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Packer M. Qiliqiangxin: A multifaceted holistic treatment for heart failure or a pharmacological probe for the identification of cardioprotective mechanisms? Eur J Heart Fail 2023; 25:2130-2143. [PMID: 37877337 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The active ingredients in many traditional Chinese medicines are isoprene oligomers with a diterpenoid or triterpenoid structure, which exert cardiovascular effects by signalling through nutrient surplus and nutrient deprivation pathways. Qiliqiangxin (QLQX) is a commercial formulation of 11 different plant ingredients, whose active compounds include astragaloside IV, tanshione IIA, ginsenosides (Rb1, Rg1 and Re) and periplocymarin. In the QUEST trial, QLQX reduced the combined risk of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (hazard ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.90), based on 859 events in 3119 patients over a median of 18.2 months; the benefits were seen in patients taking foundational drugs except for sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Numerous experimental studies of QLQX in diverse cardiac injuries have yielded highly consistent findings. In marked abrupt cardiac injury, QLQX mitigated cardiac injury by upregulating nutrient surplus signalling through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR/HIF-1α/NRF2 pathway; the benefits of QLQX were abrogated by suppression of PI3K, Akt, mTOR, HIF-1α or NRF2. In contrast, in prolonged measured cardiac stress (as in chronic heart failure), QLQX ameliorated oxidative stress, maladaptive hypertrophy, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways, while enhancing mitochondrial health and promoting glucose and fatty acid oxidation and ATP production. These effects are achieved by an action of QLQX to upregulate nutrient deprivation signalling through SIRT1/AMPK/PGC-1α and enhanced autophagic flux. In particular, QLQX appears to enhance the interaction of PGC-1α with PPARα, possibly by direct binding to RXRα; silencing of SIRT1, PGC-1α and RXRα abrogated the favourable effects of QLQX in the heart. Since PGC-1α/RXRα is also a downstream effector of Akt/mTOR signalling, the actions of QLQX on PGC-1α/RXRα may explain its favourable effects in both acute and chronic stress. Intriguingly, the individual ingredients in QLQX - astragaloside IV, ginsenosides, and tanshione IIA - share QLQX's effects on PGC-1α/RXRα/PPARα signalling. QXQL also contains periplocymarin, a cardiac glycoside that inhibits Na+ -K+ -ATPase. Taken collectively, these observations support a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanism of action for QLQX in heart failure. The high likelihood of overlap in the mechanism of action of QLQX and SGLT2 inhibitors requires additional experimental studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Packer
- Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
- Imperial College, London, UK
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Lee TI, Trang NN, Lee TW, Higa S, Kao YH, Chen YC, Chen YJ. Ketogenic Diet Regulates Cardiac Remodeling and Calcium Homeostasis in Diabetic Rat Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16142. [PMID: 38003332 PMCID: PMC10671812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A ketogenic diet (KD) might alleviate patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Myocardial function and arrhythmogenesis are closely linked to calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis. We investigated the effects of a KD on Ca2+ homeostasis and electrophysiology in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Male Wistar rats were created to have diabetes mellitus (DM) using streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), and subsequently treated for 6 weeks with either a normal diet (ND) or a KD. Our electrophysiological and Western blot analyses assessed myocardial Ca2+ homeostasis in ventricular preparations in vivo. Unlike those on the KD, DM rats treated with an ND exhibited a prolonged QTc interval and action potential duration. Compared to the control and DM rats on the KD, DM rats treated with an ND also showed lower intracellular Ca2+ transients, sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ content, sodium (Na+)-Ca2+ exchanger currents (reverse mode), L-type Ca2+ contents, sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase contents, Cav1.2 contents. Furthermore, these rats exhibited elevated ratios of phosphorylated to total proteins across multiple Ca2+ handling proteins, including ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) at serine 2808, phospholamban (PLB)-Ser16, and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Additionally, DM rats treated with an ND demonstrated a higher frequency and incidence of Ca2+ leak, cytosolic reactive oxygen species, Na+/hydrogen-exchanger currents, and late Na+ currents than the control and DM rats on the KD. KD treatment may attenuate the effects of DM-dysregulated Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis, contributing to its cardioprotection in DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (T.-I.L.); (T.-W.L.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | | | - Ting-Wei Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (T.-I.L.); (T.-W.L.)
