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Arroum T, Hish GA, Burghardt KJ, Ghamloush M, Bazzi B, Mrech A, Morse PT, Britton SL, Koch LG, McCully JD, Hüttemann M, Malek MH. Mitochondria Transplantation: Rescuing Innate Muscle Bioenergetic Impairment in a Model of Aging and Exercise Intolerance. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1189-1199. [PMID: 38900170 PMCID: PMC11192236 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Arroum, T, Hish, GA, Burghardt, KJ, Ghamloush, M, Bazzi, B, Mrech, A, Morse, PT, Britton, SL, Koch, LG, McCully, JD, Hüttemann, M, and Malek, MH. Mitochondria transplantation: Rescuing innate muscle bioenergetic impairment in a model of aging and exercise intolerance. J Strength Cond Res 38(7): 1189-1199, 2024-Mitochondria, through oxidative phosphorylation, are crucial for energy production. Disease, genetic impairment, or deconditioning can harm muscle mitochondria, affecting energy production. Endurance training enhances mitochondrial function but assumes mobility. Individuals with limited mobility lack effective treatments for mitochondrial dysfunction because of disease or aging. Mitochondrial transplantation replaces native mitochondria that have been damaged with viable, respiration-competent mitochondria. Here, we used a rodent model selectively bred for low-capacity running (LCR), which exhibits innate mitochondrial dysfunction in the hind limb muscles. Hence, the purpose of this study was to use a distinct breed of rats (i.e., LCR) that display hereditary skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction to evaluate the consequences of mitochondrial transplantation. We hypothesized that the transplantation of mitochondria would effectively alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction in the hind limb muscles of rats when compared with placebo injections. In addition, we hypothesized that rats receiving the mitochondrial transplantation would experience an improvement in their functional capacity, as evaluated through incremental treadmill testing. Twelve aged LCR male rats (18 months old) were randomized into 2 groups (placebo or mitochondrial transplantation). One LCR rat of the same age and sex was used as the donor to isolate mitochondria from the hindlimb muscles. Isolated mitochondria were injected into both hindlimb muscles (quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius complex) of a subset LCR (n = 6; LCR-M) rats. The remaining LCR (n = 5; LCR-P) subset received a placebo injection containing only the vehicle without the isolated mitochondria. Four weeks after mitochondrial transplantation, rodents were euthanized and hindlimb muscles harvested. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) increase in mitochondrial markers for glycolytic (plantaris and TA) and mixed (quadricep femoris) muscles, but not oxidative muscle (soleus). Moreover, we found significant (p < 0.05) epigenetic changes (i.e., hypomethylation) at the global and site-specific levels for a key mitochondrial regulator (transcription factor A mitochondrial) between the placebo and mitochondrial transplantation groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the efficacy of mitochondrial transplantation in a rodent model of aging with congenital skeletal muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
| | - Gerald A. Hish
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Kyle J. Burghardt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Mohamed Ghamloush
- Physical Therapy Program, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Belal Bazzi
- Physical Therapy Program, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Abdallah Mrech
- Physical Therapy Program, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Paul T. Morse
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH 43606
| | - James D. McCully
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201
| | - Moh H. Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Department of Health Care Sciences, Detroit, MI 48201
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Arroum T, Hish GA, Burghardt KJ, McCully JD, Hüttemann M, Malek MH. Mitochondrial Transplantation's Role in Rodent Skeletal Muscle Bioenergetics: Recharging the Engine of Aging. Biomolecules 2024; 14:493. [PMID: 38672509 PMCID: PMC11048484 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondria are the 'powerhouses of cells' and progressive mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of aging in skeletal muscle. Although different forms of exercise modality appear to be beneficial to attenuate aging-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, it presupposes that the individual has a requisite level of mobility. Moreover, non-exercise alternatives (i.e., nutraceuticals or pharmacological agents) to improve skeletal muscle bioenergetics require time to be effective in the target tissue and have another limitation in that they act systemically and not locally where needed. Mitochondrial transplantation represents a novel directed therapy designed to enhance energy production of tissues impacted by defective mitochondria. To date, no studies have used mitochondrial transplantation as an intervention to attenuate aging-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to determine whether mitochondrial transplantation can enhance skeletal muscle bioenergetics in an aging rodent model. We hypothesized that mitochondrial transplantation would result in sustained skeletal muscle bioenergetics leading to improved functional capacity. METHODS Fifteen female mice (24 months old) were randomized into two groups (placebo or mitochondrial transplantation). Isolated mitochondria from a donor mouse of the same sex and age were transplanted into the hindlimb muscles of recipient mice (quadriceps femoris, tibialis anterior, and gastrocnemius complex). RESULTS The results indicated significant increases (ranging between ~36% and ~65%) in basal cytochrome c oxidase and citrate synthase activity as well as ATP levels in mice receiving mitochondrial transplantation relative to the placebo. Moreover, there were significant increases (approx. two-fold) in protein expression of mitochondrial markers in both glycolytic and oxidative muscles. These enhancements in the muscle translated to significant improvements in exercise tolerance. CONCLUSIONS This study provides initial evidence showing how mitochondrial transplantation can promote skeletal muscle bioenergetics in an aging rodent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Arroum
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Gerald A. Hish
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine (ULAM), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kyle J. Burghardt
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - James D. McCully
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Moh H. Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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Hahm JH, Nirmala FS, Ha TY, Ahn J. Nutritional approaches targeting mitochondria for the prevention of sarcopenia. Nutr Rev 2024; 82:676-694. [PMID: 37475189 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A decline in function and loss of mass, a condition known as sarcopenia, is observed in the skeletal muscles with aging. Sarcopenia has a negative effect on the quality of life of elderly. Individuals with sarcopenia are at particular risk for adverse outcomes, such as reduced mobility, fall-related injuries, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although the pathogenesis of sarcopenia is multifaceted, mitochondrial dysfunction is regarded as a major contributor for muscle aging. Hence, the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies to improve mitochondrial function during aging is imperative for sarcopenia treatment. However, effective and specific drugs that can be used for the treatment are not yet approved. Instead studies on the relationship between food intake and muscle aging have suggested that nutritional intake or dietary control could be an alternative approach for the amelioration of muscle aging. This narrative review approaches various nutritional components and diets as a treatment for sarcopenia by modulating mitochondrial homeostasis and improving mitochondria. Age-related changes in mitochondrial function and the molecular mechanisms that help improve mitochondrial homeostasis are discussed, and the nutritional components and diet that modulate these molecular mechanisms are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Research Group of Aging and Metabolism, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
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German IJS, Pomini KT, Andreo JC, Shindo JVTC, de Castro MVM, Detregiachi CRP, Araújo AC, Guiguer EL, Fornari Laurindo L, Bueno PCDS, de Souza MDSS, Gabaldi M, Barbalho SM, Shinohara AL. New Trends to Treat Muscular Atrophy: A Systematic Review of Epicatechin. Nutrients 2024; 16:326. [PMID: 38276564 PMCID: PMC10818576 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Epicatechin is a polyphenol compound that promotes skeletal muscle differentiation and counteracts the pathways that participate in the degradation of proteins. Several studies present contradictory results of treatment protocols and therapeutic effects. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to investigate the current literature showing the molecular mechanism and clinical protocol of epicatechin in muscle atrophy in humans, animals, and myoblast cell-line. The search was conducted in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. The qualitative analysis demonstrated that there is a commonness of epicatechin inhibitory action in myostatin expression and atrogenes MAFbx, FOXO, and MuRF1. Epicatechin showed positive effects on follistatin and on the stimulation of factors related to the myogenic actions (MyoD, Myf5, and myogenin). Furthermore, the literature also showed that epicatechin can interfere with mitochondrias' biosynthesis in muscle fibers, stimulation of the signaling pathways of AKT/mTOR protein production, and amelioration of skeletal musculature performance, particularly when combined with physical exercise. Epicatechin can, for these reasons, exhibit clinical applicability due to the beneficial results under conditions that negatively affect the skeletal musculature. However, there is no protocol standardization or enough clinical evidence to draw more specific conclusions on its therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Jasmin Santos German
