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Shen Z, Sun F, Lu Y, Yuan L, Ge S, Gong Q, Shi H. High temperature requirement A3 attenuates hypoxia/reoxygenation induced injury in H9C2 cells via suppressing inflammatory responses. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 928:175114. [PMID: 35764130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
High temperature requirement A3 (HtrA3) belongs to the HtrA family, and its role in inflammation and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury remains unknown. Herein, the study aimed to explore the role of HtrA3 in inflammatory cytokine secretion and the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R)-induced H9C2 cardiomyoblasts. H9C2 cells were treated with H/R to mimic myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in vitro. Results showed that HtrA3 expression was significantly downregulated and the expression of inflammatory cytokines was regulated in response to H/R. HtrA3 overexpression decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, whereas HtrA3 knockdown led to increase levels of inflammatory cytokines. And H/R-induced inflammation in H9C2 cells was inhibited by the regulation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings demonstrate that HtrA3 alleviates H/R-induced inflammatory responses in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts, possibly by suppressing the pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Shen
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglin Ge
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Qian Gong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Hongcan Shi
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
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2
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Komal S, Komal N, Mujtaba A, Wang SH, Zhang LR, Han SN. Potential therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction: the role of Toll-like receptors. Immunol Res 2022; 70:607-623. [PMID: 35608723 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09290-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is a life-threatening condition among patients with cardiovascular diseases. MI increases the risk of stroke and heart failure and is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to the development of MI, suggesting that further understanding of the pathomechanism of MI might help in the early management and treatment of this disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are well-known members of the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family and contribute to both adaptive and innate immunity. Collectively, studies suggest that TLRs have a cardioprotective effect. However, prolonged TLR activation in the response to signals generated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) results in the release of inflammatory cytokines and contributes to the development and exacerbation of myocardial inflammation, MI, ischemia-reperfusion injury, myocarditis, and heart failure. The objective of this review is to discuss and summarize the association of TLRs with MI, highlighting their therapeutic potential for the development of advanced TLR-targeted therapies for MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumra Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Nimrah Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan
| | - Ali Mujtaba
- Department of Pharmacology, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Mirpur, 10250, Pakistan
| | - Shu-Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Sheng-Na Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Lee HS, Cho DW, Han JS, Han SC, Woo SK, Jun SY, Lee WJ, Yoon S, Pak SI, Lee SJ, Seong E, Park EJ. KMRC011, an agonist of toll-like receptor 5, mitigates irradiation-induced tissue damage and mortality in cynomolgus monkeys. J Immunotoxicol 2021; 17:31-42. [PMID: 32013650 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1699617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study here, the potential applicability of KMRC011 - an agonist of toll-like receptor-5 - as a countermeasure for radiation toxicities was evaluated. Following a single 5.5 Gy total body irradiation (TBI, surface absorbed dose = 7 Gy) of Co60 γ-rays, mortality rates and degrees of pathological lesions that developed over 80 days were compared in monkeys that received TBI only and a group that was injected once with KMRC011 (10 μg/kg) after TBI. Compared to the TBI-only hosts (80%), the death rate was significantly improved by the use of KMRC011 (40%), all deaths in both groups occurred in the period from Days 19-24 post-TBI. Further analysis of monkeys that survived until the end of the experiment showed that AST and ALT levels were elevated only in the TBI group, and that radiation-induced tissue damage was alleviated by the KMRC011 injection. Additionally, expression of cell death-related proteins was lower in tissues from the KMRC011-treated hosts than in those in the TBI-only group. Other measured parameters, including body weight, food uptake, and hematological values did not significantly differ between the two groups over the entire period. The results of this study, thus demonstrate that KMRC011 could potentially be used as a medical countermeasure for the treatment of acute radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Soo Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Wan Cho
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Han
- Deptartment of Advanced Toxicology Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Keun Woo
- Division of RI-convergence, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Youn Jun
- iNtRON Biotechnology Inc, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ulsan-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Susie Yoon
