasma cholesterol and improve endothelium-dependent vasodilation, inflammation and oxidative stress. A ‘pleiotropic’ property of statins receiving less attention is their effect on the autonomic nervous system. Increased central sympathetic outflow and diminished cardiac vagal tone are disturbances characteristic of a range of cardiovascular conditions for which statins are now prescribed routinely to reduce cardiovascular events: following myocardial infarction, and in hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure and diabetes. The purpose of the present review is to synthesize contemporary evidence that statins can improve autonomic circulatory regulation. In experimental preparations, high-dose lipophilic statins have been shown to reduce adrenergic outflow by attenuating oxidative stress in central brain regions involved in sympathetic and parasympathetic discharge induction and modulation. In patients with hypertension, chronic kidney disease and heart failure, lipophilic statins, such as simvastatin or atorvastatin, have been shown to reduce MNSA (muscle sympathetic nerve activity) by 12–30%. Reports concerning the effect of statin therapy on HRV (heart rate variability) are less consistent. Because of their implications for BP (blood pressure) control, insulin sensitivity, arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death, these autonomic nervous system actions should be considered additional mechanisms by which statins lower cardiovascular risk.
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34
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Zarzuelo MJ, Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Quintela AM, Romero M, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo A, Tamargo J, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J. Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-β activation in endothelin-dependent hypertension. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:622-31. [PMID: 23752977 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We analysed the chronic effects of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ (PPAR-β) agonist GW0742 on the renin-independent hypertension induced by deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were treated for 5 weeks with: control-vehicle, control-GW0742 (5 or 20 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), DOCA-vehicle, DOCA-GW0742 (5 or 20 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), DOCA-GSK0660 (1 mg kg(-1) day(-1)), and DOCA-GSK0660-GW0742. Rats receiving DOCA-vehicle showed increased systolic blood pressure, left ventricular and kidney weight indices, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and malondialdehyde plasma levels, urinary iso-PGF2α excretion, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine, and contraction to ET-1 when compared with controls. Aortic reactive oxygen species content, NADPH oxidase activity, and p47(phox), p22(phox), NOX-4, glutathione peroxidase 1, hemeoxygenase-1, and preproET-1 expression were increased, whereas catalase and regulators of G protein-coupled signalling proteins (RGS)5 expression were decreased in the DOCA-vehicle group. GW0742 prevented the development of hypertension in a dose-dependent manner but the reduction of renal and cardiac hypertrophy, systemic and vascular oxidative stress markers, and improvement of endothelial dysfunction were only observed after the higher dose. GW0742, at 20 mg kg(-1) day(-1), attenuated ET-1 contraction by increasing RGS5 expression and restored the intracellular redox balance by reducing NADPH-oxidase activity, and by increasing the antioxidant genes expression. The PPAR-β antagonist GSK0660 prevented all vascular changes induced by GW0742 but not its antihypertensive effects. CONCLUSION Vascular protective effects of GW0742 operate via PPAR-β by interference with the ET-1 signalling as a result of increased expression of RGS5 and up-regulation of antioxidant genes and via PPAR-β-independent mechanisms to decrease blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Zarzuelo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Spain
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35