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
| | - Karina Torres Pomini
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
| | - João Vitor Tadashi Cosin Shindo
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
| | - Marcela Vialogo Marques de Castro
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Claudia Rucco P. Detregiachi
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Adriano Cressoni Araújo
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Elen Landgraf Guiguer
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Lucas Fornari Laurindo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Patrícia Cincotto dos Santos Bueno
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maricelma da Silva Soares de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Marcia Gabaldi
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - Sandra Maria Barbalho
- Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (K.T.P.); (M.V.M.d.C.); (A.C.A.); (E.L.G.); (S.M.B.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Marília (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Marília 17525-902, São Paulo, Brazil; (L.F.L.); (M.d.S.S.d.S.)
| | - André Luis Shinohara
- Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of São Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Octávio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, São Paulo, Brazil (J.V.T.C.S.)
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Brickman AM, Yeung LK, Alschuler DM, Ottaviani JI, Kuhnle GGC, Sloan RP, Luttmann-Gibson H, Copeland T, Schroeter H, Sesso HD, Manson JE, Wall M, Small SA. Dietary flavanols restore hippocampal-dependent memory in older adults with lower diet quality and lower habitual flavanol consumption. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216932120. [PMID: 37252983 PMCID: PMC10265949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216932120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary flavanols are food constituents found in certain fruits and vegetables that have been linked to cognitive aging. Previous studies suggested that consumption of dietary flavanols might specifically be associated with the hippocampal-dependent memory component of cognitive aging and that memory benefits of a flavanol intervention might depend on habitual diet quality. Here, we tested these hypotheses in the context of a large-scale study of 3,562 older adults, who were randomly assigned to a 3-y intervention of cocoa extract (500 mg of cocoa flavanols per day) or a placebo [(COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study) COSMOS-Web, NCT04582617]. Using the alternative Healthy Eating Index in all participants and a urine-based biomarker of flavanol intake in a subset of participants [n = 1,361], we show that habitual flavanol consumption and diet quality at baseline are positively and selectively correlated with hippocampal-dependent memory. While the prespecified primary end point testing for an intervention-related improvement in memory in all participants after 1 y was not statistically significant, the flavanol intervention restored memory among participants in lower tertiles of habitual diet quality or habitual flavanol consumption. Increases in the flavanol biomarker over the course of the trial were associated with improving memory. Collectively, our results allow dietary flavanols to be considered in the context of a depletion-repletion paradigm and suggest that low flavanol consumption can act as a driver of the hippocampal-dependent component of cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Lok-Kin Yeung
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
| | - Daniel M. Alschuler
- Mental Health Data Science Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY10032
| | | | - Gunter G. C. Kuhnle
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P. Sloan
- Mental Health Data Science Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Heike Luttmann-Gibson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Trisha Copeland
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | | | - Howard D. Sesso
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA02115
| | - Melanie Wall
- Mental Health Data Science Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Scott A. Small
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Neurology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY10032
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
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Lauriola V, Brickman AM, Sloan RP, Small SA. Anatomical biology guides a search for nutrients for the aging brain. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 89:101154. [PMID: 36372583 PMCID: PMC10783103 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Considerable evidence has established the importance of specific nutrients that have been found vital for the developing brain. We hypothesize that in a similar manner there should be nutrients vital to the aging brain and that based on aging's distinct pathophysiology they should be different than those essential to development. Specific brain networks that govern cognition are particularly vulnerable to the aging process, resulting in what is referred to as 'cognitive aging'. Common late-life disorders, however, such as Alzheimer's disease also target these same brain networks. Studies have disambiguated cognitive aging from late-life disease by isolating regions and biological pathways within each network differentially linked to one or the other. This anatomical biology anchors a framework to identify nutrients and/or dietary bioactives relevant to cognitive aging whose utility is illustrated via a decades-long research program into how dietary bioactive flavanols benefit the brain. As we are living longer in cognitively more demanding lives, the framework's ultimate goal is to generate specific dietary recommendations that will fortify our mind for its golden years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Lauriola
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1050 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Richard P Sloan
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1050 Riverside Drive, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Scott A Small
- Department of Neurology and the Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 622 West 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Ojo OO, Ogunleke T, Ajeoge J, Olorunsogo OO. Experimental and molecular docking studies of quercetin and vitamin E with diabetes-associated mitochondrial-ATPase as anti-apoptotic therapeutic strategies. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2022; 21:1717-1729. [PMID: 36404854 PMCID: PMC9672242 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-022-01132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Researches have shown the relevance of antioxidants in the management of several diseases. In the present study, the effects of quercetin and vitamin E were investigated on the mitochondrial functions in vivo and in silico. Methods Structures of quercetin and vitamin E were docked against mitochondrial Adenosine triphosphatase (mATPase), and cytochrome c cavity. Activity of liver mATPase and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening were determined by spectrophotometry and activation of cytochrome c was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results The binding energy of vitamin E (-9 Kcal/mol) in mATPase cavity compares well with glibenclamide (-9.4 Kcal/mol), while quercetin had a binding energy of -7.1 Kcal/mol. Similarly, vitamin E, quercetin were bound to cytochrome c by -6.4 and - 5.5 Kcal/mol energy, while glibenclamide had -7.0 Kcal/mol binding energy. The results showed that vitamin E was more accessible to the protoporphyrin prosthetic group in cytochrome c than quercetin. In the experimental studies, it was validated that vitamin E inhibited the uncontrolled activity of mATPase in diabetic rat liver. This was also proven and tested on the liver mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening observed in diabetic rats. Further experimental assessment of these on activation of cytochrome c showed that vitamin E reduced the extent of the activation more than quercetin and glibenclamide. Conclusion There is a favorable protein-ligand interaction between quercetin and vitamin E in certain apoptotic proteins implicated in diabetes complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoyin O. Ojo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284 Nigeria
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Anchor University Lagos, Lagos, 100278 Nigeria
| | - Titilayo Ogunleke
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284 Nigeria
| | - Joshua Ajeoge
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Anchor University Lagos, Lagos, 100278 Nigeria
| | - Olufunso O. Olorunsogo
- Laboratories for Biomembrane Research and Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, 200284 Nigeria
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Bioactive Components in Whole Grains for the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Function. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182752. [PMID: 36140879 PMCID: PMC9498156 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plays a primary role in metabolic health and physical performance. Conversely, skeletal muscle dysfunctions such as muscular dystrophy, atrophy and aging-related sarcopenia could lead to frailty, decreased independence and increased risk of hospitalization. Dietary intervention has become an effective approach to improving muscle health and function. Evidence shows that whole grains possess multiple health benefits compared with refined grains. Importantly, there is growing evidence demonstrating that bioactive substances derived from whole grains such as polyphenols, γ-oryzanol, β-sitosterol, betaine, octacosanol, alkylresorcinols and β-glucan could contribute to enhancing myogenesis, muscle mass and metabolic function. In this review, we discuss the potential role of whole-grain-derived bioactive components in the regulation of muscle function, emphasizing the underlying mechanisms by which these compounds regulate muscle biology. This work will contribute toward increasing awareness of nutraceutical supplementation of whole grain functional ingredients for the prevention and treatment of muscle dysfunctions.