- School of Nursing, Cheju Halla University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Son-Il Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jin Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsol Seong
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Republic of Korea
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4
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Silvis MJM, Kaffka genaamd Dengler SE, Odille CA, Mishra M, van der Kaaij NP, Doevendans PA, Sluijter JPG, de Kleijn DPV, de Jager SCA, Bosch L, van Hout GPJ. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Myocardial Infarction and Heart Transplantation: The Road to Translational Success. Front Immunol 2020; 11:599511. [PMID: 33363540 PMCID: PMC7752942 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of myocardial infarction (MI), ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) occurs due to occlusion (ischemia) and subsequent re-establishment of blood flow (reperfusion) of a coronary artery. A similar phenomenon is observed in heart transplantation (HTx) when, after cold storage, the donor heart is connected to the recipient's circulation. Although reperfusion is essential for the survival of cardiomyocytes, it paradoxically leads to additional myocardial damage in experimental MI and HTx models. Damage (or danger)-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules released after cellular damage or stress such as myocardial IRI. DAMPs activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), and set in motion a complex signaling cascade resulting in the release of cytokines and a profound inflammatory reaction. This inflammatory response is thought to function as a double-edged sword. Although it enables removal of cell debris and promotes wound healing, DAMP mediated signalling can also exacerbate the inflammatory state in a disproportional matter, thereby leading to additional tissue damage. Upon MI, this leads to expansion of the infarcted area and deterioration of cardiac function in preclinical models. Eventually this culminates in adverse myocardial remodeling; a process that leads to increased myocardial fibrosis, gradual further loss of cardiomyocytes, left ventricular dilation and heart failure. Upon HTx, DAMPs aggravate ischemic damage, which results in more pronounced reperfusion injury that impacts cardiac function and increases the occurrence of primary graft dysfunction and graft rejection via cytokine release, cardiac edema, enhanced myocardial/endothelial damage and allograft fibrosis. Therapies targeting DAMPs or PRRs have predominantly been investigated in experimental models and are potentially cardioprotective. To date, however, none of these interventions have reached the clinical arena. In this review we summarize the current evidence of involvement of DAMPs and PRRs in the inflammatory response after MI and HTx. Furthermore, we will discuss various current therapeutic approaches targeting this complex interplay and provide possible reasons why clinical translation still fails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J. M. Silvis
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Clémence A. Odille
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mudit Mishra
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niels P. van der Kaaij
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Pieter A. Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Central Military Hospital, Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P. G. Sluijter
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- UMC Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Saskia C. A. de Jager
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lena Bosch
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Gerardus P. J. van Hout
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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5
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Ma ZG, Kong CY, Wu HM, Song P, Zhang X, Yuan YP, Deng W, Tang QZ. Toll-like receptor 5 deficiency diminishes doxorubicin-induced acute cardiotoxicity in mice. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11013-11025. [PMID: 33042267 PMCID: PMC7532690 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Clinical application of doxorubicin (DOX) is limited by its toxic cardiovascular side effects. Our previous study found that toll-like receptor (TLR) 5 deficiency attenuated cardiac fibrosis in mice. However, the role of TLR5 in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity remains unclear. Methods: To further investigate this, TLR5-deficient mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection of DOX to mimic an acute model. Results: Here, we reported that TLR5 expression was markedly increased in response to DOX injection. Moreover, TLR5 deficiency exerted potent protective effects against DOX-related cardiac injury, whereas activation of TLR5 by flagellin exacerbated DOX injection-induced cardiotoxicity. Mechanistically, the effects of TLR5 were largely attributed to direct interaction with spleen tyrosine kinase to activate NADPH oxidase (NOX) 2, increasing the production of superoxide and subsequent activation of p38. The toxic effects of TLR5 activation in DOX-related acute cardiac injury were abolished by NOX2 deficiency in mice. Our further study showed that neutralizing antibody-mediated TLR5 depletion also attenuated DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity. Conclusion: These findings suggest that TLR5 deficiency attenuates DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in mice, and targeting TLR5 may provide feasible therapies for DOX-induced acute cardiotoxicity.