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Ramiro-Diaz JM, Nitta CH, Maston LD, Codianni S, Giermakowska W, Resta TC, Gonzalez Bosc LV. NFAT is required for spontaneous pulmonary hypertension in superoxide dismutase 1 knockout mice. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 304:L613-25. [PMID: 23475768 PMCID: PMC3652021 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00408.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species are implicated in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) limits superoxide bioavailability, and decreased SOD activity is associated with PH. A decrease in SOD activity is expected to increase superoxide and reduce hydrogen peroxide levels. Such an imbalance of superoxide/hydrogen peroxide has been implicated as a mediator of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation in epidermal cells. We have shown that NFATc3 is required for chronic hypoxia-induced PH. However, it is unknown whether NFATc3 is activated in the pulmonary circulation in a mouse model of decreased SOD1 activity and whether this leads to PH. Therefore, we hypothesized that an elevated pulmonary arterial superoxide/hydrogen peroxide ratio activates NFATc3, leading to PH. We found that SOD1 knockout (KO) mice have elevated pulmonary arterial wall superoxide and decreased hydrogen peroxide levels compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. Right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) was elevated in SOD1 KO and was associated with pulmonary arterial remodeling. Vasoreactivity to endothelin-1 was also greater in SOD1 KO vs. WT mice. NFAT activity and NFATc3 nuclear localization were increased in pulmonary arteries from SOD1 KO vs. WT mice. Administration of A-285222 (selective NFAT inhibitor) decreased RVSP, arterial wall thickness, vasoreactivity, and NFAT activity in SOD1 KO mice to WT levels. The SOD mimetic, tempol, also reduced NFAT activity, NFATc3 nuclear localization, and RVSP to WT levels. These findings suggest that an elevated superoxide/hydrogen peroxide ratio activates NFAT in pulmonary arteries, which induces vascular remodeling and increases vascular reactivity leading to PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Ramiro-Diaz
- Vascular Physiology Group, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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36
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Szasz T, Davis RP, Garver HS, Burnett RJ, Fink GD, Watts SW. Long-term inhibition of xanthine oxidase by febuxostat does not decrease blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56046. [PMID: 23393607 PMCID: PMC3564945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthine oxidase and its products, uric acid and ROS, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension. We have previously reported that allopurinol inhibition of XO does not alter the progression of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension in rats. However other researchers have observed a reduction in blood pressure after allopurinol treatment in the same model. To resolve this controversy, in this study we used the newer and more effective XO inhibitor febuxostat, and hypothesized that a more complete XO blockade might impair hypertension development and its end-organ consequences. We used DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and administered vehicle (salt water) or febuxostat (orally, 5 mg/kg/day in salt water) in a short-term "reversal" experiment (2 weeks of treatment 3 weeks after DOCA-salt beginning) and a long-term "prevention" experiment (treatment throughout 4 weeks of DOCA-salt). We confirmed XO inhibition by febuxostat by measuring circulating and tissue levels of XO metabolites. We found an overall increase in hypoxanthine (XO substrate) and decrease in uric acid (XO product) levels following febuxostat treatment. However, despite a trend for reduced blood pressure in the last week of long-term febuxostat treatment, no statistically significant difference in hemodynamic parameters was observed in either study. Additionally, no change was observed in relative heart and kidney weight. Aortic media/lumen ratio was minimally improved by long-term febuxostat treatment. Additionally, febuxostat incubation in vitro did not modify contraction of aorta or vena cava to norepinephrine, angiotensin II or endothelin-1. We conclude that XO inhibition is insufficient to attenuate hypertension in the rat DOCA-salt model, although beneficial vascular effects are possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Szasz
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America.