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Portilla-Martínez A, Ortiz-Flores MÁ, Meaney E, Villarreal F, Nájera N, Ceballos G. (-)-Epicatechin Is a Biased Ligand of Apelin Receptor. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8962. [PMID: 36012227 PMCID: PMC9409145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is part of a large family of biomolecules called flavonoids and is widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of EC consumption. Many of these reported effects are exerted by activating the signaling pathways associated with the activation of two specific receptors: the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER), a transmembrane receptor, and the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is a nuclear receptor. However, the effects of EC are so diverse that these two receptors cannot describe the complete phenomenon. The apelin receptor or APLNR is classified within the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family, and is capable of activating the G protein canonical pathways and the β-arrestin transducer, which participates in the phenomenon of receptor desensitization and internalization. β-arrestin gained interest in selective pharmacology and mediators of the so-called "biased agonism". With molecular dynamics (MD) and in vitro assays, we demonstrate how EC can recruit the β-arrestin in the active conformation of the APLN receptor acting as a biased agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Portilla-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Ortiz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Nayelli Nájera
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Investigación Integral Cardiometabólica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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Peng M, Zhou X, Yao F, Li H, Song W, Xiong S, Xia X. (–)-Epicatechin Provides Neuroprotection in Sodium Iodate-Induced Retinal Degeneration. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:879901. [PMID: 35833100 PMCID: PMC9271623 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.879901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, and pathological amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition are involved in the pathogenesis of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The natural flavonoid (–)-epicatechin (EC) is known to be an antioxidant and neuroprotective compound. Whether EC plays a therapeutic role in AMD is unknown. In this work, we aimed to assess the efficacy and molecular mechanisms of EC against sodium iodate (NaIO3)-induced retinal degeneration in C57BL/6 mice via bioinformatic, morphological, and functional methods. We demonstrated that EC had no toxic effects on the retina and could ameliorate retinal deformation and thinning. EC treatment prevented outer retinal degeneration, reduced drusen-like deposits, increased b-wave amplitude in electroretinography, blocked retinal gliosis, and increased the number and quality of mitochondria. Importantly, EC increased the protein expression of OPA1 and decreased the expression of PINK1, indicating the role of EC in mitochondrial fusion that impaired by NaIO3. Moreover, EC downregulated APP and TMEM97 levels, upregulated PGRMC1 levels, and reduced subretinal Aβ accumulation. This study illustrated that EC, which may become a promising therapeutic strategy for AMD, prevented NaIO3-induced retinal degeneration, and this improvement may be associated with the mitochondrial quality control and the TMEM97/PGRMC1/Aβ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjuan Peng
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuezhi Zhou
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yao
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weitao Song
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Siqi Xiong
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Siqi Xiong
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiaobo Xia
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Munguía L, Ortiz M, González C, Portilla A, Meaney E, Villarreal F, Nájera N, Ceballos G. Beneficial Effects of Flavonoids on Skeletal Muscle Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Med Food 2022; 25:465-486. [PMID: 35394826 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2021.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SkM) is a highly dynamic tissue that responds to physiological adaptations or pathological conditions, and SkM mitochondria play a major role in bioenergetics, regulation of intracellular calcium homeostasis, pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, and apoptosis. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds with the ability to modulate molecular pathways implicated in the development of mitochondrial myopathy. Therefore, it is pertinent to explore its potential application in conditions such as aging, disuse, denervation, diabetes, obesity, and cancer. To evaluate preclinical and clinical effects of flavonoids on SkM structure and function. We performed a systematic review of published studies, with no date restrictions applied, using PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were used: "flavonoids" OR "flavanols" OR "flavones" OR "anthocyanidins" OR "flavanones" OR "flavan-3-ols" OR "catechins" OR "epicatechin" OR "(-)-epicatechin" AND "skeletal muscle." The studies included in this review were preclinical studies, clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, and randomized-controlled trials that investigated the influence of flavonoids on SkM health. Three authors, independently, assessed trials for the review. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus. The use of flavonoids could be a potential tool for the prevention of muscle loss. Their effects on metabolism and on mitochondria function suggest their use as muscle regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy Munguía
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Miguel Ortiz
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Cristian González
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Andrés Portilla
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nayelli Nájera
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Higher School of Medicine, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, México
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Zbinden-Foncea H, Castro-Sepulveda M, Fuentes J, Speisky H. Effect of epicatechin on skeletal muscle. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1110-1123. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666211217100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Loss of skeletal muscle (SkM) quality is associated with different clinical conditions such as aging, diabetes, obesity, cancer and heart failure. Nutritional research has focused on identifying naturally occurring molecules that mitigate the loss of SkM quality induced by a pathology or syndrome. In this context, although few human studies have been conducted, Epicatechin (Epi) is a prime candidate that may positively affect SkM quality by its potential ability to mitigate muscle mass loss. This seems to be a consequence of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, and its stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis to increase myogenic differentiation, as well as its modulation of key proteins involved in SkM structure, function, metabolism, and growth. In conclusion, the Epi could prevent, mitigate, delay, and even treat muscle-related disorders caused by aging and diseases, however, studies in humans are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Hernan Speisky
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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( -)-Epicatechin and cardiometabolic risk factors: a focus on potential mechanisms of action. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:99-115. [PMID: 34812946 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02640-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of ( -)-epicatechin (EC) attenuating major cardiometabolic risk factors, i.e., dyslipidemias, obesity (adipose tissue dysfunction), hyperglycemia (insulin resistance), and hypertension (endothelial dysfunction). Studies in humans are revised and complemented with experiments in animal models, and cultured cells, aiming to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in EC-mediated effects. Firstly, an assessment of EC metabolism gives relevance to both conjugated-EC metabolites product of host metabolism and microbiota-derived species. Integration and analysis of results stress the maintenance of redox homeostasis and mitigation of inflammation as relevant processes associated with cardiometabolic diseases. In these processes, EC appears having significant effects regulating NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent oxidant production, nitric oxide (NO) production, and energy homeostasis (mitochondrial biogenesis and function). The potential participation of cell membranes and membrane-bound receptors is also discussed in terms of direct molecular action of EC and EC metabolites reaching cells and tissues.