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Yin Q, Zhao B, Zhu J, Fei Y, Shen W, Liang B, Zhu X, Li Y. JLX001 improves myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by activating Jak2-Stat3 pathway. Life Sci 2020; 257:118083. [PMID: 32673665 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the preclinical pharmacodynamics and mechanism of JLX001 against myocardial ischemia reperfusion (MI/R) for clinical application. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vivo, SD rats were given intragastric administration for 5 days, and the MI/R model was established by ligating/releasing the left anterior descending coronary artery. In vitro, the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was established after the drug was pre-incubated for 24 h in H9C2 cells. The infract size was determined by TTC staining. Left ventricular function of MI/R rats was detected by echocardiography. The level of histopathological score was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. The level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), creatine kinase (CK), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were determined by relevant kits. The level of apoptosis was measured by Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and Hoechst staining. The expression of p-Jak2, p-Stat3, Bax, Bcl-2, TNF-α, IL-1β protein were determined by western blot. KEY FINDINGS JLX001 can significantly improve left ventricular function, reduce myocardial infract size, histopathological score, the level of MDA, CK, LDH, TNF-α, IL-1β and the expression of Bax protein, significantly increase the activity of SOD, Bcl-2 protein expression, p-Jak2 protein expression, p-Stat3 protein expression in rat heart tissues and H9C2 cells. These effects can be reversed by AG490 which is a specific inhibitor of Jak2-Stat3 pathway. SIGNIFICANCE JLX001 can alleviate MI/R injury by inhibiting myocardial apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress via Jak2-Stat3 pathway in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Yin
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Fei
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weiyang Shen
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bingwen Liang
- Jiangsu Jinglixin Pharmaceutical Technology Company Limited, Nanjing 211100, PR china
| | - Xiong Zhu
- School of Sciences, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yuman Li
- State key laboratory of Nature Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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7
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Hussain S, Johnson CG, Sciurba J, Meng X, Stober VP, Liu C, Cyphert-Daly JM, Bulek K, Qian W, Solis A, Sakamachi Y, Trempus CS, Aloor JJ, Gowdy KM, Foster WM, Hollingsworth JW, Tighe RM, Li X, Fessler MB, Garantziotis S. TLR5 participates in the TLR4 receptor complex and promotes MyD88-dependent signaling in environmental lung injury. eLife 2020; 9:e50458. [PMID: 31989925 PMCID: PMC7032926 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is exacerbated by environmental injury, for example through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ozone (O3). Toll-like receptors (TLRs) orchestrate immune responses to injury by recognizing pathogen- or danger-associated molecular patterns. TLR4, the prototypic receptor for LPS, also mediates inflammation after O3, triggered by endogenous hyaluronan. Regulation of TLR4 signaling is incompletely understood. TLR5, the flagellin receptor, is expressed in alveolar macrophages, and regulates immune responses to environmental injury. Using in vivo animal models of TLR4-mediated inflammations (LPS, O3, hyaluronan), we show that TLR5 impacts the in vivo response to LPS, hyaluronan and O3. We demonstrate that immune cells of human carriers of a dominant negative TLR5 allele have decreased inflammatory response to O3 exposure ex vivo and LPS exposure in vitro. Using primary murine macrophages, we find that TLR5 physically associates with TLR4 and biases TLR4 signaling towards the MyD88 pathway. Our results suggest an updated paradigm for TLR4/TLR5 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salik Hussain
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of MedicineWest Virginia UniversityMorgantownUnited States
| | - Collin G Johnson
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- Center for Cell and Gene TherapyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Joseph Sciurba
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- Department of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighUnited States
| | - Xianglin Meng
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- Department of ICUFirst Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinChina
| | - Vandy P Stober
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
| | - Caini Liu
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandUnited States
| | - Jaime M Cyphert-Daly
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- Duke University Medical CenterDurhamUnited States
| | - Katarzyna Bulek
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandUnited States
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and BiotechnologyJagiellonian UniversityKrakowPoland
| | - Wen Qian
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandUnited States
| | - Alma Solis
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
| | - Yosuke Sakamachi
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
| | - Carol S Trempus
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
| | - Jim J Aloor
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- East Carolina University Brody School of MedicineGreenvilleUnited States
| | - Kym M Gowdy
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
- East Carolina University Brody School of MedicineGreenvilleUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoxia Li
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic FoundationClevelandUnited States