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37
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Silva BR, Pernomian L, Bendhack LM. Contribution of oxidative stress to endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. Front Physiol 2012; 3:441. [PMID: 23227009 PMCID: PMC3514688 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is the hallmark of hypertension, which is a multifactorial disorder. In the cardiovascular system reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in controlling the endothelial function and vascular tone. Physiologically, the endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRFs) and endothelium-derived contractile factors (EDCFs) that have functions on the vascular smooth muscle cells. The relaxation induced by the EDRFs nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization factor (EDHF) could be impaired in hypertension. The impaired ability of endothelial cells to release NO along with enhanced EDCFs production has been described to contribute to the endothelium dysfunction, which appears to lead to several cardiovascular diseases. The present review discusses the role of oxidative stress, vascular endothelium, and vascular tone control by EDRFs, mainly NO, and EDCFs in different models of experimental hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto São Paulo, Brazil
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38
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Yogi A, Callera GE, Mecawi AS, Batalhão ME, Carnio EC, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Queiroz RH, Touyz RM, Tirapelli CR. Acute ethanol intake induces superoxide anion generation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in rat aorta: A role for angiotensin type 1 receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:470-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Renoprotective effects of a novel Nox1/4 inhibitor in a mouse model of Type 2 diabetes. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 124:191-202. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20120330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nox (NADPH oxidase)-derived ROS (reactive oxygen species) have been implicated in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Of the Nox isoforms in the kidney, Nox4 is important because of its renal abundance. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that GKT136901, a Nox1/4 inhibitor, prevents the development of nephropathy in db/db (diabetic) mice. Six groups of male mice (8-week-old) were studied: (i) untreated control db/m, (ii) low-dose GKT136901-treated db/m (30 mg/kg of body weight per day), (iii) high-dose GKT136901-treated db/m (90 mg/kg of body weight per day), (iv) untreated db/db; (v) low dose GKT136901-treated db/db; and (vi) high-dose GKT136901-treated db/db. GKT136901, in chow, was administered for 16 weeks. db/db mice developed diabetes and nephropathy as evidenced by hyperglycaemia, albuminuria and renal injury (mesangial expansion, tubular dystrophy and glomerulosclerosis). GKT136901 treatment had no effect on plasma glucose or BP (blood pressure) in any of the groups. Plasma and urine TBARSs (thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances) levels, markers of systemic and renal oxidative stress, respectively, were increased in diabetic mice. Renal mRNA expression of Nox4, but not of Nox2, increased, Nox1 was barely detectable in db/db. Expression of the antioxidant enzyme SOD-1 (superoxide dismutase 1) decreased in db/db mice. Renal content of fibronectin, pro-collagen, TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) were augmented in db/db kidneys, with no change in p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase). Treatment reduced albuminuria, TBARS and renal ERK1/2 phosphorylation and preserved renal structure in diabetic mice. Our findings suggest a renoprotective effect of the Nox1/4 inhibitor, possibly through reduced oxidative damage and decreased ERK1/2 activation. These phenomena occur independently of improved glucose control, suggesting GKT136901-sensitive targets are involved in complications of diabetes rather than in the disease process.
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O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation of proteins: is signalling in the cardiovascular system becoming sweeter? Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:473-86. [PMID: 22757958 PMCID: PMC3389386 DOI: 10.1042/cs20110638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an unusual form of protein glycosylation, where a single-sugar [GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine)] is added (via β-attachment) to the hydroxyl moiety of serine and threonine residues of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. A complex and extensive interplay exists between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation. Many phosphorylation sites are also known glycosylation sites, and this reciprocal occupancy may produce different activities or alter the stability in a target protein. The interplay between these two post-translational modifications is not always reciprocal, as some proteins can be concomitantly phosphorylated and O-GlcNAcylated, and the adjacent phosphorylation or O-GlcNAcylation can regulate the addition of either moiety. Increased cardiovascular production of ROS (reactive oxygen species), termed oxidative stress, has been consistently reported in various chronic diseases and in conditions where O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated as a contributing mechanism for the associated organ injury/protection (for example, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, arterial hypertension, aging and ischaemia). In the present review, we will briefly comment on general aspects of O-GlcNAcylation and provide an overview of what has been reported for this post-translational modification in the cardiovascular system. We will then specifically address whether signalling molecules involved in redox signalling can be modified by O-GlcNAc (O-linked GlcNAc) and will discuss the critical interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and ROS generation. Experimental evidence indicates that the interactions between O-GlcNAcylation and oxidation of proteins are important not only for cell regulation in physiological conditions, but also under pathological states where the interplay may become dysfunctional and thereby exacerbate cellular injury.