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14
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Martínez-Damas MG, Genis-Mendoza AD, Pérez-de la Cruz V, Canela-Tellez GD, Jiménez-Estrada I, Nicolini-Sanchez JH, Ramos-Chávez LA, García S, Ramírez-Ramírez M, Coral-Vázquez RM. Epicatechin treatment generates resilience to chronic mild stress-induced depression in a murine model. Physiol Behav 2021; 238:113466. [PMID: 34033845 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have proposed that cocoa products-enriched in flavonoids reduce anxiety and depressive symptoms. (-)-Epicatechin (Epi), a flavonoid present in high concentration in cocoa, has been associated with many dark chocolate effects and has been postulated as an exercise mimetic. Physical exercise is used as an adjuvant treatment for many depressive patients. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Epi on resilience in depression-like behavior in a murine model. Male mice were randomly selected and divided into four groups (n = 8/group). Beginning at the age of 8-9 weeks, the mice were subjected to Chronic Mild Stress (CMS) and/or treatment Epi for five weeks. Epi was administered by oral gavage twice daily/5 weeks. The control group was housed in conditions without stress and Epi treatment. Depressive behavior was evaluated by sucrose preference and open field tests. Interestingly, Epi reduced anhedonia and anxiogenic behavior in the murine stress model. These results suggest that Epi induces resilience to stress-induced depression. Furthermore, our findings propose that muscles respond to Epi treatment according to their type of metabolism and that kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) could play a role in modulating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Guadalupe Martínez-Damas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Verónica Pérez-de la Cruz
- Laboratorio de Neurobioquimica y Conducta, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S.A. Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gabriel Daniel Canela-Tellez
- Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ismael Jiménez-Estrada
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Humberto Nicolini-Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lucio Antonio Ramos-Chávez
- Departamento de Neuroquímica, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia García
- Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Magally Ramírez-Ramírez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ramón Mauricio Coral-Vázquez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México; Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Centro Médico Nacional "20 de Noviembre", Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de México, México.
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15
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Lee I. Regulation of Cytochrome c Oxidase by Natural Compounds Resveratrol, (-)-Epicatechin, and Betaine. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061346. [PMID: 34072396 PMCID: PMC8229178 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous naturally occurring molecules have been studied for their beneficial health effects. Many compounds have received considerable attention for their potential medical uses. Among them, several substances have been found to improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on resveratrol, (–)-epicatechin, and betaine and summarizes the published data pertaining to their effects on cytochrome c oxidase (COX) which is the terminal enzyme of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is considered to play an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial respiration. In a variety of experimental model systems, these compounds have been shown to improve mitochondrial biogenesis in addition to increased COX amount and/or its enzymatic activity. Given that they are inexpensive, safe in a wide range of concentrations, and effectively improve mitochondrial and COX function, these compounds could be attractive enough for possible therapeutic or health improvement strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si 31116, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
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16
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is observed in a broad range of human diseases, including rare genetic disorders and complex acquired pathologies. For this reason, there is increasing interest in identifying safe and effective strategies to mitigate mitochondrial impairments. Natural compounds are widely used for multiple indications, and their broad healing properties suggest that several may improve mitochondrial function. This review focuses on (-)-epicatechin, a monomeric flavanol, and its effects on mitochondria. The review summarizes the available data on the effects of acute and chronic (-)-epicatechin supplementation on mitochondrial function, outlines the potential mechanisms involved in mitochondrial biogenesis induced by (-)-epicatechin supplementation and discusses some future therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric N Daussin
- Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Elsa Heyman
- Université de Lille, Université d'Artois, Université de Littoral Côte d'Opale, ULR 7369 - URePSSS-Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société, Lille, France
| | - Yan Burelle
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario; and Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Munguia L, Rubio-Gayosso I, Ramirez-Sanchez I, Ortiz A, Hidalgo I, Gonzalez C, Meaney E, Villarreal F, Najera N, Ceballos G. High Flavonoid Cocoa Supplement Ameliorates Plasma Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Levels While Improving Mobility and Quality of Life in Older Subjects: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 74:1620-1627. [PMID: 31056655 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The age-related decline in mass, strength, and performance of skeletal muscle is associated with loss of independence, falls risk, disability, institutionalization, and death. METHODS To determine whether a cocoa supplement enriched in flavonoids can improve plasma markers of oxidative stress and inflammation, physical performance and frailty in middle-aged and older subjects, we conducted a two-phase, randomized, double-blind, clinical trial. The initial study included 60 subjects (55- to 70-year-old) allocated into placebo (P), highly alkalinized (no-flavonoid; NF), or flavonoid-rich natural cocoa (F) beverage groups. The follow-up study included 74 older subjects (65- to 90-year-old) randomly distributed into NF or F groups. Subjects were instructed to consume the beverages once/day for up to 12-weeks. A comprehensive (aging relevant) set of end points were assessed, which included mean change in blood plasma metabolic and oxidative stress indicators, in physical performance tests and quality of life (QoL). RESULTS In the initial study, the F group showed improved glycemia, triglyceridemia, High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceridemia/HDL index, and oxidative markers. Performance on the Up and Go test, skeletal muscle index, and quality of life also improved. In the follow-up study, F treatment was associated with significant improvements in metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory endpoints and positive effects on physical performance, frailty indicators, and quality of life (F vs. NF group). CONCLUSIONS Regular flavonoids consumption positively affects blood oxidative stress and inflammation end points, cardiometabolic risk markers, physical performance, and quality of life. The sum of such effects may help to mitigate the extent of frailty development in the elderly people. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03585868.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy Munguia
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
| | - Ivan Rubio-Gayosso
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