| | - Michael B Fessler
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- National Institute of Environmental Health SciencesResearch Triangle ParkUnited States
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8
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Ito H, Sadatomo A, Inoue Y, Yamada N, Aizawa E, Hishida E, Kamata R, Karasawa T, Kimura H, Watanabe S, Komada T, Horie H, Kitayama J, Sata N, Takahashi M. Role of TLR5 in inflammation and tissue damage after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:15-22. [PMID: 31472954 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a life-threatening complication that leads to inflammation and remote organ damage. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is highly expressed in mucosa and recognizes flagellin, the main component of the bacterial flagella. Here, we investigated the role of TLR5 in inflammation and tissue damage after intestinal I/R injury using TLR5-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Intestinal levels of TLR5 mRNA and flagellin protein were elevated in wild-type mice subjected to intestinal I/R. Although TLR5 deficiency had no effect on intestinal flagellin levels, it significantly attenuated intestinal injury and inflammatory responses after intestinal I/R. TLR5 deficiency also markedly improved survival in mice after intestinal I/R injury. In wild-type mice, intestinal I/R injury induced remote organ damage, particularly in the lung, which was attenuated by TLR5 deficiency. Furthermore, TLR5 deficiency prevented lung inflammatory responses and vascular permeability after intestinal I/R injury. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate a novel role of TLR5 and provide new insights into the mechanism underlying inflammation and tissue damage after intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homare Ito
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ai Sadatomo
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Inoue
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan; Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Emi Aizawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Erika Hishida
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamata
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Karasawa
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kimura
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Watanabe
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Takanori Komada
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hisanaga Horie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Joji Kitayama
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Sata
- Department of Surgery, Division of Gastroenterological, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, General and Transplant Surgery, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.
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9
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Huang J, Sun Y, Chen L, Ma G. The lymphocyte adapter protein: A negative regulator of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 134:107-118. [PMID: 31301301 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is the major limitation for the cardioprotective action of revascularization after myocardial infarction. Lymphocyte adapter protein (Lnk), an adapter protein, has a regulatory role in multiple signaling pathways by functioning as a scaffold for different substrates. However, the involvement of Lnk in myocardial I/R injury remains to be established. In this study, increased expression of Lnk was detected upon the development of myocardial I/R injury. Mice were genetically engineered to investigate the role of Lnk in this pathological process. Upon I/R, myocardial infarction, cardiac dysfunction, inflammation and apoptosis were increased in Lnk-deficient hearts. However, cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Lnk protected the hearts against myocardial I/R injury. Mechanistically, we observed that the activation of Akt, but neither ERK1/2 nor STAT3, was influenced by the expression of Lnk upon myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, the requirement of PI3K-Akt activation for the cardioprotective effect of Lnk was confirmed in rescue experiments using the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. Taken together, our data provide a potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China; Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuning Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Genshan Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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10
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Novel Molecular Targets Participating in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury and Cardioprotection. Cardiol Res Pract 2019; 2019:6935147. [PMID: 31275641 PMCID: PMC6558612 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6935147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide morbidity and mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and related heart failure remain high. While effective early reperfusion of the criminal coronary artery after a confirmed AMI is the typical treatment at present, collateral myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) and pertinent cardioprotection are still challenging to address and have inadequately understood mechanisms. Therefore, unveiling the related novel molecular targets and networks participating in triggering and resisting the pathobiology of MIRI is a promising and valuable frontier. The present study specifically focuses on the recent MIRI advances that are supported by sophisticated bio-methodology in order to bring the poorly understood interrelationship among pro- and anti-MIRI participant molecules up to date, as well as to identify findings that may facilitate the further investigation of novel targets.