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Cardiac sympathetic hyperinnervation in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 2012; 123:445-57. [PMID: 22507072 DOI: 10.1042/cs20120080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sympathetic activities are elevated in the central SNSs (sympathetic nervous systems) of hypertensive animals, but it is not known whether sympathetic innervation is also elevated in the heart. Sympathetic hyper-responsiveness in hypertension may result from oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate sympathetic hyperinnervation in DOCA (deoxycorticosterone acetate)-salt hypertensive rats with established hypertension. At 4 weeks after the start of DOCA-salt treatment and uninephrectomization, male Wistar rats were randomized into three groups for 8 weeks: vehicle, NAC (N-acetylcysteine) and triple therapy (hydralazine, hydrochlorothiazide and reserpine). DOCA-salt was associated with increased oxidant release. DOCA-salt produced concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Sympathetic hyperinnervation was observed in DOCA-salt rats, as assessed by myocardial noradrenaline levels, immunofluorescent analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase, growth-associated factor 43 and neurofilament and Western blotting and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) of NGF (nerve growth factor). Arrhythmic scores during programmed stimulation in DOCA-salt rats were significantly higher than those in the control rats. Triple therapy, despite being effective on BP (blood pressure), offered neither attenuated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy nor anti-arrhythmia. The effects of DOCA-salt treatment on NGF expression, sympathetic hyperinnervation and arrhythmias were attenuated by NAC. Furthermore, the effects of NAC on NGF were abolished by administering BSO (L-buthionine sulfoximine), an inhibitor of glutamate-cysteine ligase. In conclusion, DOCA-salt treatment contributes to up-regulation of NGF proteins probably through a free radical-dependent pathway in a BP-independent manner. DOCA-salt rats treated with NAC attenuate sympathetic hyperinnervation and thus show a beneficial effect on arrhythmogenic response to programmed electrical stimulation.
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Liu Y, Bledsoe G, Hagiwara M, Shen B, Chao L, Chao J. Depletion of endogenous kallistatin exacerbates renal and cardiovascular oxidative stress, inflammation, and organ remodeling. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F1230-8. [PMID: 22811485 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00257.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallistatin (KS) levels are reduced in the kidney and blood vessels under oxidative stress conditions. To determine the function of endogenous KS in the renal and cardiovascular systems, KS levels were depleted by daily injection of anti-rat KS antibody into DOCA-salt hypertensive rats for 10 days. Administration of anti-KS antibody resulted in reduced KS levels in the circulation but increased levels of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) as well as superoxide formation in the aorta. Moreover, anti-KS antibody injection resulted in increased NADH oxidase activity and superoxide production but decreased nitric oxide levels in the kidney and heart. Endogenous KS blockade aggravated renal dysfunction, damage, hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis as evidenced by decreased creatinine clearance and increased serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and urinary protein levels, tubular dilation, protein cast formation, glomerulosclerosis, glomerular enlargement, inflammatory cell accumulation, and collagen deposition. In addition, rats receiving anti-KS antibody had enhanced cardiac injury as indicated by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, myofibroblast accumulation, and fibrosis. Renal and cardiac injury caused by endogenous KS depletion was accompanied by increases in the expression of the proinflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor-α and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and the profibrotic genes collagen I and III, transforming growth factor-β, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Taken together, these results implicate an important role for endogenous KS in protection against salt-induced renal and cardiovascular injury in rats by suppressing oxidative stress, inflammation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425-2211, USA.
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Allopurinol does not decrease blood pressure or prevent the development of hypertension in the deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt rat model. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2012; 56:627-34. [PMID: 20881613 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181f80194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension, disease in which reactive oxygen species levels and markers of oxidative stress are increased. Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a reactive oxygen species-producing enzyme the activity of which may increase during hypertension. Studies on XO inhibition effects on blood pressure have yielded controversial results. We hypothesized that XO inhibition would decrease blood pressure or attenuate the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension. We administered the XO inhibitor, allopurinol (50 mg/kg per day, orally) or its vehicle to rats during the established or development stages of DOCA-salt hypertension. We validated XO inhibition by high-performance liquid chromatography measurements of XO metabolites in urine, serum, and tissues demonstrating a decrease in products, increase in substrates, and detection of the active metabolite of allopurinol, oxypurinol. We monitored blood pressure continuously through radiotelemetry and performed gross evaluations of target organs of hypertension. Allopurinol treatment did not impact the course of DOCA-salt hypertension regardless of the timing of administration. Aside from a significant decrease in pulse pressure in allopurinol-treated rats, no positive differences were observed between the allopurinol and the vehicle-treated rats. We conclude that XO does not play an important role in the development or maintenance of hypertension in the rat DOCA-salt hypertension model.