| | | | - Alicia Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenieria Bioquimica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Isabel Hidalgo
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
| | - Cristian Gonzalez
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Meaney
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, California
| | - Nayelli Najera
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Seccion de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigacion, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Mexico
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18
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Qu Z, Liu A, Li P, Liu C, Xiao W, Huang J, Liu Z, Zhang S. Advances in physiological functions and mechanisms of (-)-epicatechin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:211-233. [PMID: 32090598 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1723057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
(-)-Epicatechin (EC) is a flavanol easily obtained through the diet and is present in tea, cocoa, vegetables, fruits, and cereals. Recent studies have shown that EC protects human health and exhibits prominent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, enhances muscle performance, improves symptoms of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, prevents diabetes, and protects the nervous system. With the development of modern medical and biotechnology research, the mechanisms of action associated with EC toward various chronic diseases are becoming more apparent, and the pharmacological development and utilization of EC has been increasingly clarified. Currently, there is no comprehensive systematic introduction to the effects of EC and its mechanisms of action. This review presents the latest research progress and the role of EC in the prevention and treatment of various chronic diseases and its protective health effects and provides a theoretical basis for future research on EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Qu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Penghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Changwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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McDermott MM, Criqui MH, Domanchuk K, Ferrucci L, Guralnik JM, Kibbe MR, Kosmac K, Kramer CM, Leeuwenburgh C, Li L, Lloyd-Jones D, Peterson CA, Polonsky TS, Stein JH, Sufit R, Van Horn L, Villarreal F, Zhang D, Zhao L, Tian L. Cocoa to Improve Walking Performance in Older People With Peripheral Artery Disease: The COCOA-PAD Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial. Circ Res 2020; 126:589-599. [PMID: 32078436 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cocoa and its major flavanol component, epicatechin, have therapeutic properties that may improve limb perfusion and increase calf muscle mitochondrial activity in people with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). OBJECTIVE In a phase II randomized clinical trial, to assess whether 6 months of cocoa improved walking performance in people with PAD, compared with placebo. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-month double-blind, randomized clinical trial in which participants with PAD were randomized to either cocoa beverage versus placebo beverage. The cocoa beverage contained 15 g of cocoa and 75 mg of epicatechin daily. The identical appearing placebo contained neither cocoa nor epicatechin. The 2 primary outcomes were 6-month change in 6-minute walk distance measured 2.5 hours after a study beverage at 6-month follow-up and 24 hours after a study beverage at 6-month follow-up, respectively. A 1-sided P<0.10 was considered statistically significant. Of 44 PAD participants randomized (mean age, 72.3 years [±7.1]; mean ankle brachial index, 0.66 [±0.15]), 40 (91%) completed follow-up. Adjusting for smoking, race, and body mass index, cocoa improved 6-minute walk distance at 6-month follow-up by 42.6 m ([90% CI, +22.2 to +∞] P=0.005) at 2.5 hours after a final study beverage and by 18.0 m ([90% CI, -1.7 to +∞] P=0.12) at 24 hours after a study beverage, compared with placebo. In calf muscle biopsies, cocoa improved mitochondrial COX (cytochrome c oxidase) activity (P=0.013), increased capillary density (P=0.014), improved calf muscle perfusion (P=0.098), and reduced central nuclei (P=0.033), compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary results suggest a therapeutic effect of cocoa on walking performance in people with PAD. Further study is needed to definitively determine whether cocoa significantly improves walking performance in people with PAD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02876887. Visual Overview: An online visual overview is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M McDermott
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael H Criqui
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California at San Diego (M.H.C.)
| | - Kathryn Domanchuk
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD (L.F.)
| | - Jack M Guralnik
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (J.M.G.)
| | - Melina R Kibbe
- Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill (M.R.K.)
| | - Kate Kosmac
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Lexington (K.K., C.A.P.)
| | - Christopher M Kramer
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville (C.M.K.)
| | | | - Lingyu Li
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Donald Lloyd-Jones
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Health Sciences, Lexington (K.K., C.A.P.)
| | | | - James H Stein
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison (J.H.S.)
| | - Robert Sufit
- Neurology (R.S.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Linda Van Horn
- Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Divisions of Cardiology (F.V.), University of San Diego, CA.,Endocrinology (F.V.), University of San Diego, CA
| | - Dongxue Zhang
- From the Departments of Medicine (M.M.M., K.D., L.L., D.L.-J., D.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lihui Zhao
- Preventive Medicine (M.M.M., D.L.-J., L.V.H., L.Z.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University, CA (L.T.)
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20
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Pterostilbene Enhances Endurance Capacity via Promoting Skeletal Muscle Adaptations to Exercise Training in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010186. [PMID: 31906449 PMCID: PMC6982856 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that skeletal muscle adaptions, including muscle fibers transition, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis are involved in the regular exercise-induced improvement of endurance capacity and metabolic status. Herein, we investigated the effects of pterostilbene (PST) supplementation on skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise training in rats. Six-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sedentary control group (Sed), an exercise training group (Ex), and exercise training combined with 50 mg/kg PST (Ex + PST) treatment group. After 4 weeks of intervention, an exhaustive running test was performed, and muscle fiber type transformation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial content in the soleus muscle were measured. Additionally, the effects of PST on muscle fiber transformation, paracrine regulation of angiogenesis, and mitochondrial function were tested in vitro using C2C12 myotubes. In vivo study showed that exercise training resulted in significant increases in time-to-exhaustion, the proportion of slow-twitch fibers, muscular angiogenesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis in rats, and these effects induced by exercise training could be augmented by PST supplementation. Moreover, the in vitro study showed that PST treatment remarkably promoted slow-twitch fibers formation, angiogenic factor expression, and mitochondrial function in C2C12 myotubes. Collectively, our results suggest that PST promotes skeletal muscle adaptations to exercise training thereby enhancing the endurance capacity.