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Fujiwara M, Matoba T, Koga JI, Okahara A, Funamoto D, Nakano K, Tsutsui H, Egashira K. Nanoparticle incorporating Toll-like receptor 4 inhibitor attenuates myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury by inhibiting monocyte-mediated inflammation in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1244-1255. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichiro Koga
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Arihide Okahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Funamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kaku Nakano
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsutsui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kensuke Egashira
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Development, and Translational Research, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Lee HS, Park YJ, Cho DW, Han SC, Jun SY, Jung GM, Lee WJ, Choi CM, Park EJ, Pak SI. Repeated injection of KMRC011, a medical countermeasure for radiation, can cause adverse health effects in cynomolgus monkeys. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:294-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Soo Lee
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup-si Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Jin Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science; Kyung Hee University; Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Wan Cho
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup-si Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Cheol Han
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Jeongeup-si Jeollabuk-do 56212 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Youn Jun
- iNtRON Biotechnology Inc.; Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13202 Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Mo Jung
- iNtRON Biotechnology Inc.; Seongnam-si Gyeonggi-do 13202 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Lee
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology; Yeongcheon-si Gyeongsangbuk-do 38822 Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Min Choi
- Biomedical Manufacturing Technology Center; Korea Institute of Industrial Technology; Yeongcheon-si Gyeongsangbuk-do 38822 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science; Kyung Hee University; Yongin-si Gyeonggi-do 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Son-Il Pak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Veterinary Science; Kangwon National University; Chuncheon-si Gangwon-do 24341 Republic of Korea
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Zhao HL, Wu BQ, Luo Y, Zhang WY, Hao YL, Liang JJ, Fang F, Liu W, Chen XH. Exogenous hydrogen sulfide ameliorates high glucose-induced myocardial injury & inflammation via the CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway in H9c2 cardiac cells. Life Sci 2018; 208:315-324. [PMID: 29857073 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a novel signaling molecule with potent cytoprotective actions. In this study, we hypothesize that exogenous H2S may protect cardiac cells against high glucose (HG)-induced myocardial injury and inflammation with the involvement of the CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway. MAIN METHODS H9c2 cardiac cells cultured under HG conditions were transfected with siRNA and different inhibitor for detecting the effects of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) (a H2S donor) on cell biological processes. The cardiac cell viability and LDH activity were determined by CCK-8 and LDH kit. ELISA was employed to measure the levels of inflammatory factors, while 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was identified by rhodamine 123 staining. TUNEL staining and Hoechst 33258 staining were employed to observe cardiac cell apoptosis. Besides, we determined the expression of CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway- and apoptosis-related factors by protein immunoblot analysis. KEY FINDINGS HG culturing induced toxicity, LDH, higher level of inflammatory factors, ROS, MMP, and apoptosis in cardiac cells, attenuated the viability of cardiac cells, and activated the CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway. Notably, CIRP silencing aggravated the above condition. H2S or blockade of the MAPK signaling pathway reversed the above conditions induced by HG. SIGNIFICANCE The present study provides evidence for the protective effect of exogenous H2S on HG-induced myocardial injury and inflammation in H9c2 cardiac cells and suggests that the activation of CIRP-MAPK signaling pathway might be one of the mechanisms underlying the protective effect of H2S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Bao-Quan Wu
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Wen-Ying Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Yun-Ling Hao
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Jin-Jie Liang
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China
| | - Fang Fang
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xie-Hui Chen
- Department of Geriatrics and Cardiovascular Medicine, Shenzhen Sun Yat-Sen Cardiovascular Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, PR China.
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Mechanisms contributing to cardiac remodelling. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:2319-2345. [PMID: 28842527 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac remodelling is classified as physiological (in response to growth, exercise and pregnancy) or pathological (in response to inflammation, ischaemia, ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, biomechanical stress, excess neurohormonal activation and excess afterload). Physiological remodelling of the heart is characterized by a fine-tuned and orchestrated process of beneficial adaptations. Pathological cardiac remodelling is the process of structural and functional changes in the left ventricle (LV) in response to internal or external cardiovascular damage or influence by pathogenic risk factors, and is a precursor of clinical heart failure (HF). Pathological remodelling is associated with fibrosis, inflammation and cellular dysfunction (e.g. abnormal cardiomyocyte/non-cardiomyocyte interactions, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy alterations, impairment of metabolism and signalling pathways), leading to HF. This review describes the key molecular and cellular responses involved in pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Exogenous administration of mitochondrial DNA promotes ischemia reperfusion injury via TLR9-p38 MAPK pathway. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 89:148-154. [PMID: 28757323 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown a role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in innate immunity. However, the specific role of mtDNA in acute myocardial infarction remains elusive. This study was designed to examine the damaging effect of mtDNA on cardiomyocytes. H9c2s cells were incubated with purified mtDNA or nuclear DNA with or without pretreatment by chloroquine, an inhibitor of Toll-like receptor 9(TLR9). The cell viability was tested by MTT. To demonstrate the toxicity of mtDNA, mtDNA fragments were injected into rats 10 min before ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 24 h. Infarct size was measured by TTC staining. Apoptosis of myocardium was detected by TUNEL staining and caspase-3 activity. The levels of TLR9, p-p38 MAPK, and p38 MAPK were detected by western blotting. The results showed that exogenous mtDNA reduced the viability of H9c2s cells and induced TLR9 expression, caspase 3 activation and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation. However, these effects were inhibited by chloroquine. In contrast, nuclear DNA did not have these effects. Intravenous injection of mtDNA into rats aggravated ischemia-reperfusion injury and increased infarction area through TLR9-p38 MAPK activation. We concluded that mtDNA released into the circulation by AMI may has detrimental effect on myocardium through aggravating ischemia-reperfusion injury via TLR9-p38 MAPK pathway.