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Wilcox CS. Asymmetric dimethylarginine and reactive oxygen species: unwelcome twin visitors to the cardiovascular and kidney disease tables. Hypertension 2012; 59:375-81. [PMID: 22215715 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.187310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine or markers of reactive oxygen species are increased in subjects with risk factors for cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease. We tested the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species generate cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine that together cause endothelial dysfunction that underlies the risk of subsequent disease. Rat preglomerular vascular smooth muscle cells transfected with p22(phox) had increased NADPH oxidase activity, enhanced activity and expression of protein arginine methyltransferase, and reduced activity and protein expression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminotransferase and of cationic amino acid transferase 1 resulting in increased cellular levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine. Rats infused with angiotensin II had oxidative stress. The endothelial function of their mesenteric arterioles was changed from vasodilatation to vasoconstriction, accompanied by increased vascular asymmetric dimethylarginine. All of these changes were prevented by Tempol. In vivo silencing of dimethylarginine dimethylaminotransferase 1 increased plasma levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine, whereas silencing of dimethylarginine dimethylaminotransferase 2 impaired endothelial function. We suggest that initiation factors, such as angiotensin II, expressed in blood vessels or tissues of subjects with cardiovascular and kidney disease risk factors generate reactive oxygen species from NADPH oxidase that enhances cellular asymmetric dimethylarginine in an amplification loop. This leads to adverse changes in vascular and organ functions, as a consequence of reduced tissue levels of NO and increased reactive oxygen species. Thus, we conclude that reactive oxygen species and asymmetric dimethylarginine form a tightly coupled amplification system that translates cardiovascular/kidney risk into overt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Wilcox
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd, NW, 6 PHC Building, F6003, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo MJ, Galindo P, Quintela AM, López-Sepúlveda R, Romero M, Tamargo J, Vargas F, Pérez-Vizcaíno F, Duarte J. Epicatechin lowers blood pressure, restores endothelial function, and decreases oxidative stress and endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase activity in DOCA-salt hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:70-9. [PMID: 22001745 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavanol-rich diets have been reported to exert beneficial effects in preventing cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension. We studied the effects of chronic treatment with epicatechin on blood pressure, endothelial function, and oxidative status in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt-induced hypertension. Rats were treated for 5 weeks with (-)-epicatechin at 2 or 10 mg kg(-1)day(-1). The high dose of epicatechin prevented both the increase in systolic blood pressure and the proteinuria induced by DOCA-salt. Plasma endothelin-1 and malondialdehyde levels and urinary iso-prostaglandin F(2α) excretion were increased in animals of the DOCA-salt group and reduced by the epicatechin 10 mg kg(-1) treatment. Aortic superoxide levels were enhanced in the DOCA-salt group and abolished by both doses of epicatechin. However, only epicatechin at 10 mg kg(-1) reduced the rise in aortic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and p47(phox) and p22(phox) gene overexpression found in DOCA-salt animals. Epicatechin increased the transcription of nuclear factor-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2 target genes in aortas from control rats. Epicatechin also improved the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation response to acetylcholine and increased the phosphorylation of both Akt and eNOS in aortic rings. In conclusion, epicatechin prevents hypertension, proteinuria, and vascular dysfunction. Epicatechin also induced a reduction in ET-1 release, systemic and vascular oxidative stress, and inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Gómez-Guzmán
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Zhang A, Jia Z, Wang N, Tidwell TJ, Yang T. Relative contributions of mitochondria and NADPH oxidase to deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertension in mice. Kidney Int 2011; 80:51-60. [PMID: 21368743 PMCID: PMC11164293 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the relative contribution of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension in mice. The daily mean arterial pressure was monitored by radiotelemetry in DOCA-salt-treated mice given vehicle or the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I inhibitor rotenone. This treatment produced remarkable attenuation of DOCA-salt hypertension. Similar results were obtained with other inhibitors of mitochondrial function, including 5-hydroxydecanoate (specific for