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21
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Islam H, Hood DA, Gurd BJ. Looking beyond PGC-1α: emerging regulators of exercise-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their activation by dietary compounds. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 45:11-23. [PMID: 31158323 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite its widespread acceptance as the "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis (i.e., the expansion of the mitochondrial reticulum), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) appears to be dispensable for the training-induced augmentation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and respiratory function. In fact, a number of regulatory proteins have emerged as important players in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and many of these proteins share key attributes with PGC-1α. In an effort to move past the simplistic notion of a "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis, we highlight the regulatory mechanisms by which nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), estrogen-related receptor gamma (ERRγ), PPARβ, and leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein (LRP130) may contribute to the control of skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. We also present evidence supporting/refuting the ability of sulforaphane, quercetin, and epicatechin to promote skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and their potential to augment mitochondrial training adaptations. Targeted activation of specific pathways by these compounds may allow for greater mechanistic insight into the molecular pathways controlling mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle. Dietary activation of mitochondrial biogenesis may also be useful in clinical populations with basal reductions in mitochondrial protein content, enzyme activities, and/or respiratory function as well as individuals who exhibit a blunted skeletal muscle responsiveness to contractile activity. Novelty The existence of redundant pathways leading to mitochondrial biogenesis refutes the simplistic notion of a "master regulator" of mitochondrial biogenesis. Dietary activation of specific pathways may provide greater mechanistic insight into the exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - David A Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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22
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Crossland H, Pereira SL, Smith K, Phillips BE, Atherton PJ. Gene-based analysis of angiogenesis, mitochondrial and insulin-related pathways in skeletal muscle of older individuals following nutraceutical supplementation. J Funct Foods 2019; 56:216-223. [PMID: 31217823 PMCID: PMC6559337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa flavanols and fish oil omega-3 fatty acids are two bio-active nutrients that may improve muscle microvascular function, insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function in older adults. We assessed changes in gene expression of these pathways in muscle from two nutritional intervention studies in older healthy volunteers: (i) 6-weeks daily fish oil supplementation in older females (3.4 g/d; age: 64.4 ± 0.8 y, BMI: 26.2 ± 0.7 kg/m2), and (ii) 7-day daily cocoa flavanol supplementation in older males (1050 mg/d; age: 70.1 ± 0.9 y, BMI: 25.7 ± 0.6 kg/m2). There was a main effect of 6-weeks fish oil supplementation on angiogenesis gene expression, with no overall changes in mitochondrial or insulin signaling genes. 7-day cocoa supplementation elicited changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) related genes. Thus, the effects of fish oil supplementation on vascular remodeling in skeletal muscle, and ECM remodeling with cocoa supplementation have emerged as areas for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Crossland
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, UK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & NIHR Nottingham BRC, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, DE22 3DT, UK
- Corresponding author at: MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK.
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23
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Li P, Liu A, Xiong W, Lin H, Xiao W, Huang J, Zhang S, Liu Z. Catechins enhance skeletal muscle performance. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:515-528. [PMID: 30633538 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1549534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle-related disorders, such as sarcopenia and cachexia, caused by aging and chronic diseases can lead to the loss of muscle mass and strength to different degrees, severely affecting human health. Globally, tea is one of the three most popular beverages, and its major active ingredient catechins have been reported to delay muscular atrophy and enhance movement. However, currently, there is no systematic review to elaborate its roles and the associated mechanisms. This article reviews the (1) functions and mechanisms of catechins in the differentiation of myogenic stem cells, biogenesis of mitochondria, synthesis and degradation of proteins, regulation of glucose level, and metabolism of lipids in muscle cells; and (2) effect of catechins on the blood vessels, bones, and nerves that are closely related to the skeletal muscles. Catechins could prevent, mitigate, delay, and even treat muscle-related disorders caused by aging and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ailing Liu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of the Chinese Ministry of Health and the Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Haiyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jianan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Science of Ministry of Education, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Utilisation of Functional Ingredients from Botanicals, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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24
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Schwarz NA, Blahnik ZJ, Prahadeeswaran S, McKinley-Barnard SK, Holden SL, Waldhelm A. (-)-Epicatechin Supplementation Inhibits Aerobic Adaptations to Cycling Exercise in Humans. Front Nutr 2018; 5:132. [PMID: 30622947 PMCID: PMC6308990 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine if cycling exercise combined with (–)-epicatechin supplementation was more effective at increasing training adaptations than cycling combined with a placebo. Blood and muscle samples were obtained at rest before and after training to determine the effects of (–)-epicatechin supplementation on total serum antioxidant capacity, skeletal muscle mitochondrial protein content, and skeletal muscle myostatin gene expression. Participants (n = 20) completed two testing sessions separated by 4 weeks of cycle training, with supplementation of 100 mg (200 mg total daily) of (–)-epicatechin or a placebo, twice daily. Data were analyzed using a two-way mixed model ANOVA for each variable and the alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A significant increase was observed for time for relative peak anaerobic power (p < 0.01), relative anaerobic capacity (p < 0.01), and fatigue index (p < 0.01). A significant increase was observed for time for absolute peak VO2 (p < 0.01) and peak power output obtained during the peak VO2 test (p < 0.01). A significant interaction between group and time for relative peak VO2 was observed (p = 0.04). Relative peak VO2 significantly increased over time in the placebo group (p < 0.01), but not in the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.21). A significant increase was observed for time for total serum antioxidant capacity (p = 0.01). No interaction or main effect of time was observed for myostatin (p > 0.05). Likewise, no interaction or main effect of time was observed for cytochrome C or citrate synthase (p > 0.05). A significant interaction effect was observed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH; p = 0.02). SDH content increased significantly for the placebo group (p = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.59), but not for the (–)-epicatechin group (p = 0.81). Further, whereas no difference existed between the groups for SDH at baseline (p = 0.23), SDH content was significantly greater in the placebo group at the post time point (p = 0.01). Results indicate that (–)-epicatechin supplementation does not affect myostatin gene expression or anaerobic training adaptations but inhibits aerobic and mitochondrial SDH adaptations to cycle exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Schwarz
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Zachary J Blahnik
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Srihari Prahadeeswaran
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Sarah K McKinley-Barnard
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Shelley L Holden
- Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
| | - Andy Waldhelm
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, United States
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25
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Liu J, Lee I, Feng HZ, Galen SS, Hüttemann PP, Perkins GA, Jin JP, Hüttemann M, Malek MH. Aerobic Exercise Preconception and During Pregnancy Enhances Oxidative Capacity in the Hindlimb Muscles of Mice Offspring. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1391-1403. [PMID: 29309390 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liu, J, Lee, I, Feng, H-Z, Galen, SS, Hüttemann, PP, Perkins, GA, Jin, J-P, Hüttemann, M, and Malek, MH. Aerobic exercise preconception and during pregnancy enhances oxidative capacity in the hindlimb muscles of mice offspring. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1391-1403, 2018-Little is known about the effect of maternal exercise on offspring skeletal muscle health. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to determine whether maternal exercise (preconception and during pregnancy) alters offspring skeletal muscle capillarity and mitochondrial biogenesis. We hypothesized that offspring from exercised dams would have higher capillarity and mitochondrial density in the hindlimb muscles compared with offspring from sedentary dams. Female mice in the exercise condition had access to a running wheel in their individual cage 30 days before mating and throughout pregnancy, whereas the sedentary group did not have access to the running wheel before mating and during pregnancy. Male offspring from both groups were killed when they were 2 months old, and their tissues were analyzed. The results indicated no significant (p > 0.05) mean differences for capillarity density, capillarity-to-fiber ratio, or regulators of angiogenesis such as VEGF-A and TSP-1. Compared with offspring from sedentary dams, however, offspring from exercised dams had an increase in protein expression of myosin heavy chain type I (MHC I) (∼134%; p = 0.009), but no change in MHC II. For mitochondrial morphology, we found significant (all p-values ≤ 0.0124) increases in mitochondrial volume density (∼55%) and length (∼18%) as well as mitochondria per unit area (∼19%). For mitochondrial enzymes, there were also significant (all p-values ≤ 0.0058) increases in basal citrate synthase (∼79%) and cytochrome c oxidase activity (∼67%) in the nonoxidative muscle fibers as well as increases in basal (ATP) (∼52%). Last, there were also significant mean differences in protein expression for regulators (FIS1, Lon protease, and TFAM) of mitochondrial biogenesis. These findings suggest that maternal exercise before and during pregnancy enhances offspring skeletal muscle mitochondria functionality, but not capillarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenney Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Zhong Feng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sujay S Galen