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Zhang Y, Huang Z, Li H. Insights into innate immune signalling in controlling cardiac remodelling. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 113:1538-1550. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zan Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430060, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Model Animal of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Donghu Road 115, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430071, People’s Republic of China
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Prabhu SD, Frangogiannis NG. The Biological Basis for Cardiac Repair After Myocardial Infarction: From Inflammation to Fibrosis. Circ Res 2017; 119:91-112. [PMID: 27340270 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1328] [Impact Index Per Article: 189.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In adult mammals, massive sudden loss of cardiomyocytes after infarction overwhelms the limited regenerative capacity of the myocardium, resulting in the formation of a collagen-based scar. Necrotic cells release danger signals, activating innate immune pathways and triggering an intense inflammatory response. Stimulation of toll-like receptor signaling and complement activation induces expression of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and chemokines (such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/ chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 [CCL2]). Inflammatory signals promote adhesive interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells, leading to extravasation of neutrophils and monocytes. As infiltrating leukocytes clear the infarct from dead cells, mediators repressing inflammation are released, and anti-inflammatory mononuclear cell subsets predominate. Suppression of the inflammatory response is associated with activation of reparative cells. Fibroblasts proliferate, undergo myofibroblast transdifferentiation, and deposit large amounts of extracellular matrix proteins maintaining the structural integrity of the infarcted ventricle. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and members of the transforming growth factor-β family play an important role in activation of infarct myofibroblasts. Maturation of the scar follows, as a network of cross-linked collagenous matrix is formed and granulation tissue cells become apoptotic. This review discusses the cellular effectors and molecular signals regulating the inflammatory and reparative response after myocardial infarction. Dysregulation of immune pathways, impaired suppression of postinfarction inflammation, perturbed spatial containment of the inflammatory response, and overactive fibrosis may cause adverse remodeling in patients with infarction contributing to the pathogenesis of heart failure. Therapeutic modulation of the inflammatory and reparative response may hold promise for the prevention of postinfarction heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanth D Prabhu
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Medical Service, Birmingham VAMC (S.D.P.); and Department of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (N.G.F.)
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Medical Service, Birmingham VAMC (S.D.P.); and Department of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (N.G.F.).
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Ellenbroek GHJM, van Puijvelde GHM, Anas AA, Bot M, Asbach M, Schoneveld A, van Santbrink PJ, Foks AC, Timmers L, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE, van der Poll T, Kuiper J, de Jager SCA. Leukocyte TLR5 deficiency inhibits atherosclerosis by reduced macrophage recruitment and defective T-cell responsiveness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42688. [PMID: 28202909 PMCID: PMC5311952 DOI: 10.1038/srep42688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) provide a critical link between innate and adaptive immunity, both important players in atherosclerosis. Since evidence for the role of TLR5 is lacking, we aimed to establish this in the immune axis of atherosclerosis. We assessed the effect of the TLR5-specific ligand Flagellin on macrophage maturation and T-cell polarisation. Next, we generated TLR5−/−LDLr−/− chimeras to study the effect of hematopoietic TLR5 deficiency on atherosclerosis formation. Flagellin stimulation did not influence wildtype or TLR5−/− macrophage maturation. Only in wildtype macrophages, Flagellin exposure increased MCP-1 and IL6 expression. Flagellin alone reduced T-helper 1 proliferation, which was completely overruled in the presence of T-cell receptor activation. In vivo, hematopoietic TLR5 deficiency attenuated atherosclerotic lesion formation by ≈25% (1030*103 ± 63*103 vs. 792*103 ± 61*103 μm2; p = 0.013) and decreased macrophage area (81.3 ± 12.0 vs. 44.2 ± 6.6 μm2; p = 0.011). In TLR5−/− chimeric mice, we observed lower IL6 plasma levels (36.4 ± 5.6 vs. 15.1 ± 2.2 pg/mL; p = 0.003), lower (activated) splenic CD4+ T-cell content (32.3 ± 2.1 vs. 21.0 ± 1.2%; p = 0.0018), accompanied by impaired T-cell proliferative responses. In conclusion, hematopoietic TLR5 deficiency inhibits atherosclerotic lesion formation by attenuated macrophage accumulation and defective T-cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam A Anas