mitochondrial potassium-ATP channels), benzylguanidine (complexes I and III), and the cell-permeable manganese tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin (a mimic of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase). In parallel with the blood pressure-lowering effect of rotenone, the DOCA-salt-induced increases in urinary 8-isoprostane excretion and in reactive oxygen species production of isolated kidney mitochondria were both significantly attenuated. Conversely, the DOCA-salt-induced reduction of urinary nitrate/nitrite excretion was significantly elevated. Following DOCA-salt treatment, mice deficient in NADPH oxidase subunits gp91(phox) or p47(phox) exhibited a partial attenuation of the hypertensive response at early but not later time points. Thus, the mitochondrial respiratory chain is a major source of oxidative stress in DOCA-salt hypertension, whereas NADPH oxidase may have a relatively minor role during the early stage of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aihua Zhang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing Children’s Hospital, Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhanjun Jia
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ningning Wang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tyson J. Tidwell
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tianxin Yang
- Division of Nephrology, University of Utah and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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Kaur N, Naga OS, Norell H, Al-Khami AA, Scheffel MJ, Chakraborty NG, Voelkel-Johnson C, Mukherji B, Mehrotra S. T cells expanded in presence of IL-15 exhibit increased antioxidant capacity and innate effector molecules. Cytokine 2011; 55:307-17. [PMID: 21602054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Persistence of effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during an immunological response is critical for successfully controlling a viral infection or tumor growth. Various cytokines are known to play an important part in regulating the immune response. The IL-2 family of cytokines that includes IL-2 and IL-15 are known to function as growth and survival factors for antigen-experienced T cells. IL-2 and IL-15 possess similar properties, including the ability to induce T cell proliferation. Whereas long-term IL-2 exposure has been shown to promote apoptosis and limit CD8(+) memory T cell survival and proliferation, it is widely believed that IL-15 can inhibit apoptosis and helps maintain a memory CD8(+) T-cell population. However, mechanisms for superior outcomes for IL-15 as compared to IL-2 are still under investigation. Our data shows that human T cells cultured in the presence of IL-15 exhibit increased expression of anti-oxidant molecules glutathione reductase (GSR), thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNDR1), peroxiredoxin (PRDX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). An increased expression of cell-surface thiols, intracellular glutathione, and thioredoxins was also noted in IL-15 cultured T cells. Additionally, IL-15 cultured T cells showed an increase in cytolytic effector molecules. Apart from increased level of Granzyme A and Granzyme B, IL-15 cultured T cells exhibited increased accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) as compared to IL-2 cultured T cells. Overall, this study suggests that T cells cultured in IL-15 show increased persistence not only due to levels of anti-apoptotic proteins, but also due to increased anti-oxidant levels, which is complimented by increased cytolytic effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navtej Kaur
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Abstract
Increased vascular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS; termed oxidative stress) has been implicated in various chronic diseases, including hypertension. Oxidative stress is both a cause and a consequence of hypertension. Although oxidative injury may not be the sole etiology, it amplifies blood pressure elevation in the presence of other pro-hypertensive factors. Oxidative stress is a multisystem phenomenon in hypertension and involves the heart, kidneys, nervous system, vessels and possibly the immune system. Compelling experimental and clinical evidence indicates the importance of the vasculature in the pathophysiology of hypertension and as such much emphasis has been placed on the (patho)biology of ROS in the vascular system. A major source for cardiovascular, renal and neural ROS is a family of non-phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (Nox), including the prototypic Nox2 homolog-based NADPH oxidase, as well as other Noxes, such as Nox1 and Nox4. Nox-derived ROS is important in regulating endothelial function and vascular tone. Oxidative stress is implicated in endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, hypertrophy, apoptosis, migration, fibrosis, angiogenesis and rarefaction, important processes involved in vascular remodeling in hypertension. Despite a plethora of data implicating oxidative stress as a causative factor in experimental hypertension, findings in human hypertension are less conclusive. This review highlights the importance of ROS in vascular biology and focuses on the potential role of oxidative stress in human hypertension.