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Philipp P Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Guy A Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - J-P Jin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Moh H Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.,Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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26
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Fraga CG, Oteiza PI, Galleano M. Plant bioactives and redox signaling: (-)-Epicatechin as a paradigm. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 61:31-40. [PMID: 29421170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactives claimed to be responsible for some of the health benefits provided by fruit and vegetables. It is currently accepted that the bioactivities of polyphenols can be mostly ascribed to their interactions with proteins and lipids. Such interactions can affect cell oxidant production and cell signaling, and explain in part the ability of polyphenols to promote health. EC can modulate redox sensitive signaling by: i) defining the extent of oxidant levels that can modify cell signaling, function, and fate, e.g. regulating enzymes that generate superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide; or ii) regulating the activation of transcription factors sensible to oxidants. The latter includes the regulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nfr2) pathway, which in turn can promote the synthesis of antioxidant defenses, and of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway, which mediates the expression of oxidants generating enzymes, as well as proteins not involved in redox reactions. In summary, a significant amount of data vindicates the participation of EC in redox regulated signaling pathways. Progress in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in EC biological actions will help to define recommendations in terms of which fruit and vegetables are healthier and the amounts necessary to provide health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Patricia I Oteiza
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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27
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Mitophagy Transcriptome: Mechanistic Insights into Polyphenol-Mediated Mitophagy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017. [PMID: 28626500 PMCID: PMC5463118 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9028435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are important bioenergetic and signalling hubs critical for myriad cellular functions and homeostasis. Dysfunction in mitochondria is a central theme in aging and diseases. Mitophagy, a process whereby damaged mitochondria are selectively removed by autophagy, plays a key homeostatic role in mitochondrial quality control. Upregulation of mitophagy has shown to mitigate superfluous mitochondrial accumulation and toxicity to safeguard mitochondrial fitness. Hence, mitophagy is a viable target to promote longevity and prevent age-related pathologies. Current challenge in modulating mitophagy for cellular protection involves identification of physiological ways to activate the pathway. Till date, mitochondrial stress and toxins remain the most potent inducers of mitophagy. Polyphenols have recently been demonstrated to protect mitochondrial health by facilitating mitophagy, thus suggesting the exciting prospect of augmenting mitophagy through dietary intake. In this review, we will first discuss the different surveillance mechanisms responsible for the removal of damaged mitochondrial components, followed by highlighting the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of mitophagy. Finally, we will review the functional connection between polyphenols and mitophagy and provide insight into the underlying mechanisms that potentially govern polyphenol-induced mitophagy.
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28
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High-molecular-weight cocoa procyanidins possess enhanced insulin-enhancing and insulin mimetic activities in human primary skeletal muscle cells compared to smaller procyanidins. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 39:48-58. [PMID: 27816760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of glucose metabolism is a primary hallmark of metabolic disease (i.e., diabetes, obesity, etc.). Complementary nonpharmaceutical strategies are needed to prevent and/or ameliorate dysregulation of glucose metabolism and prevent progression from normoglycemia to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes across the lifespan. Cocoa compounds, particularly the procyanidins, have shown promise for improving insulin sensitivity and blood glucose homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms by which cocoa procyanidins exert these functions remain poorly understood. Furthermore, cocoa procyanidins exhibit size diversity, and evidence suggests that procyanidin bioactivity and size may be related. Here, we show that a procyanidin-rich cocoa extract elicits an antidiabetic effect by stimulating glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake, independent of insulin. Cocoa procyanidins did not appear to act via stimulation of AMPK or CaMKII activities. Additionally, in the presence of insulin, glycogen synthesis and AKT phosphorylation were affected. These mechanisms of action are most pronounced in response to oligomeric and polymeric procyanidins. These results demonstrate (1) specific mechanisms by which cocoa procyanidins improve glucose utilization in skeletal muscle and (2) that larger procyanidins appear to possess enhanced activities. These mechanistic insights suggest specific strategies and biological contexts that may be exploited to maximize the antidiabetic benefits of cocoa procyanidins.
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29
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Lee I, Hüttemann M, Malek MH. (-)-Epicatechin Attenuates Degradation of Mouse Oxidative Muscle Following Hindlimb Suspension. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1-10. [PMID: 26382133 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct a 14-day hindlimb suspension (HS) with and without (-)-epicatechin supplementation to determine whether (-)-epicatechin treatment can attenuate the loss in muscle degradation, angiogenesis, and mitochondrial signaling in oxidative skeletal muscle. Adult mice were randomized into 3 groups: (a) control (C); (b) HS with vehicle (HS-V); and (c) HS with (-)-epicatechin (HS-(-)-Epi). Animals in the HS-(-)-Epi group received (-)-epicatechin (1.0 mg · kg(-1) of body mass) twice daily through oral gavage. For markers related to muscle degradation, the HS-V group had significantly higher protein expression compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. Moreover, protein expression for myosin heavy chain type I was significantly reduced by approximately 45% in the HS-V group compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. In addition, capillarity contact and capillary-to-fiber ratio were significantly higher in the HS-(-)-Epi group compared with the HS-V group. Furthermore, protein expression for thrombospondin-1 was significantly higher in HS-V group compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. Hindlimb suspension also significantly reduced protein expression for mitochondrial signaling compared with the control and HS-(-)-Epi groups. These findings suggest that (-)-epicatechin supplementation attenuates degradation in oxidative muscles after HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icksoo Lee
- 1College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan-si, Republic of Korea; 2Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; 3Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; and 4Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Smythe G. Role of Growth Factors in Modulation of the Microvasculature in Adult Skeletal Muscle. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 900:161-83. [PMID: 27003400 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27511-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-natal skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue that has the capacity to regenerate rapidly following injury, and to undergo significant modification in tissue mass (i.e. atrophy/hypertrophy) in response to global metabolic changes. These processes are reliant largely on soluble factors that directly modulate muscle regeneration and mass. However, skeletal muscle function also depends on an adequate blood supply. Thus muscle regeneration and changes in muscle mass, particularly hypertrophy, also demand rapid changes in the microvasculature. Recent evidence clearly demonstrates a critical role for soluble growth factors in the tight regulation of angiogenic expansion of the muscle microvasculature. Furthermore, exogenous modulation of these factors has the capacity to impact directly on angiogenesis and thus, indirectly, on muscle regeneration, growth and performance. This chapter reviews recent developments in understanding the role of growth factors in modulating the skeletal muscle microvasculature, and the potential therapeutic applications of exogenous angiogenic and anti-angiogenic mediators in promoting effective growth and regeneration, and ameliorating certain diseases, of skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Smythe
- Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Albury, NSW, 789, 2640, Australia.