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Higa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Makiminato Central Hospital, Makiminato Urasoe City, Okinawa 901-2131, Japan;
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
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Lu YY, Cheng CC, Huang SY, Chen YC, Kao YH, Lin YK, Higa S, Chen SA, Chen YJ. Fibroblast Growth Factor 1 Reduces Pulmonary Vein and Atrium Arrhythmogenesis via Modification of Oxidative Stress and Sodium/Calcium Homeostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:813589. [PMID: 35118146 PMCID: PMC8804298 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.813589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Atrial fibrillation is a critical health burden. Targeting calcium (Ca2+) dysregulation and oxidative stress are potential upstream therapeutic strategies. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 can modulate Ca2+ homeostasis and has antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FGF1 has anti-arrhythmic potential through modulating Ca2+ homeostasis and antioxidant activity of pulmonary vein (PV) and left atrium (LA) myocytes. Methods Patch clamp, western blotting, confocal microscopy, cellular and mitochondrial oxidative stress studies were performed in isolated rabbit PV and LA myocytes treated with or without FGF1 (1 and 10 ng/mL). Conventional microelectrodes were used to record electrical activity in isolated rabbit PV and LA tissue preparations with and without FGF1 (3 μg/kg, i.v.). Results FGF1-treated rabbits had a slower heart rate than that observed in controls. PV and LA tissues in FGF1-treated rabbits had slower beating rates and longer action potential duration than those observed in controls. Isoproterenol (1 μM)-treated PV and LA tissues in the FGF1-treated rabbits showed less changes in the increased beating rate and a lower incidence of tachypacing (20 Hz)-induced burst firing than those observed in controls. FGF1 (10 ng/mL)-treated PV and LA myocytes had less oxidative stress and Ca2+ transient than those observed in controls. Compared to controls, FGF1 (10 ng/mL) decreased INa−L in PV myocytes and lowered Ito, IKr−tail in LA myocytes. Protein kinase C (PKC)ε inhibition abolished the effects of FGF1 on the ionic currents of LA and PV myocytes. Conclusion FGF1 changes PV and LA electrophysiological characteristics possibly via modulating oxidative stress, Na+/Ca2+ homeostasis, and the PKCε pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chuan Cheng
- Division of Cardiology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yu Huang
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Cardiovascular Center, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Satoshi Higa
- Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing Laboratory, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Makiminato Central Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Shih-Ann Chen
- Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Center, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Yi-Jen Chen
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4
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Pathophysiology of heart failure and an overview of therapies. Cardiovasc Pathol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-822224-9.00025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Empagliflozin and Liraglutide Differentially Modulate Cardiac Metabolism in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031177. [PMID: 33503985 PMCID: PMC7865477 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) are antihyperglycemic agents with cardioprotective properties against diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, the distinctive mechanisms underlying GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is in DCM are not fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impacts of GLP1RAs and/or SGLT2is on myocardial energy metabolism, cardiac function, and apoptosis signaling in DCM. Biochemistry and echocardiograms were studied before and after treatment with empagliflozin (10 mg/kg/day, oral gavage), and/or liraglutide (200 μg/kg every 12 h, subcutaneously) for 4 weeks in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin (65 mg/kg intraperitoneally)-induced diabetes. Cardiac fibrosis, apoptosis, and protein expression of metabolic and inflammatory signaling molecules were evaluated by histopathology and Western blotting in ventricular cardiomyocytes of different groups. Empagliflozin and liraglutide normalized myocardial dysfunction in diabetic rats. Upregulation of phosphorylated-acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1β, cluster of differentiation 36, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator, and downregulation of glucose transporter 4, the ratio of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α2 to adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α2, and the ratio of phosphorylated protein kinase B to protein kinase B in diabetic cardiomyocytes were restored by treatment with empagliflozin or liraglutide. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cleaved caspase-1 were significantly downregulated in empagliflozin-treated and liraglutide-treated diabetic rats. Both empagliflozin-treated and liraglutide-treated diabetic rats exhibited attenuated myocardial fibrosis and apoptosis. Empagliflozin modulated fatty acid and glucose metabolism, while liraglutide regulated inflammation and apoptosis in DCM. The better effects of combined treatment with GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is may lead to a potential strategy targeting DCM.
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Lee TI, Kao YH, Baigalmaa L, Lee TW, Lu YY, Chen YC, Chao TF, Chen YJ. Sodium hydrosulphide restores tumour necrosis factor-α-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic dysregulation in HL-1 cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:7641-7650. [PMID: 31496037 PMCID: PMC6815823 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α induces cardiac metabolic disorder and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) contains anti‐inflammatory and biological effects in cardiomyocytes. This study investigated whether H2S modulates TNF‐α‐dysregulated mitochondrial function and metabolism in cardiomyocytes. HL‐1 cells were incubated with TNF‐α (25 ng/mL) with or without sodium hydrosulphide (NaHS, 0.1 mmol/L) for 24 hours. Cardiac peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) isoforms, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and fatty acid metabolism were evaluated through Western blotting. The mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production were investigated using Seahorse XF24 extracellular flux analyzer and bioluminescence assay. Fluorescence intensity using 2′, 7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was used to evaluate mitochondrial oxidative stress. NaHS attenuated the impaired basal and maximal respiration, ATP production and ATP synthesis and enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress in TNF‐α‐treated HL‐1 cells. TNF‐α‐treated HL‐1 cells exhibited lower expression of PPAR‐α, PPAR‐δ, phosphorylated 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase‐α2, phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, PPAR‐γ coactivator 1‐α and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 protein, but higher expression of PPAR‐γ, interleukin‐6 and RAGE protein than control or combined NaHS and TNF‐α‐treated HL‐1 cells. NaHS modulates the effects of TNF‐α on mitochondria and the cardiometabolic system, suggesting its therapeutic potential for inflammation‐induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Lee