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Shahid M, Shen L, Seldin DC, Lu B, Ustyugova IV, Chen X, Zapol WM, Wu MX. Impaired 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated signaling in immediate early responsive gene X-1-deficient vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 2010; 56:705-12. [PMID: 20713914 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.154880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene-targeted deletion of the immediate early responsive gene X-1 (IEX-1) results in a significant increase in systemic arterial blood pressure, but the underlying mechanism is not understood. Studies of arterial reactivity in isolated aortas revealed normal endothelium-dependent and -independent vasorelaxation and vasoconstriction but reduced cAMP-dependent vasorelaxation in the absence of IEX-1. This defect in cAMP signaling was also evident in endothelium-denuded aortic rings, consistent with the enhancement of mitochondrial O2·- production only in IEX-1-deficient vascular smooth muscle cells, not in endothelial cells. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species at mitochondria augmented the expression of Gα(i2), suppressing cAMP production in vascular smooth muscle cells. The role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the upregulation of Gα(i2) leading to the development of hypertension was supported by the ability of antioxidant or pertussis toxin to restore the cAMP-dependent vasorelaxation to a normal level and reverse established hypertension in IEX-1 homozygous knockout mice. Our results suggest that hypertension in IEX-1 knockout mice may arise primarily from impaired cAMP signaling induced by overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in vascular smooth muscle cells and demonstrate a causal relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and cAMP-dependent vasorelaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shahid
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Mass 02114, USA
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D'Angelo G, Loria AS, Pollock DM, Pollock JS. Endothelin activation of reactive oxygen species mediates stress-induced pressor response in Dahl salt-sensitive prehypertensive rats. Hypertension 2010; 56:282-9. [PMID: 20547970 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.152629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that endothelin (ET) and/or reactive oxygen species contribute to the pressor response induced by acute air jet stress in normotensive Dahl salt-sensitive rats maintained on a normal salt diet (prehypertensive). Mean arterial pressure was chronically monitored by telemetry before and after 3-day treatment with the free radical scavenger 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl (Tempol) or ET receptor antagonists ABT-627 (ET A antagonist) or A-182086 (ET A/B antagonist) supplied in the drinking water. Rats were restrained and subjected to pulsatile air jet stress (3 minutes). Plasma samples at baseline and during acute stress were analyzed for 8-isoprostane (measure of reactive oxygen species production) and ET. Neither Tempol nor ET receptor antagonist treatment had an effect on baseline mean arterial pressure or plasma 8-isoprostane. The pressor response to acute stress was accompanied by significant increases in plasma 8-isoprostane and ET. Tempol significantly reduced both the total pressor response (area under the curve) and the stress-mediated increase in plasma 8-isoprostane; conversely, Tempol had no effect on the stress-induced increase in plasma ET. Combined ET(A/B) antagonism, but not selective ET(A) receptor blockade, similarly suppressed the pressor response to stress and stress-mediated rise in 8-isoprostane. Together these results indicate that reactive oxygen species contribute to the pressor response to acute air jet stress. Furthermore, the increase in reactive oxygen species occurs downstream of ET(B) receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard D'Angelo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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