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Asbach
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Schoneveld
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J van Santbrink
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Timmers
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Doevendans
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry and Hematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, The Netherlands
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Selective inhibition of PTEN preserves ischaemic post-conditioning cardioprotection in STZ-induced Type 1 diabetic rats: role of the PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 130:377-92. [PMID: 26666444 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with diabetes are vulnerable to MI/R (myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion) injury, but are not responsive to IPostC (ischaemic post-conditioning) which activates PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/Akt (also known as PKB or protein kinase B) and JAK2 (Janus kinase 2)/STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) pathways to confer cardioprotection. We hypothesized that increased cardiac PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10), a major negative regulator of PI3K/Akt, is responsible for the loss of diabetic heart sensitivity to IPostC cardioprotecton. In STZ (streptozotocin)-induced Type 1 diabetic rats subjected to MI/R (30 min coronary occlusion and 120 min reperfusion), the post-ischaemic myocardial infarct size, CK-MB (creatine kinase-MB) and 15-F2t-isoprostane release, as well as cardiac PTEN expression were significantly higher than those in non-diabetic controls, concomitant with more severe cardiac dysfunction and lower cardiac Akt, STAT3 and GSK-3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) phosphorylation. IPostC significantly attenuated post-ischaemic infarct size, decreased PTEN expression and further increased Akt, STAT3 and GSK-3β phosphorylation in non-diabetic, but not in diabetic rats. Application of the PTEN inhibitor BpV (bisperoxovanadium) (1.0 mg/kg) restored IPostC cardioprotection in diabetic rats. HPostC (hypoxic post-conditioning) in combination with PTEN gene knockdown, but not HPostC alone, significantly reduced H/R (hypoxia/reoxygenation) injury in cardiac H9c2 cells exposed to high glucose as was evident from reduced apoptotic cell death and JC-1 monomer in cells, accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Akt, STAT3 and GSK-3β. PTEN inhibition/gene knockdown mediated restoration of IPostC/HPostC cardioprotection was completely reversed by the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin, and partially reversed by the JAK2 inhibitor AG490. Increased cardiac PTEN, by impairing PI3K/Akt and JAK2/STAT3 pathways, is a major mechanism that rendered diabetic hearts not responsive to post-conditioning cardioprotection.
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Turner NA. Inflammatory and fibrotic responses of cardiac fibroblasts to myocardial damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 94:189-200. [PMID: 26542796 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) are well-established as key regulators of extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover in the context of myocardial remodelling and fibrosis. Recently, this cell type has also been shown to act as a sensor of myocardial damage by detecting and responding to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) upregulated with cardiac injury. CF express a range of innate immunity pattern recognition receptors (TLRs, NLRs, IL-1R1, RAGE) that are stimulated by a host of different DAMPs that are evident in the injured or remodelling myocardium. These include intracellular molecules released by necrotic cells (heat shock proteins, high mobility group box 1 protein, S100 proteins), proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1α), specific ECM molecules up-regulated in response to tissue injury (fibronectin-EDA, tenascin-C) or molecules modified by a pathological environment (advanced glycation end product-modified proteins observed with diabetes). DAMP receptor activation on fibroblasts is coupled to altered cellular function including changes in proliferation, migration, myofibroblast transdifferentiation, ECM turnover and production of fibrotic and inflammatory paracrine factors, which directly impact on the heart's ability to respond to injury. This review gives an overview of the important role played by CF in responding to myocardial DAMPs and how the DAMP/CF axis could be exploited experimentally and therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Turner
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre (MCRC), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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