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lkhagva Baigalmaa
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Wei Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Yu Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Department of Medicine, Heart Rhythm Center and Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical Univsersity, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Empagliflozin Attenuates Myocardial Sodium and Calcium Dysregulation and Reverses Cardiac Remodeling in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071680. [PMID: 30987285 PMCID: PMC6479313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has significant effects on cardiac calcium (Ca2+) and sodium (Na+) regulation. Clinical studies have shown that empagliflozin (Jardiance™) has cardiovascular benefits, however the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to investigate whether empagliflozin modulates cardiac electrical activity as well as Ca2+/Na+ homeostasis in DM cardiomyopathy. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, whole-cell patch-clamp, confocal microscopic examinations, and Western blot, were performed in the ventricular myocytes of control and streptozotocin-induced DM rats, with or without empagliflozin (10 mg/kg for 4 weeks). The results showed that the control and empagliflozin-treated DM rats had smaller left ventricular end-diastolic diameters and shorter QT intervals than the DM rats. In addition, the prolonged action potential duration in the DM rats was attenuated in the empagliflozin-treated DM rats. Moreover, the DM rats had smaller sarcoplasmic reticular Ca2+ contents, intracellular Ca2+ transients, L-type Ca2+, reverse mode Na+-Ca2+exchanger currents, lower protein expressions of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase, ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), but higher protein expressions of phosphorylated RyR2 at serine 2808 than the control and empagliflozin-treated DM rats. The incidence and frequency of Ca2+ sparks, cytosolic and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and late Na+ current and Na+/hydrogen-exchanger currents were greater in the DM rats than in the control and empagliflozin-treated DM rats. Empagliflozin significantly changed Ca2+ regulation, late Na+ and Na+/hydrogen-exchanger currents and electrophysiological characteristics in DM cardiomyopathy, which may contribute to its cardioprotective benefits in DM patients.
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Biernacki M, Łuczaj W, Jarocka-Karpowicz I, Ambrożewicz E, Toczek M, Skrzydlewska E. The Effect of Long-Term Administration of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Inhibitor URB597 on Oxidative Metabolism in the Heart of Rats with Primary and Secondary Hypertension. Molecules 2018; 23:E2350. [PMID: 30223427 PMCID: PMC6225141 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor [3-(3-carbamoylphenyl)phenyl] N-cyclohexylcarbamate (URB597) may influence redox balance and blood pressure through the modulation of endocannabinoids levels. Therefore, this study aimed to compare changes in oxidative metabolism and apoptosis in the hearts of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR) and secondary hypertension (11-deoxycorticosterone acetate; DOCA-salt rats) treated by URB597 via intraperitoneal injection for 14 days. The results showed that URB597 decreased the activity of NADPH and xanthine oxidases in both groups of rats. Moreover, in the heart of SHR rats, URB597 led to an increase of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant activity and levels (catalase, vitamin C, glutathione/glutathione disulfide [GSH/GSSG]) and upregulation of the thioredoxin system; however, NRf2 expression was downregulated. The opposite effect in relation to Nrf2 activity and the thioredoxin system was observed in DOCA-salt rats after URB597 administration. Despite improvement in antioxidant parameters, URB597 enhanced oxidative modifications of phospholipids (4-hydroxynonenal and isoprostanes) and proteins (carbonyl groups) in SHR heart, whereas 4-hydroxynonenal and carbonyl groups levels decreased in the heart of DOCA-salt rats. Obtained results suggest that examined lipid mediators are involved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR)-independent and PPAR-dependent modulation of cardiac inflammatory reactions. Furthermore, decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase 3 and 9) was observed after URB597 administration in the heart of both groups of hypertensive rats, whereas expression of the antiapoptotic protein (Bcl-2) increased in SHR rats. Long-term administration of URB597 altered cardiac redox status depending on the type of hypertension. URB597 enhanced oxidative metabolism and reduced pro-apoptotic factors in the heart of SHR rats, increasing the probability of heart metabolic disorders occurrence or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Biernacki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Łuczaj
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Iwona Jarocka-Karpowicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Ambrożewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Marek Toczek