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Olfert IM, Baum O, Hellsten Y, Egginton S. Advances and challenges in skeletal muscle angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 310:H326-36. [PMID: 26608338 PMCID: PMC4796623 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00635.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The role of capillaries is to serve as the interface for delivery of oxygen and removal of metabolites to/from tissues. During the past decade there has been a proliferation of studies that have advanced our understanding of angiogenesis, demonstrating that tissue capillary supply is under strict control during health but poorly controlled in disease, resulting in either excessive capillary growth (pathological angiogenesis) or losses in capillarity (rarefaction). Given that skeletal muscle comprises nearly 40% of body mass in humans, skeletal muscle capillary density has a significant impact on metabolism, endocrine function, and locomotion and is tightly regulated at many different levels. Skeletal muscle is also high adaptable and thus one of the few organ systems that can be experimentally manipulated (e.g., by exercise) to study physiological regulation of angiogenesis. This review will focus on the methodological concerns that have arisen in determining skeletal muscle capillarity and highlight the concepts that are reshaping our understanding of the angio-adaptation process. We also summarize selected new findings (physical influences, molecular changes, and ultrastructural rearrangement of capillaries) that identify areas of future research with the greatest potential to expand our understanding of how angiogenesis is normally regulated, and that may also help to better understand conditions of uncontrolled (pathological) angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mark Olfert
- Center for Cardiovascular and Respiratory Sciences and Division of Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia;
| | - Oliver Baum
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Integrative Physiology Group, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Stuart Egginton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin and Other Polyphenols in Cancer, Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:181260. [PMID: 26180580 PMCID: PMC4477097 DOI: 10.1155/2015/181260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With recent insight into the mechanisms involved in diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, and diabetes, more efficient modes of treatment are now being assessed. Traditional medicine including the use of natural products is widely practiced around the world, assuming that certain natural products contain the healing properties that may in fact have a preventative role in many of the diseases plaguing the human population. This paper reviews the biological effects of a group of natural compounds called polyphenols, including apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, and (-)-epicatechin, with a focus on the latter. (-)-Epicatechin has several unique features responsible for a variety of its effects. One of these is its ability to interact with and neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. (-)-Epicatechin also modulates cell signaling including the MAP kinase pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation. Mutations in this pathway are often associated with malignancies, and the use of (-)-epicatechin holds promise as a preventative agent and as an adjunct for chemotherapy and radiation therapy to improve outcome. This paper discusses the potential of some phenolic compounds to maintain, protect, and possibly reinstate health.
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Lee I, Hüttemann M, Kruger A, Bollig-Fischer A, Malek MH. (-)-Epicatechin combined with 8 weeks of treadmill exercise is associated with increased angiogenic and mitochondrial signaling in mice. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 25821434 PMCID: PMC4358069 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to conduct an 8 week endurance training program with and without (–)–epicatechin treatment and to determine whether there is a possible cumulative effect on protein markers of angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. Thirty-four 14-month old male mice (C57BL/6N) were randomized into four groups: control (C); (–)–epicatechin only ((–)–Epi); control with endurance training (CE); and (–)–epicatechin with endurance training ((–)–Epi-Ex). Mice in the training groups performed treadmill exercise for 8 weeks (5 × /week for 60 min/session), whereas mice in the (–)–epicatechin group received 1.0 mg/kg of body mass twice daily during the training period. At 8 weeks, distance ran on the treadmill increased by 46, 69, and 84% in the (–)–Epi, CE, and (–)–Epi-Ex groups, respectively compared to the control group (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Furthermore, the (–)–Epi-Ex group had significantly higher exercise capacity than the (–)–Epi and CE group. For angiogenic regulators, the (–)–Epi-Ex group had significantly higher VEGF-R2 protein expression with a concomitant reduction in TSP-1 protein expression than the exercise group. Interestingly, FoxO1 protein expression was significantly reduced for all three experimental groups compared to the control group. Protein markers such as PGC-1β and TFAM were significantly higher in the (–)–Epi-Ex group compared to the three other groups. These findings suggest that (–)–epicatechin treatment combined with 8 weeks of endurance training provide a cumulative effect on a number of angiogenic and mitochondrial signaling which functionally translates to enhanced exercise tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Icksoo Lee
- College of Medicine, Dankook University , Cheonan-si, South Korea
| | - Maik Hüttemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA ; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Adele Kruger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University , Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Moh H Malek
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine , Detroit, MI, USA ; Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, Wayne State University Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Detroit, MI, USA
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Moreno-Ulloa A, Nogueira L, Rodriguez A, Barboza J, Hogan MC, Ceballos G, Villarreal F, Ramirez-Sanchez I. Recovery of Indicators of Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Oxidative Stress, and Aging With (-)-Epicatechin in Senile Mice. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 70:1370-8. [PMID: 25143004 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence implicating oxidative stress (OS) as the cause of the deleterious effects of aging. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin (Epi) to reduce aging-induced OS and restore mitochondrial biogenesis, as well as, structural and functional endpoints in aged mice. Senile (S; 26-month-old) C57BL/6 male mice were randomly assigned to receive either water (vehicle) or 1mg/kg of Epi via oral gavage (twice daily) for 15 days. Young (Y; 6-month-old) mice were used as controls. In S brain, kidney, heart, and skeletal muscle (compared with Y animals) an increase in OS was observed as evidenced by increased protein-free carbonyls and decreased reduced glutathione levels as well as sirtuin 3, superoxide dismutase 2, catalase, thioredoxin and glutathione peroxidase protein levels. Well-recognized factors (eg, sirtuin 1) that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial structure- and/or function-related endpoints (eg, mitofilin and citrate synthase) protein levels were also reduced in S organs. In contrast, the aging biomarker senescence-associated β-galactosidase was increased in S compared with Y animals, and Epi administration reduced levels towards those observed in Y animals. Altogether, these data suggest that Epi is capable of shifting the biology of S mice towards that of Y animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Moreno-Ulloa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA . Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Nogueira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo De Méis, CCS, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alonso Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Barboza
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael C Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Guillermo Ceballos
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico
| | - Francisco Villarreal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Israel Ramirez-Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA . Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico.
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