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Elżbieta Skrzydlewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2D, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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Sengupta P, Chatterjee B, Mandal UK, Gorain B, Pal TK. Development and validation of a high throughput LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of pioglitazone and telmisartan in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Pharm Anal 2017; 7:381-387. [PMID: 29404063 PMCID: PMC5790748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of cardiovascular risk factors in diabetes demands special attention due to their co-existence. Pioglitazone (PIO) and telmisartan (TLM) combination can be beneficial in effective control of cardiovascular complication in diabetes. In this research, we developed and validated a high throughput LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of PIO and TLM in rat plasma. This developed method is more sensitive and can quantitate the analytes in relatively shorter period of time compared to the previously reported methods for their individual quantification. Moreover, till date, there is no bioanalytical method available to simultaneously quantitate PIO and TLM in a single run. The method was validated according to the USFDA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation. A linear response of the analytes was observed over the range of 0.005-10 µg/mL with satisfactory precision and accuracy. Accuracy at four quality control levels was within 94.27%-106.10%. The intra- and inter-day precision ranged from 2.32%-10.14 and 5.02%-8.12%, respectively. The method was reproducible and sensitive enough to quantitate PIO and TLM in rat plasma samples of a preclinical pharmacokinetic study. Due to the potential of PIO-TLM combination to be therapeutically explored, this method is expected to have significant usefulness in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki Sengupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Bappaditya Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Tapan Kumar Pal
- Bioequivalence Study Centre, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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10
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Lee TI, Bai KJ, Chen YC, Lee TW, Chung CC, Tsai WC, Tsao SY, Kao YH. Histone deacetylase inhibition of cardiac autophagy in rats on a high‑fat diet with low‑dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:594-601. [PMID: 29115461 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy serves a role in preserving cellular homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus (DM) impairs cardiac autophagy and is associated with an accumulation of cytotoxic proteins that may provoke apoptosis and damage cardiomyocytes. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors attenuate cardiac fibrosis and inflammation, and improve cardiomyopathy resulting from DM. However, the effect of HDAC inhibition on autophagy in DM cardiomyopathy has not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether HDAC inhibition modulates cardiac autophagy and to investigate the potential mechanisms in type 2 DM (T2DM) hearts. Electrocardiography was used to evaluate cardiac function and western blotting was used to evaluate protein expression in autophagy, the serine/threonine protein kinase mTOR (mTOR) signaling pathway, poly adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1), insulin signaling, advanced glycosylation end product‑specific receptor (RAGE), and proinflammatory cytokines in control rats and in rats treated with a high‑fat diet (60% fat) and low‑dose streptozotocin (35 mg/kg) in order to induce T2DM, with or without an HDAC inhibitor (MPT0E014; 50 mg/kg/rat daily for 7 days). Compared with the control rats, T2DM and T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 exhibited elevated blood glucose levels and similar body weights. However, T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 and control rats had a smaller left ventricular end‑diastolic diameter compared with the T2DM rats. The control and T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 had greater protein expression of cardiac phosphorylated (p)‑5' adenosine monophosphate‑activated protein kinase α 2, light chain 3‑II, Beclin‑1, glucose transporter 4, p‑protein kinase B, and insulin receptor substrate‑1 (Ser 307) compared with T2DM rats. In addition, control and T2DM rats treated with MPT0E014 had decreased cardiac protein expression of cleaved PARP1, p‑mTOR‑S2448, p‑P70S6K‑Thr‑389, RAGE, tumor necrosis factor‑α, and interleukin‑6 compared with T2DM rats. The present study demonstrated that MPT0E014 may improve cardiac function in T2DM rats by modulating myocardial autophagy, inflammation and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Lee
- Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Jen Bai
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Wei Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Chih Chung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Chih Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Tzu‑Chi General Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu‑Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shin-Yi Tsao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei City 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Rodríguez-Calvo R, Chanda D, Oligschlaeger Y, Miglianico M, Coumans WA, Barroso E, Tajes M, Luiken JJ, Glatz JF, Vázquez-Carrera M, Neumann D. Small heterodimer partner (SHP) contributes to insulin resistance in cardiomyocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2017; 1862:541-551. [PMID: 28214558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Small heterodimer partner (SHP) is an atypical nuclear receptor expressed in heart that has been shown to inhibit the hypertrophic response. Here, we assessed the role of SHP in cardiac metabolism and inflammation. Mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) displayed glucose intolerance accompanied by increased cardiac mRNA levels of Shp. In HL-1 cardiomyocytes, SHP overexpression inhibited both basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and impaired the insulin signalling pathway (evidenced by reduced AKT and AS160 phosphorylation), similar to insulin resistant cells generated by high palmitate/high insulin treatment (HP/HI; 500μM/100nM). In addition, SHP overexpression increased Socs3 mRNA and reduced IRS-1 protein levels. SHP overexpression also induced Cd36 expression (~6.2 fold; p<0.001) linking to the observed intramyocellular lipid accumulation. SHP overexpressing cells further showed altered expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, i.e., Acaca, Acadvl or Ucp3, augmented NF-κB DNA-binding activity and induced transcripts of inflammatory genes, i.e., Il6 and Tnf mRNA (~4-fold induction, p<0.01). Alterations in metabolism and inflammation found in SHP overexpressing cells were associated with changes in the mRNA levels of Ppara (79% reduction, p<0.001) and Pparg (~58-fold induction, p<0.001). Finally, co-immunoprecipitation studies showed that SHP overexpression strongly reduced the physical interaction between PPARα and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, suggesting that dissociation of these two proteins is one of the mechanisms by which SHP initiates the inflammatory response in cardiac cells. Overall, our results suggest that SHP upregulation upon high-fat feeding leads to lipid accumulation, insulin resistance and inflammation in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Dipanjan Chanda
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Oligschlaeger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marie Miglianico
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Will A Coumans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Emma Barroso
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Pediatrica-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Faculty of Pharmacy, Diagonal 643, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tajes
- Heart Diseases Biomedical Research Group, Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Disorders Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Parc de Salut Mar, Dr. Aiguader 88, E-08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joost Jfp Luiken
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jan Fc Glatz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Institut de Recerca Pediatrica-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, and Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Faculty of Pharmacy, Diagonal 643, University of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dietbert Neumann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Lee TW, Bai KJ, Lee TI, Chao TF, Kao YH, Chen YJ. PPARs modulate cardiac metabolism and mitochondrial function in diabetes. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:5. [PMID: 28069019 PMCID: PMC5223385 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). Currently, effective treatments for diabetic cardiomyopathy are limited. The pathophysiology of diabetic cardiomyopathy is complex, whereas mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in the genesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Metabolic regulation targeting mitochondrial dysfunction is expected to be a reasonable strategy for treating diabetic cardiomyopathy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are master executors in regulating glucose and lipid homeostasis and also modulate mitochondrial function. However, synthetic PPAR agonists used for treating hyperlipidemia and DM have shown controversial effects on cardiovascular regulation. This article reviews our updated understanding of the beneficial and detrimental effects of PPARs on mitochondria in diabetic hearts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Lee
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jen Bai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-I Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of General Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Fan Chao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, and Cardiovascular Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Apocynin influence on oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling of spontaneously hypertensive rats with diabetes mellitus. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:126. [PMID: 27585437 PMCID: PMC5009715 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although increased oxidative stress is a major component of diabetic hypertensive cardiomyopathy, research into the effects of antioxidants on cardiac remodeling remains scarce. The actions of antioxidant apocynin include inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases and ROS scavenging. We evaluated the effects of apocynin on cardiac remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS Male SHR were divided into four groups: control (SHR, n = 16); SHR treated with apocynin (SHR-APO; 16 mg/kg/day, added to drinking water; n = 16); diabetic SHR (SHR-DM, n = 13); and SHR-DM treated with apocynin (SHR-DM-APO, n = 14), for eight weeks. DM was induced by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, single dose). Statistical analyzes: ANOVA and Tukey or Mann-Whitney. RESULTS Echocardiogram in diabetic groups showed higher left ventricular and left atrium diameters indexed for body weight, and higher isovolumetric relaxation time than normoglycemic rats; systolic function did not differ between groups. Isolated papillary muscle showed impaired contractile and relaxation function in diabetic groups. Developed tension was lower in SHR-APO than SHR. Myocardial hydroxyproline concentration was higher in SHR-DM than SHR, interstitial collagen fraction was higher in SHR-DM-APO than SHR-APO, and type III collagen protein expression was lower in SHR-DM and SHR-DM-APO than their controls. Type I collagen and lysyl oxidase expression did not differ between groups. Apocynin did not change collagen tissue. Myocardial lipid hydroperoxide concentration was higher in SHR-DM than SHR and SHR-DM-APO. Glutathione peroxidase activity was lower and catalase higher in SHR-DM than SHR. Apocynin attenuated antioxidant enzyme activity changes in SHR-DM-APO. Advanced glycation end-products and NADPH oxidase activity did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION Apocynin reduces oxidative stress independently of NADPH oxidase activity and does not change ventricular or myocardial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats with diabetes mellitus. The apocynin-induced myocardial functional impairment in SHR shows that apocynin actions need to be clarified during sustained chronic pressure overload.
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HDAC Inhibition Modulates Cardiac PPARs and Fatty Acid Metabolism in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:5938740. [PMID: 27446205 PMCID: PMC4944062 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5938740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate cardiac glucose and lipid homeostasis. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor has anti-inflammatory effects which may play a key role in modulating PPARs and fatty acid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HDAC inhibitor, MPT0E014, can modulate myocardial PPARs, inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus (DM) cardiomyopathy. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, and western blotting were used to evaluate the electrophysiological activity, cardiac structure, fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and PPAR isoform expressions in the control and streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced DM rats with or without MPT0E014. Compared to control, DM and MPT0E014-treated DM rats had elevated blood glucose levels and lower body weights. However, MPT0E014-treated DM and control rats had smaller left ventricular end-diastolic diameter and shorter QT interval than DM rats. The control and MPT0E014-treated DM rats had greater cardiac PPAR-α and PPAR-δ protein expressions, but less cardiac PPAR-γ than DM rats. Moreover, control and MPT0E014-treated DM rats had lower concentrations of 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase 2α, PPAR-γ coactivator 1α, phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, cluster of differentiation 36, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), DGAT2, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 protein than DM rats. HDAC inhibition significantly attenuated DM cardiomyopathy through modulation of cardiac PPARS, fatty acid metabolism, and proinflammatory cytokines.
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15
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Berthiaume J, Kirk J, Ranek M, Lyon R, Sheikh F, Jensen B, Hoit B, Butany J, Tolend M, Rao V, Willis M. Pathophysiology of Heart Failure and an Overview of Therapies. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420219-1.00008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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AICAR Protects against High Palmitate/High Insulin-Induced Intramyocellular Lipid Accumulation and Insulin Resistance in HL-1 Cardiac Cells by Inducing PPAR-Target Gene Expression. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:785783. [PMID: 26649034 PMCID: PMC4663352 DOI: 10.1155/2015/785783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we studied the impact of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR), a well-known AMPK activator, on cardiac metabolic adaptation. AMPK activation by AICAR was confirmed by increased phospho-Thr(172)-AMPK and phospho-Ser(79)-ACC protein levels in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. Then, cells were exposed to AICAR stimulation for 24 h in the presence or absence of the AMPK inhibitor Compound C, and the mRNA levels of the three PPARs were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Treatment with AICAR induced gene expression of all three PPARs, but only the Ppara and Pparg regulation were dependent on AMPK. Next, we exposed HL-1 cells to high palmitate/high insulin (HP/HI) conditions either in presence or in absence of AICAR, and we evaluated the expression of selected PPAR-targets genes. HP/HI induced insulin resistance and lipid storage was accompanied by increased Cd36, Acot1, and Ucp3 mRNA levels. AICAR treatment induced the expression of Acadvl and Glut4, which correlated to prevention of the HP/HI-induced intramyocellular lipid build-up, and attenuation of the HP/HI-induced impairment of glucose uptake. These data support the hypothesis that AICAR contributes to cardiac metabolic adaptation via regulation of transcriptional mechanisms.
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17
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and the Heart: Lessons from the Past and Future Directions. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:271983. [PMID: 26587015 PMCID: PMC4637490 DOI: 10.1155/2015/271983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear family of ligand activated transcriptional factors and comprise three different isoforms, PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ. The main role of PPARs is to regulate the expression of genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that PPAR agonists improve dyslipidemia and glucose control in animals, supporting their potential as a promising therapeutic option to treat diabetes and dyslipidemia. However, substantial differences exist in the therapeutic or adverse effects of specific drug candidates, and clinical studies have yielded inconsistent data on their cardioprotective effects. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the molecular function of PPARs and the mechanisms of the PPAR regulation by posttranslational modification in the heart. We also describe the results and lessons learned from important clinical trials on PPAR agonists and discuss the potential future directions for this class of drugs.
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18
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He J, Quintana MT, Sullivan J, L Parry T, J Grevengoed T, Schisler JC, Hill JA, Yates CC, Mapanga RF, Essop MF, Stansfield WE, Bain JR, Newgard CB, Muehlbauer MJ, Han Y, Clarke BA, Willis MS. MuRF2 regulates PPARγ1 activity to protect against diabetic cardiomyopathy and enhance weight gain induced by a high fat diet. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2015; 14:97. [PMID: 26242235 PMCID: PMC4526192 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-015-0252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetes mellitus the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease is increased and represents an important independent mechanism by which heart disease is exacerbated. The pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy involves the enhanced activation of PPAR transcription factors, including PPARα, and to a lesser degree PPARβ and PPARγ1. How these transcription factors are regulated in the heart is largely unknown. Recent studies have described post-translational ubiquitination of PPARs as ways in which PPAR activity is inhibited in cancer. However, specific mechanisms in the heart have not previously been described. Recent studies have implicated the muscle-specific ubiquitin ligase muscle ring finger-2 (MuRF2) in inhibiting the nuclear transcription factor SRF. Initial studies of MuRF2-/- hearts revealed enhanced PPAR activity, leading to the hypothesis that MuRF2 regulates PPAR activity by post-translational ubiquitination. METHODS MuRF2-/- mice were challenged with a 26-week 60% fat diet designed to simulate obesity-mediated insulin resistance and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Mice were followed by conscious echocardiography, blood glucose, tissue triglyceride, glycogen levels, immunoblot analysis of intracellular signaling, heart and skeletal muscle morphometrics, and PPARα, PPARβ, and PPARγ1-regulated mRNA expression. RESULTS MuRF2 protein levels increase ~20% during the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy induced by high fat diet. Compared to littermate wildtype hearts, MuRF2-/- hearts exhibit an exaggerated diabetic cardiomyopathy, characterized by an early onset systolic dysfunction, larger left ventricular mass, and higher heart weight. MuRF2-/- hearts had significantly increased PPARα- and PPARγ1-regulated gene expression by RT-qPCR, consistent with MuRF2's regulation of these transcription factors in vivo. Mechanistically, MuRF2 mono-ubiquitinated PPARα and PPARγ1 in vitro, consistent with its non-degradatory role in diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, increasing MuRF2:PPARγ1 (>5:1) beyond physiological levels drove poly-ubiquitin-mediated degradation of PPARγ1 in vitro, indicating large MuRF2 increases may lead to PPAR degradation if found in other disease states. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in MuRF2 have been described to contribute to the severity of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The present study suggests that the lack of MuRF2, as found in these patients, can result in an exaggerated diabetic cardiomyopathy. These studies also identify MuRF2 as the first ubiquitin ligase to regulate cardiac PPARα and PPARγ1 activities in vivo via post-translational modification without degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun He
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, People's Republic of China.
| | - Megan T Quintana
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jenyth Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Traci L Parry
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Trisha J Grevengoed
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Cecelia C Yates
- Department of Health Promotions and Development, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Rudo F Mapanga
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | | | - James R Bain
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Yipin Han
- East Chapel Hill High School, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Brian A Clarke
- Novartis, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 400 Technology Square, Boston, MA, 601-4214, USA.
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, 111 Mason Farm Road, MBRB 2340B, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Lee TI, Kao YH, Chen YC, Tsai WC, Chung CC, Chen YJ. Cardiac metabolism, inflammation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors modulated by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in diabetic rats. Int J Cardiol 2014; 176:151-7. [PMID: 25062566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High free fatty acid with reduced glucose utilization in diabetes mellitus (DM) impairs cardiac function. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) modulate myocardial lipid and glucose homeostasis. The active 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) regulates oxidative stress and inflammation, which may play a key role in the modulation of PPARs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether 1,25(OH)2D3 can modulate the cardiac PPARs and fatty acid metabolism. METHODS Electrocardiogram, echocardiogram, and Western blot analysis were used to evaluate cardiac fatty acid metabolism, inflammation, and PPAR isoform expression in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, DM rats, and DM rats treated with 1,25(OH)2D3. RESULTS Compared to healthy rats, DM and 1,25(OH)2D3-treated DM rats had lower body weight. DM rats had larger left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, and longer QT interval than healthy or 1,25(OH)2D3-treated DM rats. Moreover, compared to healthy or 1,25(OH)2D3-treated DM rats, DM rats had fewer cardiac PPAR-α and PPAR-δ protein expressions, but had increased cardiac PPAR-γ protein levels, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinaseα2, phosphorylated acetyl CoA carboxylase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1, PPAR-γ coactivator 1-α, cluster of differentiation 36, and diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 protein expressions. CONCLUSIONS 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly changed the cardiac function and fatty acid regulations in DM hearts, which may be caused by its regulations on cardiac PPARs and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-I Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of General Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Chang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Tzu-Chi General Hospital, Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chung
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Rosa CM, Xavier NP, Henrique Campos D, Fernandes AAH, Cezar MDM, Martinez PF, Cicogna AC, Gimenes C, Gimenes R, Okoshi MP, Okoshi K. Diabetes mellitus activates fetal gene program and intensifies cardiac remodeling and oxidative stress in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:152. [PMID: 24134628 PMCID: PMC4015448 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of systemic arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) induces greater cardiac remodeling than either condition alone. However, this association has been poorly addressed in senescent rats. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the influence of streptozotocin-induced DM on ventricular remodeling and oxidative stress in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Methods Fifty 18 month old male SHR were divided into two groups: control (SHR, n = 25) and diabetic (SHR-DM, n = 25). DM was induced by streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, i.p.). After nine weeks, the rats underwent echocardiography and myocardial functional study in left ventricular (LV) isolated papillary muscle preparations. LV samples were obtained to measure myocyte diameters, interstitial collagen fraction, and hydroxyproline concentration. Gene expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and α- and β-myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms was evaluated by RT-PCR. Serum oxidative stress was assessed by measuring lipid hydroperoxide concentration and superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. Statistics: Student’s t test or Mann-Whitney test, p < 0.05. Results SHR-DM presented higher blood glucose (487 ± 29 vs. 89.1 ± 21.1 mg/dL) and lower body weight (277 ± 26 vs. 339 ± 38 g). Systolic blood pressure did not differ between groups. Echocardiography showed LV and left atrial dilation, LV diastolic and relative wall thickness decrease, and LV systolic and diastolic function impairment in SHR-DM. Papillary muscle study showed decreased myocardial contractility and contractile reserve in SHR-DM. Myocyte diameters and myocardial interstitial collagen fraction and hydroxyproline concentration did not differ between groups. Increased serum pro-oxidant activity and gene expression of ANP and β/α-MyHC ratio were observed in DM. Conclusion Diabetes mellitus induces cardiac dilation and functional impairment, increases oxidative stress and activates fetal gene program in aged spontaneously hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katashi Okoshi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.
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Lee TI, Kao YH, Chen YC, Huang JH, Hsu MI, Chen YJ. The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor-sitagliptin modulates calcium dysregulation, inflammation, and PPARs in hypertensive cardiomyocytes. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:5390-5. [PMID: 24012160 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypertension induces cardiac dysfunction, calcium (Ca(2+)) dysregulation, and arrhythmogenesis. Dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, an antidiabetic agent with anti-inflammation and anti-hypertension potential, may regulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)-α, -γ, and -δ and Ca(2+) homeostasis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, can modulate PPARs and Ca(2+) handling proteins in hypertensive hearts. METHODS A Western blot analysis was used to evaluate protein expressions of myocardial PPAR isoforms, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA2a), Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX), ryanodine receptor (RyR), voltage-dependent Ca(2+) (CaV1.2), slow-voltage potassium currents (Kvs), angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R), and receptor of advanced glycated end-products (RAGE) from Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and SHR treated with sitagliptin (10mg/kg for 4weeks). Conventional microelectrodes were used to record action potentials (APs) in the ventricular myocytes from each group. RESULTS Compared to the control group, SHR had lower cardiac PPAR-α and PPAR-δ protein expressions, but had greater cardiac PPAR-γ levels, and TNF-α, IL-6, RAGE, and AT1R protein expressions, which were ameliorated in the sitagliptin-treated SHR. SHR had prolonged QT interval and AP duration with less SERCA2a and RyR, and greater CaV1.2 expressions, which were also attenuated in sitagliptin-treated SHR. CONCLUSIONS Sitagliptin significantly changed the cardiac electrophysiological characteristics and Ca(2+) regulation, which may have been caused by its effects on cardiac PPARs, proinflammatory cytokines, and AT1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-I Lee
- Department of General Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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Lee TI, Kao YH, Chen YC, Huang JH, Hsiao FC, Chen YJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors modulate cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 100:330-9. [PMID: 23369225 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Chronic inflammation and derangement of myocardial energy and lipid homeostasis are common features of DM. The transcription factors of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily, which are important in regulating energy and lipid homeostasis. There are three PPAR isoforms, α, γ, and δ, and their roles have been increasingly recognized to be important in CVD. These three isoforms are expressed in the heart and play pivotal roles in myocardial lipid metabolism, as well as glucose and energy homeostasis, and contribute to extra metabolic roles with effects on inflammation and oxidative stress. Moreover, regulation of PPARs may have significant effects on cardiac electrical activity and arrhythmogenesis. This review describes the roles of PPARs and their agonists in DM cardiomyopathy, inflammation, and cardiac electrophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-I Lee
- Department of General Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
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Zambrano S, Blanca AJ, Ruiz-Armenta MV, Miguel-Carrasco JL, Arévalo M, Vázquez MJ, Mate A, Vázquez CM. L-Carnitine protects against arterial hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis through modulation of PPAR-γ expression. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:937-44. [PMID: 23295156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a pathogenic factor in a variety of cardiovascular diseases and is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of extracellular matrix protein that leads to cardiac dysfunction. l-Carnitine (LC) plays an essential role in the β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids in lipid metabolism. We have previously demonstrated the beneficial effects of LC in hypertensive rats. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of LC on arterial hypertension-associated cardiac fibrosis and to explore the mechanisms of LC action. To this end, four groups of rats were used: Wistar (control), rats treated with 400mg/kg/day of LC, rats treated with 25mg/kg/day of l-NAME (to induce hypertension), and rats treated with LC+l-NAME simultaneously. We found an elevation in the myocardial expression of profibrotic factors (TGF-β1 and CTGF), types I and III of collagen, and NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX2 and NOX4), in hypertensive rats when compared with normotensive ones. In addition, an increase in myocardial fibrosis was also found in the l-NAME group. These results were accompanied by a down-regulation of PPAR-γ in the heart of hypertensive animals. When hypertensive rats were treated with LC, all these alterations were reversed. Moreover, a significant negative correlation was observed between myocardial interstitial fibrosis and mRNA expression of PPAR-γ. In conclusion, the reduction of cardiac fibrosis and the down-regulation of NOX2, NOX4, TGF-β1 and CTGF induced by LC might be, at least in part, mediated by an upregulation of PPAR-γ, which leads to a reduction on hypertension-related cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Zambrano
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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Guo Z, Qin Z, Zhang R, Li J, Yin Y. Effect of rosiglitazone on the expression of cardiac adiponectin receptors and NADPH oxidase in type 2 diabetic rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 685:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
High levels of homocysteine (Hcy), known as hyperhomocysteinmia (HHcy), are correlated with an increase in extracellular matrix remodelling (ECM) via the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and plasminogen/plasmin system. This results in an increase deposition of collagen that leads to endothelial-myocyte (EM) and myocyte-myocyte (MM) uncoupling; the physiological consequences are a plethora of cardiovascular pathologies. Homocysteine-induced increase in intracellular and mitochondrial Ca(2+) plays an important role in increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) within mitochondria and instigating mitophagy within the cell. This occurs via several Hcy-mitigated processes: agonizing N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-1 (NMDA-R1), decreasing expression of peroxisome proliferator activator receptor (PPAR) [thereby increasing oxidation], impairing Ca(2+) handling via Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCX1) and Sarco endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA-2a). The end result is an increase in ROS that directly or indirectly lead to MMP activation within mitochondria or the cytoplasm. Hcy induces a mitochondrial permeability transition that allows MMPs to be released from mitochondria thereby metabolizing matrix and impairing cardiac function. Further work remains to be elucidated concerning the specific mitochondrial mitophagic mechanisms under which matrix metabolism and remodelling occurs. Moreover, the therapeutic implications of NMDA and PPAR ligands are some promise to patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Vacek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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